UNIT-1 INTERNET OF THINGS

UNIT -1
IoT & Web Technology, The Internet of Things Today, Time for Convergence, Towards
the IoT Universe, Internet of Things Vision, IoT Strategic Research and Innovation
Directions, IoT Applications, Future Internet Technologies, Infrastructure, Networks
and Communication, Processes, Data Management, Security, Privacy & Trust, Device
Level Energy Issues, IoT Related Standardization, Recommendations on Research
Topics.

IoT & Web Technology

 IoT stands for Internet of Things.
 It refers to the interconnectedness of physical devices, such as appliances
and vehicles, that are embedded with software, sensors, and connectivity
which enables these objects to connect and exchange data.
 This technology allows for the collection and sharing of data from a vast
network of devices, creating opportunities for more efficient and
automated systems.
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 IoT is an advanced automation and analytics system which deals with

artificial intelligence, sensor, networking, electronic, cloud messaging
etc. to deliver complete systems for the product or services.
 The system created by IoT has greater transparency, control, and
performance.
 As we have a platform such as a cloud that contains all the data
through which we connect all the things around us.
 For example, a house, where we can connect our home appliances
such as air conditioner, light, etc.
 through each other and all these things are managed at the same
platform. Since we have a platform, we can connect our car, track its
fuel meter, speed level, and also track the location of the car.

How does Internet of Thing (IoT) Work?

 The working of IoT is different for different IoT echo system
(architecture). However, the key concept of there working are similar.
 The entire working process of IoT starts with the device themselves,
such as smartphones, digital watches, electronic appliances, which
securely communicate with the IoT platform.
 The platforms collect and analyze the data from all multiple devices
and platforms and transfer the most valuable data with applications to
devices.
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Features of IOT
The most important features of IoT on which it works are connectivity,
analyzing, integrating, active engagement, and many more. Some of them
are listed below:
Connectivity:
 Connectivity refers to establish a proper connection between all the
things of IoT to IoT platform it may be server or cloud.
 After connecting the IoT devices, it needs a high speed messaging
between the devices and cloud to enable reliable, secure and bi-
directional communication.
Analyzing:
 After connecting all the relevant things, it comes to real-time
analyzing the data collected and use them to build effective business
intelligence.
 If we have a good insight into data gathered from all these things, then
we call our system has a smart system.
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Integrating: IoT integrating the various models to improve the user

experience as well.
Artificial Intelligence:
 IoT makes things smart and enhances life through the use of data.
 For example, if we have a coffee machine whose beans have going to
end, then the coffee machine itself order the coffee beans of your
choice from the retailer.
Sensing:
 The sensor devices used in IoT technologies detect and measure any
change in the environment and report on their status.
 IoT technology brings passive networks to active networks. Without
sensors, there could not hold an effective or true IoT environment.
Active Engagement: IoT makes the connected technology, product, or
services to active engagement between each other.
Endpoint Management:
 It is important to be the endpoint management of all the IoT system
otherwise, it makes the complete failure of the system.
 For example, if a coffee machine itself order the coffee beans when it
goes to end but what happens when it orders the beans from a retailer
and we are not present at home for a few days, it leads to the failure of
the IoT system. So, there must be a need for endpoint management.

Advantages and Disadvantages of (IoT)

Any technology available today has not reached to its 100 % capability. It
always has a gap to go. So, we can say that Internet of Things has a significant
technology in a world that can help other technologies to reach its accurate and
complete 100 % capability as well.
Advantages of IoT
Internet of things facilitates the several advantages in day-to-day life in the
business sector. Some of its benefits are given below:
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Efficient resource utilization: If we know the functionality and the way

that how each device work we definitely increase the efficient resource
utilization as well as monitor natural resources.
Minimize human effort: As the devices of IoT interact and
communicate with each other and do lot of task for us, then they
minimize the human effort.
Save time: As it reduces the human effort then it definitely saves out
time. Time is the primary factor which can save through IoT platform.
Enhance Data Collection:
Improve security: Now, if we have a system that all these things are
interconnected then we can make the system more secure and efficient.

Disadvantages of IoT

Security: As the IoT systems are interconnected and

communicate over networks. The system offers little control
despite any security measures, and it can be lead the various
kinds of network attacks.
Privacy: Even without the active participation on the user, the
IoT system provides substantial personal data in maximum
detail.
Complexity: The designing, developing, and maintaining and
enabling the large technology to IoT system is quite
complicated.

