Chapter 5

The Blood and the

Lymphatic and
Immune Systems
2 Fluid Systems in
your Body….
1. Blood
2. Lymph
Lymph
-clear or slightly yellow fluid that travels through
lymphatic system
-plays important role in function of immune system
-contains white blood cells
- “bathes” internal tissues and controls fluid
balance by removing excess lymph from tissues and
returning to blood stream

Copyright Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. May not be posted to a publicly accessible website.
Fluid Systems of the Body
• Blood
– formed elements - RBCs, WBCs, platelets
– liquid component - plasma
• living tissue composed of various cells
• Red Blood Cells (RBCs) - carry oxygen to
body
• White blood cells (WBCs) - defend your
body against infection and disease
• platelets - help blood clot
• bone marrow - manufactures new blood
cells
vitstudio/Shutterstock.com

Copyright Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. May not be posted to a publicly accessible website.
Types of blood cells
• Erythrocytes (red blood cells)
– Starts out as large immature
cell called a Blast
– As cell matures, Hemoglobin
replaces its nucleus
– Hemoglobin is a protein that
allows RBCs to transport
oxygen and CO2 to rest of the
body.

Copyright Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. May not be posted to a publicly accessible website.
Types of blood cells
• Leukocytes (white blood cells)
– Defend against infection and disease (1% blood
volume)
– Polymorphonuclear WBCs(Granulocytes
• nucleus made of multiple segments
• their cytoplasm is filled with granules, or tiny particles that
contain enzymes for digesting infectious microorganisms
– Mononuclear leukocytes (agranulocytes)
• cytoplasm does not contain granules

Copyright Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. May not be posted to a publicly accessible website.
Types of blood cells
Thrombocytes
• Cell fragments that have broken off of
megakaryocytes
• Aid in coagulation
– First at the site of injury
– Form temporary plug
– Attract coagulation factors for permanent plug

Copyright Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. May not be posted to a publicly accessible website.
Structure of the Blood

© Body Scientific International

Copyright Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. May not be posted to a publicly accessible website.
Leukocytes- Granulocytes
– Neutrophils
• Phagocytes-eat/engulf pathogens
– pathogen is a disease causing
microorganism such as bacteria, virus,
fungus, parasite etc
• React mainly to bacteria
– Eosinophils
• Secrete chemicals that attack parasites
• Respond during allergic reactions to
allergens

UGREEN 3S/Shutterstock.com

Copyright Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. May not be posted to a publicly accessible website.
Leukocytes-granulocytes
– Basophils
• Function not fully understood but involved in inflammatory
responses
– inflammatory response is naturally occurring healing process
that the body undergoes when injured
– symptoms - erythema, fever, edema and pain
• Contain histamine & heparin
– histamine is chemical released during an inflammatory
response
– heparin is a naturally occurring acid in the body that prevents
coagulation or clotting of blood

Copyright Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. May not be posted to a publicly accessible website.
Leukocytes- Agranulocytes

– Lymphocytes
• Involved in detecting &
destroying foreign cells
– Monocytes
• Phagocytic cells
• Dispose of dead or dying
cells & tissues
• Able to move from
bloodstream to tissues
– Called macrophages at this
point

UGREEN 3S/Shutterstock.com

Copyright Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. May not be posted to a publicly accessible website.
Plasma , (55% blood volume)
• Liquid composed of
– Roughly 92% water
– 8% dissolved solutes
• Sugar (glucose)
• Hormones
• Electrolytes (salts)
• Waste products
• Proteins (next slide)

Copyright Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. May not be posted to a publicly accessible website.
Plasma
Proteins Proteins (cont.)
– Albumin – Fibrinogen
• Helps maintain proper amount • Key component in
of water in blood via osmosis coagulation
• Prevents seepage of water into • Formed in liver
cells & tissues (edema) • Binds platelets together
– Globulin – Prothrombin
• Alpha and beta • Key component in
– Transport lipids in blood coagulation
• Gamma • Formed in liver
– Mostly immunoglobulins • Converted to thrombin at
(antibodies) blood vessel injury site
– Produced by immune
system when harmful
antigens are detected

Copyright Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. May not be posted to a publicly accessible website.
Let’s review
https://create.kahoot.it/details/c9f924c4-55e4-47
dd-aed8-792d80fbe0b9

Copyright Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. May not be posted to a publicly accessible website.
Functions of the Lymphatic System
• Manufactures and transports lymph
• Plays major role in the immune system
– Contains leukocytes that remove wastes, germs, toxins,
and other substances from the body

Alexilusmedical/Shutterstock.com

Copyright Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. May not be posted to a publicly accessible website.
Lymphatic System Video

Copyright Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. May not be posted to a publicly accessible website.
Structure of the Lymphatic System
Lymph
– aka lymphatic fluid or
interstitial fluid
– Similar to plasma
– Does NOT contain
thrombocytes or
erythrocytes
– Contains leukocytes and
plasma
– Leaves blood capillaries
and circulates through
lymphatic vessels
© Body Scientific International

