An Overview of Bank Audit

Introduction
Banks play an important role in the development of any country. It’s like an agent of the
economy. Like all economic activities, the banking sector is also exposed to various risks in its
operations. It is of utmost importance to ensure that the banking sector stays healthy, safe, and
sound. For the safe and sound banking sector, one of the most important factors is reliable
financial information supported by quality bank audits.
Meaning & Types
A Bank audit is a routine examination of the records and services of the organization to ensure
whether they are in compliance with the laws and standards of the industry. Banks have to get
many types of audits done such as statutory audit, revenue audit, concurrent audit, etc. This
may be carried out by external or internal agencies. In this blog, we will have an overview of the
statutory audit of the Branch of the Bank that is carried out as per guidance provided by RBI.
Who appoints the bank auditor?
Appointment of Statutory central auditor of PSB, select all India Financial Institutions, RBI, and
branch auditor for PSB is done in accordance with the norms prescribed by RBI.
Who can be appointed as bank auditor?
•
o Appointment of Statutory central auditor of PSB, select all India Financial Institutions, RBI, and
branch auditor for PSB is done in accordance with the norms prescribed by RBI.
o The auditor of a banking company is to be appointed AGM of shareholders.
o In nationalized banks auditor is appointed by the bank concerned acting through its Board of
Directors. Here, approval of the Reserve Bank of India is required before the appointment.
o The Comptroller and Auditor General of India in consultation with the Central Government
appoint the auditor of the State Bank of India.
o State Bank of India appoints the auditor for its subsidiaries.
o The concerned bank of regional rural banks appoints its auditor with the approval of the Central
Government.

Remuneration of Bank Auditor

The remuneration of the auditor of a banking company is fixed in the general meeting in
accordance with the provisions of Section 142 of the Companies Act, 2013.
Reserve Bank of India in consultation with the Central Government fixed the remuneration of
auditors of nationalized banks and State Bank of India.
Bank Auditors Report
The statutory auditor should ensure that the audit report issued by them complies with the
requirements of Standards on Auditing. The auditor should ensure that not only information
relating to a number of unaudited branches is given but quantification of advances, deposits,
interest income, and interest expense for such unaudited branches has also been disclosed in
the audit report.
The statutory auditor is also required to state in his report the matters covered by Section 143 of
the Companies Act, 2013. However, it is pertinent to mention that the reporting requirements
relating to the Companies (Auditor’s Report) Order, 2016 is not applicable to a banking
company, as defined in clause (c) of Section 5 of the Banking Regulation Act, 1949.
Long Form Audit Report
The terms of appointment of auditors of public sector banks, private sector banks, and foreign
banks including its branches. Besides, the audit report requires auditors to furnish a long-form
audit report (LFAR). It includes a detailed questionnaire prepared by the Reserve Bank of India.
LFAR is to be submitted before 30th June every year for the completion of which on time proper
planning is required. LFAR does not have the requirement for executive summary. However,
members may consider providing the same to bring out the key observations from the whole
document.
Reporting to RBI
RBI issued a Circular relating to the liability of the accounting and auditing profession, where the
matter should be referred to RBI, in case an auditor finds any fraudulent activity or act of excess
power or any foul play in any transaction. Any deliberate failure on the part of the auditor should
render himself liable for action.
Auditors also need to consider the provisions of SA 250, “Consideration of Laws and
Regulations in an Audit of Financial Statements” and SA 240 “The Auditor’s Responsibilities
Relating to Fraud in an Audit of Financial Statements”. If the auditor, while performing his audit,
comes across any instance of fraud, he should report the matter to the RBI in addition to the
Chairman/MD/Chief Executive of the concerned bank.
Conducting the Audit of Banks
The audit of banks or their branches involves the following stages –
1. Initial consideration by the statutory auditor in regards to:
a)Declaration of Indebtedness
b)Internal Assignments in Banks by Statutory Auditors
c)Planning an Audit of Financial Statements
d)Communication with Previous Auditor
e)Terms of Audit Engagements
f)Initial Engagements
g)Assessment of Engagement Risks
h) Understanding the Bank and its Environment
2. Identifying and Assessing the Risks of Material Misstatements
3. Understanding the Bank and Its Environment including Internal Control
4. Understanding the Bank’s Accounting Process
5. Understanding the Risk Management Process
6. Engagement Team Discussions
7. Establishing the Overall Audit Strategy
8. Developing the Audit Plan
9. Summarizing the audit plan by preparing an audit planning memorandum
10. Determining the Audit Materiality by considering the relationship between the audit
11. While obtaining an understanding of the bank, the auditor should consider whether there are
events and conditions which may cast significant doubt on the bank’s ability to continue as a
going concern
12. Assessing the Risk of Fraud including Money Laundering
13. Assessing specific risks
14. Assessing the risk associated with outsourcing of activities
15. Responses to the Assessed Risks
16. Reviewing the other reports by taking into account the adverse comments, if any, such as:
a) Previous year’s audit reports
b) Latest internal inspection reports of bank officials
c) Reserve Bank’s latest inspection report
d) Concurrent / Internal audit report
e) report on verification of security
f) Any other internal reports specially related to particular accounts
g) Manager’s charge-handing-over report when incumbent is changed

