1

Unit-3
Introduction to Python 2
Data types in Python 5
Loop and Control statements 10
Python Functions 14
Exception Handling in Python 17
File Read Write Operations 18
Image Read Write Operations 22
Networking in Python 25
Introduction to Raspberry Pi 27
Basic Architecture of Raspberry Pi 30
Programming with Raspberry Pi
Blinking LED 34
Interfacing of LED and Switch with Raspberry Pi 36
Implementation IOT with Raspberry Pi 37
Program for interfacing with sensors and actuators 40
 2

INTRODUCTION TO PYTHON
What is Python?

Python is a popular programming language. It was created by Guido van

Rossum, and released in 1991.

Python is a dynamic, high level, free open source and interpreted

programming language. It supports object-oriented programming as well as
procedural oriented programming.
In Python, we don’t need to declare the type of variable because it is a dynamically
typed language.

For example, x = 10
Here, x can be anything such as String, int, etc.

It is used for:

 web development (server-side),

 software development,
 mathematics,
 system scripting.

What can Python do?

 Python can be used on a server to create web applications.
 Python can be used alongside software to create workflows.
 Python can connect to database systems. It can also read and modify
files.
 Python can be used to handle big data and perform complex
mathematics.
 Python can be used for rapid prototyping, or for production-ready
software development.
 3

Why Python?
 Python works on different platforms (Windows, Mac, Linux, Raspberry Pi,
etc).
 Python has a simple syntax similar to the English language.
 Python has syntax that allows developers to write programs with fewer
lines than some other programming languages.
 Python runs on an interpreter system, meaning that code can be
executed as soon as it is written. This means that prototyping can be very
quick.
 Python can be treated in a procedural way, an object-oriented way or a
functional way.

Python Syntax compared to other

programming languages
 Python was designed for readability, and has some similarities to the
English language with influence from mathematics.
 Python uses new lines to complete a command, as opposed to other
programming languages which often use semicolons or parentheses.
 Python relies on indentation, using whitespace, to define scope; such as
the scope of loops, functions and classes. Other programming languages
often use curly-brackets for this purpose.

Python Features

There are many features in Python, some of which are discussed below –
1. Easy to code:
Python is a high-level programming language. Python is very easy to
learn the language as compared to other languages like C, C#, Javascript, Java, etc. It
is very easy to code in python language and anybody can learn python basics in a
few hours or days. It is also a developer-friendly language.

2. Free and Open Source:

Python language is freely available at the official website and you can
download it from the given download link below click on the Download Python
keyword.
Since it is open-source, this means that source code is also available to the public. So
you can download it as, use it as well as share it.
 4

3. Object-Oriented Language:
One of the key features of python is Object-Oriented programming. Python
supports object-oriented language and concepts of classes, objects encapsulation,
etc.

4. GUI Programming Support:

Graphical User interfaces can be made using a module
such as PyQt5, PyQt4, wxPython, or Tk in python.
PyQt5 is the most popular option for creating graphical apps with Python.

5. High-Level Language:
Python is a high-level language. When we write programs in
python, we do not need to remember the system architecture, nor
do we need to manage the memory.

6. Extensible feature:
Python is a Extensible language. We can write us some Python
code into C or C++ language and also we can compile that code in
C/C++ language.

7. Python is Portable language:

Python language is also a portable language. For example, if we have
python code for windows and if we want to run this code on other
platforms such as Linux, Unix, and Mac then we do not need to change
it, we can run this code on any platform.

8. Python is Integrated language:

Python is also an Integrated language because we can easily
integrated python with other languages like c, c++, etc.

9. Interpreted Language:
Python is an Interpreted Language because Python code is
executed line by line at a time. like other languages C, C++, Java,
etc. there is no need to compile python code this makes it easier to
debug our code. The source code of python is converted into an
immediate form called bytecode.

