PAMANTASAN NG LUNGSOD NG MAYNILA

UNIVERSITY OF THE CITY OF MANILA

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
DEPARTMENT OF ME/MFGE
INTRAMUROS, MANILA

COMPUTER-AIDED ENGINEERING
MFG 0414.1-1

COMPILATION OF LABORATORY EXERCISES

DAVID, ARNIÑO C.
4-1 BS Manufacturing Engineering
2020-10925

SUBMITTED TO:
Engr. Aristotle R. Zabala
January 14, 2024
 Laboratory Exercise 1
Creating Solids
Name: David, Arniño C. Student No.: 2020-10925
Date Performed: Sept 07, 2023 Course: BSMfgE
Date Submitted: Sept 13, 2023 Instructor: Prof. Zabala

1. Objective(s):
The activity aims to create three-dimensional models of three-dimensional entities.
2. Intended Learning Outcomes (ILOs):
2.1 specify different solids
2.2 demonstrate the knowledge in creating solids
2.3 evaluate 3D entities such as box, wedge, cone, tetrahedrones, pyramid with a planar
top
3. Discussion:
With CAE, create three-dimensional models of three-
dimensional entities. This exercise explains how to:
•View entities in three dimensions.
•Create three-dimensional entities.
•Create Solids.
The tools and commands for many of the functions described in the laboratory exercise
appear on the Solids, Solid Editings toolbar and the Draw, modify menu, respectively, when
you set the program to the Advanced experience level.
4. Resources:
This laboratory exercise is adapted from CAE software.
5. Procedure:
Creating
Boxes To
create a box
1.Do one of the following:
•Choose Draw > 3D Entities > Box.
•On the Solids toolbar, click the Box tool ().
•Type box and then press Enter.
2.Specify the first corner of the
base. 3.Specify the opposite corner
of the base. 4.Specify the height.

Creating
Wedges To
create a wedge
1.Do one of the following:
•Choose Draw > 3D Entities > Wedge.
•On the Solids toolbar, click the Wedge tool ().
•Type wedge and then press Enter.
2.Specify the first corner of the
base. 3.Specify the opposite corner
of the base. 4.Specify the height

Creating
Cones To
create a cone
1. Do one of the following:
•Choose Draw > 3D Entities > Cone.
•On the Solids toolbar, click the Cone tool ().
•Type cone and then press Enter.
2. Specify the center of the base
of the cone. 3.Specify the radius or
diameter.
4.Specify the height.
First corner of the base (A), the opposite corner of the base (B), and the height (C).
Creating
Tetrahedrones To
create a tetrahedron
1.Do one of the
following:
•Choose Draw > 3D Entities > Pyramid.
•Type pyramid and then press Enter.
2.Specify the first point for the base of the
pyramid. 3.Specify the second and third points.
4.In the prompt box, choose
Tetrahedron. 5.Specify the apex
of the tetrahedron.

Creating
Pyramids To
create a
pyramid
1. Do one of the following:
•Choose Draw > 3D Entities > Pyramid.
•Type pyramid and then press Enter.
2. Specify the first point for the base of
the pyramid. 3.Specify the second third
and fourth points.
4.Specify the apex of the pyramid.

To create a pyramid with a

planar top 1.Do one of the
following:
•Choose Draw > 3D Entities > Pyramid.
•Type pyramid and then press Enter.
2.Specify the first point for the base of the
pyramid. 3.Specify the second, third, and fourth
points.
4. In the prompt box, choose Top Surface.
5. Specify the first point on the top surface
of the pyramid. 6.Specify the second, third,
and fourth points
 6. Data and Results:
Using the Model Results, answer the following questions:
1. How do you create three-dimensional models of three-dimensional entities?
Answer:
I open AutoCAD software to start our laboratory exercise. I choose new, and then I set-
up to create a three-dimensional model. First, I need to find the setting icon, and
choosing 3D modeling, then, I need to change view manager into SE Isometric. Since
already prepare, I can start to make three-dimensional model, I click solid in the upper
window and there’s a box so I choose it, I type the equal measurement to have a perfect
box, after that I go home to choose visual style into conceptual to make it solid model
that I created. There are setting and command to easily make a three-dimensional
model and this is how I do it.

2. In what way do you specify different solids?

Answer:
I just command or choosing in Solid button to create a different kind of solid like Box,
Wedge, Cone, Tetrahedron and Pyramid with a planer on top. At first, is a little tricky but
once you manage to see each function it will be easy to create a solid model.

3. In what manner do you evaluate a solid box?

Answer:
When I choose box there a measurement so I put in exactly 2.5000 at first point, the second
point I write again 2.5000 so we have an equal square. Next is height I put again 2.5000 so
the result is a perfect and equal solid box.

4. By what means do you gauge a solid wedge?

Answer:
In home button of AutoCAD there a wedge icon. When I put the first point I put 2.5000
measurement for the origin, so next, is to make a rectangular I put 5.0000 then, for the
height when I raise, it automatically has a slide so, I just input the distance heigh, and I click
enter and then I have a solid 3D wedge.

5. By what method do you assess a solid cone?

Answer:
In home button there’s a cone icon. So, I put the center point in any area then, when I raise
the height, it has already a pointy cone then, I press enter there a 3D solid cone.
 6. In what manner do you evaluate a solid tetrahedrone?
Answer:
This part is a so tricky, I just to trial and error to get a solid tetrahedron, I command pyramid
and I choose side at the comment section, I choose 3 side and then, I put it and just like
others solid when I raise it will have a pointy top.

7. Just how do you gauge a solid pyramid with a planar top?

Answer:
This solid pyramid with a planar top is same at tetrahedron method and this is also, tricky to
make. I command pyramid and click side into 4 sides and it will appear a pyramid but we
are not done yet. Click again the solid pyramid you will notice that there’s a arrow choose
on top arrow that direct to the left, make a little adjust so that the pointy top will be gone it
will change into planar top.