Embedded Devices (System) in (IoT)

 It is essential to know about the embedded devices while

learning the IoT or building the projects on IoT.
 The embedded devices are the objects that build the unique
computing system. These systems may or may not connect
to the Internet.
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 An embedded device system generally runs as a single

application. However, these devices can connect through
the internet connection, and able communicate through
other network devices.

Time for Convergence

Integrated environments that have been at the origin of the successful take up of
smartphone platforms and capable of running a multiplicity of user-driven
applications and connecting various sensors and objects are missing today.
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Such super-stack like environments, bringing together a number of distinct

constituencies, represent an opportunity for Europe to develop Internet of
Things ecosystems. As an example this would include the definition of open
APIs and hence offer a variety of channels for the delivery of new applications
and services.

Such open APIs are of particular importance at module range on any abstraction
level for application-specific data analysis and processing, thus allowing
application developers to leverage the underlying communication infrastructure
and use and combine information generated by various devices to produce
added value across multiple environments. As a quintessence the next big leap
in the Internet of Things evolution will be the coherence of efforts on all levels
towards innovation. In case of the IoT community this would mean that out of
many possible “coherence horizons” the following will likely provide the
foundation for a step forward to the Internet of Things:

 Coherence of object capabilities and behaviour: the objects in the

Internet of Things will show a huge variety in sensing and actuation
capabilities, in information processing functionality and their time of
existence. In either case it will be necessary to generally apprehend object
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as entities with a growing “intelligence” and patterns of autonomous

behaviour.
 Coherence of application interactivity: the applications will increase in
complexity and modularisation, and boundaries between applications and
services will be blurred to a high degree. Fixed programmed suites will
evolve into dynamic and learning application packages. Besides
technical, semantic interoperability will become the key for context aware
information exchange and processing.
 Coherence of corresponding technology approaches: larger concepts
like Smart Cities, Cloud computing, Future Internet, robotics and others
will evolve in their own way, but because of complementarity also partly
merge with the Internet of Things. Here a creative view on potential
synergies can help to develop new ecosystems.
 Coherence of real and virtual worlds: today real and virtual worlds are
perceived as two antagonistic conceptions. At the same time virtual
worlds grow exponentially with the amount of stored data and ever
increasing network and information processing capabilities.
Understanding both paradigms as complementary and part of human
evolution could lead to new synergies and exploration of living worlds.
Towards the IoT Universe(s)
A universe is commonly defined as the totality of existence, an Internet of
Things universe might potentially connect everything. As a further analogy to
new theories about parallel universes, different Internet of Things worlds might
develop and exist in parallel, potentially overlap and possess spontaneous or
fixed transfer gates. These forward-looking considerations do certainly convey a
slight touch of science fiction, but are thought to stimulate the exploration of
future living worlds.
The overall scope is to create and foster ecosystems of platforms for connected
smart objects, integrating the future generation of devices, network
technologies, software technologies, interfaces and other evolving ICT
innovations, both for the society and for people to become pervasive at home, at
work and while on the move. These environments will embed effective and
efficient security and privacy mechanisms into devices, architectures, platforms,
and protocols, including characteristics such as openness, dynamic
expandability, interoperability of objects, distributed intelligence, and cost and
energy-efficiency. Whereas the forthcoming Internet of Things related research
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in the scope of Horizon 2020 and corresponding national research programs will
address the above matters, challenges from a societal and policy perspective
remain equally important, in particular the following:

 Fostering of a consistent, interoperable and accessible Internet of Things

across sectors, including standardisation.
 Directing effort and attention to important societal application areas such
as health and environment, including focus on low energy consumption.
 Offering orientation on security, privacy, trust and ethical aspects in the
scope of current legislation and development of robust and future-proof
general data protection rules.
 Providing resources like spectrum allowing pan-European service
provision and removal of barriers such as roaming.
 Maintaining the Internet of Things as an important subject for
international cooperation both for sharing best practises and developing
coherent strategies.
IoTs Vision
 A vision where things (wearable, watch, alarm clock, home devices,
surrounding objects with) become smart and behave alive through
sensing, computing and communicating systems
 A vision where embedded devices interact with remote objects or persons
through connectivity, for examples, using Internet or Near Field
Communication or other technologies.