10. Large Standard Library

Python has a large standard library which provides a rich
set of module and functions so you do not have to write your own
code for every single thing. There are many libraries present in
python for such as regular expressions, unit-testing, web browsers,
etc.
 5

11. Dynamically Typed Language:

Python is a dynamically-typed language. That means the
type (for example- int, double, long, etc.) for a variable is decided at
run time not in advance because of this feature we don’t need to
specify the type of variable.

What is Python IDE

Python code editors are designed for the developers to
code and debug program easily. Using these Python
IDEs(Integrated Development Environment), you can manage a
large codebase and achieve quick deployment.

Python IDE is a free and open source software that is used to write codes,
integrate several modules and libraries.

It is available for installation into PC with Windows, Linux and Mac.

Examples: Spyder, PyCharm,jupyter etc.

Data Types in Python

Python has five standard Data Types:

 Numbers
 String
 List
 Tuple
 Dictionary

Python sets the variable type based on the value that is assigned to it.
Unlike more riggers languages, Python will change the variable type if the
variable value is set to another value. For example:

var = 123 # This will create a number integer assignment

var = 'john' # the `var` variable is now a string type.
 6

Numbers
Python numbers variables are created by the standard Python method:

var = 382

Most of the time using the standard Python number type is fine. Python will
automatically convert a number from one type to another if it needs. But,
under certain circumstances that a specific number type is needed (ie.
complex, hexidecimal), the format can be forced into a format by using
additional syntax in the table below:
Type Format Description

int a = 10 Signed Integer

(L) Long integers, they can also be represented in octal and

long a=
hexadecimal
345L
a=
float (.) Floating point real values
45.6
7
comple a= (J) Contains integer in the range 0 to 255.
x 3.14J

Most of the time Python will do variable conversion automatically. You can
also use Python conversion functions (int(), long(), float(), complex()) to
convert data from one
type
type to another. In function returns information about how your data
addition, the is stored
within a variable.
message = "Good
morning" num = 85
pi = 3.14159

print(type(message)) # This will return a string

print(type(n)) # This will return an integer
print(type(pi)) # This will return a float
 7

String
Create string variables by enclosing characters in quotes. Python uses single
quote ' double " and triple """ to denote literal strings. Only the
s quotes quotes
"""
triple quoted also will automatically continue across the end of line
strings
statement.
firstName = 'john'
lastName = "smith"
message = """This is a string that will span across multiple lines. Using
newline characters
and no spaces for the next lines. The end of lines within this string also
count as a newline when printed"""

Strings can be accessed as a whole string, or a substring of the complete

variable using brackets ‘[]’. Here are a couple examples:

var1 = 'Hello World!'

var2 = 'RhinoPython'

print var1[0] # this will print the first character in the string an `H`
print var2[1:5] # this will print the substring 'hinoP`

Python can use a special syntax to format multiple strings and numbers. The
string formatter is quickly covered here because it is seen often and it is
important to recognize the syntax.

print "The item {} is repeated {} times".format(element,count))

The
{} are placeholders that are substituted by the and in
variables elemen count
t
the final string. This compact syntax is meant to keep the code more
readable and compact.
Python is currently transitioning to the format syntax above, but python
can use an older syntax, which is being phased out, but is still seen in
some example code:

print "The item %i is repeated %i times"% (element,count)

 8

List
Lists are a very useful variable type in Python. A list can contain a series of values. List
variables are declared by using brackets
[ ] following the variable name.

A = [ ] # This is a blank list variable

B = [1, 23, 45, 67] # this list creates an initial list of 4 numbers.
C = [2, 4, 'john'] # lists can contain different variable types.

All lists in Python are zero-based indexed. When referencing a member or

the length of a list the number of list elements is always the number shown
plus one.

mylist = ['Rhino', 'Grasshopper', 'Flamingo', 'Bongo']

B = len(mylist) # This will return the length of the list which is 3. The index
is 0, 1, 2, 3.
print mylist[1] # This will return the value at index 1, which is 'Grasshopper'
print mylist[0:2] # This will return the first 3 elements in the list.

