Pure Vowels (Monothongs)

1. /i:/ 7. /Ͻ:/
2. /I/ 8. /Ʊ/
3. /e/ 9. /u:/
4. /ӕ/ 10. /ᴧ/
5. /ɑ:/ 11. /Ʒ:/
6. /ɒ/ 12. /ə/

Impure Vowels (Diphthongs)

13. /eI/ 17. /ϽI/
14. /əƱ/ 18. /Iə/
15. /aI/. 19. /eə/
16. /aƱ/ 20. /Ʊə/

The Consonant Sounds

1. /p/ 12. /ʃ/
2. /t/ 14. /ʒ/
3. /k/ 15. /ʧ/
4. /b/ 16. /ʤ/
5. /d/ 17. /Ɩ/
6. /g/ 18. /r/
7. /f/ 19. /w/
8. /v/ 20. /h/
9. /θ/ 21. /m/
10. /ð/ 22. /n/
11. /s/ 23. /ŋ/
12. /z/ 24. /ϳ/
 The Classifications of the Consonants
Manner of State of the Glottis Place of Articulation
Articulation
Voiceless Voiced
Plosive p b Bilabial
t d Alveolar
k g Velar
f v Labio-dental
θ ð Dental
Fricative s z Alveolar
ʃ ʒ Palato-Alveolar
h
Glottis
Affricate ʧ ʤ Plato-Alveolar
Lateral Ɩ Alveolar
Liquid(Thrill) r Alveolar
Semi-vowel w Bilabial
(Glide) ϳ Palatal
Nasal m Bilabial
n Alveolar
ŋ Velar

The Vowel Chart

Front Centre Back
Close
i: u:
I ʋ
Half Close
Ʒ:
e Ͻ:
ə
Half Open

ӕ ᴧ ɒ

ɑ:
Open
 Summary of Places of Articulations
Place Passive Articulator Active Articulator Typical Sounds

Bilabial Upper lip Lower lip p, b, m

Labio-dental Upper front teeth Lower lip f, v

Dental Upper front teeth Tip of the tongue θ ,ð

Alveolar Teeth ridge Blade of the tongue n, t, d, s, z, r, Ɩ

Palato-Alveolar Hard palate Front of the tongue ʃ , ʒ, ʧ, ʤ

Palatal Hard palate Front of the tongue j

Velar Soft plate (Velum) Back of the tongue ŋ, k, g,

Glottal -- -- h

Labial-velar Upper lip and soft Lower lip and back w

palate of tongue

The English Consonant Chart

Bilabial Labio- Dental Alveolar Palato- Palatal Velar Glottal Labial-
Dental Alveolar Velar

