MODULE 2

Reading Writing Question 1

The author's _________ portrayal of the antagonist left readers sympathizing with
the character's struggles and motivations. The antagonist's actions, though morally
questionable, were presented in a light that challenged traditional notions of hero
and villain.

Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word or
phrase?
A) ambiguous
B) disingenuous
C) unscrupulous
D) candid

Reading Writing Question 2

There is hardly an office from United States Senator down to Alderman in any part
of the country to which the business man has not been elected; yet politics
remains corrupt, givernment pretty bad, and the selfish citizens has to hold himself
in readiness like the _______ volunteer firemen to rush forth at any hour, in any
weather, to prevent the fire; and he goes out sometimes and he puts out the fire
(after the damage is done) and he goes back to the shop sighing for the business
man in politics.

Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word or
phrase?
A) aged
B) experienced
C) sympathetic
D) generous

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 Reading Writing Question 3

Mathematical rigor and precision, in the field of quantum mechanics, often

________ to explain the behavior of subatomic particles, unlike classical physics
models which often fall short in this intricate domain.

A) suffice
B) diminish
C) ambiguify
D) exacerbate

Reading Writing Question 4

Reaching the edge of space is a more universally achievable feat, but only as long
as the definition of that boundary remains fluid. Virgin Galactic, which has yet to
launch a single commercial flight, is reportedly booked up for several years to
come with hundreds of deposits in the bank, even though its offer of "spaceflight"
is ________ at best.

A) obvious
B) tenuous
C) invalid
D) insubstantial

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 Reading Writing Question 5

This text is adapted from Michael Ondaatje, The Cat’s table. @2011. The novel’s
narrator reflects Mr. Fonseka, who travelled to England to be a English teacher.

I tried to coax him up on deck a few times, but his porthole and what he
could see through it seemed enough nature for him. With his books, some
bottled Kelani River water, as well as a few family photographs, he had no
need to leave his time capsule. I would visit that room if the day was dull,
and he would at some point begin reading to me. It was he anonymity of
the stories and the poems that went deepest into me. And the curl of a
rhyme was something new. I had not thought to believe he was actually
quoting something written with care, in some far country, centuries earlier.
He had lived in Colombo all his life, and his manner and accent were a
product of the island, but at the same time he had this wide-ranging
knowledge of books. He’d sing a song from the Azores or recite lines from
an Irish play.

Which choice best states the function of the underlined portion as a whole?
A) It creates a contrast between the narrator’s initial disbelief and his eventual
admiration for the Fonseka’s abilities.
B) It highlights the narrator's surprise at the person's extensive knowledge of
literature.
C) It provides insight into Fonseka’s upbringing and cultural background.
D) It emphasizes the narrator's admiration for the Fonseka’s ability to bring
distant cultures into their room.

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 Reading Writing Question 6

Cyber security serves a growing need, and the field is so new and dynamic, but it
provides many obstacles for entrepreneurs. Governments, corporations, and
individuals must protect their computers, networks, programs, and data so that
they cannot be accessed, stolen, or destroyed by unauthorized users. The idea is
simple, but the reality is not. Without physical doors and locks to protect, access
cannot be monitored in any conventional way by using armed guards. How can
anyone guard the Cloud? This new kind of security requires a great deal of
technical expertise and diligence. It also requires the ability to be as clever, if not
more, than a criminal.

What is the primary structural organization of the text?

A) The text begins by emphasizing the need for cyber security, then transitions to
the opportunities it offers to entrepreneurs.
B) The text opens with a discussion of the challenges of guarding the Cloud,
followed by the technical expertise and cleverness required for cyber security.
C) The text introduces the concept of protecting data from unauthorized access
with intangible illegal actions, then discusses the difficulties of monitoring access
without physical barriers.
D) The text starts by highlighting the opportunities for entrepreneurs in the field of
cyber security, then explores the technical expertise and diligence required for
effective protection.

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 Reading Writing Question 7

Text 1
David Green, an environmental scientist, emphasizes the urgent need for global
action to combat climate change. He argues that climate change is primarily
caused by human activities, such as burning fossil fuels and deforestation. David
Green calls for immediate and widespread adoption of sustainable practices,
renewable energy sources, and conservation efforts to mitigate the environmental
impact of human actions.

