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 Distributions

Unix Distributions
 Linux
 Solaris ( Sun Micro Systems)
 HP-UX ( Hewlett Packward)
 AIX (IBM)

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 Basics

Shell
Shell is nothing but a Command prompt like in windows,
When you enter the commands, you get your work done

The Shell is a command interpreter, it takes each command

and passes it to the OS kernel to be acted upon. It will
displays the results of your operations on screen.

We have 'n' no.of shells available on any Unix Machine.

each one has it's own strengths and weaknesses.

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Continued…

The most commonly available Shell(s) are:

1. Bourne Shell (sh)
2. Korn Shell (ksh)
3. C Shell (csh)
4. Bourne Again Shell (bash)
5. TC Shell (tcsh)

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 Logging into the System
 To login to your account type your user name and at the login prompt. Unix
is Case Sensitive.

 When the password prompt appears, type your password. Your password will
never displayed on screen for security Measure. It is also case sensitive

 Then You will get [username@hostname ]#

or [username@hostname <pwd>]$.

 #, means it is administrative User Login

 $, means it is Normal user Login

 And for Administrator always Username is ‘root’, and the User ID and Group
Id is 0.

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 Basic Commands

Commands and their options

 Each and every command will have generally some options to get
more information about the respective outputs.

 Options will be used by preceding “-”. Options will be given after

entering the command by giving some space

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Working with Basic Commands

Uname: Prints system information

-a print all information
-s print the kernel name
-r print the kernel release
-v print the kernel version
-m print the machine hardware name
-p print the processor type
-o print the operating system

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ls – Listing of files and directories

Options:-
-l – long listing of files

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1 – file type
4 – Group membership
- Normal file
5 – File/Dir Size
d Directory
6- File/Dir creation
l Link file
/modification Date
c character file
7 – Time modified/created
b block file
8 – File name
2 – File/Dir Permissions
3 – Owner

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-a – Listing of normal files/dirs and as well as hidden files/dirs

-r – Print the output in reverse order

-t – Print the output in based on time
-h – Print the file/dir sizes in human-readable format
-1 – Print the file/dir output line by line

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• man – manual pages for commands or help for the commands

• Example :- man ls
• Output will be no. of pages…. To view the information line wise or
page wise follow these…

• To see the output line by line press “Enter “

• To see the output page by page press “Spacebar”
• To quit from the manual page press the “q” key

• The above three options are useful in all other Unix commands,
whenever this kind of scenario occurs.

• clear – to clear the screen.

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uptime-Tells how long the system has been running

date – To know present date and time

cal – To know the present month calendar.

if you want specific month calendar in specific year
cal 3 1999 – will display the March 1999 calendar.

pwd – To get the present/current working directory.

mkdir – To create the directories

Ex:- mkdir dir1
To create multiple parent/child directories at a time
mkdir –p dir1/sdir1

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 Working with Basic Commands

history- prints all the previously typed commands

who – prints the name of all users who have currently logged in

who am i- prints the name and details of the current user

whoami- prints the name of the current user

w- prints full information of all the users who have currently logged in

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 Working with Basic Commands

free-prints the size and usage of the ram and virtual memory

du- Summarize the disk usage of each file, recursively for directories
Options:
-s –displays only the total sum for the each specified file/directory
-h –displays in human readable format

df- displays free disk space available for each mount we have
Options:
-h –displays in human readable format
-i –list of inode information
-a –includes dummy file system

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 Working with Basic Commands

stat –displays file system/file status

tree — lists the contents of directories in a tree like format
Options:
-a – all files including hidden files are printed.
-d – list of directories only
-f – prints the full path prefix for each file
-u – print the username along with the tree
-s – size of the file
exit – allows to exit from program, shell or come out of a linux network
logout – just to come out of a linux network

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cd – To change the working directory

cd <dir_name> # Switches into specified directory.

cd .. #Moves one directory up
cd ../../ # Moves two directories up (and so on)
cd / #Move the / directory.
cd - # Go back to you were previously (before the last directory change)

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• Type & check all commands: -
uname {command}

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 Linux File Commands

• ls # List files and directories

• ls -l # Detailed listing
• ls -a # Include hidden files

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 Creating Files (touch, nano)

• touch filename.txt
• nano filename.txt
Nano is a simple and user-friendly text editor used in Linux.
Type command nano filename.txt
Editor will get open
Type & press Ctrl + O to save
Type & press Ctrl + X to exit (save & Exit)

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Working with Basic Commands
cat – To create/view the files.
cat > file1 - will create a file, it prompts for entering the data, after
entering the data, save the file by pressing Ctrl-D.

cat >> file1 – Will append the data to the file, it also prompts for
entering the data, save the file by pressing Ctrl-D
Behavior of cat command

You can’t edit the files using the cat command…

To view the multiple files
cat file1 file2

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 Some more file commands

• Opens the file in a paginated view, allowing you to scroll up and

down
less filename.txt (press q to exit)
• Similar to less, but allows you to view content page by page
more filename.txt
• Displays the first few lines of the file (default is 10)
head filename.txt
• To display a specific number of lines
head -n 5 filename.txt (Displays the first 5 lines)
• Displays the last few lines of the file (default is 10)
tail filename.txt
• To display a specific number of lines
tail -n 5 filename.txt (Displays the last 5 lines)

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• If you are having an issue to understand
what is the path of directory created then
use: -
–find / -type d -name "def" 2>/dev/null

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wc – To get the count of lines/words/characters
wc file1

To get the lines/words/characters output individually.

-l – no.of lines
wc –l file1

-w – no.of words
wc –w file1

-c – no.of characters
wc –c file1

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 Copy
cp – to copy and paste the files/directories
- Syntax to copy the files
cp [options] <source> <destination>

To copy file1 as file2 in the same location.

cp file1 file2

To copy file1 from your present working directory to some other

directory
cp file1 /opt/dir1/

while copying you want to change the file name

cp file1 /opt/dir1/file2

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 Copy

Contd..
To copy file1 from some other directory to your present working directory
cp /opt/dir1/file1 . ( . Means present working directory)

while copying you want to change the file name

cp /opt/dir1/file1 file2

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 Copy to other directory
Using cp command:-

cp try1.txt /home/ajays/def/try2.txt

Using Absolute Paths: -

cp /home/ajays/def/uvw/try1.txt /home/ajays/def/try2.txt

I got this: -
cp: cannot create regular file '/home/ajays/def/try2.txt': Permission denied

Typically occurs when you do not have the necessary permissions to perform the
copy operation on either the source file (try1.txt) or the destination directory

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