k g
Plosive p b

Fricative f v θ ð s z ʃ ʒ h

Affricate ʧ ʤ

Lateral Ɩ

Thrill r

Glide j w

Nasal m n ŋ
 The Human Speech Organs

Diagram showing the Organs of Speech

 THE TRACHEA AND THE LUNG

THE GLOTTIS AND THE VOCAL CORDS

 SPOKEN ENGLISH
THE LIST OF ENGLISH PURE VOWELS (MONOTHONGS)
VOWEL PHONETIC EXAMPLES OF WORDS IN WHICH IT OCCURS
NO REPRESENT
ATION
1. / i: / magazine, machine, police, prestige, margarine,
routine, bee, speech, feed, vaccine, need, free, sheep,
cheese, green, peel, knee, eel, week, feed, seem,
cheese, deed, sheep, canteen, tree, flee, feet, three,
tree, meek, seed, seat, wheat, feat, team, teach, weak,
clean, leave, sea, steal, meal, sea, beat, meal, ease,
meat, tea, leap, mean, heat, peace, league, read, leaf,
cheat, bleat, clean, plead, thief, field, piece, chief,
deceive, ceiling, seize, receive, field, believe, piece,
chief, shield, grief, yield, foetus, people, suite, hymn,
key, Caesar, quay, Eve, be, vehement, venum, scene,
genius, complete, Peter, Edith, vehicle, chameleon,
even, evening, debris, receipt.
2. /I/ fit, ditch, sip, till, wish, bin, lip, pit, ship, pin, ill, village,
lip, favourite, swim, win, fish, big, miss, ink, hip, zip,
city, symbol, rhythm, party, plenty, lady, lorry, lyric,
body, witty, mighty, storey, honey, bonnet, money,
jockey, pilgrimage, salvage, language, advantage,
private, usage, orange, village, cottage, primate,
language, palace, necklace, preface, sausage, wicket,
careless, pretty, houses, wanted, wicked, biggest,
opposite, bucket, explain, England, business, college,
seated, pocket, Bridget, expel, examination, women,
build, business, lettuce, coffee, ladies, forfeit, foreign,
guild, biscuit, Thursday, Monday, sieve, betray,
forehead, valley, erratic.
3. /e/ get, cell, ebb, shed, egg, send, check, bed, fend, help,
else, fen, fell, etiquette, hen, best, edge, pledge, men,
beg, egg, get, enemy, peck, let, tell, weapon, deaf,
pleasant, ready, thread, lead, dead, head, already,
instead, feather, breath, heavy, wealth, weather,
 treasure, bread, dead, lead, pleasure, zealous, spread,
breakfast, leopard, Geoffrey, Leonard, jeopardy, Geoff,
many, any, Thames, said, friend, bury, leisure,
lieutenant, ate, guess, says, guest.
4. /ӕ/ band, trap, mass, lad, pan, man, plan, stamp, gap, apt,
catch, hand, glad, axe, fact, ham, tax, hang, abbot, act,
rat, hat, atom, practice, cat, shall, than, man, damn,
pan, lag, sang, cap, absolute, blank, contrast, practice,
plait, bank, mangle, balcony, sack, random, gas, batch,
sat, brand, match, ran, sand, ant, fan, cap, map, battle,
apple, gnat, back, pap, bad, calendar, magazine,
marriage, jacket, thanks, ankle, battle.
5. /ɑ:/ bar, march, bard, yard, bark, cart, starve, are, farm,
starch, Charles, scar, barge, hard, market, harp, car,
cart, dark, star, mark, carpet, farmer, remark, park,
guardian, party, card, harsh, character, stark, dance,
staff, rather, bath, after, gather, ask, am, class,
command, pass, demand, shan’t, chaff, sample, glass,
chance father, mama, papa, can’t, class, larger, grass,
fast, tomato, flask, heart, hearth, clerk, sergeant,
Derby, laugh, aunt, branch, draught, calve, half, palm,
calm, calf, psalm, alms, bath, balm, moustache, vase,
camouflage, clasp.
6. /ɒ/ rot, box, ox, on, son, God, gone, not, lock, hot, sorry,
was, knock, cotton, stock, stop, lost, pot, cod, bonds,
rob, hot, dock, gone, clock, sorry, holiday, squash,
quality, swallow, swam, watch, what, wallet, quart,