7. Data Analysis and Conclusion:

For this laboratory exercise 1 I analyze that it must have a dimension accuracy to verify the
measurement just like the box that need exactly equal for the length, width and height. The
coordinates point to ensure that there are no issues of overlapping or misaligned points.
Double check the layers and line types to maintain consistency and ease of editing the
project or activity. Be careful for typing the command because it can lead to inaccuracies in
the model.

Conclusion:
All the 3D solid shape were created with a correct dimension to meet the design
specifications. I leave some spaces to creating other 3D model so that I can easily put and
ensuring the object integrity. Each solid shapes have own tricky part to creating it and it
gives a challenging to make. It has own uniqueness which is very interesting. This basic
design of creating 3D model is just a beginning, there are a lot more design need to learn.
And it is important to take a measure to ensure the outcome of the design model.
 Reflection on the Attainment of Intended Learning Outcomes (ILOs):

In first try it is so hard to create a solid model, I explore the whole software application of
AutoCAD 2024 so that, I can see what the app can offer to do my laboratory exercise. I search up
first in the Internet of how-to set-up into 3D modeling in AutoCAD. I learn that it can be switch
2D into 3D type and there need a little change to start making 3D model.
I explore and I amaze that there’s a lot features to make a 3D model and I gets of how why the
other people to make a complicated object like machine. Because of AutoCAD it makes easy to
creating solid for newbie like me. I learn a lot making a box, wedge, cone, tetrahedron and
pyramid with a planer on top, every model has different method to make which is I satisfy making
and creating this 3D model. I hope that I learn new in the next laboratory exercise to expand my
knowledge for this.
 Laboratory
Exercise 2
Modifying Solid
Faces
Name: Arniño C. David Student No.: 2020-10925
Date Performed: September 15, 2023 Course: BSMFGE
Date Submitted: September 20, 2023 Instructor: Prof. Aristotle R. Zabala

1. Objective(s):
The activity aims to edit three-dimensional models of solid faces.
2. Intended Learning Outcomes (ILOs):
2.1 modify different solid faces
2.2 demonstrate the knowledge in editing faces of solids
2.3 evaluate 3D solid faces
3. Discussion:
With CAE, modify solid
faces. This exercise
explains how to:
• modify different solid faces
• demonstrate the knowledge in editing faces of solids
• evaluate 3D solid faces
The tools and commands for many of the functions described in the laboratory exercise
appear on the Solids, Solid Editings toolbar and the Draw, modify menu, respectively, when
you set the program to the Advanced
experience level.
4. Resources:
This laboratory exercise is adapted from CAE software.
5. Procedure:
Extrude
Face To
extrude face
Do the
following:
1. Choose Modify, Solid Editing,
Extrude face. NOTE: Must be a solid
to extrude the face.
2. Choose a face to extrude. If you choose more than one
face, hold the SHIFT key to deselect unwanted faces.
3. Press ENTER.
4. Specify height of extrusion or [Path]: .25
5. Specify angle of taper for extrusion <0>: 45

Taper Face
To Taper
Face Do the
following:
1. Choose Modify, Solid Editing, Taper face.
2. Choose a face(s) to taper. If you choose
more than one face, hold the SHIFT key to
deselect unwanted faces.
3. Press ENTER.
4. Specify the base point: pick the back left corner
5. Specify another point along the axis of
tapering: pick point
6. Specify the taper angle: 45
Solid validation started. Solid validation completed

Delete
Face To
delete face
Do the following:
1. Choose Modify, Solid Editing, Delete face.
2. Choose a face to delete. If you choose
more than one face, hold the SHIFT key to
deselect unwanted faces.
3. Press ENTER.
4. Choose the face to delete.
 Copy Face
To Copy
Face
Do the following:
1. Choose Modify, Solid Editing, Copy face.
2. Choose a face to copy. If you choose
more than one face, hold the SHIFT key to
deselect unwanted faces.
3. Press ENTER.
4. Pick the solid face to copy.
5. Pick a new location.

Color
Face To
color face
Do the following:
1. Choose Modify, Solid Editing, Color face.
2. Choose a face to change the color of. If you choose
more than one face, hold the SHIFT key to deselect unwanted faces.
3. Press ENTER.
4. Choose a color to change the face to.
6. Data and Results:
Using the Model Results, answer the following questions:
1. How do you modify solid faces?
Answer:
I experiment in it; I change small decimal number to adjust the solid faces so that I can see
the changes I trial and error until I achieve my desire outcome.

2. In what way do you edit different solids?

Answer:
On first model I choose box to easily have a solid box and then, I extrude with it and I type
the measurement to look a like on what in the picture. The second model which is very
challenging because it is hard to delete face the other side, but when making a 45 degree on
opposite side is easy just find taper and type on it and then it will have a taper model. The
third model I just put a rectangular box and then, there is a circle in the setting I choose that
and place in after that I just need to adjust to the ground point to have a hollow circle same
to last model. The last model I find in the setting that could change the color of the face so, I
can choose any color and then click enter, it will show in the chosen face color.

3. In what manner do you evaluate a solid face?

Answer:
Depend on how big that I create of a solid face model because in big size model I can easily
notice the changes of a solid face so that, I can adjust it freely if there a wrong mistake that I
make and it is easy to edit.

4. By what means do you gauge the modification of a solid face?

Answer:
I base on square platform so that I have a guide to put the solid faces and then, I trial and
error to see the outcome of what the changes when I modify the solid faces so that I easily
to see in it.

