UNDERSTANDING THE SELF  Augustine agreed that man is of a bifurcated Gilbert Ryle - “I ACT, THEREFORE I AM.

” PSYCHOSEXUAL STAGES
nature
MODULE 1: THE SELF FROM VARIOUS PHILOSOPHICAL  Philosophical principles, “I am doubting,  Solves the mind-body dichotomy  Oral – birth to 1 ½ years old
PERSPECTIVES therefore I am.”  what truly matters is the behavior that a person  Anal – 1 ½ to 3 years old
manifests in his day-to-day life  Phallic – 3 to 6 years old
Processing St. Thomas Aquinas - “THE SOUL IS WHAT ANIMATES  Latency – 6 years old to puberty
Self-Awareness happens through reflection. You can Maurice Merleau-Ponty - “THE SELF IS EMBODIED
THE BODY; IT IS WHAT MAKES US HUMANS.”  Genital – puberty to death
have numerous experiences in your life, but still lack SUBJECTIVITY.”
self-awareness. You need to take the time to step  Man is composed of two parts: matter and form MODULE 2: THE SELF, SOCIETY, and CULTURE
outside of your experiences and reflect on them.  Matter, or hyle in Greek, refers to the “common  The mind and body are so intertwined that they
stuff” that makes up everything in the universe. cannot be separated from one another THE SELF
History of Philosophy CHARACTERISTICS OF THE SELF
 “Man’s body is part of this matter. Form on the John Locke - “THE SELF IS CONSCIOUSNESS.”
is replete with men and women who inquired into the
other hand, or morphe in Greek refers to the
fundamental nature of self. Along with the question of  Separate - it is meant that the self is distinct from
the primary substratum that defines the multiplicity of
“essence of a substance or thing.”  Self is comparable to “tabula rasa", an empty other selves. The self is always unique and has its
the things in the world, the inquiry on the self has space own identity.
Rene Descartes - “I THINK, THEREFORE I AM.”
preoccupied the earliest thinkers in the history of  Sense data are further categorized by Locke  Self contained and independent - itself it can
philosophy: the Greeks.  Father of Modern Philosophy, conceived of the according to primary qualities such as numbers, exist. Its distinctness allows it to be self-contained
human person as having a body and a mind. solidity, figure, motion, among others, and also with its own thoughts, characteristics, and
THE SELF FROM VARIOUS PHILOSOPHICAL  His famous, cogito ergo sum, “I think therefore, I secondary qualities such as color, odor, volition. It does not require any other self for it to
PERSPECTIVES am.” temperature and all other elements that are exist.
 Two distinct entities: the cogito, the thing that distinguishable by the subjective individual.  Consistent - it has a personality that is enduring
Socrates - “AN UNEXAMINED LIFE IS NOT WORTH
LIVING” thinks, which is the mind, and the extenza or Paul Churchland - “THE SELF IS THE BRAIN.” and therefore can be expected to persist for quite
extension of the mind, which is the body. some time. Its consistency allows it to be studied,
 More concerned with another subject, the  “Eliminative materialism” which brings forth described, and measured.
David Hume - “THERE IS NO SELF.” neuroscience into the fore of understanding the  Unitary - it is the center of all experiences and
problem of the self
 He was the first philosopher who ever engaged in  Empiricism is the school of thought that espouses self thoughts that run through a certain person. It is
a systematic questioning about self the idea that knowledge can only be possible if it  This position is a direct attack against folk like the chief command post in an individual
 Every man is composed of body and soul is sensed and experienced psychology where all processes, emotions, and thoughts
(dualistic) converge.
 He finds that they can all be categorized into two: Sigmund Freud - “THE SELF IS MULTILAYERED.”  Private - Each person sorts out information,
impressions and ideas
Plato - “THE SELF IS AN IMMORTAL SOUL” feelings and emotions, and thought processes
 Impressions are the basic objects of our  Father of Psychology
within the self. This whole process is never
 Supported the idea that man is dual nature of the experience or sensation  Holds that the self consists of three layers accessible to anyone but the self.
body and soul  Ideas are copies of impressions
 There are three components of the soul: the  “A bundle or collection of different perceptions, THREE LAYERS OF THE SELF THE SELF AND CULTURE
rational soul, the spirited soul, and the appetitive which succeed each other with an inconceivable
 Conscious Level – Thoughts and Perceptions  French Anthropologist Marcel Mauss has an
soul. rapidity, and are in a perpetual flux and
 Preconscious Level – Memories, Stored explanation for this phenomenon.
 Plato emphasizes that justice in the human person movement”
Knowledge
can only be attained if the three parts of the soul  self has two faces: personne and moi.
Immanuel Kant - “WE CONSTRUCT THE SELF.”  Unconscious Level – Fears, Violent Motives,  Moi refers to person’s sense of who he is, his
are working harmoniously with one another.
Immoral Urges, Selfish needs, Irrational wishes, body, and his basic identity, his biological
Aristotle - “THE SOUL IS THE ESSENCE OF THE SELF”  The self is a unifying subject Shameful experiences, Unacceptable Sexual givenness. Moi is a person’s basic identity.
