What is DBMS? Discuss its components and advantages. Also explain different types of 2. Explain 3-tier architecture of DBMS.

ture of DBMS. Explain data independence with its types. The

DBMS. 3-tier architecture in DBMS is a logical framework that separates database
management into three distinct layers to improve scalability, maintainability, and
ANS:- A Database Management System (DBMS) is software that enables users to create, modularity. These layers are as follows: 1. External Level (User View): o This is the
manage, and interact with databases efficiently. It provides tools for storing, retrieving, topmost layer where users interact with the database using applications or GUIs. o It
updating, and organizing data while ensuring data security, consistency, and reliability. provides different views of the database to various users, ensuring security by hiding
irrelevant details. o Example: An e-commerce user accessing a product catalog
Components of DBMS 1. Hardware: Physical devices used for data storage and retrieval (e.g., without seeing internal database operations. 2. Conceptual Level (Logical Level): o
servers, hard disks). 2. Software: The DBMS software that manages data and database This middle layer provides an abstract view of the entire database. o It defines the
operations. 3. Data: The collection of related data organized in a structured format. 4. Users: structure of the database (tables, relationships, constraints) and ensures data
Includes database administrators, developers, and end-users who interact with the DBMS. 5. consistency. o This layer acts as an intermediary between the external and physical
Procedures: Guidelines for using and managing the database effectively. 6. Query Processor: levels. 3. Physical Level (Storage Level): o The bottom layer handles the actual
Converts high-level queries into machine-readable instructions. 7. Database Engine: Handles storage of data in physical devices like hard drives. o It defines how data is stored
data storage, retrieval, and modification processes (e.g., file structures, indexing) and ensures efficient data retrieval. Harshit: 980 190
7094 Data Independence refers to the ability to modify one layer of the database
Advantages of DBMS 1. Data Redundancy Control: Minimizes data duplication. 2. Data architecture without affecting the others, as shown in the diagram. It ensures
Consistency: Ensures uniformity of data across the system. 3. Data Security: Provides flexibility and minimizes the impact of changes in the database system. Types of
authentication and authorization mechanisms. 4. Data Sharing: Enables multiple users to Data Independence 1. Logical Data Independence: 2. Physical Data Independence:
access the database concurrently. 5. Data Integrity: Maintains accuracy and reliability of the Logical Data Independence: This occurs between the external and conceptual
data. 6. Backup and Recovery: Offers tools for automatic data backup and restoration. 7. levels.• Changes in the conceptual schema (e.g., modifying a table structure or
Scalability: Supports increasing amounts of data and users. Types of DBMS 1. Hierarchical adding• new relationships) do not affect the external schema or user applications.
DBMS: Organizes data in a tree-like structure with parent-child relationships. Example: IBM's Example: Adding a new column to a table does not affect user views or queries.•
Information Management System (IMS). 2. Network DBMS Uses a graph structure to Physical Data Independence: This occurs between the conceptual and physical
represent complex many-to-many relationships. Example: Integrated Data Store (IDS). 3. levels.• Changes in the physical storage (e.g., switching from flat files to indexed
Relational DBMS (RDBMS) Stores data in tables with rows and columns and uses SQL for data files) do• not affect the conceptual schema. Example: Moving data to a new storage
manipulation. Example: MySQL, Oracle, PostgreSQL. 4. Object-Oriented DBMS (OODBMS) device or altering indexing methods• without impacting the logical database
Stores data in objects, similar to objectoriented programming concepts. Example: ObjectDB, structure.
db4o. 5. Document-Oriented DBMS Handles semi-structured or unstructured data in formats
like JSON or XML.Example: MongoDB, CouchDB. 6. Key-Value Stores Stores data as key-value 4. What is Relational Data Model? Discuss different types of keys. The Relational
pairs for high-performance lookup. Example: Redis, DynamoDB. Data Model organizes data into tables, also known as relations, where each table
consists of rows (tuples) and columns (attributes). It is the most widely used data
3. Explain ER Model. Discuss about Entity and attributes with types. The Entity-Relationship model because of its simplicity, flexibility, and use of Structured Query Language
(ER) Model is a conceptual framework used to represent data and its relationships in a
(SQL). Key Features: Data is represented in tabular form.• Each table has a unique
structured and organized way. It provides a graphical approach to designing a database using
name.• Rows represent records, and columns represent attributes.• Relationships
entities, attributes, and relationships. An ER diagram is typically represented using symbols,
between tables are defined using keys.• Types of Keys in Relational Data Model Keys
as shown in the provided image. Key Components of the ER Model Entity: An entity
are used to identify and maintain relationships between records in a table. Here are
represents a real-world object or concept that can be distinctly identified in the database.