Classification of Advances

Advances, generally, constitute the largest item on the assets side of the balance sheet of a
bank and are a major source of its income. Audit of advances is one of the most important areas
covered by auditors in bank audits. It is necessary that auditors should have adequate
knowledge of the banking industry and the regulations governing the banks. Auditors must be
aware of the various functional areas of the bank/branches, its processes, procedures, systems,
and prevailing internal controls with regard to advances.
 Classification of Advances Sector Wise
RBI issues common guidelines for lending to Priority Sector such as agriculture, MSME,
Education, Housing, etc. which banks are required to follow. These guidelines cover rate of
interest, service charges, receipt, sanction, rejection, disbursement Register; the issue of Loan
Application Acknowledgement. RBI also issues targets for banks for lending to Priority Sector.
Classification of Advances Security Wise
Banks ask for Security or Collateral while lending to assure that the Borrower will return the
money to the bank in a prescribed time. Depending on the nature of the item concerned, the
creation of security may take the form of a mortgage, pledge, hypothecation, assignment, set-
off, or lien.
Classification of Advances as per RBI Prudential Norms

•
o Non-performing Assets: An asset becomes NPA when it ceases to generate income for the
Bank, where:

a) interest and/ or installment of principal remain overdue for a period of more than 90 days in
respect of a term loan;
b) the account remains ‘out of order’ in respect of an Overdraft/Cash Credit (OD/ CC);
 c) the bill remains overdue for a period of more than 90 days in the case of bills purchased and
discounted.
d) where the remittances by the borrower under consortium lending arrangements are pooled
with one bank and/or where the bank receiving remittances is not parting with the share of other
member banks, the account should be treated as NPA.
•
o Out of Order: An account should be treated as ‘out of order’ if:-

a) the outstanding balance remains continuously in excess of the sanctioned limit/drawing

power or
b) in cases where the outstanding balance in the principal operating account is less than the
sanctioned limit/drawing power, but there are no credits continuously for 90 days as on the date
of Balance Sheet; or
c) credits are there but are not enough to cover the interest debited during the same period,
these accounts should be treated as ‘out of order’.
•
o Overdue: Any amount due to the bank under any credit facility is ‘overdue’ if it is not paid on the
due date fixed by the bank. Accounts regularized near the Balance Sheet Date should be
handled with care and without scope for subjectivity.

Government Guaranteed advances

In the case of Central Govt. guaranteed Advances, where the guarantee is not invoked, would
be classified as Standard Assets, but regarded as NPA for Income Recognition purposes.
However, where the advance is guaranteed by State Government, it is considered NPA if it
remains overdue for more than 90 days for both Provisioning and Income recognition purposes.
Audit of Advances
In carrying out the audit of advances, the auditor is primarily concerned with obtaining evidence
about the following:
a) Amount of advance outstanding at the date of the balance sheet.
b) Advances representing the amount due to the bank.
c) Amounts due to the bank are appropriately supported by loan documents and other
documents as applicable to the nature of advances.
d) Existence of unrecorded advances, if any.
e) Existing basis of valuation of advances is appropriate.
f) Advances are disclosed, classified, and described in accordance with recognized accounting
policies and practices and relevant statutory and regulatory requirements.
g) Appropriate provisions towards advances have been made as per the RBI norms, Accounting
Standards, and generally accepted accounting practices.
Audit of Revenue items
The auditor is primarily concerned with obtaining reasonable assurance that the recorded
income arose from transactions that pertain to the relevant period. Also, there is no unrecorded
income and the income is recorded at an appropriate amount.
As directed by RBI, any income which exceeds one percent of the total income of the bank if the
income is reckoned on a gross basis or one percent of the net profit before taxes if the income
is reckoned net of costs should be considered on an accrual basis as per Accounting Standard
9. However, if any item of income is not considered to be material then it may be recognized
when received.
Income such as interest, fees, and commission are recorded on an accrual basis, i.e., as it is
earned. It is an essential condition for accrual of income if there is a certainty for its ultimate
collection. However, in case, where, a significant uncertainty regarding the ultimate collection of
income arises in respect of non-performing assets, then banks should not recognize income on
non-performing assets until it is actually realized.
In the case of a credit facility and Government guaranteed account, when it is classified as non-
performing for the first time, interest accrued and credited to the income account in the
corresponding previous year which has not been realized should be reversed or provided for. In
case of Interest on advances against Term Deposits, National Savings Certificates (NSCs),
Indira Vikas Patras (IVPs), Kisan Vikas Patras (KVPs) and Life policies may be taken to income
account on the due date, provided adequate margin is available in the accounts.
In case of bills purchased outstanding at the close of the year the discount received thereon
should be properly apportioned between the two years. Interest (discount) component paid by
Bank/Branch on rediscount of bills from other financial institutions, is not to be netted off from
the discount earned on bills discounted.
In case of bills for collection, the auditor should also examine the procedure for crediting the
party on whose behalf the bill has been collected. The procedure is usually such that the
customer’s account is credited only after the bill has actually been collected from the drawee
either by the bank itself or through its agents, etc. The commission of the branch becomes due
only when the bill has been collected.
Fees and commissions earned by the banks as a result of re-negotiations or rescheduling of
outstanding debts should be recognized on an accrual basis over the period of time covered by
the re-negotiated or rescheduled extension of credit.
Audit of Expenses
Expenditure is to be shown under three broad heads:
a) Interest expense
b) Operating expense
c) Provisions and contingencies.
The auditor is primarily concerned with assessing the overall reasonableness of the amount of
interest expense by analyzing ratios of interest paid on different types of deposits and
borrowings to the average quantum of the respective liabilities during the year.
For this, an auditor may obtain from the bank analysis of various types of deposits outstanding
at the end of each quarter. From such information, the auditor may work out a weighted average
interest rate. The auditor may then compare this rate with the actual average rate of interest
paid on the relevant deposits as per the annual accounts and enquire into the difference if
material.
Also, an analytical review of corresponding figures for the previous years should be done to find
out material differences, if any.
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