 Apparatuses of the mind goes the “self.” Desires
 Personne is composed of the social concepts of
 Believes that the soul is merely a set of defining  Ideas that one cannot find in the world, but it is
STRUCTURES OF PERSONALITY what it means to be who he is. Personne has
features and does not consider the body and soul built in our minds
much to do with what it means to live in a
as separate entities  The self is not just what gives one his personally
 ID – pleasure particular institution, a particular family, a
 He suggests that anything with life has a soul but it is also the seat of knowledge acquisition for
 EGO – reality particular religion, a particular nationality, and
all human persons
St. Augustine - “THE SELF HAS AN IMMORTAL SOUL”  SUPER EGO – morality how to behave given expectations and influences
from others.
THE SELF AND THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE SOCIAL persons are one of those beings whose importance CARL ROGERS 2 TYPES OF SELF AWARENESS
WORLD of family cannot be denied. (WHEN WE ARE AWARE OF OUR SELF-CONCEPTS)
 CONCEPT OF SELF SCHEMA - organized system of
MEAD AND VYGOTSKY GENDER AND THE SELF collection of knowledge about who we are  Private Self – your internal standards and private
 PERSON CENTERED THEORY - conception of self thoughts and feelings.
 The way that human persons develop is with the  Gender is one of those loci of the self that is “real self, ideal self”  Public Self – your public self or your public image
use of language acquisition and interaction with subject to alteration, change, and development. commonly geared toward having a good
others. We have seen in the past years how people fought KAREN HORNEY presentation of yourself to others.
hard for the right to express, validate, and assert
MEAD 3 STAGES OF DEVELOPMENT OF SELF their gender expression. However, from the point-  She believe that everyone experiences basic 3 OTHER SELF-SCHEMAS
of-view of the social sciences and the self, it is anxiety through which we experience conflict and
 STAGE 1: The Preparatory Stage strive to cope and employ tension reduction  Actual – is who you great the moment
important to give one the leeway to find, express,
The preparatory stage starts from the time we approaches.  Ideal – Is who you like to be
and live his identity.
are born until we are about age two. In this  FEMININE PSYCHOLOGY  Ought – is who you think you should be
stage, children mimic those around them. This is MODULE 3: THE SELF AS COGNITIVE CONSTRUCT  “ideal self” – Imaginary picture of the self. Think
why parents of young children typically do not like superhero. Self – esteem - own positive or negative perception
want you to use foul language around them THE SELF AS COGNITIVE CONSTRUCT  “actual self” – The person one is in everyday life.
(Rath, 2016). Social Comparison Theory - we learn about ourselves,
 Cognitive Construction  “real self” - It is the part of ourselves where we
 STAGE 2: The Play Stage feel, think, look and act involving our self-image.
the appropriateness of our behavior, as well as our
 From about age two to six, children are in the  a cognitive approach that focuses on the mental social status by comparing aspects of ourselves with
play stage. During the play stage, children play processes rather than the observable behavior. SIGMUND FREUD other people
pretend and do not adhere to the rules in an  “Self”
 sense or personal identity and of who we are as  “INSTINCTS”, “REALITY”, “MORALITY” SELF EVALUATION MAINTENANCE THEORY
organized games like patintero or hide n’ seek
and others. individuals  PSYCHOANALYTIC THEORY
 We can feel threatened when someone out
 STAGE 3: The Game Stage  “ID” - Instincts - Evil
WILLIAM JAMES - 2 ASPECTS performs us especially if that someone is close
 From age seven onwards, children can begin to  “Ego” – Reality - Individual
tour.
understand and adhere to the rules of the   “Super Ego” – Morality - Angel
“I” - thinking, acting and feeling self  However, in the attempt to increase or maintain
games. They can begin to play more formalized  “Me” - physical characteristics as well as self-esteem, some people become narcissistic.
MULTIPLE VS. UNIFIED SELVES
games because they begin to understand other psychological capabilities that makes you who you
people’s perspective-or the perspective of the are  Multiple Selves NARCISSISM
generalized other.  capacities we carry within us from multiple
WILLIAM JAMES - 3 COMPONENTS  trait characterized by overly high self-esteem, self-
relationship or created
THE LOOKING-GLASS SELF: OUR SENSE OF SELF IS admiration and self-centeredness.
INFLUENCED BY OTHERS’ VIEWS OF US  Material - consists of the things that belong to us  Unified Selves
or that we belong to.  well being comes when our personality ERIK ERIKSON
The concept of the looking-glass self states that part of dynamics are congruent, cohesive &
 Social - our social selves are who we are in a given
how we see ourselves comes from our perception of consistent  Psychological Stages of Development
social situation.
how others see us (Cooley, 1902).  Spiritual - more concrete or permanent than the TRUE VS. FALSE SELVES
According to the American sociologist Charles Horton other two selves. The spiritual self is our subjective
Cooley (1864-1929), the degree of personal insecurity and most intimate self. THE SELF AS PROACTIVE AND AGENTIC
you display in social situations is determined by what IDENTITY  Gordon Allport “Personality Traits”
you believe other people think of you.
