Scribd
Upload
4 views

chapter 4

The document outlines important questions and answers related to chemical bonding, including the octet rule, ionic bond formation, molecular geometries, electronegativity, hybridization, and bond order. It discusses the significance and limitations of the octet rule, factors favoring ionic bonds, and the differences in molecular shapes and dipole moments. Additionally, it covers hybridization types, the formation of sigma and pi bonds, and the stability of various molecular species.

Uploaded by

Mohammed Ilias
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
4 views

chapter 4

The document outlines important questions and answers related to chemical bonding, including the octet rule, ionic bond formation, molecular geometries, electronegativity, hybridization, and bond order. It discusses the significance and limitations of the octet rule, factors favoring ionic bonds, and the differences in molecular shapes and dipole moments. Additionally, it covers hybridization types, the formation of sigma and pi bonds, and the stability of various molecular species.

Uploaded by

Mohammed Ilias
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 8

Ch-4 chemical bonding important questions

1. Define Octet rule. Write its significance and limitations.


Answer: Octet rule: Atoms of elements combine with each other in order
to complete their respective octets so as to acquire the stable gas
configuration.
Significance: It helps to explain why different atoms combine with each
other to form ionic compounds or covalent compounds.
Limitations of Octet rule:

• According to Octet rule, atoms take part in chemical combination to achieve


the configuration of nearest noble gas elements. However, some of noble
gas elements like Xenon have formed compounds with fluorine and oxygen.
For example: XeF2, XeF4 etc.
Therefore, validity of the octet rule has been challenged.
• This theory does not account for shape of molecules.

2. Write the favourable factors for the formation of ionic bond.


Answer:

• Low ionization enthalpy of metal atoms


• High electron gain enthalpy of non-metal atoms
• High lattice enthalpy of compound formed.

3. Although geometries of NH3 and H20 molecules are distorted tetrahedral,


bond angle in water is less than that of ammonia. Discuss.
Answer:

Because of two lone pairs of electrons on O-atom, repulsion on bond pairs


is greater in H20 in comparison to NH3 . Thus, the bond angle is less in H20
molecules.
resonance structures of C032-ion.
Answer:

4. Write the resonance structures for SO3,NO2 and NO3


Answer:

5. Although both CO2 and H2O are triatomic molecules, the shape of H2O
molecule is bent while that of CO2 is linear. Explain this on the basis of
dipole moment.
Answer: In CO2, there are two C=O bonds. Each C=O bond is a polar bond.
The net dipole moment of CO2 molecule is zero. This is possible only if
CO2 is a linear molecule. (O=C=O). The bond dipoles of two C=O bonds
cancel the moment of each other.
Whereas, H2O molecule has a net dipole moment (1.84 D). H2O molecule
has a bent structure because here the O—H bonds are oriented at an angle
of 104.5° and do not cancel the bond moments of each other.
6. Define electronegativity. How does it differ from electron gain enthalpy?
Answer: Electronegativity: Electronegativity is the tendency of an atom to
attract shared pair of electrons. It is the property of bonded atom.
Whereas, electron gain enthalpy is the tendency of an atom to attract
outside electron. It is the property of an isolated atom.

7. Apart from tetrahedral geometry, another possible geometry for CH 4 is


square planar with the four H atoms at the comers of the square and the
C atom at its centre. Explain why CH4 is not square planar?
Answer: According to VSEPR theory, if CH4were square planar, the bond
angle would be 90°. For tetrahedral structure, the bond angle is 109°28′.
Therefore, in square planar structure, repulsion between bond pairs would
be more and thus the stability will be less.

8. Question 22. Explain why BeH2 molecule has a zero dipole moment
although the Be—H bonds are polar.
Answer: BeH2is a linear molecular (H—Be—H), the bond angle = 180°.
Be—H bonds are polar due to difference in their electronegativity but the
bond polarities cancel each other. Thus, molecule has resultant dipole
moment of zero.

9. Question 23. Which out of NH3 and NF3 has higher dipole moment and
why?
Answer: In NH3 and NF3, the difference in electronegativity is nearly same
but the dipole moment of NH3 = (1.46D) For Example, NH3 = (0.24D)
In NH3, the dipole moments of the three N—H bonds are in the same
direction as the lone pair of electron. But in NF 3, the dipole moments of the
three N—F bonds are in the direction opposite to that of the lone pair.
Therefore, the resultant dipole moment in NH3 is more than in NF3.

10. What is meant by hybridisation of atomic orbitals? Describe the shapes of


sp, sp2, sp3 hybrid orbitals.
Answer: Hybridisation: It is defined as the process of intermixing of atomic
oribitals of slightly different energies to give rise to new hybridized orbitals
having equivalent energy and identical shapes.
Shapes of Orbitals:
sp hybridisation: When one s-and one p-orbital, intermix then it is called
sp-hybridisation. For example, in BeF2, Be atom undergoes sp-
hybridisation. It has linear shape. Bond angle is 180°.
sp2 hybridisation: One s-and two p-orbitals get hybridised to form three
equivalent hybrid orbitals. The three hybrid orbitals directed towards three
corners of an equilateral triangle. It is, therefore, known as trigonal
hybridisation.
sp3 hybridisation: One s-and three p-orbitals get hybridised to form four
equivalent hybrid orbitals. These orbitals are directed towards the four
corners of a regular tetrahedron.
11.Draw diagrams showing the formation of a double bond and a triple bond
between carbon atoms in C2 H4 and C2 H2 molecules.
Answer:

Orbital picture of ethyne

1. What is the total number of sigma and pi bonds in the following


molecules?
(a) C2 H2 (b) C2 H4
Answer: (a) H—C = C—H
Sigma bond = 3 Π bonds = 2

2. Distinguish between a sigma bond and a pi bond.


Answer:

3. Write the important conditions required for the linear combination of


atomic orbitals to form molecular orbitals.
Answer:

• The combining atomic orbitals should have comparable energies.


For example, Is orbital of one atom can combine with Is atomic orbital of
another atom, 2s can combine with 2s.
• The combining atomic orbitals must have proper orientations. So that they
are able to overlap to a considerable extent.
• The extent of overlapping should be large.

1. Question 35. Use molecular orbital theory to explain why the


Be2 molecule does not exist.
Answer:

2. Compare the relative stability of the following species and indicate their
magnetic properties: O2, O2, O2– (Superoxide),O22- (peroxide)
Answer: O2— Bond order = 2, paramagnetic
O2+— Bond order = 2.5, paramagnetic
O2–— Bond order = 1.5, paramagnetic
O22- — Bond order = 1, diamagnetic
Order of relative stability is
O2+ > O2 > O2– > O22-
(2.5) (2.0) (1.5) (1.0)
3. Describe the hybridisation in case of PCl5. Why are the axial bonds longer
as compared to equatorial bonds?
Answer: The ground state E.C. and the excited state E.C. of phosphorus are
represented as:

The one s, three-p and one d-orbitals hybridise to yield five sets of SP3 d
hybrid orbitals which are directed towards the five corners of a trigonal
bipyramidal as in Fig.
Because axial bond pairs suffer more repulsive interaction from the
equatorial bond pairs, therefore axial bonds have been found to be slightly
longer and hence slightly weaker than equatorial bonds.
4. What is meant by the term bond order? Calculate the bond order of N2,
O2, O2+,O2–
Answer: Bond order is defined as the half of the difference between the
number of electrons present in bonding and antibonding molecular
orbitals.

You might also like