You can assign data to a specific element of the list using an index into the
list. The list index starts at zero. Data can be assigned to the elements of an
array as follows:

mylist = [0, 1, 2, 3]
mylist[0] = 'Rhino'
mylist[1] =
'Grasshopper'
mylist[2] = 'Flamingo'
mylist[3] = 'Bongo'
print mylist[1]
Lists aren’t limited to a single dimension. Although most people can’t
comprehend more than three or four dimensions. You can declare multiple
dimensions by separating an with commas. In the following example, the
MyTable variable is a two-dimensional array
:

MyTable = [[], []]

In a two-dimensional array, the first number is always the number of rows;

the second number is the number of columns.
 9

Tuple
Tuples are a group of values like a list and are manipulated in similar ways.
But, tuples are fixed in size once they are assigned. In Python the fixed size
is considered immutable as compared to a list that is dynamic and mutable.
Tuples are defined by parenthesis ().

myGroup = ('Rhino', 'Grasshopper', 'Flamingo', 'Bongo')

Here are some advantages of tuples over lists:

1. Elements to a tuple. Tuples have no append or extend method.

2. Elements cannot be removed from a tuple.
3. You can find elements in a tuple, since this doesn’t change the tuple.
4. You can also use the in operator to check if an element exists in the tuple.
5. Tuples are faster than lists. If you’re defining a constant set of values
and all you’re ever going to do with it is iterate through it, use a tuple
instead of a list.
6. It makes your code safer if you “write-protect” data that does not
need to be changed.

It seems tuples are very restrictive, so why are they useful? There are many
datastructures in Rhino that require a fixed set of values. For instance a
Rhino point is a list of 3 numbers [34.5, 45.7, 0] . If this is set as tuple,
then you can be assured the
original 3 number structure stays as a point (34.5, 45.7, 0) . There are
other datastructures such as lines, vectors, domains and other data in Rhino
that also require a certain set of values that do not change. Tuples are great
for this.

Dictionary
Dictionaries in Python are listsKey
of : Valu pairs. This is a very powerful datatype to
hold a lot of related information thate can be associated through keys . The main
operation of a dictionary is to extract a value based keyon the name.
Unlike lists, where index numbers are used, dictionaries allow the use
key
of a to access its
members. Dictionaries can also be used to sort, iterate and compare data.
Dictionaries are created by using braces ({}) with pairs separated by a comma
(,) and the key values associated with a colon(:). In Key must be unique.
Dictionaries the Here is a quick example on how
dictionaries might be used:
room_num = {'john': 425, 'tom': 212}
room_num['john'] = 645 # set the value associated with the 'john' key to 645
 10

print (room_num['tom']) # print the value of the 'tom' key.

room_num['isaac'] = 345 # Add a new key 'isaac' with the associated
value print (room_num.keys()) # print out a list of keys in the
dictionary
print ('isaac' in room_num) # test to see if 'issac' is in the dictionary.
This returns true.
Dictionaries can be more complex to understand, but they are great to store
data that is easy to access.

Loops and Control Statements

Python programming language provides following types of loops to handle
looping requirements.
While Loop
Syntax :
while expression:
statement(s)
In Python, all the statements indented by the same number of character spaces
after a programming construct are considered to be part of a single block of code.
Python uses indentation as its method of grouping statements.

# prints Hello Geek 3 Times

count = 0

while (count < 3):

count = count+1

print("Hello Geek")

Output:
Hello Geek
Hello Geek
 11

Hello Geek

If statements
Python supports the usual logical conditions from mathematics:

 Equals: a == b
 Not Equals: a != b
 Less than: a < b
 Less than or equal to: a <= b
 Greater than: a > b
 Greater than or equal to: a >= b

These conditions can be used in several ways, most commonly in "if

statements" and loops.