 Albert Bandura “Social Cognitive Theory”
 composed of personal characteristics, social roles  George Herbert Mead “Symbolic Interactionism”
SELF IN FAMILIES &responsibilities (affiliations that define who one
 The kind of family that we are born in, the is) Self interaction and group affiliation, therefore, are vital
resources available to us (human, spiritual, factors in creating our self-concept especially in the
SELF CONCEPT aspect or providing us with out social identity or our
economic), and the kind of development that we
perception of who we are based on our membership to
will have will certainly affect us as we go through  basically comes to your mind when you are asked
life. As a matter of evolutionary fact, human certain groups.
about who you are
MODULE 4: THE SELF IN WESTERN AND EASTERN HINDUISM  Moral character is perfected by continuously taking  Environment – the factors an individual is exposed
THOUGHTS “THE LAW OF KARMA IS THE MOST IMPORTANT every opportunity to improve oneself in thought to throughout life
DOCTRINE OF HINDUISM” and action  Chromosomes – thread like tissues that the genes (
WESTERN CONCEPT OF SELF  CONFUCIUS true carrier of traits)usually in pairs (22 pairs
 VEDANTA – HINDU CONCEPT OF SELF  “GOLDEN RULE” autosomes and 1 pair sex)
 Bounded, unique, more or less integrated  BRAHMAN – ABSOLUTE REALITY
motivational and cognitive universe, a dynamic  Do not do to other what you would not want  dominant traits
 ATMAN – SOUL OR SPIRIT others do to you  recessive traits
center of awareness, emotion, judgment, and  SHIVA - “GOD OF DESTRUCTION”
action organized into a distinctive whole and set TAOISM THEORIES OF PHYSICAL SELF
contrastively both against other such wholes and BUDDHISM
against its social and natural background  The self is an extension of the cosmos, not of social  five element theory - ( water, wood, fire, earth and
 BUDH – root word of buddhism; means awake relationship metal elements)
FOUR ASPECTS  FOUR NOBLE TRUTHS 
 YINYANG (symbol of taoism) body fluids - ( sanguine, melancholic, choleric and
 Life is suffering  TAO - commonly regarded as nature phlegmatic)
 WESTERN SELF AS:
 Suffering is cause by attachment to desires  body – type theory (endomorphic, mesomorphic
 ANALYTIC
 Suffering can be eliminated MODULE 5: THE PHYSICAL AND SEXUAL SELF and ectomorphic type)
 MONOTHEISTIC
 Elimination of suffering through the practice Unpacking the self is a gradual unfolding, a growth  The wisdom of your face - ( oval shaped, square
 INDIVIDUALISTIC
of eightfold path process, in which the aspects that surround the self and shaped, heart shaped, long shaped, triangle
 MATERIALISTIC & RATIONALISTIC
identity develop in an integrated and healthy way. shaped, diamond shaped,
EIGHT FOLD PATHS
EASTERN CONCEPT OF SELF
Sequential Stages of Development CONCEPT OF BODY IMAGE
 Right View
 Philosophy and Religion are twisted together  Right Aspiration  Prenatal – 270 days, 38 to 40 weeks or 9 months  refers to the person’s perception of the level of
 Pluralistic but shared the same goal – to teach how  Right Speech  zygote B. embryo C. fetus attractiveness of his/her body or it can be
to become a perfect person  Right Action  Infancy – first two weeks or 14 days somebody’s own impression of how his or her body
THE SELF IN FOUR GREAT SYSTEMS OF EASTERN  Right Livelihood  Babyhood – end of two weeks to 2 years old looks.
THOUGHT  Right Efforts  Early childhood – 2 to 6/7 years old
 Right Mindfulness  Late childhood – 6/7 to 10 to 12 years old CONCEPT OF BEAUTY
 HINDUISM  Puberty - 10 to 12 years old

FIVE PARTS:  Inner beauty – inner qualities of the person
BUDDHISM  Early adolescence – 12 to 16/17 years old
 External beauty – physical characteristics of
 The self is seen as an illusion, born out of  Matter  Late adolescence – 17 to 21 years old the person (examples: Body beautiful and k
ignorance, of trying to hold and control things,  Sensation  Early adulthood – 21 to 40 years old pop idols)
or human-centered needs; thus, the self is  Perception  Middle adulthood – 40 to 60 years old
also the source of all these sufferings (Ho, 
 Mental Constructs Late adulthood/senescence (old age) – 60 to INFLUENCE OF MEDIA ON THE ADOLESCENT’S
1995).
 Consciousness before death UNDERSTANDING OF BEAUTY AND ON SELF ESTEEM
 CONFUCIANISM
 can be seen as a code of ethical conduct, of SIDDHARTA GAUTAMA PHYSICAL SELF  Magazines have the strongest negative relationship
how one should properly act according to “FOUNDER OF BUDDHISM” with the weight of the respondents; and, proposed
their relationship with other people; thus, it is  an important component in the study of the that measures such as media awareness seminars
also focused on having a harmonious social Every person has the seed of enlightenment, hence person’s self and identity. Our body is the way and screening and balancing of commercials and
life (Ho, 1995). potential to be a Buddha through which we make sense of the world and our advertisements on television and magazines are
 TAOISM environment. We experience life through our needed to balance the effects of media on
CONFUCIANISM bodies and senses (sight, smell, touch, etc.),
 living in the way of the Tao or the universe. adolescents.
However, Taoism rejects having one definition allowing us to interpret the world around us.
 5 CARDINAL RELATIONSHIPS SEXUAL SELF
of what the Tao is, and one can only state  Between ruler and subject 2 FACTORS AFFECTING PHYSICAL GROWTH AND
clues of what it is as they adopt a free-flowing,  Between father and son  the part of yourself where you learn and understand your
DEVELOPMENT
relative, unitary, as well as paradoxical view of  Between husband and wife sexual development and how people’s sexual activity,
almost everything.  Between brothers  Heredity – transmission of traits from parents to beliefs, misconceptions and unlimited access from the
 Between friends offspring though Reproduction internet on sex can influence your own sexual behaviors
and responses.