wasp, Oliver, wan, wash, waddle, want, wander, wasp,
squander, quandary, quarrel, wanton, quadruped,
waffle, squad, quadrangle, squat, squalid, knowledge,
cough, Gloucester, trough, because, cauliflower, laurel,
Austria, sausage, yacht.
7. /Ͻ:/ water, dawn, saw, hawk, pawpaw, ball, fall, chalk, gall,
hall, talk, call, alter, small, halt, wall, walk, cord, cork,
corps, born, sword, sport, borne, organ, lord, or, pork,
short, corpse, pores, orchard, horse, bought, fought,
ought, broach, store, shore, ore, core, roar, soar,
hoarse, coarse, floor, door, court, course, pour, Saul,
caught, cause, fraud, daughter, squad, quarrel, caution,
 fault, ward, warm, thwart, warn, quarter, dwarf,
swarm, awe.
8. /Ʊ/ put, sugar, full, bull, butcher, cushion, bullet, push,
pulley, pulpit, cuckoo, woman, wolf, bosom, cook,
hook, good, wool, hood, book, crook, foot, room, look,
book, wood, took, nook, stood, rook, wool, soot,
shook, room, should, could, courier, would.
9. /u:/ school, tooth, fool, soon, boon, gloom, loose, spoon,
root, mood, food, moon, too, stool, groom, bloom,
food, roof, proof, room, root, platoon, balloon, tube,
rule, music, use, crude, huge, argue, clue, sue, student,
do, whose, you, soup, coup, group, through, douche,
wound, move, who, prove, shoe, lose, two, womb, few,
new, grew, chew, blue, clue, true, through, you,
routine, louver, route, youth, soup, group, adieu, lieu,
suit, ruin, juice, fruit, bruise, cruise, shoe, canoe, rule,
crude, rude, shrewd, bruise, juice, screw, blue, true,
due, sluice, blew, new, flute, rule, Susan, lose, who
tomb.
/ju:/ tune, nude, mute, cute, suit, feud, dew, due, new, cue,
queue, tutor, cupid, adieu, lieu, you, grew, few,
student, huge, argue, music, tube, tune, hue, use.
10. /ᴧ/ come, oven, London, one, monkey, month, governor,
none, company, comfort, brother, wonder, dozen,
onion, stomach, love, other, honey, nothing, son, love,
mother, brother, money, colour, done, young, cousin,
country, touch, couple, southern, country, rough
courage, double, nourish, flourish, couple, enough,
trouble, tough, does tongue, Monday, such, sun, rub,
run, much, judge, punch, munch, sudden, uncle, funds,
suck, lunch, cupboard, buttocks, butter, luck, number,
husband, nun, customer, bus, flood, blood, sum, some,
jungle, sudden, crumble, gum, dozen, won, shovel,.
11. /Ʒ:/ nurse, hurl, fur, purr, murder, urban, burn, burst,
blurb, purpose, disturb, surface, curb, spur, urge, turn,
furniture, squirming, purse, bursar, curse, church,
occur, journey, courteous, scourge, journal, service,
earth, term, versed, heard, verb, weren’t, refer, yearn,
 err, herd, search, fertile, learn, pearl, herb, stern,
search, jerk, mercy, perch, bird, birth, sir, girl, dirt,
firm, shirt, circle, swirl, first, irk, myrtle, third, thirst,
thirty, work, word, worth, worsted, worm, worst,
world, worship, colonel, curt, serve, earnest, verse,
coerce, curtain, Thursday, surname, were, circle,
servant.
12. /ə/ arrive, movement, chairman, perform, breakfast,
commit, system, doctor, ardour, about, approach,
freedom, campus, police, comfort, woman, forward,
machine, forget, Oxford, problem, bitter, father, above,
mother, seizure, furniture, odour, madam, injure,
cupboard, horrible, famous, murmur, centre,
manoevre, litre, actor, the, angel, final, handful, from,
some, correct, department, vocabulary, consistent,
consolatory, foreman, jealous, sofa, culture, sister,
away, sector, agree, after, victor, valour, pilot, eater,
