Energy Conversion and Management: X 15 (2022) 100253

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Energy Conversion and Management: X

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A PV powered DC shunt motor: Study of dynamic analysis using maximum

power Point-Based fuzzy logic controller
Nagy Osman a, Haris M. Khalid a, Tha’er O. Sweidan a, Mohammed I. Abuashour b,
S.M. Muyeen c, *
a
Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Higher Colleges of Technology, Sharjah 7947, United Arab Emirates
b
Electrical Engineering Department, Renewable Energy Center, Hashemite University, Zarqa 13115, Jordan
c
Department of Electrical Engineering, Qatar University, Doha 2713, Qatar

A R T I C L E I N F O A B S T R A C T

Keywords: Solar cells absorb sun light and convert it into electricity. However, the infrastructure of solar cells, their initial
DC shunt motor cost, energy conversion and efficiency could raise some challenges and concerns. This is because of the cur­
DC-to-DC boost converter rent–voltage properties of solar cells which are strongly dependent on the solar radiation and the ambient
Fuzzy logic controller
temperature level. This further causes fluctuations in the photovoltaic (PV) output power. In this article, a novel
Fuzzy membership function
scheme is proposed to improve the PV system efficiency. This is achieved by using tracker techniques to calculate
Fuzzy rules
Maximum power point tracking the maximum power point tracking (MPPT) where the energy can be safely passed to the load under suitable
Performance analysis conditions. The scheme is further enhanced by investigating a PV generator and a direct-current (DC) shunt
Photovoltaic panel motor using a fuzzy logic controller (FLC) method for monitoring and tracking the maximum power point. A
Photovoltaic system power electronics system based on boost DC-to-DC converter is used along with the PV module to raise the
Solar arrays performance by the shift of the converter control input duty cycle. Evaluations were made to analyze the
Transient analysis dynamical behavior and the steady state performance of the direct current shunt motor obtained from the PV
module using MATLAB SIMULINK.

Introduction invented. MPPT controller enables the larger electrical energy input and
output from the PV system by tracking and monitoring various param­
The high needs of electrical energy and thus environmental issues eters at the PV module to make it run at its full performance [4]. To
have been escalated due to the unusual growth of global population. The address the photovoltaic system’s higher electrical energy needs, re­
manufacturing side has increased the attention to the advantages of searchers developed several MPPT techniques such as factional short
using clean energy power sources such as solar PV, wind turbine, and circuit current, proportional integral (PI) controller and the method of
biomass, which are named as the pollution-free options [1]. considering the open circuit voltage to control the converter system
which is called fractional open-circuit voltage [5]. Utilization of MPPT
as a controller to improve the performance of the PV panel connected to
Solar Irradiation, MPPT, and scope of this work different types of loads is presented in these works. However, to utilize
MPPT controller to achieve the steady state stability is not studied,
Solar electrical energy is obtained by the steady conversion of which is the main scope of this work.
external sunlight into electrical energy. However, to carry out this
conversion process, the solar cells must provide a stable voltage. Several
efforts have been made to provide stable voltage in the presence of MPPT methods, DC shunt motor, and motivation of this paper
environment effects [2,3]. Because of the solar irradiation intermit­
tency, the cells cannot meet the full and stable voltage supplied to the The perturbation and observation (P and O) technique is investigated
load and the maximum output will still be less than the system’s true as an MPPT method and evaluated by taking into account big signal
power. To solve this problem, several MPPT techniques have been stability tests for distributed power systems by three phases symmetrical

* Corresponding author.
E-mail address: [email protected] (S.M. Muyeen).

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecmx.2022.100253
Received 3 March 2022; Received in revised form 15 June 2022; Accepted 16 June 2022
Available online 17 June 2022
2590-1745/© 2022 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
N. Osman et al. Energy Conversion and Management: X 15 (2022) 100253

Fig. 1. Schematic diagram of the proposed scheme.