Text 2
Sarah Miller presents an alternative perspective on environmental conservation.
She acknowledges the importance of addressing climate change but focuses on
the economic aspects. Sarah Miller argues that sustainable development can be
achieved through market-based solutions and incentives for businesses to adopt
green technologies and practices. She believes that economic growth and
environmental preservation are not mutually exclusive and can be balanced
effectively.

Based on the provided texts, which choice best represents David Green's and
Sarah Miller's views on environmental conservation?

A) David Green emphasizes the economic aspects of conservation, while Sarah

Miller calls for immediate action to combat climate change.
B) Both authors agree on the urgency of climate change but offer differing views
on the balance between sustainable practices and economic growth.
C) David Green advocates for immediate action to combat climate change, while
Sarah Miller focuses on market-based solutions for sustainable development.
D) David Green highlights the economic benefits of sustainable practices, while
Sarah Miller primarily addresses the environmental impact of human activities.

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 Reading Writing Question 8
Cross-text connections

Text 1
Independent of the opinions of many great authors, that a free elective
government cannot be extended over large territories, a few reflections must
evince, that one government and general legislation alone, never can extend
equal benefits to all parts of the United States: Different laws, customs, and
opinions exist in the different states, which by a uniform system of laws would be
unreasonably invaded. The United States contain about a million of square miles,
and in half a century will, probably, contain ten millions of people.

Text 2
No instance can be found of any free government of considerable extent which
has been supported upon any other plan. Large and consolidated empires may
indeed dazzle the eyes of a distant spectator with their splendour, but if examined
more nearly are always found to be full of misery. The reason is obvious. In large
states the same principles of legislation will not apply to all the parts. The laws not
being made by the people, who felt the inconveniences, did not suit their
circumstances.

How would the author of Text 2 most likely respond to the author’s ideas about
consolidation of power of Text 1?
A) With disapproval, because they contradict his argument.
B) With approval, because they help support his argument.
C) With caution, because while the authors agree on some points, they do not
agree at all.
D) With support, because they bring up a new idea about the debate.

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 Reading Writing Question 9

This text is from George Eliot, Middlemarch, @1874. The bachelor Mr. Brooke is
talking to the scholarly clergyman Mr. Casaubon and Mr. Casaubon’s fiancé,
Dorothea, who is also Mr. Brooke’s niece.

Ah, well, without understanding, you know-that may not be so bad. But
there is a lightness about the feminine mind-a touch and go-music, the fine
arts, that kind of thing-they should study those up to a certain point, women
should, but in a light way, you know. A woman should be able to sit down
and play you or sing you a good old English tune. That is what I like, though
I have heard most things-been at the opera in Vienna: Gluck, Mozart,
everything of that sort. But I'm a conservative in music-it's not like ideas, you
know. I stick to the good old tunes.

Mr. Brooke’s statement that “it’s not like ideas” suggests that he
A) does not find philosophical debate as pleasurable as Mr. Casaubon does.
B) finds music to be much more accessible than politics.
C) is inclined to hold unconventional opinions on social issues.
D) enjoys music that reinforces his nationalistic views.

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 Reading Writing Question 10

Einstein had well established that gravitation affects not only matter, but also light.
Thus strengthened in the faith that his theory already has inspired, we may assume
with him that there is not a single physical or chemical phenomenon that does not
feel – although very probably in an unnoticeable degree – the influence of
gravitation, and that, on the other side, the attraction exercised by a body is limited
in the first place by the quantity of matter it contains. The total eclipse of the sun of
1920 resulted in a striking confirmation of the new theory of Einstein’s universal
attractive power of gravitation, determining that rays of light passing close to the
sun are deflected from their course.

Which choice best uses the information gathered from the graph to support the
Einstein’s theory?
A) Stars that were expected to be visible to observers on Earth were instead
obscured by the sun.
B) Stars that were expected to be obscured by the sun were instead visible to
observers on Earth.
C) Stars that were visible during the eclipse were in fact much brighter than
expected.
D) The rays of light from the sun were bent as they entered Earth’s gravitational
field.