SEXUAL DEVELOPMENT NERVOUS SYSTEM FACTORS especially among young people ages 15 – 24  Vaginal ring - surrounds the cervix
years.  Subdermal implants – two rods like implants
 Sexual development can be predicted as part of the  a significant role during sexual response. The  Syphilis - It is a bacterial infection that usually inserted under the skin of the female during
human development but not everyone is expected autonomic system is involved in controlling the spread sexual contact. The disease starts as a her menstruation
to have the same pattern of changes or the same involuntary responses. In the presence of a painless sore – typically on your genital,  Hormonal injections
pacing. stimulus capable enough of initiating a sexual rectum or mouth.  Interuterine device – small, T-shaped object
response, the efferent cerebrospinal nerves  Chancroid - caused by infection with the inserted into the uterus
HUMAN REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM transmit the sensory message to the brain. The bacterium Haemophilus ducreyi which bring  Chemical barriers – used to cause the death
brain will interpret the sensory message and about open sores (ulcers) and inguinal of sperms
 Pseudohermaphrodites - are formed, these are
dictate what will be the immediate and appropriate lymphadenopathy or buboes on or around the  Diaphragm – circular, rubber disk that fits the
individuals having accessory reproductive
response of the body. genitals of men and women. cervix
structures that do not “match” their gonads, while
 Hypothalamus and the limbic system - are the  Human papillamovirus (HPV) - Infection  Cervical cap – made of soft rubber
true
parts of the brain believed to be responsible for occurs when the virus enters your body,  Male condoms – latex or synthetic rubber
 Hermaphrodites - are individuals who possess both
regulating the sexual response, but there is no usually through a cut, abrasion or small tear in sheath
ovarian and testicular tissues but this condition is
specialized “sex center” that has been located in your skin.  Female condoms
rare in nature.
the human brain.  Herpes simplex virus (HSV) trichomoniasis -  Surgical methods – vasectomy (males) and
 Cryptorchidism - descend to enter the scrotum. If
this normal event fails. This condition usually infection that causes herpes. Herpes can tubal ligation(females)
SEXUAL PROBLEMS
occurs in young males and causes sterility. appear in various parts of the body, most
commonly on the genitals, buttocks or anal MODULE 6: TO BUY OR NOT TO BUY? THAT IS THE
 Phimosis - which is due to a narrowing of the  Physiological problems- least among the three
area, and mouth (or face). QUESTION!
foreskin of the male reproductive structure and categories
misplaced urethral openings.  Psychological problems – comprise by far the  Trichomoniasis - infection with anaerobic
MATERIAL SELF
largest category flagellated protozoan parasite called
EROGENOUS ZONES  Sexually transmitted diseases – infections Trichomonas vaginalis that can affect the  A Harvard psychologist in the late nineteenth
transmitted from an infected person to an female urethra, vagina and paraurethral century, William James, wrote in his book, The
 parts of the body that are primarily receptive & glands and the male urethra and underneath Principles of Psychology in 1890 that understanding
uninfected person through sexual contact
increase sexual arousal when touched in a sexual the foreskin. the self can be examined through its different
manner. PHYSIOLOGICAL PROBLEMS components.
 ex. mouth, breasts, genitals, anus. Others neck, NATURAL & ARTIFICIAL METHODS OF CONTRACEPTION
 (1) its constituents;
thighs, abdomen & feet  vaginal infection
 NATURAL METHODS  (2) the feelings and emotions they arouse – self–
 retroverted uteri
HUMAN SEXUAL BEHAVIOR  Abstinence – refraining from sexual feelings;
 prostatitis
intercourse  (3) the actions to which they prompt- self- seeking
 adrenal tumors
 any activity - solitary, between two persons or in a  Calendar method – also known as rhythm and self-preservation.
 diabetes
group that induces sexual arousal.  senile changes of vagina method; withholding from coitus during the
 TYPES OF BEHAVIOR: THE CONSTITUENTS OF SELF ARE COMPOSED OF:
 cardiovascular problems fertility period
 Solitary behavior – self-gratification  premature emission of semen  Basal body temp – indicates the woman’s  Material self
 Sociosexual behavior – one male and one  ejaculatory impotence temp at rest  primarily is about our bodies, clothes, immediate
female  vaginismus  Cervical mucus method – change in the family and home. We are deeply affected by
cervical mucus during ovulation these things because we have put much
PHYSIOLOGY OF HUMAN SEXUAL RESPONSE SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASE (STD)  Symptothermal method – combination of investment of our self to them.