fault on the mid length of transmission power phases. The PV module to improve the DC shunt motor performance while employing PV panel.
here is affected by different solar radiation levels and the system However, their responses did not show the ability to get an efficient
simulation results reflect the facts of highly PV penetrated grid sus­ dynamic performance under the effect of load torque variations, which
tainability [6]. The system model is introduced and measured for is the main motivation of this paper. This work focuses on achieving
various radiations to demonstrate the dynamical/transient and steady both stead state and dynamic stability of DC shunt motor.
state conditions for fixed magnet, parallel, and series motors operated by
PV module. The findings are comparable to those obtained by powering
the motors with a fixed voltage source, revealing strong consistent and a Main contribution of this paper
great variety of harmony operating points [7]. The dynamical and
steady state analysis of direct current machines powered by a PV module The main contribution of this paper is to design a robust MPPT
at various radiation stages and motor toque of load is investigated in [8]. controller based on a fuzzy inference system and using a power elec­
As a preliminary study, the transient behavior of the different MPPT tronics system with a DC-to-DC boost converter to achieve and improve
techniques of different applications including a combined alternating the DC shunt motor’s dynamic performance and stability. The DC shunt
current (AC) motors and DC motors is inspected at various radiation motor dynamic performance is analyzed while employed by the PV
levels. Moreover, the compensating mechanism of the system has been panel and considering different load torque variations. The schematic
achieved by calculating the optimal load torque for the different isola­ diagram of the proposed scheme can be seen in Fig. 1.
tion levels. The goal of the work was to examine the system’s behavior at
different solar radiation levels [5]. In Sweidan et al. [9], the authors
describe a PV generator that drives a direct current shunt motor and uses Formation of this paper
a fractional open circuit voltage technique to monitor power to achieve
and generate extreme power from a PV generation system. The The formation of the remaining paper is organized as follows; In
dynamical/transient and steady state behavior of a direct current shunt Section 2, proposed formulation with system configuration is presented.
motor powered by a PV module generator have been identified at This involves subsections on control panels, FLC, DC-to-DC boost con­
various isolation rates. Several MPPT methods have been implemented verter, and DC shunt motor. Section 3 shows implementation and
evaluation. Finally, conclusion is presented in Section 4.

Fig. 2. Problem formulation and its implementation layout diagram.

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Fig. 3. PV cell equivalent circuit.

Problem formulation and system configuration Equivalent circuit diagram and its mathematical representation
The equivalent circuit diagram of semiconductor PV cell is shown in
The problem formulation and system configuration are expressed in the Fig. 3 below [10].
this section. An overview of the proposed scheme can be seen in Fig. 2. It The general mathematical representation that describes the current/
begins with mathematical representation of current/voltage character­ voltage characteristic of the PV cell is given below:
istic of PV cell in (1). The fuzzy logic controller is described and defined
I = IPH − ID [q(VPV + IRS )/nKT − 1] − [VPV + IRS /RSH ] (1)
in (2)–(3). The DC-DC boost converter is expressed and derived in (4)–
(18). The DC shunt motor and its equivalent circuit is expressed in (19)– where I represent the output current, IPH is the generated current source,
(22). q is the electron charge, VPV is the photovoltaic open circuit voltage, RS is
the series resistance of equivalent PV cell open circuit current, n is the
Coated panels number of series connected cells. K is the Boltzman constant, T is the
ambient temperature, and RSH is the short circuit resistance.
PV cells, semiconductor, and sunlight
The sunlight may be mirrored, refracted, or possibly transmitted Fuzzy logic controller (FLC)
through the cell when it passes on a PV cell. The PV cell is made of
semiconductor material which conducts electricity. Though a semi­ Fuzzy sets
conductor is better than dielectric, it is not a great conductor like metal. The theory of fuzzy sets as an inspiration for the use of human
PV cells are made up of a variety of these semiconductor materials. practice knowledge [11]. Fuzzy system incorporates pro user expertise
When exposed to sunlight, a semiconductor absorbs the energy and into the controller design and attempts to gather further data that is
converts it into electrons. This additional energy allows electrons to pass gathered through observing experienced users’ habits. Fig. 4 describes
as an electrical charge (current) through the material. This current is four key components of an FLC:
obtained through highly conductive metal contacts (the grid-like lines
on solar cells). It is further utilized to supply energy to consumer homes 1) The Value-to-Mapper (Fuzzification): This map crisp values to a
and the electric grid utility. The efficacy of a PV panel is proportionate to subset.
the amount of energy produced by the cell. This is equivalent in com­ 2) The Ruleset: The ruleset implements the actions through logical
parison to the energy emitted by the reflective light, indicating how conditions and statements (IF-THEN).
efficient the cell is at transferring energy from one type to another. The 3) The Inference System: This system converts input into output, and
amount of power produced by PV cells is determined by the type of 4) The Defuzzification (Convert Fuzzy Sets System): This system blends
available light as well as the multiple performance attributes of the cell. values to sets of fuzzy statements.
The bandgap of solar panel semiconductors is a significant property that
determines what wavelengths the substance can absorb and transfer to There are statements about the FLC which that can be interpreted as
electric power. If the bandgap of the semiconductor suits the wave­ fuzzy sets. The fuzzy output duty cycle controller is obtained by infer­
lengths appearing on the PV panel, the cell can effectively use all the ence behavior either by making an inference about something or
available energy [10]. deducing something from what was previously obtained [10,12].

