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Lecture 01

The document discusses the importance of studying mechanical vibrations, which are oscillatory motions in mechanical systems that can lead to energy wastage, fatigue failures, and noise production. It outlines the causes of vibrations, including design, manufacturing, assembly, and operational faults, and emphasizes the need for vibration analysis to diagnose faults and improve system functionality. Additionally, it covers the classification of vibrations and the procedures for vibration analysis, highlighting the significance of understanding vibration theory for mechanical engineers.

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Waleed Nasir
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3 views

Lecture 01

The document discusses the importance of studying mechanical vibrations, which are oscillatory motions in mechanical systems that can lead to energy wastage, fatigue failures, and noise production. It outlines the causes of vibrations, including design, manufacturing, assembly, and operational faults, and emphasizes the need for vibration analysis to diagnose faults and improve system functionality. Additionally, it covers the classification of vibrations and the procedures for vibration analysis, highlighting the significance of understanding vibration theory for mechanical engineers.

Uploaded by

Waleed Nasir
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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School of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering (SMME)

Mechanical Vibrations ME-421

Dr. Mian Ashfaq Ali


Vibration:

Any motion that repeats itself after an interval of time


is called vibration or oscillation.
The swinging of a pendulum and the motion of a
plucked string are typical examples of vibration.
The study of vibration deals with the study of
oscillatory motions of bodies and the forces/energies
associated with them.

Mechanical Vibration: The study of vibration motion


and underlying vibration theories related to mechanical
systems/components/structure in order to design
better systems, diagnose and pinpoint the faults, do the
required maintenance for prolong service life and for
best utilization of the available machinery/equipment.
What’s the need to study vibration ?

The vibration in mechanical systems e.g. Engine


and components e.g. Compressors etc. is called
Mechanical Vibrations
Because mechanical vibrations causes wastage of
useful energy in sustaining vibratory motion.
This also causes oscillating stresses due to
oscillating motion and these cyclic stresses causes
fatigue failures.
Noise production: vibratory motion is always
accompanied by noise.
Vibration can lead to loosening of the mechanical
assemblies e.g Nuts and Bolts
What’s the need to study vibration ?

While working in the noise we can’t concentrate to our


work, Can’t do precise work
Exposure for long period cause human body damage
Vibrating system can be easily detected by the enemy
e.g. submarine; vibration becomes a critical thing
Vibrating machinery can’t be controlled properly e.g.
Vibrating Steering wheel of a car.
Can’t give us the desired functionality, adversely affects
the functionality of a machine e.g. vibrating cutting
tools, Poor surface finish, misaligned hole, mismatched
mating parts
Level of Vibration

Acceptable Level of Vibration: The level of


vibration in the presence of which the
functionality is not adversely affected
Unacceptable Level of Vibration: The level
of vibration in the presence of which the
functionality is adversely affected.
Vibrations are very dangerous especially at
high speeds e.g. 60,000 rpm
Unbalance Force= 𝒎. 𝒓. 𝝎𝟐
𝑚 mass , at radius 𝑟 rotating with 𝜔

5
Factors Responsible for Vibrations

1. Design faults; thickness, length, stiffness


2. Manufacturing faults; rough cutting tool, imprecise machining
3. Assembly faults; loose assemblies, misalignment, wrong size of
screws etc
4. Operational Faults; speeds, lack of lubrication, improper cooling;
excessive loads (5 members family on CD70 bike)
5. Lack of properly trained and skilled operators.
6. Generally, vibrations are majorly produced due to the operating
of machinery by unskilled and untrained personnel
7. Lack of maintenance, lubricants, cooling, alignment,
replacement of worn-out parts members, belts, bearing, bend
shafts,
Important to note: The presence of vibration will show the
presence of mechanical faults
6
Vibration Signature

1. The use of mechanical vibration signals for faults


diagnosis in machinery i.e., a given mechanical
defect causes characteristic vibrations. This is
referred to as vibration signature.
This knowledge enable us to pinpoint the exact
nature of fault in our system.

https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/A-DSP-based-FFT-analyzer-for-the-fault-
diagnosis-of-Betta-Liguori/4166b96eb01bdd97b389f81cd45b78e24ee64c98
7
Vibration from Mechanical Faults
Vibration from Mechanical Faults
Vibration from Mechanical Faults
Vibration from Mechanical Faults
Vibration from Mechanical Faults
Vibration from Mechanical Faults
Applications in Modern Life

14
Importance of the Study of Vibration

Shock absorber is used for comfortable ride by dissipating the energy due to road
disturbance.
Applications
Tacoma Narrows bridge during wind-induced vibration. The bridge opened
on July 1, 1940, and collapsed on November 7, 1940

The literature is full of accounts of system failures brought about by resonance and
excessive vibration of components and systems