BBT & cervical mucus method 
 Excitement phase – caused by increase in pulse &  HIV or AIDS - HIV is a retrovirus that causes
Social self
 Ovulation detection – uses an over the
blood pressure AIDS and it is preventable and manageable  Spiritual self
counter kit that requires the urine sample of
 Plateau phase – generally of brief duration but not curable.  Pure ego.
the woman
 Sexual climax – marked by feeling of abrupt,  Chlamydia - It is caused by a bacteria called  Coitus interruptus – oldest method WE ARE WHAT WE HAVE
intense pleasure, a rapid increase in pulse rate & Chlamydia trachomatis. Women can get  ARTIFICIAL METHODS
blood pressure chlamydia in the cervix, rectum, or throat.  Oral contraceptives – pill, oral contraceptives  Russel Belk (1988) posits that “we regard our
 Resolution phase – returning to a normal or  Gonorrhea - infection with the bacterium  Transdermal patch – both estrogen & possessions as part of ourselves. We are what we
subnormal physiologic state Neisseria gonorrhoeae. It is very common have and what we possess.” The identification of
progesterone
 the self to things started in our infancy stage when  Ritual as a system of symbolic acts that is based FINDING AND CREATING THE MEANING OF LIFE FILIPINO VALUES AND TRAITS
we make a distinction among self and environment upon arbitrary rules. Participation to rituals is
and others who may desire our possessions. expressions of religious beliefs  Dr. Viktor E. Franki – born on March 26, 1905 in  Filipino Hospitality
Vienna, Austria, published a book about  Filipinos welcome their guests and tourists as if
PHILOSOHY OF DRESS 3 FUNDAMENTAL CHARACTERISTICS “Logotherapy” (man’s primary motivational force they are their own brothers and sisters; they
is search for meaning; aids individuals to find always make their guests feel at home, offering
By Herman Lotze, James believed that clothing is an  A feeling or emotion of respect, awe, fascination or personal meaning of life situation they may be” them something to eat, or even a place to stay.
essential part of the material self. Lotze in his book, dread  Respect for Elders
Microcosmus, stipulates that “any time we bring an  Dependence upon belief system BASIC CONCEPTS OF FRANKLIAN PSYCHOLOGY  Filipinos greet their elders by kissing their hand
object into the surface of our body, we invest that  Symbolic in relation to its reference while saying “Mano po!” and constantly using
object into the consciousness of our personal existence  Life has meaning under all circumstances
“po” and “opo” in conversations. Forgetting to
taking in its contours to be our own and making it part SOME RELIGIOUS BELIEFS AND PRACTICES  Main motivation for living is our will to find
address older people properly will regard them
of the self.” (Watson 2014) meaning in life
 Buddhism – believes that life is not a bed of roses, as rude and impolite.
 Freedom to find meaning
MODULE 7: THE SPIRITUAL SELF instead there are suffering, pain and frustrations.  Close Family Ties
 become aware of spiritual resources
 Two types of meditation practices: samantha  They are also fond of family reunions during
 make conscious spiritual resources
THE SPIRIT AND THE SOUL and vipassana birthdays, holidays, or fiestas year-round.
 use “defiant power of the human spirit” and
 Major celebrations: Parinirvana Day; Buddha Some Filipino families even opt to live in a big
Spirit – (Hebrew) ruach or (Greek) pneuma means stand up against adversity
Day; Dharma Day; Padmasambhava Day and house where everyone can stay together.
breath (breath of life)  Cheerful Personality
Sangha Day LOGOTHERAPY ASSUMPTIONS
 Christianity - believe in Trinitarian God (three  They smile when they are happy, or
 disposition of an individual
personas : God The Father, God The Son and God  The human being is an entity consisting of body sometimes even when they are sad or angry.
 a person’s habitual attitudes
the Holy Spirit and mind, and spirit. Smiling has been a coping strategy for many
 as man’s supernatural power which comes from
 The Holy Bible is a selection of books, divided  Life has meaning under all circumstances, even the Filipinos especially during trying times and
God
into two : old and new testament miserable. calamities.
Soul - (Hebrew) nephesh or (Greek)npsyche - “throat or  Sacrament of Baptism and Sacrament of  People have a will to meaning.  Self-sacrifice
neck” - “human life” Communion  People have freedom under all circumstances to  They wish comfort and better lives for their
 Major celebrations : Christmas, Resurrection activate the will to find meaning. loved ones and would even go to the extent of
 the animating principle of human nature  Hinduism – believe that existence is a cycle of  Life has a demand quality to which people must working abroad hundreds of miles away to
 will, mind, the seat of emotion, conscience birth, death and rebirth governed by KARMA respond if decisions are to be meaningful. earn more money and save up for them.
(reincarnated life will depend on how past life was  The individual is unique.  Bayanihan
RELIGION – as a set of cultural beliefs and practices that
spent)  It is also about giving without expecting
usually includes some or all of basic characteristics: FRANKI’S SOURCES OF MEANING
 Sacred scriptures – Vedas something in return. Filipinos are always ready
 A belief in anthropomorphic supernatural being  Two important texts - Mahabharata and to share and help their friends and loved ones
 Purposeful Work who are in need.
 A focus on sacred supernatural Ramayana  Courage in the Face of Difficulty
 The presence of supernatural power or energy  Major celebrations : Diwali and Navrati  “BAHALA NA” Attitude
 Love  Bahala na” is the Filipino version of the
 The performance of ritual activities  Islam – believe in Allah (One God) unity and
 The articulation of worldview and moral codes university of God (ummah) MODULE 8 : THE POLITICAL SELF AND BEING FILIPINO famous line “Hakuna Matata,” meaning no
 Provide the creation and maintenance of social  “willing submission to God” Technically, according to the 1978 Philippine worries. The phrase is said to have originated
bonds and mechanisms of social control within a  Mohammed is the last prophet sent by God, Constitution, Filipino citizens are”…those whose fathers from “Bathala na,” where Bathala means God,
community born in Mecca; Holy book is or mothers are citizens of the Philippines, those born and the phrase meaning leaving everything
 Quran; 5 pillars: Shahadah, Salat, Zakat, Hajj before January 17, 1973, of Filipino mothers, who elect into God’s hands.