Fig. 4. Fuzzy system.

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Fig. 5. Membership function of input Error E. Fig. 7. Membership function of output duty cycle D.

Table 1
Fuzzy rules.
ΔE BNE MNE SNE ZE SPO MPO BPO

E
BNE Z SNE MNE BNE BNE BNE BNE
MNE SPO Z SNE MNE BNE BNE BNE
SNE MPO SPO Z SNE MNE BNE BNE
Z BPO MPO SPO Z SNE MNE BNE
SPO BPO BPO MPO SPO Z SNE MNE
MPO BPO BPO BPO MPO SPO Z SNE
BPO BPO BPO BPO BPO MPO SPO Z

Figs. 5–7 show the configuration of the membership functions of the

Fig. 6. Membership function of input error rate ΔE. inputs (error and error rate) and output (duty cycle) variables. The range
of error values is from –1 to +1 W/V. The linguistic variables are: 1) big
Fuzzy membership Function: negative (BNE), 2) medium negative (MNE), 3) small negative (SNE), 4)
The fuzzy system membership functions identified with the FLC zero (Z), 5) small positive (SPO), 6) medium positive (MPO), and 7) big
variables are mostly linear functions. The proposed implementation positive (BPO). The range of error rate is from – 1 to +1 W/V. And its
here is built on triangular and trapezoid functions. Note the triangular linguistic variables are: 1) BNE, 2) MNE, 3) SNE, 4) Z, 5) SPO, 6) MPO,
linear functions are of relevance in this study in the development of and 7) BPO. The pulse width modulator (PWM) signal driver (duty
fuzzy controllers. In addition to all fuzzy logic processes, the fuzzy sets cycle) has a range of 0.1–0.9 and has linguistic variables of BNE, MNE,
membership functions are mainly based on trials and errors method. SNE, Z, SPO, MPO, and BPO. Table 1 shows a list of fuzzy logic controller
Trial and error processes should be in a repetitive manner until getting rules with fuzzy system of error value (E) and error rate (ΔE) as inputs.
satisfactory results with respect to the input data sets. The duty cycle is the outcome of the rule set, D.

Duty cycle and membership function configuration DC-to-DC boost converter

With the increase of power, the duty cycle should change. However,
if the power starts to fall from the targeted value, the duty cycle should Switch mode and DC voltage supply
be reversed in the other direction [12–15]. The MPPT is designed to In switch-mode, the converters are commonly placed in the DC-to-DC
ensure that the controlling task continuously displace the operating regulators. The DC voltage supplied to these converters may be from a
point of the solar panel array as close as possible to maximum power PV series which causes fluctuations in the output. If the desired DC
point. Fuzzy set of Mamdani is used as an inferencing system here. This voltage and the average input voltage do not match, the converters must
employs a set of predefined fuzzy rules [16]. The error value (Et) and the be adjusted. The output signal of DC-to-DC converter is continuously
error rate (ΔEt) are the fuzzy controller inputs. These are stated as: adjusted based on the amount of power received from the source. It is
Et = (Pt − Pt− 1 )/(Vt − Vt− 1 ) (2) further adapted to pass it perfectly to the load input. From an energy
standpoint in a PV system, output electrical signal management in a DC-
ΔEt = Et − Et− 1 (3) to-DC converter is accomplished by continuously changing the required
energy consumed from the power source and passed to the load. It is
where error Et is the difference between the desired power/voltage further regulated by the relative durations of absorption and injection
values and the measured one. The change in error ΔEt is the rate of intervals.
change of the error value. This indicates the accuracy of the controller
while moving towards the desired point. The time of each sample is Switching cycle
denoted by t. The instant power of PV generator is denoted by Pt. The A switching cycle is made of two essential steps, which are: 1) energy
instantly equivalent voltage is denoted by Vt. These values are selected consumption, and 2) insertion. Intuitively, if the energy storage capa­
to ensure the offset of the instantaneous value of Et from the maximum bility of converter is insufficient or the swapping time is extremely long,
power actual location. Note the pulse width modulation (PWM) output the chopper may have transferred all the generated electrical energy to
signal is the controlled waveform here and it is sent to the boost DC-to- its electrical load until the next loop starts. This results in a cycle update
DC converter to control the DC shunt motor input power. The Mamdani- for the next duration in which the chopper circuit remains static
based defuzzification method is then used with centre of area to find the [17–19].
exact suitable of (D) as a crisp performance [14,15].