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 Reading Writing Question 11

In 1905, Dr. Albert Einstein proposed a theory named “Theory of Relativity,” which
usually encompasses two interrelated physics theories: special relativity and
general relativity. The former in 1905 applies to all physical phenomena in the
absence of gravity while the latter in 1915 explains the law of gravitation and its
relation to the forces of nature. The theory transformed theoretical physics and
astronomy during the 20th century, superseding a 200-year-old theory of
mechanics created primarily by Isaac Newton. However, the sun’s eclipse of May
1920 was the factor to revive the interest in Einstein’s discovery due to the
remarkable confirmation that it received in the report of the observations, which
shows the effects of gravitation present on light. Combined with the publication of
H. A. Lorentz with “The Einstein Theory of Relativity: A Concise Statement,”
originally published in 1920, we can infer that ___________

Which choice most logically completes the text?

A) Newton’s theory of the attraction of gravitation has been the most
prominent example of a theory of natural science.
B) Over the years, the Theory of Relativity shows its pertinent effects on the
physics realm, not only by creating a reconfirmation on the doctrine of
gravitation but by displacing the obsolete Newton’s theory.
C) The Theory of Relativity contradicted the basic findings of Isaac Newton’s
theory.
D) The Theory of Relativity was not widely accepted for years because it had
not been verified with objective evidence.

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 Reading Writing Question 12

The arrest and trial of the group known as the Chicago Seven became a pivotal
point in the protest movement that centered on the US interference in Vietnam
War, government corruption, and the unfairness of the deferral court system. Just
as the accused used the trial to criticize the status quo of American society, so the
prosecution used the trial for its own political purposes. As defendant Tom Hayden
concluded, the government decided to put radicalism on trial. Although the
Chicago Seven were certainly political radicals, they were not clearly guilty of the
crime for which they were on trial: crossing state lines to incite a riot in violation of
the anti-riot provisions of the Civil Rights Act of 1968. The prosecutors were clearly
justified in accusing the Chicago Seven of participating in a riot that resulted in
injuries and property damage. However, the allegation that they crossed state lines
_____________

Which choice most logically completes the text?

A) with the intention of inciting this riot was much harder to substantiate.
B) and brought with themselves the yearn to trigger a violation could, if
proven, lead to a lengthy prison sentence.
C) really caught the attention of the media by its pivotal role in activating a riot.
D) was disputed just as vigorously as the other charges such as interrupting the
nation’s security fence.

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 Reading Writing Question 13

Adam's dog, a lively golden retriever named Hans, has truly showcased his
remarkable abilities. He's not only well-versed in over 150 distinct commands but
has also demonstrated his comprehension in a variety of contexts. This impressive
repertoire of commands includes basic ones like "sit" and "stay," as well as more
complex instructions like "fetch the red ball" or "open the door." In his daily
interactions with Hans, Adam points to this incredible linguistic versatility as solid
evidence that his beloved pet can grasp the nuances of the English language. He
often marvels at Hans's ability to discern between similar-sounding commands
and execute them with precision, leading him to believe that their communication
goes beyond simple commands, potentially shedding light on the depth of their
unique canine-human bond.’

Which findings, if true, would directly weaken Adam’s confirmation?

A) Each of the 150 commands eliciting Hans' responses entails a dual requirement
comprising a spoken English word and a distinctive manual gesture.
B) Hans exhibits differential responsiveness to the same set of commands when
they are articulated by Adam's French and English acquaintances in their own
native languages.
C) Ethologists specializing in animal behavior have empirically demonstrated that
even juvenile canines surpass both wolves and chimpanzees, two species
traditionally deemed more intellectually advanced than dogs, in their capacity to
comprehend human nonverbal cues.
D) The golden retriever is widely considered to be less intelligent than the border
collie, and no border collie has ever been shown to truly understand the English
language.

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 Reading Writing Question 14

The renowned Comfocar company is renowned for its production of a highly

regarded sedan, which offers a comfortable driving experience at a consistent
speed of 80 miles per hour. Recently, their formidable competitor, Turbocar,
entered the market with a sedan equipped with similar comforts, but with an
impressive feature – it's capable of cruising at a remarkable 110 miles per hour.
Turbocar, in its bold marketing strategy, asserts that their advanced sedan will
soon overshadow the offerings of Comfocar. Their primary argument hinges on
the notion that the Turbocar sedan has the inherent ability to whisk customers to
their desired destinations in considerably less time while ensuring an unparalleled
level of comfort. This assertion aims to sway potential buyers away from
Comfocar's tried-and-true sedans and towards the allure of speedier yet equally
comfortable travel. The battle between these automotive giants underscores the
complex interplay between comfort, speed, and consumer preferences in the
ever-evolving world of luxury sedan competition.