RITUAL and Sawm( Eidul-Fitr and Eidul Adha) Philippine citizenship upon reaching the age of majority,  Colonial Mentality
 Judaism – believe in the God of Abraham believe in and those who are naturalized in accordance with law.”  regarded as the lack of patriotism and the
 the performance of ceremonial act prescribed by a attitude where Filipinos favor foreign products
the coming of Messiah, the Savior; sacred scripture
tradition or sacred law more than their own.
is the Torah or the Law (guide of the Jewish living)
 Specific, observable mode of behavior exhibited by  Mañana Habit
 Major celebrations : Rosh Hashanah, Yorn
all societies  It was derived from a longer Filipino phrase
Kippur, Pesach, Shavout and Sukkot
 As way of defining or describing humans called “Mamaya na” meaning dawdling things,
 which could have been done at an earlier HOW TO BE A GOOD FILIPINO? “DISINHIBITION EFFECT” MODULE 10: LEARNING TO BE A BETTER LEARNER
time.
 “Ningas Kugon”  Be an active Filipino citizen  One of the reasons for so much sharing and self- LEARNING
 Filipino term for Cogon grass that easily burns  Study the Philippine history disclosure online; the lack of face to face gaze-
 Support local products meeting, together with feelings of anonymity and  relatively permanent change in behavior as a result
out after it is put into flames. Ningas kugon
 Speak the Filipino language invisibility, gives people the freedom for self- of practice or experiences
refers to the attitude of eagerly starting things
 Do not spread fake news and be democratic in disclosure but can also ”flame” others and may  acquisition of knowledge, skills and attitudes
but quickly losing eagerness soon after
engaging with dissent cause conflict sometimes. This causes people to through experiences
experiencing difficulty.
believe that they are able to express their “true  transformational process that leads to personal
 Pride
MODULE 9: WHO AM I IN THE CYBERWORLD? self” better online than they ever could in face-to- growth and development
 When two parties are not in good terms, they
find it so hard to apologize and wait until the face contexts (Taylor 2020)
DIGITAL SELF - aspect of the self that is expressed or WHAT HAPPENS IN THE BRAIN DURING LEARNING
other party asks for an apology first. shared with others through online interactions on the ACCORDING TO FAUCAULT (1998)
 Crab Mentality internet, specifically in social networking sites
 they pull each other down and ruin each  confession, along with contemplation, self-
other‘s reputation rather than bringing them ONLINE IDENTITY & PERSONA examination, learning, reading and writing self-
up, resulting to no progress. critical letters to friends, are a part of the
 Filipino Time  Online identity is actually the sum of all our “technologies of the self” through which we seek
 Filipinos have this common attitude of arriving characteristics and our interactions to purge and cleanse ourselves.
late at commitments, dinner, or parties  Partial identity is a subset of characteristics that
especially if they are meeting someone close make up our identity GENDER AND SEXUALITY ONLINE
to them. They tend to not observe punctuality  Persona is the partial identity we create that
altogether. represents ourselves in a specific situation  Sex – biological state that corresponds to what we
might call a “man” or a “woman”
FILIPINO MARKERS SELECTIVE SELF-PRESERVATION & IMPRESSION  Gender – social understanding of how sex should
MANAGEMENT be experienced and how sex manifests in behavior,
 Proverbs or Salawikain personality, preferences, capabilities and so forth, NEUROPLASTICITY – the ability of the brain to change
 are sayings that conveys lessons and  SELF-PRESENTATION masculine or feminine. throughout one’s life; involves the addition,
reflections on Filipino practices, beliefs and  the process of controlling how one is  Sexuality – is an individual expression and interconnection and reorganization of neurons &
traditions. perceived by other people and is they key to understanding of desire; viewed as binary information processing areas
 Superstitions relationship inception and development (heterosexual or homosexual), in reality, it is often
 superstitions passed down from generation to  To construct positive images, individuals experienced as fluid.
SYNAPSE/S – junction/interconnection of neurons
generation. Some of these may be influenced selectively provide information about them
and carefully cater this information in NEURONS – basic building blocks of the nervous system
by beliefs from other cultures , but Filipinos IMPORTANCE OF DIGITAL TECHNOLOGY
have retold these superstitions according to response to other’s feedback. NEUROTRANSMITTERS – the electro chemicals that
their own experiences and they sometimes  Individual survival and communication with other
PERSONAL IDENTITY connect & allow the transmission of impulses from one
end up even more interesting. people
neuron to another.
 Myths and Legends  Development of the society
 The interpersonal level of self which differentiates
 These stories are aimed to explain the origin the individual as unique from others METACOGNITION
DATA PRIVACY ACT
of things, at the same time, teach a valuable
 “thinking about thinking”
lesson . Some of these stories stemmed in pre- SOCIAL IDENTITY  The act states that: It is the policy of the State to
Christianity period, but have evolved to the  awareness of the scope and limitations of your
protect the fundamental human right of privacy, of
stories we know know today.  the level of self whereby the individual is identified current knowledge and skills
communication while ensuring free flow of
 Heroes and Icons by his or her group memberships  also includes keeping one’s emotions and
information to promote innovation and growth.