IoT Strategic Research and Innovation Directions

1. Security and Privacy Concerns: A Pervasive Research
Direction
IoT research directions cannot be discussed without addressing the
paramount concern of security and privacy. With billions of
interconnected devices sharing sensitive data, ensuring the
confidentiality and integrity of information is critical.
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Researchers are exploring advanced encryption techniques,

blockchain technology, and authentication methods to safeguard
IoT ecosystems. Additionally, privacy-preserving algorithms are
being developed to allow data sharing without compromising
individuals’ privacy. The intersection of security and IoT research
directions is vital because organizations rely on secure data to
make informed decisions. Protecting IoT networks from cyber
threats and unauthorized access is essential for maintaining trust
and data integrity.
2. Scalability and Interoperability: Bridging the Gap
Scalability and interoperability challenges remain at the forefront
of IoT research. IoT ecosystems often involve devices from various
manufacturers, operating on different protocols and platforms.
Ensuring seamless communication among these devices is a
complex endeavor.
Researchers are working on standardized protocols, middleware
solutions, and edge computing techniques to enhance IoT
interoperability. Scalability is also a key focus, as IoT networks
must accommodate an ever-growing number of devices. This
research direction is crucial for organizations aiming to deploy IoT
solutions across their operations. A scalable and interoperable IoT
infrastructure simplifies device management and data integration,
facilitating better decision-making processes.
3. Edge Computing and Real-Time Analytics: Speeding Up
Decision-Making
Edge computing, coupled with real-time analytics, is a research
direction poised to revolutionize IoT applications. By processing
data closer to the source (i.e., at the edge of the network), latency is
minimized, enabling quicker responses to events and reducing the
burden on central servers. Researchers are developing edge
computing algorithms and hardware to facilitate real-time data
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processing. These advancements empower organizations to make

immediate decisions based on the insights derived from IoT-
generated data. Incorporating edge computing into IoT ecosystems
enhances decision-making by providing timely, context-aware
information. This is particularly beneficial for industries requiring
rapid responses, such as manufacturing, healthcare, and
autonomous vehicles.
4. Energy-Efficient IoT: Sustainable Research Direction
As IoT devices proliferate, energy consumption becomes a critical
concern. Traditional batteries may not suffice for devices expected
to operate for years without replacement. Research in energy-
efficient IoT encompasses low-power chip design, energy
harvesting, and optimization algorithms.
These innovations aim to extend the lifespan of IoT devices while
reducing their environmental impact. This research direction aligns
with organizations’ sustainability goals. Energy-efficient IoT
devices can reduce operational costs and environmental footprints
while ensuring continuous data collection for informed decision-
making.
5. AI and Machine Learning Integration: Enhancing Decision-
Making Capabilities
The integration of artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning
(ML) with IoT is a burgeoning research direction. AI and ML
algorithms can process vast amounts of IoT data, extract patterns,
and provide valuable insights. Researchers are exploring AI-driven
anomaly detection, predictive maintenance, and autonomous
decision-making within IoT systems. These advancements
empower organizations to make more accurate and timely
decisions based on data-driven predictions. This research direction
strengthens organizations’ decision-making capabilities by
harnessing the full potential of IoT data. It enables proactive
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actions, leading to optimized operations and improved resource

allocation.

The Interconnected Nature of IoT Research Directions

Research directions in IoT are inherently interconnected, as they
collectively address the multifaceted challenges and opportunities
presented by IoT technology. Security and privacy are essential
foundations, ensuring data integrity and user trust. Scalability and
interoperability facilitate the seamless integration of IoT devices,
while edge computing and real-time analytics enable rapid,
context-aware decision-making. Energy-efficient IoT contributes to
sustainability goals, while AI and ML integration elevate decision-
making capabilities to new heights.
Benefits for Organizations: Informed Decision-Making
The IoT research directions outlined above hold immense potential
for organizations seeking to harness the power of IoT for better
decision-making:
1. Enhanced Security:
Robust security measures instill confidence in data integrity,
fostering trust in decision-making processes. Decision-making is
one of the most important aspects of a business. Data security also
gets a boost via the Internet of Things.
2. Improved Interoperability:
A cohesive IoT ecosystem streamlines data integration, providing a
holistic view for more informed decisions.
3. Real-Time Insights:
Edge computing and real-time analytics enable organizations to
react swiftly to changing conditions and emerging opportunities. It
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helps to predict the future and implement the same in a better

manner.
4. Sustainability:
Energy-efficient IoT reduces operational costs and aligns with
environmental sustainability goals.
5. Advanced Analytics:
AI and ML integration enable organizations to derive valuable
insights from IoT data, driving informed, data-driven decisions.