5. By what commands do you perform solid face modification?

Answer:
The command that I used on the first model which is extrude is extrude and then I choose
front face and then typing the height and angle. The second is OFFSET/O and LINE. The
third model when I create in it after that I copy the side face, I command CO to do the copy
and I put in aside. The last model I didn’t used command.
 7. Data Analysis and Conclusion:

The data that I gather doing this laboratory exercise is to discover of how these 3D models
that can make and edit in different type of setting that could be use in future exercises. By
measuring, specify angle, sizes and etc. I trial and error in some part to see the outcome of
how it will look like, if we change the size the model measurement it could possibly change
in some part of the model so that I need to careful to adjust if I make a mistake. The
instrument that I used which is AutoCAD can make it possible to create like a blueprint if we
want to design.

To conclude this laboratory exercise I manage to create a new different type of model that I
can use in the future project. With the information guidance in the procedure, I manage to
create it and learn. There a lot setting which is very useful in this exercise to accomplished
my activities.
Reflection on the Attainment of Intended Learning Outcomes (ILOs):

In this laboratory exercise I learn that there’s are more in the setting that we can used to create a
solid model. At first it a little tricky but once I manage to learn how it works, I understand of what
I need to do to create in it. The extrude face I didn’t know that it could change the angle I
surprise when I input the 45 degrees on it and the face is change. The taper face is a little tricky
at first but when I know how its function I easily to manage to do in the solid model faces. The
delete face is so sensitive so I need to put line to avoid other face when I enter on it. Another I
learn is the circle it just needs to adjust to have a hole in the solid model. And lastly, that I learn is
I could change the any color of the specific face which I amaze because I thought it just a plain
color in whole 3D solid model in faces.

I learn a lot in this laboratory exercise and I could use it in future project and the outcome of on
what I make is I satisfied because there are some part is hard to create and edit but I manage do
to it and finished.
 Laboratory Exercise 6
Finite Element Method CalculiX Cantilever in Three
Dimension
Name: Arniño C. David Student No.: 2020-10925
Date Performed: Oct 17, 2023 Course: BS Manufacturing Engineering
Date Submitted: Oct 18, 2023 Instructor: Engr. Aristotle R. Zabala

1. Objective(s):
The activity aims to demonstrate how to activate a Finite Element Analysis and how to
modify the load
value and load path.
2. Intended Learning Outcomes (ILOs):
2.1 Activate the analysis container and its objects
2.2 Visualize results
2.3 Purge results
2.4 Run the FEA
2.5 Run the FEA the fast way
2.6 Change load direction and load value
3. Discussion:
Parametric modeling describes a certain type of modeling, where the shape of the 3D
objects you design are controlled by parameters. For example, the shape of a brick might
be controlled by three parameters: height, width, and length. These parameters are part of
the object, and stay modifiable at any time, after the object has been created. Some objects
can have other objects as parameters, for example you could have an object that takes our
brick as input and creates a column from it. You could think of a parametric object as a small
program that creates geometry from parameters.

FEM stands for Finite Element Method. It is a vast mathematical subject. It is a way to
calculate propagations inside a 3D object, by cutting it into small pieces, and analyzing the
impact of each small piece over its neighbors. This has several uses in the engineering field,
but we will look here more in depth at one use that is already well developed, which is
simulating deformations in objects which are submitted to forces and weights. It involves
different steps: Preparing the geometry, setting its material, performing the meshing
(division into smaller parts).
4. Resources:
This laboratory exercise is adapted from CAE software.
5. Procedure:
Load Start Workbench
Start the software.
The Start Workbench should be loaded.

Load The Example File

Go to the example projects and click on "Load an FEM analysis example".
If due to further operations some geometry, constraints or the results are broken or
deleted just repeat the steps above.

Activate The Analysis Container

To work with an analysis the analysis must be
activated. In the tree view, right click on the
Mechanical Analysis Choose Activate
analysis.

Analysis Container and Its Objects

If the analysis is activated, the current workbench is automatically
switched to FEM. There are at least the 5 objects needed to make a
static mechanical analysis.
Analysis container.
Since in the example here the results are included there as well is a sixth object, the
results, elaborated on in the next paragraph.

Visualizing Results
1. Be sure the analysis is activated.
2. Be sure the analysis still contains the result object, if not just reload the example file.
3. Click the Show result button in the FEM toolbar.
4. In task window choose z-Displacement. It shows in negative z-direction since the
force is in negative z- direction.
5. Activate the check box besides the bottom slider of displacement show.
6. The slider can be used to alter the mesh to view the deformation in a simplified manner.
7. Choose among the different Result types to view all in the GUI available result types

Purge Results
1. Be sure the analysis is activated.
2. To remove the results: select in the icon toolbar the Purge results button.

Running the FEA

In the tree view double click on the solver object.
In the task panel of the solver object make sure static analysis is selected.
Click on write .inp file in the same task window. Watch the log window until it prints
"write completed." Click on Run CalculiX. Since this is a very small analysis it
should take less than a second to run.
In the text window it should print in green letters "CalculiX done!" and in the next line
"loading result sets ..." Click on Close in the task window.
A new result object should be created. You know how to visualize the results already.
If you get an error message, no solver binary or similar when triggering the analysis, check
FEM Install.

Running The FEA The Fast Way

In tree view select the solver object of the
analysis. In the icon toolbar click on
Quick Analysis
.
The Calculix input file will be written, CalculiX will be triggered, and the result object should
be created.

Changing Load Direction and Load Value

In the tree view select the FEM mesh object and press the Space key.
Result:
The visibility of the FEM mesh will be turned off. The geometrical model is still
visible.
In the tree view double click on the force constraint object to open its task panel.
In the task window change the load value to 500000000 N (Note: force unit in task
window must be in N) Click on the Direction button.
On the geometrical model click on one of the long edges in x-direction.
Result:
The red arrows that illustrate force will change their direction in x-direction. They
indicate the fixed direction.
Since tension should be applied to the box the Reverse Direction needs to be
triggered by clicking on it. The red arrows of the force will change their direction.
Click on OK in task window.
Toggle the visibility of the FEM mesh 'On' by selecting it in tree view and
pressing the Space key. Activate an analysis and visualize results.