An "if statement" is written by using the if keyword.

Example
If statement:

a = 33
b = 200
if b > a:
print("b is greater than a")
Try it Yourself »

In this example we use two variables, a and b, which are used as part of the if
statement to test whether b is greater than a. As a is 33, and b is 200, we
know that 200 is greater than 33, and so we print to screen that "b is greater
than a".
 12

Indentation
Python relies on indentation (whitespace at the beginning of a line) to define
scope in the code. Other programming languages often use curly-brackets for
this purpose.

Example
If statement, without indentation (will raise an error):

a = 33
b = 200
if b > a:
print("b is greater than a") # you will get an error
Try it Yourself »

Elif
The elif keyword is pythons way of saying "if the previous conditions were not
true, then try this condition".

Example
a = 33
b = 33
if b > a:
print("b is greater than a")
elif a == b:
print("a and b are equal")

Try it Yourself »

In this example a is equal to b, so the first condition is not true, but

the elif condition is true, so we print to screen that "a and b are equal".
 13

Else
The else keyword catches anything which isn't caught by the preceding
conditions.

Example
a = 200
b = 33
if b > a:
print("b is greater than a")
elif a == b:
print("a and b are
equal") else:
print("a is greater than b")

Try it Yourself »

In this example a is greater than b, so the first condition is not true, also
the elif condition is not true, so we go to the else condition and print
to screen that "a is greater than b".

You can also have an else without the elif:

Example
a = 200
b = 33
if b > a:
print("b is greater than a")
else:
print("b is not greater than a")

Python For Loops

A for loop is used for iterating over a sequence (that is either a list, a tuple, a
dictionary, a set, or a string).

This is less like the for keyword in other programming languages, and works
more like an iterator method as found in other object-orientated programming
languages.
 14

With the for loop we can execute a set of statements, once for each item in a
list, tuple, set etc.

fruits = ["apple", "banana",

"cherry"] for x in fruits:
print(x)

Python Functions

A function is a block of code which only runs when it is called.

You can pass data, known as parameters, into a function.

A function can return data as a result.

Creating a Function
In Python a function is defined using the def keyword:

Example
def my_function():
print("Hello from a function")

Calling a Function
To call a function, use the function name followed by parenthesis:

Example
def my_function():
print("Hello from a function")

my_function()

 Example showing function returning multiple values def greater(x, y):

• if x > y:
return x, y
 15

else:
return y, x
val = greater(10, 100) print(val)

• Output:: (100,10)
Functions as Objects
Functions can also be assigned and reassigned to the variables
Example:
def add (a,b):
return a+b
print (add(4,6))
c = add(4,6)
print c
Output:: 10 10

Variable Scope in Python :

Global variables: These are the variables declared
out of any function , but can be accessed inside as
well as outside the function.
Local variables: These are the ones that are
declared inside a function
Example of Global Variables :
g_var = 10
def example():
l_var = 100
print(g_var)
example() # calling the function
 16

Output:: 10

Example showing Variable scope

var = 10 # declaring
globally def example():
var = 100 #declaring locally
print(var)
example() # calling the function
print(var)
Output

100
10

Modules concept in Python

A module allows you to logically organize your Python code.

Grouping related code into a module makes the code easier to
understand and use. A module is a Python object with arbitrarily
named attributes that you can bind and reference.
Simply, a module is a file consisting of Python code. A module
can define functions, classes and variables. A module can also
include runnable code.
 17

The import Statement

You can use any Python source file as a module by executing an
import statement in some other Python source file. The import has
the following syntax −
import module1[, module2[,... moduleN]

When the interpreter encounters an import statement, it imports the module

if the module is present in the search path. A search path is a list of
directories that the interpreter searches before importing a module. For
example, to import the module support.py, you need to put the following
command at the top of the script –

Syntax:

import module_name #At the top of the code

using module_name.var #To access functions and values with ‘var’ in

the module

Example:
import random
for i in range(1,10):
val = random.randint(1,10)
print (val)

Output:: varies with each execution

We can also access only a particular

function from a module. 
Example:
from math import pi
print (pi)

Output:: 3.14159
 18

Exception Handling in Python

An error that is generated during execution of a
program, is termed as exception. 
Syntax:
try:
statements
except _Exception_:
statements
else:
statements
Example:
while True:
try:
n = input ("Please enter an integer: ")
n = int (n)
break
except ValueError:
print "No valid integer! "
print “It is an integer!"