Internet of Things Applications

The Internet of Things (IoT) provides the ability to interconnect
computing devices, mechanical machines, objects, animals or
unique identifiers and people to transfer data across a network
without the need for human-to-human or human-to-computer is a
system of conversation. IoT applications bring a lot of value in
our lives. The Internet of Things provides objects, computing
devices, or unique identifiers and people's ability to transfer data
across a network without the human-to-human or human-to-
computer interaction.
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Applications of IoT
1. Wearables
Wearable technology is the hallmark of IoT applications and one of
the earliest industries to deploy IoT. We have fit bits, heart rate
monitors and smartwatches these days.
Guardian glucose monitoring device has been developed to help
people with diabetes. It detects glucose levels in our body, uses a
small electrode called the glucose sensor under the skin, and relates
it to a radiofrequency monitoring device.
2. Smart Home Applications
The smart home is probably the first thing when we talk about the
IoT application. The example we see the AI home automation is
employed by Mark Zuckerberg. Alan Pan's home automation
system, where a string of musical notes uses in-house functions.
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3. Health care
IoT applications can transform reactive medical-based systems into
active wellness-based systems. Resources that are used in current
medical research lack important real-world information. It uses
controlled environments, leftover data, and volunteers for clinical
trials. The Internet of Things improves the device's power,
precision and availability. IoT focuses on building systems rather
than just tools. Here's how the IoT-enabled care device works.

4. Smart Cities
Most of you have heard about the term smart city. Smart city uses
technology to provide services. The smart city includes improving
transportation and social services, promoting stability and giving
voice to their citizens.
The problems faced by Mumbai are very different from Delhi.
Even global issues, such as clean drinking water, declining air
quality, and increasing urban density, occur in varying intensity
cities. Therefore, they affect every city.
Governments and engineers use the Internet of Things to analyze
the complex factors of town and each city. IoT applications help in
the area of water management, waste control and emergencies.
Example of a smart city - Palo Alto.
Palo Alto, San Francisco, is the first city to acquire the traffic
approach. He realized that most cars roam around the same block
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on the streets in search of parking spots. It is the primary cause of

traffic congestion in the city. Thus, the sensors were installed at all
parking areas in the city. These sensors pass occupancy status to
the cloud of each spot.
5. Agriculture
By the year 2050, the world's growing population is estimated to
have reached about 10 billion. To feed such a large population,
agriculture needs to marry technology and get the best results.
There are many possibilities in this area. One of them is Smart
Greenhouse.
Farming techniques grow crops by environmental parameters.
However, manual handling results in production losses, energy
losses and labor costs, making it less effective.
The greenhouse makes it easy to monitor and enables to control the
climate inside it.

6. Industrial Automation
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It is one of the areas where the quality of products is an essential

factor for a more significant investment return. Anyone can re-
engineer products and their packaging to provide superior
performance in cost and customer experience with IoT
applications. IoT will prove as a game-changer. In industrial
automation, IoT is used in the following areas:
o Product flow monitoring
o Factory digitization
o Inventory management
o Safety and security
o Logistics and Supply Chain Optimization
o Quality control
o Packaging customization

7. Hacked Car
A connected car is a technology-driven car with Internet access and
a WAN network. The technology offers the user some benefits
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such as in-car infotainment, advanced navigation and fuel

efficiency.
8. Healthcare
Healthcare do real-time monitoring with the help of smart devices.
It gathers and transfers health data such as blood pressure, blood
sugar levels, weight, oxygen, and ECG. The patient can contact the
doctor by the smart mobile application in case of any emergency.
9. Smart Retail

IoT applications in retail give shoppers a new experience.

Customers do not have to stand in long queues as the checkout
system can read the tags of the products and deduct the total
amount from the customer's payment app with IoT applications'
help.