offend, ago, sailor, shower, baker, debater, subdue,
plural, magazine, pressure, measure.
 SPOKEN ENGLISH
THE LIST OF ENGLISH IMPURE VOWELS (DIPHTHONGS)
VOWEL PHONETIC EXAMPLES OF WORDS IN WHICH IT OCCURS
NO REPRESEN
TATION
13. /eI/ make, lake, bass, race, haven, age, ache, gate, cake,
paper, race, came, mate, late, name, wade, shade,
sale, mane, fade, whale, paste, taste, fate, chase,
date, ape, say, lady, waste, trade, taste, apex, baby,
paper, cater, vacant, status, stadium, fate, label,
Mabel, bait, straight, bay, waist, rain, paid, saint,
taint, pain, raid, fail, mail, wait, vain, aid, pray, way,
day, tray, hay, ray, tale, bale, rail, grey, eight, neigh,
freight, prey, rein, reign, weight, break, steak, great,
gauge, gaol.
14. /əƱ/ cold, bold, fold, mould, pole, poll, coconut,
photograph, shallow, dose, told, sole, go, both, fold,
bowl, know, throw, Rome, show, tone, note, snow,
poke, slow, bone, showed, goat, pose, toll, bold, low,
row, poultry, home, cone, choke, poke, moan, old,
hope, cope, so, comb, close, joke, ghost, tone, smoke,
toast, moan, boat, coal, road, boast, load, soak, goal,
oak, foal, hoe, doe, foe, toe, know, though, blow,
mould, soul, flow, mauve, sew, brooch.
15. /aI/ fight, rhyme, climb, dry, reply, ply, cry, sky, why, shy,
try, fry, by, nice, mind, kind, alive, life, bind, sign, rice,
mile, bite, high, thigh, time, kite, write, trite, bite,
blind, mild, child, white, kind, dine, quite, guide,
plight, right, height, sight, sight, might, sleight, light,
alight, dye, tie, science, piper, vice, pint, shiny,
silence, siren, deny, guy, buy, tyre, slyly, bicycle,
decline, sniper, mine, pie, tie, die, pie, lie, flies, skies,
I, either, aisle, eider, eye, aye,
16. /aƱ/ mouth, towel, loud, vow, bough, round, ground,
proud, bound, south, tower flour, however, about,
vowel, voucher, fountain, drought, crowd, brow,
gown, frown, drown, house, sound, round, cow,
 mouse, couch, prowess, count, out, tour, fount,
blouse, shout, town, drowse, devout, row, now,
growl, how, howl, proud.
17. /ϽI/ boy, coy, toy, choice, coin, joint, oil, buoy, choice,
voice, noise, void, soil, boils, coiled, joist, foil, rejoice,
employ, coin, joy, lion, goiter, soy, enjoy, decoyed,
point, loiter, poised, hoist, avoid, join, spoil, annoy,
coin, destroy, oyster, broiler, joint,
18. /Iə/ deer, fear, queer, mere, tear (cry), clear, here, year,
sincere, cheer, sheer, beer, spear, ear, dear, wear,
rear, near, swear, sneer, seer, hear, near, sphere,
bear, spear, sheared, theory, serious, career, gear,
real, mere, clear, pier, queer, heavier, leer, sneer,
beard, career, fierce, carrier, emir, weird, weir, pierce,
bier, really, idea, museum, theology, theatre.
/eə/
19. air, fair, hair, stair, pair, lair, flair, chair, ere, fare,
hare, stare, flare, share, rare, care, dare, parent,
spare, Clare, prepare, tare, swear, pear, tear(destroy)
beware, fare, compare, square, wear, ware, tear,
tare, bear, bare, pear, pair, there, their, mare, mayor,
Mary, fairy, hairy, dairy, airy, scarce, heir, where,
aerodrome.
/Ʊə/
20. poor, boor, moor, sure, pure, cure, lure, manure,
immure, endure, your, tour, gourd, tourist, dour, fury,
purity, during, security, rural, spurious, jury, duel,
dual, curious, fewer, newer, brewer, jewel, truant,
sure, yours, procure, pure, cure, endure, dour, gourd,
adjure, jury, conjure, furious, fuel, rural, truer,
obscure, fluency, manure, insure.
ENGLISH CONSONANTS AND EXAMPLES OF WORDS IN WHICH THEY
ARE FOUND