 Heroes serve as a reminder of true patriotism motivations while learning in check
FEAR OF MISSING OUT The State recognizes the vital role of information
and nationalism as they have sacrificed their and communications technology in nation-building 2 ASPECTS:
lives for the sake of their country’s freedom  People would like to remain updated and they and its inherent obligation to ensure that personal
and progress. keep on sharing themselves online because it adds information in information and communications  SELF-APPRAISAL - your personal reflection on your
a sense of confidence at their end especially if systems in the government and in the private knowledge and capabilities
others like and share their posts. sector are secured and protected.
 SELF-MANAGEMENT – mental process you employ MODULE 11: DO NOT JUST DREAM, MAKE IT HAPPEN ALBERT E. BANDURA’S SELF-EFFICACY FOUR MAIN SOURCES OF INFLUENCE BY WHICH A
using what have in planning and adapting to SETTING GOALS FOR SUCCESS PERSON’S SELF-EFFICACY IS DEVELOPED AND
successfully learn or accomplish a certain task THE BOBO DOLL EXPERIMENT MAINTAINED
GOALS
ELEMENTS OF METACOGNITION  the sample children were presented with new  PERFORMANCE ACCOMPLISHMENTS OR MASTERY
 the object toward which the behavior is directed, social models of violent and nonviolent behavior EXPERIENCES
 METACOGNITIVE KNOWLEDGE usually within a specified period of time toward an inflatable redounding Bobo doll. The  most effective ways to create a strong sense of

Or what you know about how you think  simply as what the individual is consciously trying result were: the group of children who saw the efficacy
 METACOGNITION REGULATION to do violent behavior model became violent to the  VICARIOUS EXPERIENCES
 Or how you adjust your thinking processes to  two categories: short term goals and long term doll, while the control group who was presented  degree of similarity between the observer and
help you learn better goals with the nonviolent behavior model was rarely the model
violent to the doll.  VERBAL OR SOCIAL PERSUASION
VARIABLES (METACOGNITIVE KNOWLEDGE) FACTORS WHICH MAY INFLUENCE GOALS
SOCIAL LEARNING THEORY  a way of strengthening people’s belief that they
 PERSONAL VARIABLE – which is your evaluation of VALUES have what it takes to succeed
your strengths and weaknesses in learning  that focuses on what people learn from  PHYSIOLOGICAL (SOMATIC AND EMOTIONAL)
 TASK VARIABLE – which is what you know or what  gives direction to behavior observing and interacting with other people. STATES
you think about the nature of the task, as well as  considers personally important and worthy
 basis for what is desirable, correct, and good SOCIAL COGNITIVE THEORY CAROL S. DWECK’S FIXED AND GROWTH MINDSET
what strategies the task requires
THEORY
 STRATEGY VARIABLE – what strategies or skills you  that people are active participants in their
NEED
already have in dealing with certain tasks environment and are not simply shaped by that PEOPLE WITH TWO TYPES OF MINDSET
 also activate and direct behavior environment.
In order to make self-appraisal and self-management  People who believe that success is based on
 aroused motivation (directs a person’s behavior
work, you must have an accurate OUTCOME EXPECTANCY their innate abilities have a “fixed” theory of
toward goal)
intelligence, and goes under fixed mindset
 SELF-ASSESSMENT - you must be honest about you  a person’ s estimate that a given behavior will
TWO CLASSIFICATIONS OF NEEDS  People who believe that success is based on
know and capable of in order to find ways to utilize lead to certain outcomes. hardwork, learning , training and perseverance
your strengths and improve your weaknesses.  PHYSIOLOGICAL NEEDS have growth theory of intelligence, which goes
innate needs of the body EFFICACY EXPECTATION
FOUR TYPES OF METACOGNITIVE LEARNERS under growth mindset
such as food, water, air, sleep and sex  the conviction that one can successfully execute
 TACIT LEARNERS – unaware of their metacognitive  PSYCHOLOGICAL NEEDS the behavior required to produce the outcomes.
FIXED MINDSET
processes although they know their extent of their  arise from relationship with other people
 individuals dread failure because it is a negative
knowledge  such as affiliation, achievement, altruism, SELF-EFFICACY
statement on their basic abilities, while growth-
 AWARE LEARNERS – know some of their esteem and status
 typically comes into play when there is an actual mindset individuals do not mind or fear failure as
metacognitive strategies but they do not plan on much because they realize their performance can
DRIVE-REDUCTION THEORY or perceived threat to one’s personal safety or
how to use these techniques be improved and learning comes from failure.
one’s ability to deal with potentially aversive
 STRATEGIC LEARNERS – strategize and plan their  humans are motivated to satisfy needs in order to events.
course of action toward a learning experience maintain homeostasis/equilibrium INDIVIDUALS WITH GROWTH MINDSET
 ”people’s beliefs” about their capabilities to
 REFLECTIVE LEARNERS – reflect on their thinking
produce designated levels of performance that  are more likely to continue working hard despite
while using the strategies and adapt metacognitive ABRAHAM MASLOW HIERARCHY OF NEEDS
exercise influence over events that affect their setbacks while individuals with fixed mindset can
skills depending on their situation
lives. be affected by subtle environmental cues.