File Read Write Operations

Python allows you to read and write

files No separate module or library
required
 19

Three basic steps

Open a file
Read/Write
Close the file

Opening Files in
Python
function to open a file. This function
open(
Python has a )
built-in returns a file
object, also called a handle, as it is used to read or modify the file
accordingly.

Open() function is used to open a file, returns a

file object
open(file_name, mode)
We can specify the mode while opening a file. In mode, we
specify whether we want
w to read
a r, write or append to the file.

We can also specify if we want to open the file in text mode or

binary mode.
The default is reading in text mode. In this mode, we get strings
when reading from the file.

On the other hand, binary mode returns bytes and this is the mode

Mode Description

r Opens a file for reading. (default)

w Opens a file for writing. Creates a new file if it does not exist or truncates the file if it exists.
 20

x Opens a file for exclusive creation. If the file already exists, the operation fails.

Opens a file for appending at the end of the file without truncating it. Creates a new file if it
a
doe exist.

t Opens in text mode. (default)

b Opens in binary mode.

+ Opens a file for updating (reading and writing)

Read from a file:

read(): Reads from a file
file=open(‘data.txt’, ‘r’) file.read()
Write to a file:
Write(): Writes to a file
file=open(‘data.txt’, ‘w’) file.write(‘writing to the file’)

Closing a file: 
Close(): This is done to ensure that the file is free to use for
other resources

file.close()

Using WITH to open a file:

 Good practice to handle exception while file read/write
operation
 21

 Ensures the file is closed after the operation is completed,

even if an exception is encountered
with open(“data.txt","w") as file:
file.write(“writing to the text file”)
file.close()
 22

Image Read ,Write Operations

 Python supports PIL library for image related operations
 Install PIL through
PIP sudo pip install pillow
PIL is supported till python version 2.7. Pillow supports the 3x
version of python.

Reading Image in Python:

 PIL: Python Image Library is used to work with image files
from PIL import Image
 Open an image file
image=Image.open(image_name)
 Display the image
image.show()

Resize(): Resizes the image to the specified size

 23

image.resize(255,255)
Rotate(): Rotates the image to the specified degrees, counter
clockwise
image.rotate(90)

Format: Gives the format of the image

Size: Gives a tuple with 2 values as width and height of the
image, in pixels

Mode: Gives the band of the image, ‘L’ for grey scale, ‘RGB’ for
true colour image

print(image.format, image.size, image.mode)

Convert image to different mode:

 Any image can be converted from one mode to ‘L’ or ‘RGB’
mode
conv_image=image.convert(‘L’)
 Conversion between modes other that ‘L’ and ‘RGB’ needs
conversion into any of these 2 intermediate mode
24
 25

Networking in Python
 Python provides network services for client server model.
 Socket support in the operating system allows to
implement clients and servers for both connection-
oriented and connectionless protocols.
 Python has libraries that provide higher-level access to
specific application-level network protocols.

Syntax for creating a socket:

s = socket.socket (socket_family, socket_type,protocol=0)

socket_family − AF_UNIX or AF_INET

socket_type − SOCK_STREAM or SOCK_DGRAM
protocol − default ‘0’.
26
 27

INTRODUCTION TO RASPBERRY PI

What is a Raspberry Pi?