10. Smart Supply Chain

Customers automate the delivery and shipping with a smart supply
chain. It also provides details of real-time conditions and supply
networks.
11. Smart Farming
Farmers can minimize waste and increase productivity. The system
allows the monitoring of fields with the help of sensors. Farmers
can monitor the status of the area.
Internet-connected devices go from 5 million to billions in just one
year. Business Insider Intelligence estimates 24 billion IoT devices
will install and generate more than 300 billion in revenue in the
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Future Internet Technologies

The Internet of Things (IoT) is expected to grow and evolve with

the help of new technologies like artificial intelligence (AI), 5G,
and edge computing:
 Edge computing
IoT devices process data locally, which can increase efficiency and
speed up operations. This technology also reduces energy
consumption and carbon footprint.
 Artificial intelligence
AI can help IoT devices make decisions autonomously and provide
machine learning capabilities. AI can also be used for risk
management, such as predictive maintenance, detecting fraud, and
predicting insurance premiums.
 5G networks
5G networks can provide the speed and bandwidth needed to
support the growing number of IoT devices and the data they
generate. 5G can also enable new applications, such as remote
surgeries, autonomous vehicles, and augmented reality.
 Blockchain security
Blockchain security can help with the security of IoT devices.
 Interoperability
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Interoperability refers to the ability of IoT devices to connect and

communicate with each other, which can promote data sharing and
integration.
 Industry-specific solutions
IoT can be used to create industry-specific solutions that address
the needs of specific industries.
 Sustainability
IoT can help with sustainability by reducing energy consumption
and carbon footprint.
 Enhanced data analytics
IoT can help with enhanced data analytics, which can lead to better
decision-making.
Infrastructure
IoT
A network of connected devices that can communicate with each
other and the cloud. IoT devices can have sensors and embedded
processing abilities, and can be locally connected or use the
internet.
 Smart infrastructure
A system that can monitor, measure, analyze, communicate, and
act based on data collected by sensors. Smart infrastructures are
based on physical structure, data, analytics, feedback, and
adaptability.
 Industrial IoT (IIoT)
An ecosystem of devices, sensors, applications, and networking
equipment that work together to collect, monitor, and analyze data
from industrial operations.
 Components of an IoT system
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A complete IoT system integrates four components:

sensors/devices, connectivity, data processing, and a user
interface.
Examples of IoT devices include smart thermostats, kitchen
appliances, fitness-tracking watches, self-driving cars, and home
security systems.
What is A Network?
A network is a set of devices connected by communication links.
A network is simply two or more computers that are linked
together. A node can be a computer, printer, or any other device
capable of sending and receiving data generated by other nodes on
the network.
Networks can be classified into several types including Local Area
Networks, Wide Area Networks, Metropolitan Area Networks, and
wireless networks such as Wi-Fi and cellular networks.
Network Criteria
A network must meet the following network criteria:
 Performance – It is measured by transit time and response time
also depends on users, medium, hardware, and software.
 Reliability – reliability is measured by the frequency of failure.
 Security – Security protects data from unauthorized access.
Risks of Network Computing
The security of a computer network is challenged every day by:
 Equipment malfunctions
 System failures
 Computer hackers
 Virus attacks
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Note: Equipment failures and system failures may caused natural

disasters such as floods, storms, or fires, and electrical
disturbances.
Categories of Networks
It is categorized into three types: LAN, MAN, WAN. Into which
categories of network falls is determined by its size, its ownership,
the distance it covers, and its physical architecture.
LAN(Local Area Network)
Local Area Network is generally privately owned that links the
devices in a single office, building, or campus. Its size is limited to
a few kilometres. It is designed to allow resources to be shared
between personal computers or workstations. In general a given
LAN will use only one type of transmission medium. The most
common LAN topologies are bus, ring, and star.
Uses of LAN
A Local Area Network(LAN) has many uses, including:
 Resource Sharing: A Local Area Network allows devices such
as computers, printers, and storage devices, to share resources
and access them from any device that is connected to the
network.
 Data Exchange: A Local Area Network provides a high-speed
communication channel for the exchange of data between
different devices on the network.
 Internet Access: A Local Area Network provide internet access
to all devices that is connected to the same network.
 Gaming: A Local Area Network allows multiple users to play
multiplayer games over the network.
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 File Sharing: A Local Area Network enables the sharing of