NO SOUND WORD INITIAL WORD MEDIAL WORD FINAL

1. /p/ pen, peg, pot, plan, happy, spin, appendix, stamp, nap, rasp,
pig, pass, pan, pint, staple, opt, maps, slap, top, stamp,
play, power, pin. spinster, apple. tap.
2. /b/ bent, bad, bud, big, rubber, about, rubbing, rib, robe, disturb,
Ben, box, bus, ban, robber, abrupt belief.
brain.
3. /t/ tea, test, town, tell, latter, heater, attack, last, set, seat, plot,
tan, ten, test, stop, step, atone, passed, walked,
Thomas, attune, Atlantic, attire, bat, ant, art.
attribute.
4. /d/ did, die, dainty, do, rider, adult, Lander, said, hide, and,
dip, did, deaf, dust, adult, adrift, banded, cord, and, toad,
Adam, understand. fold.
5. /k/ come, cry, can, account, market, pick, pack, lack,
candy, kingdom, bucket, accuse, rack, black, back,
Christian, capture, banquet, blocked, break, artistic,
character, confuse. accrue, occasion. stink.
6. /g/ get, gain, ground, target, forgive, dog, frog, pig, egg,
grace, ghetto, aground, agree, aghast, brag, flag, flog.
Gambia, guest, gear, example, bargain,
grind. aggression, agronomy,
congratulation, forgive,
bigger.
7. /f/ fork, fun, fall, fun, suffer, afar, offertory, cough, laugh,
fist, for, photograph, baffle, perfume, raffle, trough, tough, calf,
fleet, fur, form, coffin, soften, often, brief, roof, stuff,
physics, phantom. morpheme. staff, gulf, wolf.
8. /v/ voice, vast, vein, over, river, divide, save, live, love,
very, verse, van, salvage, savvy, have, cave, naïve,
verb, vat, view, grieving, clever, never, give, leave, save,
velar. lever. serve, weave.
9. /θ/ thin, think, thirst, author, anthem, both, birth, earth,
thank, thorn, nothing, method, pith, path, oath,
through, thick, thin, atheism, myths, earth, cloth,
thief, throw, third, worthless, athlete. breath, wrath.
 thousand. both, north, moth,
sheath, forth, birth,
heath.
10. /ð/ this, the, they, than, mother, weather, breathe, bathe,
that, those, them, neither, leather, with, writhe,
thee, thy, then, wither, neither, other, loathe, soothe,
thou, though. rather, loathsome. mouth(verb),
smooth.
11. /s/ soap, skin, say, seat, racing, looser, master, Place, chance,
saw, sword, psalm, insular, receive, assail, brass, brass, ice,
cent, psychology. burst, basis, western. fence, gas, us, rats,
hence, hiss.
12. / z/ zink, zest, zinc, zoon, crazy, reason, lousy, goes, days, breeze,
zero, zest, zonal, busy, amazing, misery, ooze, nose, kings,
zebra desert, cousin. fees.
13. /ʃ/ she, shake, shop, Caution, lashes, fish, brush, cash,
sheep, champagne, machine, attention, lash, posh, douche,
chivalry, surety, sure, nation, option, caution, ruche, dish.
shall, charade, sugar, delicious.
shell.
14. /ʒ/ genre, gigolo, gigue. pleasure, leisure, rouge, beige,
vision, usual, measure, garage, prestige,
seizure, cohesion, message,
erosion, vision, leisure, camouflage.
evasion, decision,
confusion.
15. / h/ how, hash, hail, hat, enhance, behave,
- ------
house, hole, whole, behind, perhaps,
heart, who, hand. inhale, behalf, adhere

16. /ʧ/ chair, cheap, child, Posture, richer, teach, touch, such,
chief, church, cheap, matches, riches, rich, match, witch,
chin, chess, choose. benches, orchard, teach, much, catch,
merchant, butcher, which, much.
nature, capture,
question.
17. /ʤ/ Justice, James, job, large, rejoice, teenager, Page, charge,
giant, germ, joke, surgery, ledger, badge, large, age,
jump, George, judge, manger, injure, rejoice, damage, luggage,
gin, perjury, enjoy, region. baggage, wage,
 change, siege, urge.
18.
/Ɩ/ lips, lock, leg, lord, College, challenge, Bell, sell, bill, hill,
lack, law, low, look, follow, alive, below, jail, oil, pool, full,
lie, lame, like, log. mellow, yellow, flap, fool, pull, mill, hole,
claim, hold, blame stole.
19. /r/ rope, rage, rice, rat, street, berry, drip,
- ------
rank, road, wreck, marriage, horror,
reek, arrive, courage,
narrow.
20. /w/ want, water, was, rewind, squeak,
- ------
wear, wise, way, exquisite, always,
wine, win, wash, inward, twine, swim,
when. dwarf, queen, swell.
21. /ϳ/ yard, you, yes, refuse, student, tune,
- ------
youth, use, Europe, canyon, mayor, lawyer,
ewe, year, yam, dew, sawyer.
uniform.
22. /m/ mouth, man, meet, garment, remain, him, psalm, game,
map, meat, move, hammer, armour, slim, dim, comb,
made, map, mud, murmur, immortal, sum, some, tomb,
mark, melt, mob, immense, climbing, lamp, bomb.
mine. plumber, immense.
23. / n/ now, nature, nine, sinner, tenor, tender, soon, plane, rain,
nose, name, knee, miner, kernel, kennel, win, curtain,
gnaw, gnome, gnat, annex, annual. button, scene,
knit, vision.
24. /ŋ/ - ------ Singer, bankrupt, pink, lung, sing, bang,
conquer, banquet, wing, king, thing,
banker, bangle, drunk, long, sting, bang,
linguistics, longer, thank, sting, swing,
singer, hunger, ringer, long, wrong,
anxious, stronger. tongue, pang, bang.