Raspberry pi is a low cost minicomputer with the physical size of a credit card.
Raspberry Pi runs various flavors of Linux and can perform almost all tasks that a normal
desktop computer can do. In addition to this , Raspberry Pi allows interfacing sensors, actuators ,
through th general purpose I/O pins(GPIO) .Since Raspberry Pi runs Linus Operating system, it
supports Python “out of the box”.

Differences between Raspberry Pi and Arduino

Both Arduino and Raspberry Pi are good teaching tools
for students, beginners and hobbyists. Let us see some of the
differences between Raspberry Pi and Arduino.

 The main difference between them is: Arduino is

microcontroller board, while Raspberry Pi is a microprocessor
based mini computer (SBC).
 The Microcontroller on the Arduino board contains the CPU, RAM
and ROM. All the additional hardware on Arduino Board is for
power supply, programming and IO Connectivity. Raspberry Pi
SBC has all features of a computer with a processor, memory,
storage, graphics driver, connectors on the board.
 Raspberry Pi needs an Operating System to run. Arduino doesn’t
need any operating system. All you need is a binary of the
compiled source code.
 Raspberry Pi comes with a fully functional operating system
called Raspberry Pi OS (previously known as Raspbian OS).
Although Pi can use different operating systems, Linux is
preferred by Raspberry Pi Foundation. You can install Android, if
you want. Arduino does not have any operating system. You just
need a firmware instructing the Microcontroller what task to do.
 The clock speed of Arduino is 16 MHz while the clock speed of
Raspberry Pi is around 1.2 GHz.
 Raspberry Pi is good for developing software applications
using Python, while Arduino is good for interfacing Sensors and
controlling LEDs and Motors.
 This doesn’t mean we cannot connect sensors and LEDs to
Raspberry Pi. To encourage learning programming by controlling
hardware, the Raspberry Pi consists of a 40-pin GPIO, through
which you can connect
 28

different electronic components like LEDs, Buttons, Sensors,

Motors etc. On Arduino, the GPIO is called as Digital IO (for
digital Input and Output) and Analog IN (for Analog Input).
 Using Arduino Shields, which plug into the Arduino Pin headers,
you can add a dedicated feature or functionality like a Motor
Driver, Ethernet Connection, SD Card Reader, Wi-Fi,
Touchscreens, cameras etc. to Arduino. While Raspberry Pi is a
self-contained board, you can add external hardware like
Touchscreen, GPS, RGB panels etc. to Raspberry Pi. The
Raspberry Pi Hardware Attached on Top or HAT Expansion
Boards are inspired by Arduino Shields, using which you can
add additional functionality to Raspberry Pi. They are connected
to the GPIO Pins.
 The power requirements of Raspberry Pi and Arduino are completely
different. Even though they both are powered by USB (micro-USB or
USB Type C for Raspberry Pi and USB Type B for Arduino),
Raspberry Pi needs more more current than Arduino. So, you
need a power adapter for Raspberry Pi but you can power
Arduino from the USB port of a Computer.
 Power interruption for Raspberry Pi may cause damage to the
hardware, software or applications. In case of Arduino, if there
is any power cut it again restarts. So, Raspberry Pi must be
properly shutdown before disconnecting power.
 Arduino uses Arduino IDE for developing the code. While
Raspberry Pi can use Python IDLE, Eclipse IDE or any other IDE
that is supported by Linux. You can also program using the
terminal itself with any text editor like Vim.
 Using the open-source hardware and software files of Arduino,
you can essentially create your own Arduino board. This is not
possible with Raspberry Pi as it is not open-source.
 The cost of original Arduino UNO is $23 but there are several
clones of Arduino which are available for less than $4. Coming
to Raspberry Pi, the original Raspberry Pi SBC was around $35,
but the latest Raspberry Pi 4 Model B is available in different
price points ($35, $55 or $75) depending on the memory
configuration.
 29