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lXyG68_caV4
16
Applications

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iyw4AcZuj5k

17
Applications

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0FeXjhUEXlc
18
Vibration Friend or Foe
Friend Foe

Conveyors, Hoppers, Compactors, RESONANCE


Pneumatic Drills, etc. Similar problems in machine tools,
Washing Machine vehicles, turbines, pumps,
Mechanical Shakers, Mixers, compressors, buildings, aircraft &
Sieves, Sorters, etc. spacecraft systems
Musical Instruments Excessive vibration leads to loosening
Clocks, Watches on parts, noise & eventual failure
Medical Field – Massagers, etc. Effects of vibration on human body:
Discomfort, Fatigue Failure, Loss of
Vibrations as a means of Efficiency
generating mechanical pulses for
some functionality/requirement Sound quality in products
Poor Quality and Control, Wastage of
useful energy

A good understanding underlying theory of vibration is critical for


mechanical engineers
Basic Concepts

Vibration
Any motion that repeats itself after an interval of time
Theory of Vibration
Deals with the study of oscillatory motions of bodies and the forces
associated with them
Vibratory System/ Elements of a Vibrating System
Storing potential energy (spring)
Storing kinetic energy (mass)
Energy dissipation (damper)

✓ only elastic bodies are


capable of vibration
✓ The reason of vibration is the
interchange between
P.E. and K.E.
Basic Concepts (cont’d.)

Degree of Freedom
The minimum number of independent coordinates required
to determine completely the position of all parts of a system
at any instant of time defines the degree of freedom of the
system
Classification
Single Degree of Freedom Systems
Two Degree of Freedom Systems
Three Degree of Freedom Systems
Basic Concepts (cont’d.)
Basic Concepts (cont’d.)
Basic Concepts (cont’d.)
Basic Concepts (cont’d.)

Discrete (Lumped) System


A system that can be describe using a finite number of degree of
freedom

Continuous (distributed)System
A system that can be describe using a infinite number of degree of
freedom

https://www.youtube.com/watc
h?v=cnH2ltfW48U&t=369s
Classification of Vibrations

Free Vibration
A system which after an initial disturbance is left to vibrate on its
own. No external force acts on the system
Forced Vibration
A system subjected to an external force resulting in a vibrating
system
Undamped Vibration
A system where no energy is lost or dissipated in friction or other
resistance during oscillation
Damped Vibration
A system in which any energy is lost or dissipated in friction or
other resistance during oscillation
Classification of Vibrations (Cont’d)

Linear Vibration
A system in which all the basic components of a vibratory system,
spring, mass and damper behave linearly
Nonlinear Vibration
A system in which any of the basic components of a vibratory system,
spring, mass and damper behave non – linearly
Classification of Vibrations (Cont’d)

Deterministic Vibration
A system where value or magnitude of the excitation (force or motion)
acting on a vibratory system is known at any given time
Random Vibration
A system where value or magnitude of the excitation can not be
predicted
Vibration Analysis Procedure

A vibratory system is a dynamic system for which the variables


such as the excitations (inputs) and response (outputs) are time-
dependent. The response of a vibrating system generally
depends on the initial condition as well as the external
excitations.
Predict the behavior under specified input conditions
Consider a simple model of the complex physical model (make a
free-body diagram)
Procedure
1. Mathematical Modeling
2. Derivation of the governing equations
3. Solution of the equations
4. Interpretation of the results
1. Mathematical Modeling

Represent all important features for the purpose


of deriving the mathematical equations governing
the system behavior
Make it as simple as possible
Linear or Nonlinear
Great deal of “engineering judgment”
Sequential: First a crude or elementary model and
then a refined model including more components
and/or details
2. Derivation of the governing equations

Use principle of dynamics and derive the descriptive


equations of a vibration system
The equation of motion is usually in the form of a set
of ordinary differential equations for a discrete system
and partial differential equations for a continuous
system
Linear or Nonlinear
Approaches: Newton’s second law, D’ Alambert’s
principle, and principle of conservation of energy
3. Solution of Governing Equations

Solution of the governing equations


Standard methods of solving differential equations
Ordinary
Partial
Laplace transform methods
Matrix methods
Numerical methods
Computer Simulations using Software
4. Interpretation of the Results

Interpretation of the Results


Displacements
Velocities
Accelerations

▪ Get insights of the problem at hand


▪ Engineers use these graphs and data to approve/modify/reject a given
design of a system.
Modeling a System (Free – Body Diagram)

Basic Elements of a Physical System:


Translational Elements
Modeling a System (Cont’d.)

Rotational Elements
Example: Model the Motorbike for Vibration Analysis

The following figure shows a motor cycle with a rider. Develop a


sequence of three mathematical models of the system for
investigating vibration in the vertical direction. Consider the
elasticity of the tires, elasticity and damping of the strut,
masses of the wheels, and elasticity, damping, and mass of the
rider

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