the different types of keys: Primary Key: A column or a set of columns that uniquely
Symbol: Rectangle, Example: A "Student" or "Employee." Strong Entity: Can exist
identifies each row in a table. It cannot contain NULL values and must have unique
independently and is represented by a single rectangle.•Types of Entities: Weak Entity:
values. Example: In a "Students" table, the "Student_ID" is a primary key. Candidate
Depends on a strong entity for its existence and is represented by a•Example: A "Product"
Key: A set of attributes that can uniquely identify rows in a table. A table can have
entity in an inventory system. double rectangle. Example: A "Dependent" entity in an
multiple candidate keys, but only one can be chosen as the primary key. Example: In
employee database. Attributes: Attributes define properties or characteristics of an entity.
an "Employees" table, both "Employee_ID" and "Email" could be candidate keys.
Symbol: Ellipse Example: Name, Age, or ID of a "Student." Simple Attribute: Cannot be
Alternate Key: Any candidate key that is not chosen as the primary key. Example: If
divided further.•Types of Attributes: Composite Attribute: Can be broken down into smaller "Employee_ID" is the primary key, then "Email" becomes the alternate key. Foreign
sub-parts.•Example: First Name, Last Name. Derived Attribute: Can be derived from other Key: A column or set of columns that establishes a link between two tables. It
attributes.•Example: Full Name (composed of First Name and Last Name). Multi-Valued references the primary key of another table to maintain referential integrity.
Attribute: Can hold multiple values. Symbol: Double Ellipse•Example: Age (calculated from Example: In an "Orders" table, "Customer_ID" is a foreign key referencing the
Date of Birth). Example: Phone Numbers or Email Addresses. Types of Relationships: One- "Customer_ID" in the "Customers" table. Composite Key: A combination of two or
to-One, One-to-Many, Many-to-Many.• Symbol: Diamond •Relationships: Relationships more columns used to uniquely identify a row in a table. It is used when a single
define the association between entities. column is insufficient to identify records. Example: In a "Course_Enrollment" table,
"Student_ID" and "Course_ID" together form a composite key. Super Key: A set of
Explain relation Algebra and its operations. Relational Algebra is a formal query language
one or more attributes that can uniquely identify rows in a table. A primary key is a
used to manipulate and retrieve data from relational databases. It operates on relations
(tables) and produces a new relation as a result. Relational Algebra forms the theoretical minimal super key. Example: In a "Vehicles" table, "Registration_Number" is a super
foundation for SQL and helps define operations for querying data. Types of Relational key. Unique Key: A column or set of columns that ensures all values are unique,
Algebra Operations Basic Operations: These are fundamental operations used to manipulate similar to the primary key but can allow NULL values. Example: "Email" in a "Users"
relations: Selection (σ) Filters rows from a relation based on a given condition.• Notation: table.
σ(condition)(relation)• Example: σ(Age• > 18)(Students) retrieves rows where age is greater
than 18. Projection (π) Extracts specific columns (attributes) from a relation.• Notation:
π(attribute1, attribute2, ...)(relation)• Example: π(Name, Age)(Students) retrieves only the
"Name" and "Age" columns.• Union (∪) Combines tuples from two relations, removing
duplicates.• Both relations must have the same attributes and domain.• Notation: Relation1
∪ Relation2• Example: Combining students from two classes into one list.• Set Difference (−)
Finds tuples in one relation that are not in another.• Both relations must have the same
attributes.• Notation: Relation1 − Relation2• Example: Students − Passed_Students
retrieves students who failed.• Cartesian Product (×) Combines all tuples from two relations,
forming pairs of rows.• Notation: Relation1 × Relation2• Example: Combining Students ×
Courses generates all possible pairs of students• and courses. Rename (ρ) Renames a
relation or its attributes.• Notation: ρ(new_name, relation)• Example: ρ(S1, Students)
renames "Students" to "S1."•