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Fig. 8. Equivalent circuit of boost converter.

Fig. 10. Four level boost converter - During the ON mode (switch ON) the odd
numbered capacitors charge the even ones.

where Vi is the electrical input voltage of the chopper circuit, and Vo is

the chopper output voltage. ton is the time when the switch is in the
operating mode and in turned-on condition. toff is the time when the
switch is in the sleeping period and in turned-off condition. Finally, the
output voltage can be found as shown below:
V0 = Vi /(1 − D) (5)

Here D is the DC-to-DC converter circuit duty cycle. The capacitor C and
inductor L selection can be done as:
C = D/R(ΔV0 /V0 )f (6)

L = D(1 − D)2 R/2f (7)

Fig. 9. Four level boost converter.
where R is the consumable load, f is the switch operating frequency and
ΔV0 /V0 is the output voltage ripples.
Operating models of boost converter Fig. 9 represents a four multi-level DC-to-DC boost converter utilized
This section describes the operating modes of boost converter. in this work. The primary purpose of using power electronics converters
Fig. 8 depicts a graphical model of the boost converter. Four external
components are required for the DC-to-DC boost converter, which are: 1)
an inductor, 2) an electronic switch, 3) a semiconductor diode, and 4) an
output capacitor.
There are mainly two operating conditions and modes in continuous
conduction mode of DC-to-DC converters.

1) First Mode: The first mode is called as the mode 1. It starts when the
insulated gate bipolar transistor (IGBT) switch is turned on at the
initial time, t = 0. The operation continues during the on-time
denoted as ton . The current in the inductor is higher than zero
which increases linearly.
2) Second Mode: The second operating mode is called as the mode 2. It
starts when the switch is turned off at the end of the on-cycle. The
operation remains off during the off time denoted as toff . Here the
inductor voltage is equal to the input voltage. During the next step,
the inductor current decreases until the switch is turned-on again.
The voltage across the inductor equals the difference between the
input and output voltages during the on-time. Because the time in­
tegral of the inductor voltage over one time span must be zero in
steady state, the output voltage can be calculated as shown in (4) and
(5).
Vi ton + (Vi − V0 )toff = 0 (4) Fig. 11. Four level boost converter - During off mode (switch OFF) the ca­
pacitors start charging through the diodes.

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In reference to the previous discussion and figures during the ON and

OFF modes it can be concluded that the output voltage equals the
summation of the capacitors voltages as seen in (9). Moreover, during
the ON mode operation, the inductor voltage equals the source voltage
(10). During the OFF mode, the inductor voltage equals the difference
between the source voltage and the capacitors voltage (11). Further­
more, the voltage is averaged across the inductor (12).
Vo = NxVC (9)

VL = V S (10)

VL = (VS − VC ) (11)

VL |ON + VL |OFF = 0 (12)