Specific Raspberry
model B
pi 3 Raspberry pi 2
model B
Raspberry Pi zero

ations
Key features
RAM 1GB SDRAM 1GB SDRAM 512 MB SDRAM
CPU Quad cortex Quad cortex ARM 11@ 1GHz
[email protected] A53@900MHz
GPU 400 MHz video core 250 MHz video core 250 MHz video core
IV IV IV
Ethernet 10/100 10/100 None
Wireless 802.11/Bluetooth None None
4.0
Video output HDMI/Composite HDMI/Composite HDMI/Composite
GPIO 40 40 40

Basic Architecture of Raspberry Pi

30
 31

Raspberry Pi hardware specifications

Explanation about board components

1. System on Chip

The System on Chip (SoC) architecture that the Raspberry Pi 2 implements is the

Broadcom BCM2836, which we touched upon earlier in this chapter. This contains a

CPU, GPU, SDRAM, and single USB port. Each of these items is discussed in more

detail under the appropriate heading.

 32

2. CPU

A central processing unit is the brain of your Raspberry Pi. It is responsible for

processing machine instructions, which are the result of your compiled programs.

3. GPU

The graphics processing unit (GPU) is a specialist chip designed to handle

the complex mathematics required to render graphics.

4. 4 USB 2.0 ports and 1 SoC on-board USB

The previous version of the Raspberry Pi Model B contained only a single microUSB
port and a two standard USB ports. The Raspberry Pi 2 has been expanded to
include an onboard 5 - port USB hub.

This allows you to connect four standard USB cables to the device and a single
microUSB cable. The micro USB port can be used to power your Raspberry Pi 2.

5. SD card Slot

Raspberry Pi does not have a builtin operating a system and storage. You can Plug-in SD card loaded
with a Linux image to the SD card slot.

6. DSI display connector –

used to attach an LCD panel. On the other side of the board is a
microSD card slot that holds the operating system.

7. Camera Serial Interface(CSI)

This interface can be used to connect a camera module to Raspberry Pi.

8. Status LED’s :
Raspberry Pi has 5 status LED’s
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Status LED FUNCTIONS

ACT SD card access
PWR 3.3 V power is present
FDX Full Duplex Lan connected
LNK Link/Network activity
100 100 Mbit Lan connected

9. Ethernet port

If you plan to place your Raspberry Pi near a router or switch or

have enough Ethernet cable, then you can connect your Raspberry Pi
directly with the Ethernet jack.

The Raspberry Pi 2 supports 10/100 Mbps Ethernet, and the USB

adapter in the third/fourth port of USB hub can also be used for
Ethernet via a USB to Ethernet adapter

10. GPIO pins

The main method for interacting with electronic components and

expansion boards is through the general purpose input/output (GPIO) pins
on the Raspberry Pi.

The Raspberry Pi 2 Model B contains 40 pins in total.

GPIO pins can accept both input and output commands and can be
controlled by programs in a variety of languages running on the Raspberry
Pi.

for example :The input could be readings from a temperature sensor, and
the output a command to another device to switch an LED on or off.

11. HDMI Output :

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This port provides both video and audio output.You can connect the Raspberry Pi to a monitor
using HDMI cable .

12. Composite Video output :

Raspberry Pi comes with composite video output with RCA jack that
supports both PAL and NTSC video output. RCA jack can be used to
connect old televisions that have an RCA input only.

13. Audio Output :

Raspberrypi has 3.5mm audio output jack .This audio jacks use for
providing audio output to old Televisions along with RCA jack for
video .The audio quality from this jack is inferior to the HDMI output

Programming with Raspberry

Pi Program for Blinking LED
With the circuit created we need to write the Python script to blink the LED. Before
we start writing the software we first need to install the Raspberry Pi GPIO Python
module. This is a library that allows us to access the GPIO port directly from Python.

Installing GPIO library:

 Open terminal
 Enter the command “sudo apt-get
install python-dev” to install
python development
 35

 Enter the command “sudo apt-get install python-

rpi.gpio” to install GPIO library.

