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Science Guide

The study guide covers essential concepts in physics, chemistry, biology, and environmental science. Key topics include Newton's Laws of Motion, the periodic table, cell types and division, and the greenhouse effect. It also includes examples and equations for calculating force, energy, and balancing chemical reactions.

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rmonish810
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6 views

Science Guide

The study guide covers essential concepts in physics, chemistry, biology, and environmental science. Key topics include Newton's Laws of Motion, the periodic table, cell types and division, and the greenhouse effect. It also includes examples and equations for calculating force, energy, and balancing chemical reactions.

Uploaded by

rmonish810
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Study Guide: Science Essentials

1. Physics

 Newton's Laws of Motion:


1. First Law (Law of Inertia): An object will remain at rest or in uniform motion
unless acted upon by an external force.
2. Second Law: F=maF = maF=ma, where FFF is force, mmm is mass, and aaa is
acceleration.
3. Third Law: For every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction.
 Example: Calculate the force required to accelerate a 5 kg object at 2 m/s22 \,
m/s^22m/s2.

o Solution: F=ma=5×2=10 NF = ma = 5 \times 2 = 10 \, NF=ma=5×2=10N.

 Energy:
o Kinetic Energy: KE=12mv2KE = \frac{1}{2} mv^2KE=21mv2.
o Potential Energy: PE=mghPE = mghPE=mgh.
 Example: Find the kinetic energy of a 10 kg object moving at 3 m/s3 \, m/s3m/s.
o Solution: KE=12×10×32=45 JKE = \frac{1}{2} \times 10 \times 3^2 = 45 \,
JKE=21×10×32=45J.

2. Chemistry

 Periodic Table Basics:


o Elements are arranged by increasing atomic number.
o Groups: Vertical columns, same number of valence electrons.
o Periods: Horizontal rows, same number of electron shells.
 Chemical Reactions:
o Combination Reaction: A+B→ABA + B \to ABA+B→AB.
o Decomposition Reaction: AB→A+BAB \to A + BAB→A+B.
 Example: Balance the equation H2+O2→H2OH_2 + O_2 \to H_2OH2+O2→H2O.
o Solution: 2H2+O2→2H2O2H_2 + O_2 \to 2H_2O2H2+O2→2H2O.

 Acids and Bases:


o Acids release H+H^+H+ ions in water (e.g., HClHClHCl).
o Bases release OH−OH^-OH− ions in water (e.g., NaOHNaOHNaOH).
o pH scale: Measures acidity or alkalinity (0-14).
3. Biology

 Cell Basics:
o Prokaryotic Cells: No nucleus, e.g., bacteria.
o Eukaryotic Cells: Have a nucleus, e.g., plant and animal cells.
 Cell Division:
o Mitosis: Division into two identical cells.
o Meiosis: Division into four cells with half the chromosome number.

 Human Digestive System:


o Organs: Mouth → Esophagus → Stomach → Small Intestine → Large Intestine
→ Anus.
o Enzymes:
 Amylase: Breaks down carbohydrates.
 Pepsin: Breaks down proteins.
 Lipase: Breaks down fats.

 Photosynthesis:
o Process by which plants make food using sunlight.
o Equation:
6CO2+6H2O→LightC6H12O6+6O26CO_2 + 6H_2O \xrightarrow{\text{Light}}
C_6H_{12}O_6 + 6O_26CO2+6H2OLightC6H12O6+6O2.

4. Environmental Science

 Greenhouse Effect:
o Warming of Earth due to trapping of heat by greenhouse gases (e.g.,
CO2CO_2CO2, CH4CH_4CH4).
 Renewable Energy:
o Solar, wind, hydroelectric, and geothermal energy.

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