Draw and write the results:

 - As I follow all the instruction step-by-step, from the start to the end it changed a lot of
the cantilever 3D model, we see differently unlike before when we observe the
visualizing result of the cantilever when we change the load direction and load value,
by the calculate of FEA to see the outcome of the model that shown the stress of the
cantilever and this is the final outcome of FEM calculiX cantilever 3D model.

6. Data and Results:

Using the Model Results, interpret the corresponding results for:

1. Activating the analysis container and its objects

- After I activate the analysis, all the FEM toolbar was also, activated. So, we can see
the available toolbar that we need for the model.
2. Visualizing results

- We can change the result type, so we choose the Displacement z. Every

displacement has show different thermal visual result of how the cantilever will
perform by moving the displacement view.

3. Purging results

- When we click the purge result the show result will be removed or gone in the tree
list.
 4. Running the FEA

- This is the result when we click the write .inp file it must be write completed that will
be shown in the text.

- After we run the CaculiX it must be color green of “CalculiX done without error!” and
in the next line “loading result sets…” when it appeared in our screen it means our
model is all okay. And as we can see the model it changed of how far our cantilever
model can reach of stress.
 5. Running the FEA the fast way
- This is the alternate way and the fastest way to run the FEA to easily see the
outcome of our 3D model.

6. Changing load direction and load value

- After we do all the instruction as we can see our model within displacement x the
thermal is also change and our force came into tension in reverse direction. We can
see the changes of analysis and the visualize result of cantilever 3D model.
 7. Data Analysis and Conclusion:
For the data analysis of this laboratory experiment 6 as we observe the changes of the
cantilever 3D model using FreeCAD software in FEM setting. I follow the instruction given in
the procedure, every tab in FEM had own purpose for the model that we want to test in the
help of this software we can see the result or outcome of the model of what will happened,
and how long it can reach its limit. As this laboratory exercise, I experienced of how to see
and to know of how will these will work and I realize that this is very useful to used to check
the prototype model like the cantilever. For the Analysis container and its objects this section
we need to activate to unlock some object in the FEM tab. In visualizing result to see the
analysis and we can change the displacement to see the force and in displacement show we
can move it to see the limit of the model. For the purge result, it just removed the result. In
running the FEA to see if our model is can run for simulation if not, we need to double check
our work. And lastly, the changing load direction and load value, if we need to try to change
the load value to see if there a changes outcome for the model.

To conclude this laboratory experiment 6, I experienced of how FEM is very useful to test
the model of how far it can reach its limits and to try some experiment to see the outcome.
Using this software is very useful especially when designing the model to see the stress so
that we can enhance it further or to prevent it. After I finished the laboratory exercise, I learn
that this is the way to test the 3D model like cantilever.
Reflection on the Attainment of Intended Learning Outcomes (ILOs):

As the learning reflection outcome for the laboratory 6 of finite element method calculix
cantilever in three dimension, all the instruction given in the procedure has been met
and I learned a lot for this laboratory exercise 6. I activate the analysis container and its
object, I visualize the results, I purge the result, I run the FEA, I run the FEA in the fast
way and I change the load direction and load value all of these I follow and do it in the
FreeCAD software in my laptop. I discover a new possibility for this exercise because
on today onwards I know the basic types on FEM tab that can do in the 3D model.
Every tab setting has it own function to do so that I learned how to manage them in the
help of the procedure that given.
All the attainment of intended learning outcomes has been met and I hope I can learn
more in the future laboratory exercise about software of FreeCAD.
 Laboratory Exercise
Static Analysis
Name: Arniño C. David Student No.: 2020-10925
Date Performed: Oct 22, 2023 Course: BS Manufacturing Engineering
Date Submitted: Oct Instructor: Engr. Aristotle R. Zabala

1. Objective(s):
The activity aims to introduce the basic workflow of the FEM Workbench in performing a static analysis.
2. Intended Learning Outcomes (ILOs):
2.1 Demonstrate the execution of a static analysis in FreeCAD FEM.
2.2 Evaluate the static analysis in FEM
3. Discussion:
In this modeling example, a Cube is used as the study object, but models created in the Part or Part Design
Workbenches can be used instead. It begins with generating a model. Creating the Analysis succeeds where one
can drag and drop a mesh to a Mechanical Analysis that does not have a mesh within the Tree view. The object
is then meshed. It is prepared to add constraint and forces. Next, the restrictions and forces for the
static study are established. Material selection follows. Run the solver to analyze results.
4. Resources:
This laboratory exercise is adapted from CAE software.
5. Procedure:
Do the following:
1. Create a new document (press on the button)
2. Activate the Part Workbench
3. Create a Cube
4. Change its Dimensions to the following: 1. Height: 1.000 mm 2. Length: 8.000 mm 3. Width: 1.000 mm
5. Select the model
6. Click New mechanical analysis from the menu to create an analysis from the object that was selected
7. In the meshing dialog, click OK.
8. Hide the mesh from the Tree View.
9. Show the original model
 10. Select Create FEM fixed constraint
11. Select the back face of the Cube (face on the YZ axis) and click OK
12. Select Create FEM force constraint
13. Select the front face of the Cube (the face parallel to the back face) and set the Area load value to
9000000.00
14. Set the Direction to -Z by selecting one of the face edges parallel to that direction.
15. Click OK
16. Select Mechanical material... and choose Calculix as the material. Click OK.
17. Select the solver object contained in the Mechanical Analysis. Select Start calculation from the menu
18. Select Write Calculix Input File
19. Select Run Calculix
20. Press close.
21. From the Object Tree, select the Results object
22. Select Show result
23. Choose among the different Result types to view the results
24. The slider at the bottom can be used to alter the mesh visualization. This allows us to visualize the
deformation experienced by the object, keep in mind that this is an approximation.
25. To remove the results, select Purge results.