files and documents between multiple devices on the same
network.
 Backup and Recovery: A Local Area network can
provide backup and recovery services for data stored on network
devices.
 Centralized Management: A LAN allows centralized
management of network resources, making it easier to monitor
and manage the network.
 Enhanced Productivity: A LAN can improve productivity by
allowing multiple users to access and share resources,
collaborate on projects, and exchange information more
efficiently.
MAN(Metropolitan Area Network)
It is designed to extend over an entire city. A company can use
MAN to connect the LANs in all its offices throughout a city.
Maybe wholly owned and operated by a private company or it may
be service provided by a public company (local telephone
company).
Uses of MAN
MAN refers to Metropolitan Area Network, it is a type of network
that connects users with computer resources in a geographic region
larger than a LAN but smaller than a WAN. Some common uses of
a MAN are:
 Data and resource sharing among different locations in a city or
metropolitan area.
 It is used to connect different LAN in a city or metropolitan
area.
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 It is used to delivering broadband services such as internet

access, telephony and video conferencing.
 Providing centralized data processing and storage facilities.
 Supporting real-time data and video applications.
 It is used to connect remote offices to the main corporate
network.
WAN(Wide Area Network)
Wide Area Network provides long-distance transmission of data
over a country, a continent, or even the world wide. It is used to
connects all the company’s computers and devices, allowing them
to share information and resources internally.
Uses of WAN
 It is used to connect remote locations, such as branch offices and
telecommuters, to the main office or headquarters.
 It is used to sharing the resources such as printers
and servers among multiple locations.
 It is used to facilitating, communication and collaboration
between employees, customers and partners of the company.
 It is used to providing remote access to business applications
and data..
 It is used to delivering internet access, VPN (Virtual Private
Network) services and other managed network services.
 Enabling the transfer of large data files and multimedia content.
Uses of Network and Communication
Network and communication systems play a crucial role in many
areas of modern life, and they have a wide range of uses, including:
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 Data transmission: The transfer of data, such as files, images,

and video, between computers and other devices.
 Remote access: Enabling employees to access company
resources, such as applications and data, from remote locations.
 E-commerce: Facilitating online transactions and commerce,
such as online shopping and banking.
 Telecommuting: Allowing employees to work from home or
other remote locations using network and communication
systems.
 Teleconferencing: Enabling real-time audio and video
communication between individuals or groups in different
locations.
 Resource sharing: Sharing resources such as printers, scanners,
and storage devices among multiple computers and users.
 Online gaming: Enabling multiplayer gaming experiences and
connecting players from around the world.
 Cloud computing: Providing access to shared computing
resources and applications over the internet.
 Social networking: Connecting people through social media
platforms, such as Facebook and Twitter.
 IoT (Internet of Things): Connecting and communicating with
smart devices and other IoT-enabled products.
These are just a few examples of the many uses of network and
communication systems in today’s digital world.
Issues of Network and Communication
There are several issues that can arise in a network and
communication environment, which can negatively impact the
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performance and reliability of these systems. Some common issues

are:
 Network congestion: Overloading of the network due to high
traffic volume, leading to slow performance and dropped
packets.
 Security threats: Viruses, malware, hacking and other security
breaches can compromise network and data security.
 Interference: Interference from other devices and signals can
negatively impact network performance, causing dropped
packets and slow speeds.
 Latency: Delays in data transmission due to long distances or
congested network links.
 Compatibility issues: Different devices and software platforms
may not be compatible with each other, leading to connectivity
problems.
 Configuration errors: Incorrect configuration of network
devices and software can result in connectivity issues and
reduced performance.
 Outdated hardware and software: Outdated network
components can cause compatibility issues, reduce performance
and increase security risks.
 Scalability issues: The network may not be able to handle
increasing demand, leading to performance degradation and
network downtime.
 Reliability and availability: Network outages, hardware
failures, and other reliability and availability issues can impact
the functioning of the network.
Advantages
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 Information Sharing – Authorized users can use computers on