Connection :

1. connect the negative terminal of LED to ground pin of Pi

2. connect the positive terminal of LED to output pin of Pi

Basic python coding:

Open terminal enter the command

sudo nano filename.py
This will open the nano editor where you can write your code
Ctrl+O : Writes the code to the file
 Ctrl+X : Exits the editor

Code
 36

Output : The LED blinks in a loop with delayof 1 and 2

seconds.

Program for interfacing of LED and switch with

Raspberry Pi
In this program LED is connected to GPIO pin 18 and switch is
connected to pin 25. In the infinite Whileloop the value of Pin25 is checked and
the state of LED is toggled if switch is pressed .

Code :
from time import sleep
import RPi.GPIO as GPIO
GPIO.setmode(GPIO.BCM)
#switch Pin
GPIO.setup(25,GPIO.IN)
#LED Pin
GPIO.setup(18,GPIO.OUT)
state=False
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def LED(pin):
state=not state
GPIO.output(pin,state)
while True:
try :
If(GPIO.input(25)==True):
LED(pin)
Sleep(1)
except KeyboardInterrupt:
exit()

Implementation of IoT
with Raspberry Pi
Internet Of Things is
Creating an interactive environment
Network of devices connected together

Sensor
Electronic element
Converts physical quantity into electrical signals
Can be analog or digital
DHT11 vs DHT22
We have two versions of the DHT sensor, they look a bit
similar and have the same pinout, but have different
characteristics. Here are the specs:
 38

DHT11

 Ultra low cost

 3 to 5V power and I/O
 2.5mA max current use during conversion (while requesting
data)
 Good for 20-80% humidity readings with 5% accuracy
 Good for 0-50°C temperature readings ±2°C accuracy
 No more than 1 Hz sampling rate (once every second)
 Body size 15.5mm x 12mm x 5.5mm
 4 pins with 0.1" spacing
DHT22 / AM2302 (Wired
version)

 Low cost
 3 to 5V power and I/O requesting
 2.5mA max current use during conversion (while
data)
 Good for 0-100% humidity readings with 2-5% accuracy
 Good for -40 to 80°C temperature readings ±0.5°C accuracy
 No more than 0.5 Hz sampling rate (once every 2 seconds)
 Body size 15.1mm x 25mm x 7.7mm
 4 pins with 0.1" spacing

Adafruit provides a library to work with the DHT22 sensor

Syntax to read temperature and humidity

temperature,humidity=Adafruit_DHT.read_retry().
 39

Actuator
Mechanical/Electro-mechanical device
Converts energy into motion
Mainly used to provide controlled motion to other
components

Relay
Relays are the switches which aim at closing and opening the circuits
electronically as well as electromechanically. It controls the opening and closing
of the circuit contacts of an electronic circuit.
 40

Program For Temperature Dependent Auto Cooling

System

System Overview
Sensor and actuator interfaced with Raspberry Pi
Read data from the sensor
Control the actuator according to the reading from thesensor
Connect the actuator to a device

Requirements
DHT Sensor (DHT22/AM2302)
4.7K ohm resistor
Relay
Jumper wires
Raspberry Pi
Mini fan
41
 42

Connection: Relay(Switch )
Connect the relay pins with the Raspberry Pi as mentioned in
previous slides
Set the GPIO pin connected with the relay’s input pin as output
in the sketch
GPIO.setup(13,GPIO.OUT)
Set the relay pin high when the temperature is greater than 30
 43

#code for fan operating

GPIO.setup(13,GPIO.OUT)
if temperature > 30:
print ('Temp > 30')
GPIO.output (FAN,0)
print('Fan on')
sleep(5)
print('Fan off ')
GPIO.output(FAN,1)
else:
GPIO.output(FAN,1)
print ('Temp below max value.FAN OFF')

Output : The fan is switched ON whenever the temperature value reaches

above Threshold value set in the code.