BENEFITS OF METACOGNITION  refers to task-specific confidence and is a key
component of Bandura’s social cognitive theory EDWIN A. LOCKE’S GOAL SETTING THEORY
 Self-regulated learner
 Compensation & development of cognitive FEEDBACK  based on what Aristotle called “final causality” that
limitations of the learners is action caused by purpose
 some means of checking or tracking their progress
 Transfer of knowledge toward their goal
GOAL ATTRIBUTES STRESS RESPONSE  IDENTIFICATION  THE STAGE OF RESISTANCE – the body becomes
 is imitating the characteristics of a person adaptive to the challenge and even begins to resist
 Goal have both an internal and external aspect.  the way people respond to them he/she admires to deal with his/her it.
Internally, they are ideas (desired ends); Externally, insecurities.  THE EXHAUSTION STAGE – the body dies because
they refer to objects or condition sought (e.g., jobs, STRESSORS AND RESPONSE
 INTELLECTUALIZATION it has used up its resources of adaptation energy,
sale, performance level)  is avoiding negative emotions by focusing on thankfully, few people ever experience this last
FACTORS THAT CAUSES STRESS:
the intellectual aspects of one’s life. stage.
TWO BROAD ATTRIBUTES OF GOALS
 MAJOR LIFE EVENTS(POSITIVE OR NEGATIVE  PROJECTION
EVENTS)  is attributing one’s own weaknesses or AMYGDALA – an area of the brain that contributes to
 CONTENT ( the actual object sought)
 NATURAL DISASTERS emotional processing, sends a distress signal to the
 INTENSITY (scope, focus, complexity) shortcomings to someone else.
 hypothalamus.
PRESSURES  RATIONALIZATION
QUALITATIVELY  FRUSTRATION  is making up plausible explanations or excuses HYPOTHALAMUS – a bit of command center, area of
 When one is thwarted or prevented from to cover up negative feelings such as guilt the brain communicates with the rest of the body
 the content of the goal is whatever the person is
satisfying a need or achieving his/her goal feelings. through the autonomic nervous system which controls
seeking
 CONFLICT  a.Sour grape involuntary body functions.
QUANTITATIVELY  Occurs when a person needs to choose  b. Sweet lemon
between two or many options  REACTION FORMATION AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM :
 two attributes of content, difficulty and specificity  is acting opposite to what the person truly
have been studied FOUR TYPES OF CONFLICT feels.  Sympathetic nervous system
 REGRESSION  Parasympathetic nervous system
GOAL SETTING  APPROACH-APPROACH CONFLICT – occurs
when a person needs to choose between two  a person reverts to an earlier psychosexual TECHNIQUES TO COUNTER CHRONIC STRESS
 is most effective when there is feedback that options that are both attractive. stage and begins to behave like a child.
shows progress in relation to the goal.  AVOIDANCE-AVOIDANCE CONFLICT – occurs  REPRESSION  Relaxation response
when a person needs to choose between two  is pushing unacceptable impulses/urges into  Physical activity
GOAL SETTING (ALONG WITH SELF-EFFICACY) options that are both unpleasant. consciousness.  Social Support
 APPROACH-AVOIDANCE CONFLICT – occurs  SUICIDE
 mediates the effect of knowledge of past SELF- COMPASSION THERAPY
when a person needs to choose between
performance on subsequent performance. STRESS AND HUMAN RESPONSE
options that have been both positive and  is another way to counter stress
Stress as the body’s nonspecific response to any
GOALS AFFECT PERFORMANCE BY AFFECTING THE negative consequences.  You can take a deep breath, put your hand over
demand, whether it is caused by or results in pleasant or
DIRECTION OF ACTION  MULTIPLE CONFLICT – occurs when there are your heart or gently hug yourself
unpleasant stimuli
more than two options
 the degree of effort exerted, and the persistence of  DEFENSE MECHANISM  DISTRESS – connotes disease SELF-COMPASSION AND EMOTIONAL WELL-BEING
action over time.  Unconscious strategies to cope with the pain  EUSTRESS – connotes euphoria
and deal with anxiety  Self-compassion, motivation and health
 However, eustress causes less damage than
PERSISTENCE  BEATNIK REACTION This relationship was mediated by the lesser fear
distress.
 in which the person exhibits behaviors that of failure and perceived self-efficacy of self-
 directed effort extended over time compassionate individuals. Thus, self-
stand apart from the standards of society and STRESS SYNDROME (GENERAL ADAPTATION)
avoids responsibilities of a good citizen compassionate people are motivated to achieve,
MODULE 12: LESS STRESS, MORE CARE
 this general stress syndrome affects the whole but for intrinsic reasons, not because they want
 DISPLACEMENT
STRESS body, stress always manifests itself by a to garner approval.
 may act aggressively such as destroying things
or harming another person
syndrome, a sum of changes, and not by  Self-compassion versus Self-esteem
 events that one perceived as challenging, damaging simply one change.  self-esteem positions the self in competition
 COMPENSATION
or threatening to one’s physical or psychological with others and amplifies feelings of distinctness
 in which a person makes up for or covers up THE GENERAL STRESS SYNDROME HAS THREE
well-being and separation, self-compassion enhances
his /her weak areas by being superior in other COMPONENTS: feelings of safety and interconnectedness
STRESSORS areas.
 Self-compassionate Letter
 DENIAL  THE ALARM STAGE – represents a mobilization of
 events (eustress and distress)  occurs when a person refuses to accept a the body’s defensive forces. “Fight or Flight”
painful reality or truth. syndrome