the network to access and share data. Use in group projects for
share data among all the team members.
 Hardware Sharing – Devices that are connected to the network
can be shared between multiple users. For example one printer
that is connected to the network are shared between multiple
users.
 Software Sharing – If many users want to use a single paid
software then Instead of purchasing and installing that software
on each computer , it can be installed on the server. And all the
users can able to use that software from that location.
 Collaborative Environment – It provide common environment
for all the users where all .
Disadvantages
 Security Risks: Networks can be effected by cyber-attacks,
unauthorized access, and data leakage.
 Cost: Maintaining a network can be expensive. Because
hardware (like routers, switches, and cables) and software (like
security and management tools) that is used in network
communication are vary expensive.
 Performance Issues: Network performance can be affected by
high traffic, and slow data transfer speeds.
 Privacy : With increased data sharing over networks, there are
heigh chance to protect data . Users personal information may
be stolen by someone if any protection algorithm is not applied.
 Maintenance: Regular maintenance is required to ensure
network reliability and performance. This includes software
updates, hardware replacements, which can be time-consuming
and costly.
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Processes
There are several processes involved in the Internet of Things
(IoT), including:
 Device connection: IoT devices are connected to a network
using sensors to collect data.
 Data processing: Data is sent to a cloud platform for processing
and analysis.
 Data interpretation: The data is interpreted and used to make
decisions.
 Action: The decision is acted upon.
Here are some other processes involved in IoT:
 Application development
This involves defining the problem, identifying the target audience,
and selecting the hardware and sensors.
 Device firmware development
This involves developing the low-level software that controls the
sensors and security measures.
 Cloud platform selection
This involves choosing a cloud platform for data storage,
processing, analytics, and device management.
 User interface design
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This involves creating the application logic, including data

visualization and user interaction elements.
 Process management
This involves managing, updating, and tracking information.

Data Management
the Internet of Things has achieved remarkable growth in
collaborating with big data. With the more complex structures, data
management contributes a lot at the enterprise level to manage the
data. It is most important to understand that the data management
system plays an important role in ensuring the smooth functioning
of businesses and organizations that mainly deal with data.
What is Data Management?
Data management is a functional system for collecting and
analyzing raw datasets. The main goal of this process is to help
people, and organizations and optimize the use of data by
maintaining the policy and regulations. There are some key
components of data management include as:
It is the first and foremost process, where you need to collect and
gather the data from various sources in a raw format. They could
be structured or unstructured. You need to sort the data in a secure
and organized manner. This step involves selecting appropriate
storage technology based on the data volume.
Collection of data is the first and foremost process, where you
need to collect and gather the data from various sources in a raw
format. They could be structured or unstructured. You need to sort
the data in a secure and organized manner. This step involves
selecting appropriate storage technology based on the data volume.
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Processing the data is an important process to filter the data into a

structured format. It involves data cleaning, aggregating, and
enhancing the dataset to make it more meaningful. When you need
to assure the accuracy and reliability of the data, you should
maintain the data quality which involves the validation rules, and
error-checking processes.
Maintaining data security and privacy processes implement
security measures to protect the data from unauthorized access,
security breaches, and data loss by imposing data encryption and
access control. Furthermore, it is important to analyze the data by
applying the data mining process, machine learning, and data
visualization processes. There are different types of data
management lifecycles in the market, by which organizations can
maintain the business and regulatory requirements to develop a
durable data set. It leads to managing the process of metadata and
provides detailed information about the structure, mining
process, and data usage to perform the process effectively.
Data Management Responsibilities and Roles in IT industry
 Data Manager: They are responsible for overseeing the whole
data management strategy. They define the data handling
policies and standards by ensuring the data quality, accuracy,
and compliance regulations.
 Database Administrator: The job role is related to the database
management system. Here the main work is to manage and
maintain the databases to store the relevant data by ensuring
overall performance and security.
 Data Architect: Data architects design the structure and
architecture of the database and whole data systems. It includes
the data models and schemas with the developed relationships
between the data set to achieve the business requirements.
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 Data Analyst: Respective persons perform the data

analysis process with data visualisation by analysing the current
trends and patterns.
 Data Scientist: They utilise statistical data processing,
specifically machine learning techniques, and algorithms to
solve complex problems. They mostly collaborate with the
businesses and technical teams to deploy the production models.
 Data Security Analyst: They are responsible to implement and
manage the security measures to protect the data from breaches
and unnecessary access. They monitor all the data access by
ensuring the security policies in collaboration with the IT and
security teams.
 Chief Data Officers: CDOs hold a strategic role in the IT field
and check the data-related activities by defining the data
management strategies to achieve the business goals and
objectives.
Risks and Challenges in Data Management
 Security and Privacy: Unauthorised access to sensitive data by
hacking can be a cause of data breaches, which can expose
confidential information and may cause financial losses for an
organisation.
 Data Quality: Poor data quality and duplicate data lead to
stemming errors during data collection, leading to incorrect
decision-making. It occupies valuable storage and creates
confusion during the analysis process.
 Data Governance: Lack of data ownership and access control
can lead to inconsistent data management. This process leads to
security risks and compromises the security of data.
 Data Integration Process: Integrating the data from various
sources is difficult, as it contains different formats and complex
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structures. It disrupts the proper decision-making and process of