Copyright Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. May not be posted to a publicly accessible website.
Lymph Vessels and Drains
● Lymphatic vessels
○ Include capillaries & ducts that lead lymph away from
tissues to thoracic cavity
● The RIGHT Lymphatic duct drains lymph from the
right arm and right side of the head and thorax
into the right subclavian vein
● The THORACIC duct drains lymph from the lower
right side and the left side of the body into the
left subclavian vein

Copyright Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. May not be posted to a publicly accessible website.
Lymph Drainage

Copyright Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. May not be posted to a publicly accessible website.
Lymph nodes
– Small, bean-shaped structures
– Filter lymph of foreign substances before returning it
to bloodstream
– Also produce lymphocytes

Copyright Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. May not be posted to a publicly accessible website.
Lymph

Structure of the Lymphatic System

Tonsils
– Protective lymph tissue
in pharynx and nasal
cavity
– Include lingual, palatine,
and pharyngeal (adenoid)
tonsils
– Trap pathogens entering
through mouth and nose

© Body Scientific International

Copyright Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. May not be posted to a publicly accessible website.
Structure of the Lymphatic System
Thymus
– Located in upper
mediastinum (between
lungs)
– Grows during childhood
and then atrophies after
puberty
– Secretes thymosin that
stimulates bone marrow
to produce T-lymphocytes

© Body Scientific International

Copyright Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. May not be posted to a publicly accessible website.
Structure of the Lymphatic System
Spleen
– Largest lymphatic organ
– Controls amount of blood
in the body
• Destroys worn-out
erythrocytes (hemolysis)
• Stores thrombocytes
• Produces lymphocytes

© Body Scientific International

Copyright Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. May not be posted to a publicly accessible website.
Structure of the Lymphatic System
Liver
– Filters blood through
hemolysis
– Storehouse for healthy
erythrocytes
Peyer’s patches
– Small bundles of
lymphatic tissue on walls
of small intestine
– Protects digestive tract
from pathogens
© Body Scientific International

Copyright Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. May not be posted to a publicly accessible website.
Functions of the Immune System
• Protects the body from pathogens
• Not contained within a single set of organs;
includes
– integumentary system - barrier against pathogens
– respiratory system - contain cilia, tiny hair-like
structures that trap foreign substances
– digestive system - produces acids and enzymes to
destroy invaders
– lymphatic system

Copyright Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. May not be posted to a publicly accessible website.
Structure of the Immune System
• Cell-mediated immunity
– T lymphocytes (T cells)
• Cytotoxic cells (T8 cells) T cells attacking a cancer cell

– attach themselves to antigens - substances that are harmful

and destroy them
• Helper cells (T4 cells)
– aid B lymphocytes in recognizing antigens
• Natural killer cells (NK cells)
– target pathogens by recognizing certain sugars present on
their surface
• Suppressor cells
– slow or stop activity of B or T cells once foreign invader has
(Continued)
been controlled Andrea Danti/Shutterstock.com

Copyright Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. May not be posted to a publicly accessible website.
• Humoral Immunity
– B lymphocytes (B cells)
• Transform into plasma cells in response to an
antigen and produce antibodies (immunoglobulins)
• They then secrete immunoglobulins (specific
antibodies that protect the immune system by
targeting the antigen)

Copyright Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. May not be posted to a publicly accessible website.
Structure of the Immune System
• B lymphocytes (B cells)
– Immunoglobulin A (IgA)-antibodies found in Resp and GI tracts (
also secreted in saliva, tears and breast milk)
– Immunoglobulin D (IgD)- antibodies found in plasma in small
amounts; attach themselves to B cells as antigen receptors
– Immunoglobulin E (IgE)- antibodies secreted by plasma cells in
the skin, tonsils, Resp and GI tracts; stimulate the release of
histamine triggering inflammatory and allergic responses
– Immunoglobulin G (IgG)- 75% of all immunoglobulins in the body;
main defense against infectious invaders in the body; found in
blood plasma; only immunoglobulin that crosses the placenta to
provide fetal immunity
– Immunoglobulin M (IgM)- antibodies that help fight infection;
when binding with B cell receptor sites in blood plasma they act
as a powerful agglutinating agent
Copyright Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. May not be posted to a publicly accessible website.
Types of Immunity
• Natural immunity
– Type of immunity you were born with (Ex: males do
not get cervical cancer; Sickle Cell anemia)
• Acquired immunity
– Type of immunity in which body protects itself against
a specific pathogen
– Two ways it is developed:
• Acquired active immunity (memory cells from active
disease and vaccination)
• Acquired passive immunity (antibodies produced in
a body other than your own, i.e. bone marrow
transplant; gamma globulins; placenta)

Copyright Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. May not be posted to a publicly accessible website.
Let’s see what you remember
Review game

Copyright Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. May not be posted to a publicly accessible website.