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1. c. Number system - log

The document provides a comprehensive overview of logarithmic properties and various logarithmic equations, including their solutions. It contains multiple problems with step-by-step solutions related to logarithms, demonstrating the application of logarithmic rules. Additionally, it includes explanations of characteristics and simplifications of logarithmic expressions.

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softymishra142001
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11 views5 pages

1. c. Number system - log

The document provides a comprehensive overview of logarithmic properties and various logarithmic equations, including their solutions. It contains multiple problems with step-by-step solutions related to logarithms, demonstrating the application of logarithmic rules. Additionally, it includes explanations of characteristics and simplifications of logarithmic expressions.

Uploaded by

softymishra142001
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Logarithms
(1) log ab = log a + log b
a
(2) log = log a – log b
b
(3) log ab = b log a
(4) log a a = 1
(5) log a1 = 0
loga
(6) logb a =
logb
(7) logb a = log c a.logb c
(8) logb a.logab = 1
1
(9) logb a =
log ab

Problems

1. If log 1 (2x + 1) = log 1 (x + 1) , then find ‘x’.


2 2
log 1 (2x + 1) = log 1 (x + 1)
2 2
2x + 1 = x + 1, since the bases are equal
x=0

2. If log 1 (x 2 + 8) = −2 find x.
3

log 1 (x 2 + 8) = −2
3
−2
⎛1⎞
⎜ ⎟ = x2 + 8
⎝ 3⎠
32 = x2 + 8
x2 + 8 – 9 = 0
x2 – 1 = 0
x = ±1

3. If log3 (3 x − 8) = 2 − x find ‘x’


log3 (3 x − 8) = 2 − x
32− x = 3x − 8
Put 3x = t 32 × 3−x = 3x − 8
1
9× = t −8
t

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9
= t −8
t
9 = t2 – 8t
t2 – 8t – 9 = 0
t2 – 9t + t – 9 = 0
t (t – 9) + 1(t – 9) = 0
(t – 9) (t + 1) = 0
t = 9 or –1
3x = 32 or 3x = -1 (invalid)
x=2

4. If log10x = 98 – x log 107 find x


x log 10 = 98 – 7x log 10
x log 10 + 7x log 10 = 98
8x log 10 = 98
8x = 98, since log 10 =1
98 49
x= = =12.25
8 4

5. If log2 (1 + x ) = log3 x , find x


log2 (1 + x ) = log3 x
log3 (1 + x ).log2 3 = log3 x
(
log3 1 + x )
= log3 2
log3 x
⇒ log x (1 + x ) = log3 2 = 2log 9 2 = log9 4
x=9

6. If log e x. log 4 e = 3 then find ‘x’.


We know by change of base rule.
logba = logca.logbc
logex.log4e = log4x = 3 (given)
logx loga
=3 [use the formula logb a = ]
log4 logb
log x = 3 log 4 = log(43)
x = 43 = 64

7. If log 4 (x 2 + x) − log 4 (x + 1) = 2 Find x.


log 4 (x 2 + x) − log 4 (x + 1) = 2
⎛ x2 + x ⎞ a
log4 ⎜ ⎟=2 [loga − logb = log
⎜ x +1 ⎟ b
⎝ ⎠
x2 + x
= 42 = 16
x +1
x2 + x = 16(x + 1)
x2 + x = 16x + 16
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x2 – 15x – 16 = 0
(x – 16)(x + 1) = 0
x = 16 or x = -1
x = -1 is invalid, since it cannot satisfy the given equation. Hence x = 16

8. Simplify logx + log(x2 ) + log(x3 ) + .... + log(xn )


= log x + 2 logx + 3 log x + ……. + n log x [ using log mn = n log m]
= log x [1 +2 + 3 + …… + n], taking log x as common factor.
n(n + 1) n(n + 1)
= logx , since the sum of the first ‘n’ natural numbers =
2 2

9. What is the characteristic of the logarithm of 0.0000134?


log (0.0000134). Since there are four zeros between the decimal point and
the first significant digit, the characteristic is –5.
Note:
If a decimal has n ciphers between the decimal point and the first significant
digit, the characteristic of the logarithm of that decimal is – (n + 1).

10. Find the value of logb a.logcb.log ac


loga logb logc
logb a. logc b. loga c = . . =1
logb logc loga

11. If a, b, c are any three consecutive integers, find the value of log (1 + ac)
Since a, b, c are three consecutive integers.
a + c = 2b, i.e., b = a + 1 Æ a = b – 1
c=b+1
log (1 + ac)
= log [1 + (b – 1) (b + 1)]
= log (1 + b2 –1) = logb2 = 2 log b

log 3225
12. Without using the log tables, find the value of
log 125
log 3225 log 55 5 log 5 5
= = =
log 125 log 5 3 3 log 5 3
Since ‘log 5’ gets cancelled.

1
13. If log10 (m) = x − log10n then prove that m = 10 x
n
Given log10m = x − log10n
n
log10m + log10 = x
mn
log10 =x
mn = 10x [Note: If logba = c, then bc = a]
1
m = 10 x
n

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21
14. If log2 x + log 4 x + log16 x = find the value of ‘x’.
4
21
Given log2 x + log 4 x + log16 x =
4
logx logx logx 21
⇒ + + =
log2 log4 log16 4

logx logx logx 21


⇒ + + =
log2 2log2 4log2 4
logx ⎛ 1 1 ⎞ 21
⇒ ⎜1 + + ⎟ =
log2 ⎝ 2 4⎠ 4
logx 7 21
⇒ × =
log2 4 4
logx 21
⇒ = =3
log2 7
⇒ logx = 3log2 = log2 3 = log8
x =8

15. Without using log tables, find the value of log10 50 − 2 log10 5 − log10 2
log1050 − 2log105 − log10 2 = log10 50 − [2 log10 5 + log10 2]
= log10 50 − [log10 25 + log10 2]
= log10 50 − log10 (25 × 2)
= log10 50 − log10 50
=0

16. If antilog of 0.7551 = 5.690, find the antilog of 3.7551


Given antilog of 0.7551 = 5.690
Antilog of 3.7551 = 5690
[In the antilog of 3.7551, the characteristic is ‘3’, but the mantissa is the
same as in antilog of 0.7751]
Antilog of 3.7551 must be a number lying between 1000 and 10000.

17. If log a 64 = 3 find the value of ‘a’.


Given log a 64 = 3 Rule: If log ba = c, then bc = a
a3 = 64 = 43
a=4

18. Find the logarithm of1728 to the base of 2 3


Let log2 3 1728 = x say

(2 3 )x
( )
= 1728 = 2 3
6

Hence x = 6

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Note : 1728 = 2 6 × 33 = 2 6 × ( 3 )6 = (2 3 )6

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