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Integration

The document provides a summary of key concepts and formulas for indefinite and definite integrals: 1. It defines indefinite integrals and lists common integral formulas involving trigonometric, exponential, logarithmic and algebraic functions. 2. It describes techniques for evaluating indefinite integrals using substitution, integration by parts, and trigonometric identities. 3. It defines definite integrals as the net signed area under a curve between two bounds and lists properties of definite integrals such as changing limits switches the sign and splitting integrals over multiple intervals.

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40 views

Integration

The document provides a summary of key concepts and formulas for indefinite and definite integrals: 1. It defines indefinite integrals and lists common integral formulas involving trigonometric, exponential, logarithmic and algebraic functions. 2. It describes techniques for evaluating indefinite integrals using substitution, integration by parts, and trigonometric identities. 3. It defines definite integrals as the net signed area under a curve between two bounds and lists properties of definite integrals such as changing limits switches the sign and splitting integrals over multiple intervals.

Uploaded by

GTAmario
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Math 1217 Integration Summary INDEFINITE INTEGRALS f (x) dx = the indenite integral of f (x) (also known as the general

antiderivative of f (x).) f (x) dx = the ( most general ) function that, when dierentiated, gives you f (x). f (x) dx = F (x) + C if and only if 0 dx = C sin x dx = cos x + C sec2 x dx = tan x + C csc2 x dx = cot x + C ex dx = ex + C ax ax dx = ln a + C
1 1x2 d dx F (x)

= f (x) (with a little explaination).


n+1

xn dx = x n+1 + C, n = 1, any real number cos x dx = sin x + C, sec x tan x dx = sec x + C csc x cot x dx = csc x + C, 1 x dx = ln |x| + C

dx = sin1 x + C
sec1 x + C on intervals where x 1

1 1+x2

dx = tan1 x + C

1 x x2 1

dx =

sec1 x + C on intervals where x 1

Additional Rules/Techniques: 1. cf (x)dx = c Example: 3 dx = 5 + 5x2 2. f (x) g(x)dx = Example: x6 + 1 1 x 1 x2 dx = x6 dx + dx x 1 x7 dx = + ln |x| sin1 x + C. 7 1 x2 f (x)dx 3 5 1 1 + x2 dx = 3 5 dx 3 = tan1 (x) + C. 2 1+x 5 f (x)dx, c any constant

g(x)dx.

3. You can simplify an expression before integrating. Example: x3 4x + 1 4 x2 dx = x + x2 dx = 4 ln |x| x1 + C. x2 x 2 NOTE: Given an integral f (x)dx, rst see if any of the above formulae can be used. If not ask if there is a way to simplify/rewrite f (x) so that a formulae can be used. If not then consider trying the Substitution Rule below: 4. Substitution Rule: Given f (g(x))g (x)dx let u = g(x), (the inner function) then dierentiate both sides to obtain du = g (x) then nally solve for du. du = g (x)dx. Carry out the substitution, bringing in the u dx and du. You end up with the integral: f (u)du Which hopefully can now be integrated.

More formulae/techniques coming from the substitution rule and trig identities: 1. 2. 3. 4. tan(x) dx = ln | sec(x)| + C. cot(x) dx = ln | sin(x)| + C. sec(x) dx = ln | sec(x) + tan(x)| + C. csc(x) dx = ln | csc(x) cot(x)| + C. sinm (x) cosn (x) dx where m, n are non-negative integers and at least one of n

5. To integrate

and m is odd, make a substitution u = sin(x) or u = cos(x) (as appropriate) and use the identity sin2 x + cos2 x = 1. 6. To integrate by
1cos(2x) 2

sinm (x) cosn (x) dx where m, n are both non-negative even integers, replace sin2 (x) and cos2 (x) by
1+cos 2x . 2

7. To integrate

secm (x) tann (x) dx where m, n are non-negative integers and it is not the case

that m is odd and n is even, try to make a substitution u = tan(x) or u = sec(x) (as appropriate) and use the identity tan2 x + 1 = cos2 x. If this doesnt work you probably need integration by parts or a reduction formula.

DEFINITE INTEGRALS
b

1.
a

f (x)dx = the net signed area trapped between the xaxis and f (x) from x = a to x = b.
b

I.e.
a

f (x)dx = (the total area of the regions trapped above the x - axis and below f (x) ) -

(the total area of the regions trapped below the x-axis and above y = f (x).) 2. Some basic properties of denite integrals are:
a

(a)
a b

f (x) dx = 0. (There is no net area under a point).


a

(b)
a

f (x) dx =
b

f (x) dx. (If you swap the limits of integration the sign changes.)
c b c

(c) If a b c then
a

f (x) dx =
a

f (x) dx +
b

f (x) dx.
a

(d) If f (x) is an odd function (symmetric about the origin) then


a a

f (x) dx = 0.
a

(e) If f (x) is an even function (symmetric about the yaxis) then


a

f (x) dx = 2
0

f (x) dx.

(f) If f (x) g(x) h(x) on the interval [a, b] then


b b b

f (x) dx
a a

g(x) dx
a

h(x) dx.

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