data analysis.
 Data Scaling: Scaling the data management systems is needed
to increase the data loads to maintain the performance by
overcoming technical challenges.
 Data Lifecycle Management: Organisations need to be
transparent in their data retention policies which helps to
determine the data processing time and which data needs to be
deleted. Data disposal is also needed for security measures to
prevent unauthorised access.
 Data Analysis: Analysing complex and various data sets,
required to create the advanced analytics tools. For actionable
data insight development, it is needed to understand the business
context properly with the particular domain knowledge.

Security, Privacy & Trust

1. Strong Authentication and Access Control:

Implementing robust authentication mechanisms, such as biometric
authentication or cryptographic keys, ensures that only authorised users can
access IoT devices and their data.

2. Encryption:
Encrypting data both at rest and in transit safeguards it from unauthorised
access. End-to-end encryption protocols prevent eavesdropping and tampering,
preserving the confidentiality and integrity of sensitive information.
3. Regular Software Updates:
Timely software updates are crucial for addressing known vulnerabilities and
patching security flaws. Manufacturers should provide ongoing support for their
devices, ensuring that users have access to the latest security patches.
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4. Network Segmentation:
Segmenting IoT devices into separate networks limits the impact of potential
security breaches. By isolating critical systems from less secure devices,
organisations can minimise the risk of unauthorised access to sensitive data.

5. Monitoring and Anomaly Detection:

Continuous monitoring of IoT device activity enables early detection of
suspicious behaviour. Machine learning algorithms can analyse network traffic
patterns to identify anomalies indicative of potential security threats.

6. Privacy by Design:
Integrating privacy considerations into the design of IoT devices ensures that
user data is handled responsibly. Minimising data collection, anonymizing
personally identifiable information, and providing users with granular control
over their data enhance privacy protections.
Device Level Energy Issues
 High power consumption
IoT devices consume power while they are processing, receiving, and
transmitting data. This can lead to decreased battery life.
 Data centers
Data collected by IoT devices is stored in data centers, which can consume a
large amount of energy.
 Embodied energy
The manufacturing process for digital technology requires a lot of power.
 Interoperability and compatibility issues
IoT devices from different manufacturers may use different communication
protocols, which can lead to increased energy consumption.
 Wireless protocol
The wireless protocol used can affect a device's power consumption and
energy efficiency. For example, WiFi is a common protocol, but it can have
high power consumption.
 Task queue system
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When the task queue system is not empty during an active period, energy is
drained from the buffer.

IoT Related Standardization

 Ensures interoperability
Standardization creates guidelines and specifications that ensure different
IoT devices can communicate with each other.
 Promotes scalability
Standardization allows for the simultaneous use of billions of devices
without causing scalability challenges.
 Improves security
Standardization helps ensure that IoT devices meet security requirements.

 Drives innovation
Standardization allows organizations to build robust and future-proof IoT
solutions.
 Opens up new opportunities
Standardization opens up opportunities in new areas and allows the market
to reach its full potential.

Recommendations on Research Topics.

 Smart city
Uses sensors, software, and analytics to create more advanced machines, and
improve quality control, sustainability, and real-time information exchange.
 Home automation system
Provides remote access to control home appliances, monitor energy usage,
and more.
 Smart farming IoT
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Uses technologies like wireless sensor networks and radio frequency

identification to meet application-specific requirements.
 Connected health and IoT
Uses wearable and non-wearable sensors to continuously monitor a patient's
health conditions.
 Integration of IoT and big data
The large volume of data produced by IoT applications needs to be
integrated, presented, stored, and processed efficiently.
 Smart energy grid
Uses a smart energy system to avoid power outages and regain the grid
immediately after a blackout.
 Smart parking system
Uses an IR sensor to monitor parking spaces and avoid unnecessary
traveling.
 Industrial Internet of Things
Uses sensors in plasters to sense the status of a wound, and implants to
observe a patient's heartbeat rate, blood sugar rate, and pressure rate.