6. Data and Results:

Using the Model Results, answer the following questions:
1. How do you perform Static Analysis in CAE?
- Before I begin, I read the procedure so that I can follow each step to do the laboratory exercise. I open FreeCAD
software in my laptop then, create new document for this activity, I switch-up to “Part” selection to create a cube
and then, I changed its dimension according to the instruction. After that I switch-up to “FEM” to create a
Analysis on the model and inputting the mesh. Next is I create FEM fixed and force constraint to the model and I
change the area load value to 9000000.00 N then, the -Z direction. I add up to the Material and Calculix as
the material and I start-up the calculation to write and run to see the result. After that I select the result to see the
different types of outcomes to the model that I created, once I see all the result and the mesh visualization for the
deformable formation of the model, I purge result and done the process doing the laboratory exercise.
7. Data Analysis and Conclusion:
- As the Data analysis for this laboratory exercise 7 we see that the model outcome using static
analysis of its behavior of how deformable bodies will react that we see on the simulation of
FreeCAD software. Every analysis setting was own function to perform to our 3D model and
we just follow the procedure to see what will be the result and as we observe on it, we can see
the stress of the model

Reflection on the Attainment of Intended Learning Outcomes (ILOs):

In this laboratory exercise I managed to demonstrate the static analysis in FreeCAD software I learn how
to set in the simulation so that I can used it in the industry. I analyzed the 3D model of its behavior so that
I can understand in term of static analysis can do in the model.

Laboratory Exercise
Shape Optimization Analysis
 Name: David, Arniño C. Student No.: 2020-10925
Date Performed: November 14, 2023 Course: BS MfgE
Date Submitted: November 16, 2023 Instructor: Prof. Zabala

1. Objective(s):
The activity aims to produce a final geometry that is approximately 40% of the original weight or less by
reducing the mesh size for optimization.
2. Intended Learning Outcomes (ILOs):
2.1 Customize the shape optimization Target Mass to 40 %, to decrease the material requirements
2.2 Lessen the mesh size to 1 mm to deliver a more precise outcome
2.3 Solve the investigation by Shape optimization
2.4 Evaluate the Load Path Criticality result to identify the portions in the model that are critical to
counterattacking the applied loads.
3. Discussion:
For this modeling instance, the modeling constraints are demarcated to confirm that the shape optimization
design encounters particular design outlooks. A model case is the gripper arm to grab parts. The new arm
design should be able to carry and transport similar weight. The arm is detained in place by two pins, and this
constraint is required for the simulation. These two extents of the arm, the bolt holes for the pins and the
gripping face of the arm, must be preserved in the new design. Additionally, the new design is to be
symmetrical over the thickness, as well as the original plan.
4. Resources:
This laboratory exercise is adapted from CAE software.
5. Procedure:
Do the following:
1. In Fusion 360, Expose the initial shape model, Gripper Arm in the Z up path, from the Basic Training folder
in the Data Panel.
a. When the Data Panel is not presently exposed, press Show Data Panel at the top of the screen.
b. The top level (home sight) of the Data Panel is allocated into two subsections: ALL PROJECTS and
8. Preserve 8 mm of material around the large bolt hole, and 5.5 mm of material around the small one, sothe
pins can function as expected. The gripper arm is held in place by the two pins.
a. Press (Simulation workspace > Setup tab > Shape Optimization panel > Preserve Region) To expose the
Preserve Region dialog.
b. If you have changed the model viewpoint since exposeing the model, press Home view above
theViewCube, to restore the default isometric aspect.
c. Press the inside surface of the large bolt hole to select it as the Centroid Location Face.
d. Adjust the Radius to 8 mm.
 e. Press OK to accept the command and close the Preserve Region dialog.
f. Repeat steps a through e for the small bolt hole, adjusting the diameter to 5.5 mm.

9. Create a symmetry plane through the thickness so that the optimized shape is symmetric through the
thickness like the original gripper arm design.
a. Press (Simulation workspace > Setup tab > Shape Optimization panel > Symmetry plane) to expose
the
Symmetry Plane dialog.
b. Select the top surface of the gripper arm.
c. Press OK to accept the command and close the Symmetry Plane dialog.

10. Set the shape optimization Target Mass to 40 %

a. Press (Simulation workspace > Setup tab > Shape Optimization panel > Shape Optimization
Criteria) to expose the Shape Optimization Criteria dialog.
b. In the Shape Optimization Criteria dialog, set the Target mass to 40 %.
 c. Press OK to accept the change and close the dialog.
11. Reduce the mesh size to 1 mm.
a. Press (Simulation workspace > Setup tab > Manage panel > Settings) to expose the Settings dialog.
b. On the left-hand side of the dialog, select Mesh to switch to the Mesh panel.
c. Select Absolute Size
d. Change the Absolute Size to 1 mm
e. Press OK to accept the command and close the dialog.
12. Set the solve location to On Cloud and run the simulation.
a. Press (Simulation workspace > Setup tab > Solve panel > Solve), to expose the Solve dialog.
b. Set the solve location to On Cloud.
c. Choose your study to be solved.
d. Press Solve 1 Study to begin the analysis and close the Solve dialog.
e. Upon finishing the analysis, press Close to close the Job Status dialog. The Results tab exposes
automatically, so you can understand the results.
13. Examine the results for Load Path Criticality.
a. In the Browser, expand Shape Optimization Settings
b. Press next to Symmetry Plane 1, to hide the symmetry plane so you can examine the results more
easily.
c. Evaluate the Load Path Criticality result. Check how the regions deemed less critical have been
removed from the optimized shape. Paste the results here then interpret.
6. Data and Results:

Using the Model Results, answer the following questions:

