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Assignment 4 2024 Mass Transfer

The document outlines an assignment on mass transfer involving ion exchange columns for water softening, adsorption of phenol using activated carbon, crystallization of ferrous sulfate, and membrane separation of CO2 from natural gas. It includes calculations for saturated loading capacity, equilibrium values, air velocity in dryers, and membrane surface area, along with strategies for improving adsorption rates and selecting membrane materials. Each section contains specific tasks and questions to analyze the processes involved in mass transfer operations.

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voquocdangkhoa2003
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39 views

Assignment 4 2024 Mass Transfer

The document outlines an assignment on mass transfer involving ion exchange columns for water softening, adsorption of phenol using activated carbon, crystallization of ferrous sulfate, and membrane separation of CO2 from natural gas. It includes calculations for saturated loading capacity, equilibrium values, air velocity in dryers, and membrane surface area, along with strategies for improving adsorption rates and selecting membrane materials. Each section contains specific tasks and questions to analyze the processes involved in mass transfer operations.

Uploaded by

voquocdangkhoa2003
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Assignment 4 Mass Transfer

1. Ion exchange column containing certain amount of ion exchange resin is used in water
softening as part of water treatment process to remove calcium ions from a solution
with total height of 20 cm, area of 1 cm2, bulk density of 0.003 kg/cm3 and initial
concentration of 0.2 M CaCl2. The flow rate of a calcium solution to the column is 0.04
cm3/s. The breakthrough data are shown in below table with breakthrough
concentration of 0.02.

Time (hour) c/c0


0 0.00067
10 0.00067
15 0.00067
15.4 0.0034
15.6 0.017
15.8 0.05
16 0.097
16.2 0.174
16.4 0.289
16.6 0.409
16.8 0.536
17 0.656
17.5 0.86
18 0.983
18.5 1

Determine the saturated loading capacity of column. Analyze the new values of total
time, if the new breakpoint time is changed to 18 h. The total resin capacity is
approximately 2.2 equivalents/L of wet bed volume and a total concentration of 0.20
equivalents/L exist in the solution. Analyze the feasibility of ion exchange process if the
concentration of calcium ions in solution is 0.01 M. Explain your strategy to regenerate
the resin after reaction.
[30 marks]
2. A wastewater solution having a volume of 1.20 m3 contains 0.29 kg phenol/m3 of
solution. A total 1.60 kg of fresh granular activated carbon is added to the solution,
which is then mixed thoroughly to reach equilibrium. The adsorption data are shown in
below table.

Equilibrium isotherm data


c (kg phenol/m3 solution) q (kg phenol/kg activated carbon)
0.004 0.026
0.009 0.048
0.019 0.075
0.027 0.086
0.054 0.108
0.094 0.123
0.195 0.129

i. Based on the data shown above, construct the Langmuir isotherm model.
[6 marks]

ii. Determine the final equilibrium values for q (kg phenol/kg activated carbon) and c
(kg phenol/m3 solution).
[6 marks]

iii. State the amount of phenol extracted by the adsorbent in percentage.


[4 marks]

iv. Suggest TWO (2) strategies that can be applied to improve the adsorption rate.
[4 marks]
3. A batch of ferrous sulfate (FeSO4) is dissolved with sufficient amount of water at 90°C
to produce the slurry solution containing 25 kg FeSO4/100 kg water. The process is
continued to crystallization to produce 1250 kg of FeSO4.7H2O crystals, where the
solubility is 15 kg FeSO4/100 kg water. This process is followed by drying to produce
FeSO4.4H2O. The diagram and manufacturing data of the processes are shown in
FIGURE Q3 and TABLE Q3, respectively.

FIGURE Q3: Purification of FeSO4 solution to FeSO4.4H2O

TABLE Q3: Manufacturing information


Properties Value
Heat of solution of hydrated FeSO4, H (kJ/gmol) -18.40
Molecular weight of FeSO4, MW (g/gmol) 152.00
Equilibrium moisture content of FeSO4.7H2O, x1 0.05
(kg H2O/kg dry solid)
Heat capacity of feed solution, cpF (kJ/kg.°C) 2.93
Humidity of adiabatic dryer, H (kg H2O/kg dry air) 0.02
Area of adiabatic dryer, A (m2) 36.00

a. The adiabatic dryer requires 3 hours to remove 70% of the free moisture
content from FeSO4.7H2O crystals. Calculate the air velocity in m/s in the
adiabatic dryer if the air flows parallel to the FeSO4.7H2O. State your
assumptions.
[10 marks]
b. Determine the heat absorbed or removed during the crystallization.
[10 marks]
c. If 5 wt% of the feed water evaporates during crystallization, estimate the
amount of FeSO4.7H2O crystals obtained in kg. Assume the amount of slurry
entering crystallizer is not changed.
[5 marks]
4. A polymeric membrane is used to separate CO2 from natural gas. The composition of
CO2 and flow rate of feed stream are 0.48 and 3.50 × 103 cm3 (STP)/s, respectively.
The pressure of feed and permeate are 48 cmHg and 15 cmHg, respectively. The
thickness of membrane is 2.40 × 10-3 cm with CO2 permeability of 40 × 10-10 cm3
(STP).cm/(s.cm2.cmHg).

a. Sketch and explain the membrane separation process.


[3 marks]

b. If the desired composition of CO2 permeated and the ideal separation factor of
CO2 from natural gas (α*) are 0.55 and 10, respectively, determine the surface
area of membrane (Am).
[10 marks]

c. Evaluate the minimum reject concentration (xoM) if the feed composition is


raised to 0.58.
[5 marks]

d. Two different membrane materials are chosen for the purification of natural gas
process. The permeability values of the gases are given in below table.

Permeability data
Material Permeability, P’A (
𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐3 (𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆) . 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐
× 1010 )
𝑠𝑠 . 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐2 . 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻

CH4 CO2 O2 N2
Natural rubber 30.0 131.0 24.0 8.1
Ethyl cellulose 7.5 47.5 11.2 3.3

Select the membrane which gives higher purity of CO2 from natural gas. Explain
your answer.
[4 marks]

e. Explain the driving force in membrane separation process.


[3 marks]

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