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Unit 1 Lesson 3

The document discusses chemical bonding, explaining that stable compounds form through the attraction of electrons to nuclei, resulting in lower energy states. It outlines two main types of bonds: ionic bonds, which occur between oppositely charged ions, and covalent bonds, where electrons are shared between atoms. The document also emphasizes the importance of understanding molecular shape and electronegativity differences to determine bond polarity.

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michelleosmani11
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6 views

Unit 1 Lesson 3

The document discusses chemical bonding, explaining that stable compounds form through the attraction of electrons to nuclei, resulting in lower energy states. It outlines two main types of bonds: ionic bonds, which occur between oppositely charged ions, and covalent bonds, where electrons are shared between atoms. The document also emphasizes the importance of understanding molecular shape and electronegativity differences to determine bond polarity.

Uploaded by

michelleosmani11
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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TOPIC 2 : BONDING

A) REVIEW

Stable compounds are formed by combining two or more atoms. These atoms are held
together by chemical bonds. Chemical bonds are the result of a pair of electrons being
simultaneously attracted to two or more nuclei. The combination of atoms has lower
energy than the separated atoms (i.e. the compound is very stable).
eg. two hydrogen atoms

Only the _ electrons are involved in chemical bonds. Atoms will


combine with other atoms s o that there will be a transfer or sharing of electrons so that all
the atoms involved wil have a stable (8 valence electrons). This is
called the _ . There are s o m e exceptions - eg. H2 will have two
electrons when ti shares so ti is like He, a Noble gas which is stable.
LEWIS DOT REPRESENTATION OF THE ELEMENTS

H- Lewis Dot Structures H


®
e
Lio • . •!: •F: : สอ:
B) CHEMICAL BONDING
There are two different types of chemical bonds that can hold atoms together.
lonic bond:

Covalent bond:

1
Practice Exercise - Lewis symbols, Isoelectronic, Ionization Equations
1. Add dots ot the element symbols below ot show the Lewis electron dot symbols for the
following elements and ions.
Na I Al

Na Cl I Al

F Br Ca*
K F S Br Са

2. Fil ni the ions that are isoelectronic with


each of the Noble Gases ni the chart.
Two examples are given ot you. F Ne
+
Ar K
3. Which of the following pairs or groups Kr
contains isolectronic species?

(a) Na and Mg+


(b) P and Se
(c) N
° and Ne
(d) 02 and Nat
e
(e) Lit, H,i H
(1) Cat, Ne, 5t

4. Write the equations for the ionization of the following elements:


a) sodium b) oxygen
For each one write the equation (3x) using the Bohr-Rutherford diagram, the Lewis
diagram and chemical symbols.
Lonic Bonding
lonic bonds are the result of forces between
oppositely charged ions. lons will form when a metallic atom reacts with a non-metallic

Metals want to electrons. They have a small electronegativity value, low


electron affinity and low ionization energy. Non-metals want to electrons.
They have alarge electronegativity value, high electron affinity and high ionization energy.
As a result, the metal will donate its valence electrons to the non-metal so that each
becomes more stable. Atoms are more stable when they are like noble gases. (i.e. have
the same electron configuration as the closest Noble gas). nI the process anions and
cations are formed. These ions are oppositely charged. Thus they are electrostatically
attracted to each other which results in the formation of an ionic bond.
Examples:
Li & Cl Li & O

Mg &Cl Mg & 0

Al & Cl Al & S

Note: the # of electrons donated = the # of electrons accepted

2
Covalent Bonding

Covalent bonding results between two or when atoms have


almost the same ability to hold onto electrons. The result of covalent bonding is that the
pair of electrons that are involved in the bond are shared between the two atoms. The pair
of electrons can be shared equally or unequally. If the pair of electrons is shared equally,
the covalent bond is said to be I f the pair of electrons is
shared unequally, the covalent bond is said to be - This
means that one of the atoms has the electron pair closer to ti more frequently, yet ti does
not have the ability to completely pull the electron away. This atom will be a slightly
negative (denoted as ) and the other bonding atom wil be slightly positive (denoted as
°*). This creates a situation in covalent bonding where the bond is said to contain a "dipole"
. . or E.N.D.,
To determine the type of covalent bond the electronegativity difference, AEN
bonding continuum is used:
Ionic (metal + non-metal)

0.5 1.7 3.0


0

Very Polar Covalent


Non-polar Covalent Polar Covalent
(non-metal +non-metal)

Comparison o f
lonic, Polar, and Non-Polar
Bonding

IONIC COVALENT

lone Polar Non-Polar


C antere
elections
ofelections

Ful fonic
Charges
Partial lonic
Charges Charges
Natci° H -H

metal + two two


non-metal different Identical
non-metals non-metals
C. Ophardt, o.2003
Once you determine if a bond in a molecule could have a possible dipole using the bonding
continuum, further analysis is require to determine fi the overall molecule is polar. For a molecule to
be classed as polar two conditions must be met.

1. There must be dipoles present (determined using the bonding continuum).


2. The SHAPE of the molecule ni three dimensional space must be one ni which the dipoles
do not cancel each other out.

Therefore it is necessary o
t have a basic understanding of molecular shape ni order to determine
molecular polarity. Molecular shape will be discussed in future handouts.

Examples of Non-polar Covalent Bonding

1. F and F

2. C and H

Examples of Polar Covalent Bonding


1. N and H

2. O and H

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