Which finding, if true, would most directly weaken the Turbocar’s claim?
A) Numerous road surfaces are meticulously designed to enable smooth driving at
velocities of up to 120 miles per hour.

B) Authorities in automotive safety assert that surpassing a speed of 100 miles per
hour is inherently unsafe for any vehicle.

C) Exhaustive research has ascertained that, despite the Turbocar model's superior
acceleration and higher maximum speed when compared to the Comfocar sedan,
both vehicles exhibit roughly equivalent fuel efficiency.

D) Within the primary marketing regions of these two automotive companies,

there exists neither a legal framework nor practical feasibility for driving at speeds
exceeding 70 miles per hour.

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 Reading Writing Question 15

While searching a topic, a student takes a following notes:

• Hydrogen and Helium are the two lightest elements in the periodic table.
• In 1766, Henry Cavendish was the first to identify and describe the
properties of hydrogen gas.
• Hydrogen is highly flammable and used as a fuel in hydrogen fuel cells
• Hydrogen is the most abundant element in the universe and is essential for
the formation of stars and the energy they emit through nuclear fusion.
• Helium, discovered in 1868 by Pierre Janssen and independently by
Norman Lockyer, is much less abundant on Earth but is a critical element for
applications like cooling in cryogenics and as a lifting gas in balloons.
• Helium is non-flammable, making it a safe choice for inflating balloons and
airships.

The student wants to highlight the difference in functional importance of

Hydrogen and Helium on Earth. Which choice best accomplishes the goal?

A) Although Hydrogen and Helium are two lightest elements in the periodic
table, they have a slight difference in their proportion apparent on Earth, in
which Hydrogen is slightly more abundant than Helium.
B) While hydrogen is highly flammable and used as a fuel in hydrogen fuel
cells, helium is non-flammable, making it a safe choice for inflating balloons
and airships.
C) Henry Cavendish was the first to identify the properties of hydrogen gas in
1766, while later still, Pierre Janssen discovered the presence of Helium.
D) Both Helium and Hydrogen appear in the periodic table, but they came to
light in the different periods of time.

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 Reading Writing Question 16

While researching a topic, a student takes the following notes:

• Literature, the mirror to the human soul, reflects our deepest desires and
fears." – John Smith, a renowned Author
• In the timeless library of human creativity, each book is a door to a new
world." – Alice Turner, Bibliophile.
• "Words, like characters in a story, come to life on the page, inviting us to join
their narrative." – William Douglass, a literary scholar.
• "A well-crafted sentence is a brushstroke in the masterpiece of a novel." –
Eleanor Price, Wordsmith.
• "With every turned page, we embark on a journey into the uncharted
territories of our imagination." – Samuel Greene, Avid Reader.
• "In the realm of literature, the ink of the past writes the stories of the future."
– Sophia Parker, Literary Critic.

By using one of the quotation above, the student wants to emphasize how
importantly a small, inside part contributes to the success of a literature work.
Which choice accomplishes the goal?

A) An avid reader Samuel Greene has confessed his emotion whenever he

read a page of book, in which he said: “ With every turned page, we embark
on a journey into the uncharted territories of our imagination."
B) Alice Turner emphasized the role of a book “in the timeless library of human
creativity,” in his evaluation he confirmed that “book is a door to a new
world.”
C) Sophia Parker, a literary critic, showed her agreement in the role of literary in
which she stated that “the ink of the past writes the stories of the future.”
D) Eleanor Price fortified the strength of a sentence, in which he quoted “a
well-crafted sentence is a brushstroke in the masterpiece of a novel.”

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 Reading Writing Question 17

Before the Industrial Revolution, Earth’s climate frequently changed due to natural
causes unrelated to human activity. ______ tiny wobbles in Earth’s orbit or
variations in sunlight intensity at different parts of the Earth’s surface. Also,
occasional volcanic eruptions spewed particles high into the atmosphere that
reflected sunlight, brightening the planet, and cooling the climate.

Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition?
A) For instance,
B) Therefore,
C) Accordingly,
D) In contrast,

Reading Writing Question 18

Today’s mature would-be mothers have a new option: the techniques of oocyte
cryopreservation, or egg freezing, have improved dramatically over the past
decade. ______ egg freezing has not been considered experimental by the
American Society of Reproductive Medicine since 2012. The process involves
stimulating the ovaries to ripen multiple eggs, then retrieving these eggs while
they are healthy and freezing them to preserve their quality.

Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition?
A) Indeed,
B) In fact,
C) That is,
D) Nevertheless,

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 Reading Writing Question 19

In the grand tapestry of history, technological advancements have woven threads

of progress, illuminating the path to economic prosperity, enabling instant global
communication, and enhancing healthcare with remarkable breakthroughs. Others
say that when the tapestry unfolds, another thread, one of ethical complexity,
emerges. _____ this thread introduces the intricate moral dilemmas interwoven
with the benefits of technology.

Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition?
A) Granted,
B) Therefore,
C) That is to say,
D) In conclusion,

Reading Writing Question 20

The researchers concluded that because newcomers face less competition, they
are able to survive more often and pass on their genes in their new environment.
__________ the pace of divergent evolution, the process by which populations
within a species become genetically different, slows. In addition, as genes are
passed on, there is an increase in genetic variation which allows species to express
traits that were once rare but are often advantageous, and the species can rely on
diet to survive.

Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition?
A) As a result,
B) That is,
C) That said,
D) Subsequently,

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 Reading Writing Question 21

The modest price increase would probably be unnecessary because increasing

pay at retail businesses increases sales performance. When Professor Zeynep Ton
at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology compared two chains of warehouse
club ____ one with better-than-average pay and benefits and another with lower
employee wages, she found that the average number of sales per employee at the
higher-wage club store was double the number at the lower-wage club store.

Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of

Standard English?
A) stores –
B) stores,
C) store:
D) stores;

Reading Writing Question 22

During the workshop on time management, the instructor emphasizes the

significance of effective ______ it helps individuals allocate their resources wisely
and stay organized, efficient planning is essential to success.

Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of

Standard English?
A) planning: because
B) planning:
C) planning because
D) planning –

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 Reading Writing Question 23

Amidst the turbulence of the 19th century, Southern Wonderland experienced a

surge of revolutions. Notable figures such as Maria Fernandez and Carlos
Rodriguez played pivotal roles during this epoch. Fernandez, originating from
Aequatoria, championed the cause of Southern Wonderland's independence
through two influential political treaties – the Amazonian Accord and the Pampas
Declaration. However, Fernandez's contributions extended beyond the realm of
ink and parchment. She personally led armies against colonial forces, securing the
liberation of three significant Southern Wonderland territories – Veridia (modern-
day Greenia and Bluetopia), Elysia, and Montis (present-day _______ from
dictatorship.

Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of

Standard English?
A) Mountainara,)
B) Mountainara) –
C) Mountainara)
D) Mountainara),

Reading Writing Question 24

Lily Johnson, a semi-autobiographical narrative of a young girl's upbringing in

Barbados, gained substantial critical acclaim in 2003. The author of the ____ had
recently shifted from a career in journalism to venture into the realm of fiction.

Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of

Standard English?
A) book, Trinidad Sigma,
B) book Trinidad Sigma
C) book, Trinidad Sigma
D) book Trinidad Sigma,

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 Reading Writing Question 25

From the early years of her life, the African-American author Kayla Shianne, who
first wrote about the fairness between the white and the black, found herself
immersed in narrative literacy.

Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of

Standard English?
A) author Kayla Shianne
B) author Kayla Shianne,
C) author, Kayla Shianne
D) author, Kayla Shianne,

Reading Writing Question 26

These gentlemen brought their respect for the law with them and proclaimed it
loudly while in the very act of breaking the law. _____ the law of slavery. The law of
free speech and the law for the protection of public meetings they trampled
underfoot, while they greatly magnified the law of slavery. . . .

Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of

Standard English?
A) They were
B) It were
C) Theirs was
D) Theirs were

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 Reading Writing Question 27

The question of where “outer” space begins ________ us because it marks the
borderline between a world where we are protected by Earth and one where we
must fend for ourselves.

Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of

Standard English?
A) intrigues
B) intrigue
C) to intrigue
D) intriguing

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