1. How do you optimize the shape of a workpiece to minimize material cost in CAE?
I adjust some specification in shape optimization of preserve region to expand the radius of the pin, the thickness of
symmetry plane, the shape optimization criteria to change the target mass into 40%, reducing the mesh size into 1 mm
in the manage panel setting. Once I do that, I click the solve panel to solve to see the result of the model. As we can see
the Mass ratio turn into 41.42 % and approximately mass is 0.057 kg it means that we minimize our material cost for the
model by through shape optimization procedure.
 7. Data Analysis and Conclusion:
As I finish our laboratory exercise 8 about shape optimization analysis when I change to simulation
workplace, I set the model to adjust some specification to minimize the material cost of our model.
We edit the units into metric according to the instruction because some measurements are set into
metric system. I applied pin constraint to the model to expose the structural constraint inside surface
of the two bolt holes target faces and to confirm the radial and axial direction. I apply the force to 500
N through the gripping surface to see the compressive loads outcome. I change the preserve region in
the bigger hole I change to 8 mm while the smaller hole is 5.5 mm of the two pins. And then, I click
the symmetry plane to expose in the model. For the shape optimization criteria, I change the target
mass into 40%. After that I reduce the mesh size into 1 mm in absolute size. Next, is to solve the
panel for the model to see the outcome I wait several minutes until it done in the job status dialog.
Lastly, I hide the symmetry plane in shape optimization setting.

To conclude this laboratory exercise 8, we can see the result of our model the mass ratio is 41.42%
and the approximately mass is 0.057 kg. Also, the thermal stress that can see in the model in which
part that have most stress and less stress because of the force that given and receiving of the gripper
arm.

Reflection on the Attainment of Intended Learning Outcomes (ILOs):

As I learn in laboratory exercise 8 about shape optimization analysis. I can customize the shape optimization of the target
mass into 40%, to decrease the material require. I change the mesh size into 1 mm to have a more precise outcome for the
model of gripper arm. I click the solve to see the outcome of how will be the behavior of the gripper arm and lastly, after I see
the result of the load path, I can identify in which part of the gripper arm that has critical part and counter-attacking of the
applied loads to adjust a little to less the stress and to innovate to avoid defect for the gripper arm model. Once I finish doing
the laboratory exercise it reflect to myself that this is how to do it when doing new part or examining the model to see of how
far that can receive stress and in which part that most affected to counter-attack and adjust the part to have a strong
foundation.
 Laboratory Exercise 10
Modal Frequencies Analysis
Course: BS Manufacturing Engineering Experiment No.: 10
Group No.: 0.1 Section: MFG 0414.1-1
Group Members: David, Arniño C. Date Performed: November 27, 2023
Date Submitted: November 27, 2023
Instructor: Prof. Aristotle R. Zabala

1. Objective(s):
To determine the frequency (musical pitch) of the first fundamental vibration mode of a tuning fork.
2. Intended Learning Outcomes (ILOs):
2.1 Created a modal frequencies study to determine the frequency of the first fundamental vibration mode of a
tuning fork.
2.2 Run the analysis, identify the first fundamental vibration mode, and determine whether the prongs need to
be lengthened or shortened.
2.3 Lengthen the prongs on the production model to lower the vibrating frequency, rerun the analysis and
confirm that the natural frequency is 418 Hz.
2.4 Determine the exact prong length required to produce the A4 musical pitch of 440 Hz and calculate how
much material needs to be ground off the ends of the rough tuning fork prongs to tune the pitch to 440 Hz.
3. Discussion:
1. Open the starting shape model, Tuning Fork-A4, in the Z up direction from the Basic Training folder in
the Data Panel.
a. If the Data Panel is not currently shown, click Show Data Panel at the top of the screen.
b. The top level (home view) of the Data Panel is divided into two subsections: ALL PROJECTS and
SAMPLES. Scroll down until you reach SAMPLES.
c. Double-click the Basic Training folder to open it.
d. Double-click the 11 – Simulation folder to open it.
e. Double-click the Tuning Fork-A4 model to open it in the canvas.
2. Identify a personal project in which to save the starting shape models.
a. Click File > Save as
b. Enter a name, such as Tuning Fork - A4, in the name field
c. Expand the arrow button next to the Location field.
d. Locate and click on an existing project or click New Project to start a new project.

3. Identify or create a folder in which to save the starting shape models.

a. Double-click on a folder in the project to select it or create a new folder.
b. To create a new folder, click New Folder.
c. Type a name, such as Tuning Fork - A4 for the folder.
d. Press Enter.
e. Double-click the folder to make it the current fi le saving location.
f. Click Save
4. Create a new Modal Frequencies simulation study.
a. Click on the Change Workspace drop-down menu at the top left end of the toolbar and select
Simulation.
b. In the New Studies dialog box, select Modal Frequencies.
5. Set the Number of Modes to 12 and the mesh size to 1.2 mm.
a. In the upper right corner of the large thumbnail image, click the Settings icon to access the
Settings dialog.
The General settings appear initially.
b. In the General settings, type 12 in the input field below the activated
Number of Modes.
c. Select Mesh from the left frame of the dialog to display the mesh settings.
d. Click Absolute Size and type 1.2 mm in the input field.
e. Click Back to apply the changes.
f. In the New Study dialog, click Create Study to create the study and close the dialog.
6. Change the default units system to Metric (SI).
a. In the Browser, hover over Units: Custom then click Edit.
b. In the Units Settings dialog, choose Metric (SI) from the Default Unit Set drop-down list.
 c. Click OK to accept the change and close the dialog.

7. Verify that the tuning fork material is Stainless Steel AISI 304.
a. Click (Simulation workspace > Setup tab > Materials panel > Study Materials)
to open the Study Materials dialog.
b. In the Study Materials dialog, verify that the value in the Study Materials column is defined as
follows:
A4 Tuning Fork (440 Hz): (Same as Model) or Stainless Steel AISI 304.
If this is not the case, select the correct material from the drop-down list.
c. Click OK to close the Study Materials dialog.

