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Exercises_03 - algebra

The document contains a series of exercises focused on properties and computations involving second-order tensors, including symmetric tensors, eigenvalues, and eigenvectors. It explores concepts such as spectral decomposition, orthogonal transformations, and tensor products, along with specific matrix representations and their transformations. Additionally, it addresses the orthogonality of eigenvectors for distinct eigenvalues and the characteristics of pseudo-tensors.

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José Lima
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5 views

Exercises_03 - algebra

The document contains a series of exercises focused on properties and computations involving second-order tensors, including symmetric tensors, eigenvalues, and eigenvectors. It explores concepts such as spectral decomposition, orthogonal transformations, and tensor products, along with specific matrix representations and their transformations. Additionally, it addresses the orthogonality of eigenvectors for distinct eigenvalues and the characteristics of pseudo-tensors.

Uploaded by

José Lima
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Exercises #3

1. Given the a symmetric second order tensor, say S, what is the result of ijk Sjk ?

(a) What can you say of the tensor formed by ijk given i fixed? That is, the second
order tensor formed by varying j and k?

2. For the second-order Cartesian tensor T whose matrix representation is Determine Carte-
sian tensor T whose matrix representation is
 
3 −1 0
[T] =  −1

3 0 
 (1)
0 0 1

determine:
(a) The principal directions (eigenvectors)
" and principal
# values (eigenvalues) of the
0√ 0√ ±1
second-order . Answer: [Q] = ±1/√2 ±1/√2 0
∓1/ 2 ±1/ 2 0

(b) Show that the principal axes determined in (a) form a right handed set of orthog-
onal axes. Draw the original and the primed axes (How many right-handed set of
orthogonal axes you can draw?).
(c) Show that the matrix of the tensor Tij of Eq. 1 may be put into diagonal (principal)
form by the transformation law Tij0 = Qpi Qqj Tpq .
(d) Compute the principal values of T2 considering Eq. 1 and verify that its principal
axes coincide with those of T.

3. Show each of the results of the last exercise by using the spectral decomposition.

Use the fact that T2 has the same principal directions as the symmetrical tensor to obtain
4. √
T when  
5 −1 −1
[T] =  −1 4 0  (2)


−1 0 4
" # " √ √ √ # " √ √ √ #
3 0 0 1/ 3 1/√3 1/ √3 √  √2 + 4 √ 2√ −2 √ 2√ −2
Answer: [T0 ] = 0 4 0 , [Q] = 0√ 1/√2 −1/√ 2 and T = 1
√
6 √2 − 2 √2 + √6 + 1 √2 − √ 6 + 1 .
0 0 6 −2/ 6 1/ 6 1/ 6 2−2 2− 6+1 2+ 6+1

5. For distinct eigenvalues of a symmetric tensor, prove that the eigenvectors are orthogonal.

6. Let Q be a proper orthogonal tensor, and E be an arbitrary second-order tensor. Show


that the eigenvalues of E do not change with the following orthogonal transformation:

E0 = QT EQ.
 
Hint: Use the definition det (E0 − λI) = 0, or in components det Eij∗ − λδij = 0, together
with the orthogonal transformation to show this result.

1
7. Show all the following properties of the tensor product

tr (a ⊗ b) = a · b (3a)
det (a ⊗ b) = 0 (3b)
ka ⊗ bk = kak kbk (3c)
(a ⊗ b)T = (b ⊗ a) (3d)
(a ⊗ b) (c ⊗ d) = b · c (a ⊗ d) (3e)
T (a ⊗ b) = (Ta ⊗ b) (3f)
 
(a ⊗ b) T = a ⊗ TT b (3g)
T · (a ⊗ b) = a · Tb = ai Tij bj (3h)
(a ⊗ b) · (c ⊗ d) = (a · c) (b · d) = (a ⊗ b) d · c (3i)

8. Why the permutation ijk symbol is considered a pseudo-tensor?

9. Consider the following fourth-order tensors

I =δik δj` ei ⊗ ej ⊗ ek ⊗ e` = Iijk` ei ⊗ ej ⊗ ek ⊗ e` (4a)


Ĩ =δi` δjk ei ⊗ ej ⊗ ek ⊗ e` = I˜ijk` ei ⊗ ej ⊗ ek ⊗ e` (4b)
˜Ĩ =δ δ e ⊗ e ⊗ e ⊗ e = I˜ e ⊗ e ⊗ e ⊗ e (4c)
ij k` i j k ` ijk` i j k `
1 sym
Isym = (δik δj` + δi` δjk ) ei ⊗ ej ⊗ ek ⊗ e` = Iijk` ei ⊗ ej ⊗ ek ⊗ e` (4d)
2
1
Iskew skew
= (δik δj` − δi` δjk ) ei ⊗ ej ⊗ ek ⊗ e` = Iijk` ei ⊗ ej ⊗ ek ⊗ e` (4e)
2
and consider a general (arbitrary) second-order tensor T. Determine:

(a) IT Answer: T.
(b) ĨT Answer: TT .
(c) ˜Ĩ T Answer: tr (T) I.
sym
(d) I T Answer: symmetric part of T.
(e) Iskew T Answer: anti-symmetric part of T.

10. Problem 1.37: Let C be a fourth-order tensor, whose components are given by: Cijkl =
λδij δkl + µ (δik δjl + δil δjk ) where λ, µ are constant real numbers. Show that C is an
0 0
isotropic tensor. Hint: Write Cijkl = Qmi Qnj Qpk Qql Cmnpq and show that Cijkl = Cijkl
(case isotropic).

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