8. Click (Simulation workspace > Setup tab > Solve panel > Solve), to open the Solve dialog.
Note: Even though the model is unconstrained, the Pre-check icon shows a green check mark, which
indicates that there are no warnings, and the model is ready to solve. The reason is that Modal
Frequencies simulation models do not require constraints; the solver is able to output rigid-body
vibrations as valid natural frequency modes.
9. Click Solve to run the analysis and close the dialog.
10. When the analysis is complete, click Close to close the Job Status dialog.
The Results tab opens automatically, so you can view the results.

11. Display the mesh and check it to ensure there are at least four elements through the thinnest parts of the
tuning fork.
a. Click (Simulation workspace > Results tab > Finish Results panel > Finish Results) to switch to
the Setup tab. The mesh lines are easier to see on a light gray background than on the dark blue
of the contour plot.
b. In the Browser, click next to Mesh, to make the mesh visible.
Note: The specified mesh size results in four elements through the thinnest portion of the tuning fork. This is a
good element size for accurately capturing flexure of the prongs.
c. In the Browser, click next to Mesh, to hide the mesh.
d. Click (Simulation workspace > Setup tab > Results panel > Simulation Results) to return to the
Results tab.
 12. Animate the Total Modal Displacement result for vibration Mode 1, using the Fastest speed, and the
Two-way option to demonstrate the full vibration cycle.
a. From the Mode drop-down list next to the plot legend, confirm that Mode 1 is selected.
b. Click (Simulation workspace > Results tab > Result Tools panel > Animate) to open the
Animate dialog.
c. Activate the Two-way option to create a repeating sinusoidal animation.
d. In the Speed drop-down list, choose Fastest.
e. Click Play.
Notice that the tuning fork does not deform; it only translates in the X direction. The natural frequency for the
rigid body modes is 0 Hz (or approximately 0 Hz).

13. While the animation is still running, choose the next vibration mode from the Mode drop-down list next to
the plot legend. Observe the shape of this mode. Repeat until you have seen all twelve vibration
modes.
For each mode, observe the motion of the handle. Any mode that involves significant axial, radial, or
torsional motion of the handle cannot be sustained. These modes will die out quickly when a person is
holding the tuning fork.
Your Mode 12 results should look like the following image:
 Notice that the greatest displacement magnitude for Mode 12 is at the bottom of the handle, and it is
in the +/- X direction. If someone is holding the tuning fork, this vibration mode will certainly die out
almost immediately.

14. Identify the best vibration mode for tuning the fork, switch to it, and determine its natural frequency.
You are looking for the mode which exhibits the least motion of the tuning fork handle.
a. Revisit all the vibration modes using the Mode drop-down list next to the plot legend, and identify
which ones show the least motion at the base of the handle.
Only Mode 7 and Mode 11 exhibit minimal motion of the handle. These two modes are the only
two of the twelve calculated modes that can be sustained while someone is holding the tuning
fork. Both modes involve a slight amount of axial motion (Y translation) at the handle.
The relative axial motion is greater for Mode 11 and for Mode 7, so vibration Mode 11 will die out
faster than Mode 7 does (the fundamental vibration mode).
b. From the Mode drop-down list next to the plot legend, select Mode 7.

c. In the Animate dialog, click OK to stop the animation and close the dialog.
d. In the Mode drop-down list next to the plot legend, note the frequency next to Mode 7. The
natural frequency for Mode 7 is 471 Hz, which is about 7% higher than the nominal frequency
of440 Hz for the A4 musical note. Remember, that the goal is to produce a pitch of 418 HZ,
 which is 5% lower than the A4 note. The fork prongs must be lengthened to lower the natural
frequency of this mode.
15. Access the Design Workspace from the Change Workspace drop-down menu at the top left end of the
toolbar.
16. Lengthen the tuning fork prongs by 5 mm.
a. Click the end face of one of the prongs to select it.
b. Hold down the Ctrl key and click the end face of the other prong to select it too.
c. Right-click in the modeling canvas and select Press Pull from the Marking Menu. An arrow
appears on the model, and a numeric input fi eld appears in the model canvas. The arrow should be
pointing outward. A positive distance lengthens the prongs, and a negative distance shortens them).
d. Type 5 mm in the numeric input field and press Enter, to accept the command and close the
dialog.
17. Confirm the tuning fork prongs are now 75 mm long and save the study.
a. Click (Design workspace > Solid tab > Inspect panel > Measure) to open the Measure dialog.
b. Click one of the long edges of one of the prongs and check its length.
In the Measure dialog, the Length in Selection 1 should equal 75.00 mm. The centerline of the
bend in the tuning fork is at Y=0. The original length of the prongs from the centerline of the bend
was70.00 mm. Since we added 5 mm to the length, 75.00 mm is the correct measurement.
c. In the Measure dialog, click Close.
d. Click the Save in the Quick Access Toolbar to save the modified model.
e. Enter a descriptive name and click OK to save the changes.
Note: Changes you make to the base production model are replicated through all existing simulation
models.
18. Rerun the simulation for the new tuning fork length.
a. Select Simulation from the Change Workspace drop-down menu at the left end of the toolbar.
Notice you have warnings, indicating that the existing results no longer reflect the model settings,
because the tuning fork prongs are now 75 mm long.
b. Click (Simulation workspace > Setup tab > Solve panel > Solve) to open the Solve dialog.
c. Click Solve.
 19. Confirm that the natural frequency of the modified tuning fork for the fundamental vibration mode is
418 Hz.
a. From the Mode drop-down list next to the plot legend, select Mode 7.
b. In the Mode drop-down list next to the plot legend, note the frequency next to Mode 7. The
frequency for this mode is 418 HZ, which is precisely the frequency we were targeting.
c. Click (Simulation workspace > Results tab > Finish Results panel > Finish Results) to return
to the Setup tab.418 Hz.
20. By interpolating from the data in the table above, calculate the length of the prongs that is likely to
give the A4 musical pitch of 440 Hz.

Tip: The relationship between the prong length and the frequency of the fundamental vibration mode is not
linear. However, linear interpolation between these two data points puts you in the right ballpark. This
technique minimizes the number of iterations required to hit the frequency goal.
a. Prong length range = 5mm
b. Mode 7 frequency range = 53 Hz
c. Required frequency ~ 30 Hz below the high frequency and ~ 20 Hz above the low frequency, or
roughly 3 mm shorter than the 75 mmm prongs and about 2 mm longer than the 70 mm prongs.

21. Shorten the tuning fork prongs by 2 mm

a. Click (Design workspace > Solid tab > Inspect panel > Simplify) to access the Simplify
environment.
b. Click the end face of one of the prongs to select it.
c. Hold down the Ctrl key and click the end face of the other prong to select it too.
d. Right-click in the modeling canvas and select Press Pull from the Marking Menu.
e. Type -2 mm in the numeric input fi eld and press Enter, to accept the command and close the
Offset Face dialog.
f. Click (Simulation workspace > Simplify Solid tab > Finish Simplify panel > Finish Simplify) to
return to the Setup tab.
Notice you have warnings, indicating that the existing results no longer reflect the model settings,
because the length of the tuning fork prongs has changed.
 22. Confirm the tuning fork prongs are now 73 mm long and save the study.
a. Click (Simulation workspace > Setup tab > Inspect panel > Measure) to open the Measure dialog.
b. Click one of the long edges of one of the prongs and check its length. In the Measure dialog, the
Length in Selection 1 should equal 73.00 mm.
c. In the Measure dialog, click Close.
23. Rerun the simulation for the new tuning fork length
a. Click (Simulation workspace > Setup tab > Solve panel > Solve) to open the Solve dialog. Your
computing location preference should have been retained from the original solution.
b. Click Solve.
24. Check the natural frequency results to see if Mode 7 is 440 Hz.
25. Repeat steps 20 through 24 until you achieve the target frequency.
4. Resources:
This laboratory exercise is adapted from CAE software.
5. Data and Results:
MODEL

Note: Kindly send the screenshot of the output to the outlook.

6. Data Analysis and Conclusion:
Data Analysis

We open first the file in Basic Training folder to start the experiment for Tuning Fork. I change the
workspace into Simulation and I also, change the modes into 12 and the mesh size (absolute size)
into 1.2 mm. Then, I change the default unit’s system to metric (SI). I verify the tuning fork material
in study materials if its match so I check it if is same model as Stainless Steel AISI 304.
I start to simulate the model so; I click solve the see the result of the tuning fork rigid-body
vibrations as valid natural frequency modes. Each mode has unique move it depends on the natural
frequency (Hertz or Hz) of how the body-rigid move and these modes will die out quickly when a
person is holding the tuning fork. Only mode 7 and 11 exhibit minimal motion of the handle. These
two modes are the only two of the twelve calculated modes that can be sustained while someone is
holding the tuning fork. Both modes involve a slight amount of axial motion (Y translation) at the
handle. The relative axial motion is greater for Mode 11 and for Mode 7, so vibration Mode 11 will
die out faster than Mode 7 does (the fundamental vibration mode). In 75 mm length we produce 418
Hz, which is precisely the frequency we were targeting. When we shorten the tuning fork prongs by
-2 mm (73 mm) the hertz that produce is 438 Hz. Our target natural frequency result is 440 Hz in
Mode 7. So, I try trial and error until I achieved it. First, I put 72.5 mm the result is 443.3 Hz it
means I need to higher. Next is try 72 mm the result is 448.6 Hz it still high, another is 73.1 mm the
result is 437 Hz to I need to put a little lower which is 0.3 mm so, I put 72.8 mm and the result is
440.1 Hz finally I get the target frequency for the tuning fork experimentation.

In conclusion, the modular frequencies examination of the tuning fork directed in Fusion 360 has
yielded significant experiences into the complicated elements of its vibrational way of behaving.
Through a careful recreation process, we effectively distinguished key modular frequencies and
relating mode shapes, revealing the inborn thunderous modes that characterize the tuning fork's
reaction to dynamic upgrades. The examination pinpointed predominant frequencies as well as given
a nuanced comprehension of the primary aversions to changes in material properties and aspects.
This information is vital for upgrading the tuning fork's plan, considering designated improvements
in execution. The exactness of the recreation results was supported through approval against
accessible trial information, imparting trust in the dependability of the Fusion 360 model. The
extensive documentation of the examination cycle fills in as an important reference for future plan
emphases and highlights the meaning of modular frequencies investigation in refining and fitting the
tuning fork to explicit utilitarian necessities. In general, this study gives a vigorous establishment to
informed dynamic in the plan and designing of tuning forks, guaranteeing their reverberation
qualities adjust unequivocally with wanted determinations.
Reflection on the Attainment of Intended Learning Outcomes (ILOs):

My reflection doing the laboratory exercise 10 about modal frequencies analysis for tuning fork is
phenomenal because we can see of how the model move according to its natural frequency. For
creating the modal frequency, I determine of each frequency in the fundamental vibration mode
of a tuning fork. When I run the analysis, I identify of the first fundamental vibration mode, after
several trial and error to get the target frequency doing the prongs if it needs to be lengthened
or shortened. For the next target frequency for the mode 7 we just do it the same method doing
trial and error but our target natural frequency is 440 Hz so that I doing it again and again until I
get the target result of natural frequency. After doing the laboratory exercise this software can
determine the frequency (musical pitch) on vibration mode of a tuning fork in simulation
workspace under category of modal frequencies analysis to get the result.