Fig. 12. DC shunt motor equivalent circuit. By substituting the findings in (10)–(11) into (12) gives:
DV S |ON + (1 − D)(VS − VC )|OFF = 0 (13)
is to generate boosted voltages at different levels. Moreover, it is
deployed to mitigate and reduce the output ripple which could enhance From (13), Vs can be stated as:
and improve the overall system stable performance. Besides its other VS = VC (1 − D) (14)
benefits like low harmonic distortion, low voltage tension, low EMI
noise, moderate switching frequency with high efficiency, the objective Substituting (14) in (9) to get voltage equation for N level DC-to-DC
can be achieved by adding capacitors and diodes to the previous converter as:
configuration (See Fig. 8) to get a four-level output converter for this N VS
work: Vo = (15)
1− D
A = 2N − 1 (8) Considering a lossless system:

where N represents the number of the output levels, and A is the number VS Is = Vo IO (16)
of capacitors. Note seven diodes and seven capacitors are needed for this Substituting (15) into (16) gives:
configuration [20].
The aforementioned four multi-level boost converter is analyzed VS Is =
N VS
(17)
using its two modes of operation. The first one is its ON mode where 1− D
T1 = DTS and the second mode is its OFF mode where T2 = (1 − D)TS . Simplifying it further gives:
During the ON mode (switch ON), the odd numbered capacitors charge
N
the even ones this implies that C7, C5, C3 charge C2, C4, C6 (See Fig. 10). Is = IO (18)
1− D
During off mode (switch off), the capacitors start charging through the
diodes (See Fig. 11). Firstly, C7 will charge through D7. This causes D5 to
be forward biased and thus C5 and C6 will also charge. Then D3 will DC shunt motor
conduct to charge C3 and C4. Finally, D1 will conduct to charge C2 and
C1. This leads to the charging of all capacitors. In DC shunt machine, the field winding is attached in parallel with

Fig. 13. Implementation of the proposed system in MATLAB SIMULINK.

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Table 2 Implementation and evaluation

PV module specifications.
No. Parameter Value The implementation and evaluation of the proposed scheme is pre­
sented in this section. The simulation results of the DC shunt motor
1. Cell Number 54
2. Nominal Power 220.5 W connected to the PV panel and controlled by FLC MPPT is presented. The
3. Open Circuit Voltage 36.3 V performance is analyzed with variable mechanical torque and different
4. Short Circuit Current 7.84 A sun insolation levels. The completed circuit implemented in the MAT­
5. Temperature Coefficient (Isc) 0.0032%/deg.C LAB SIMULINK environment including the PV panel, DC-to-DC con­
6. Temperature Coefficient (Voc)
verter, fuzzy controller, and DC shunt motor is shown in Fig. 13. First, a
–0.123%/deg.C
7. Number of Parallel Strings 3
8. Number of Series-Connected Modules/String 8 series of interconnected PV cells (approximately 54) are usually used to
construct panels. Panels are connected in a series or parallel to produce
the required output voltage and current. This is called as a module.
the rotor winding (armature circuit) as shown in Fig. 12. DC shunt Parameters of PV module are listed in Table 2.
machine translates the electrical DC power into mechanical power
manifested in the torque and the speed. This operation is called as the
Characteristic curves with insolation levels
electromechanical energy conversion. Additionally, DC motors trans­
lates the electrical energy inductively into mechanical rotational
PV voltage/current and power/voltage with various insolation levels
movement without using an intermediate circuit. A DC motor drives the
are shown in Figs. 14 and 15 respectively. Note these figures are aimed
rotation of a shaft by magnetic fields generated by an electrical current
to show the maximum capacity or size of the PV system used to supply to
flow, which is fed into the rotor by an external feeding DC source
the motor. Fig. 14 shows the voltage and current relationship. At 100%
through brushes or through an electronic means. The rotation of the
insolation level, the current and voltage at MPPT are 24.57A and 239.2
shaft is dependent on a brushless DC motor. Electrical input DC voltage
V. At 80% insolation level, the current and voltage at MPPT are 19.65 A
changing the field resistance or inserting a resistance with the armature
and 236.8 V respectively. And at 50%, they are 12.8 A and 226.4 V
windings circuit can influence the overall performance of the DC shunt
respectively. Fig. 14 can be referred for all these insolation levels. Fig. 15
motor. These mechanisms are used primarily for controlling the speed of
shows the power and voltage relationship. At 100% insolation level, it
the DC shunt motor and thus influencing the final output torque speed
shows the amount of power and voltage at MPPT as 5877.144 W and
characteristics of the DC shunt motor.
240 V respectively. At 80% insolation level, power and voltage at MPPT
The DC shunt motor nonlinear dynamical mathematical model rep­
are 4653.12 W and 236.8 V respectively. At 50% insolation level, power
resentation is described below [21].
and voltage are recorded as 2780.2 W and 226.4 V respectively. Note
∑
7 Fig. 15 depicts the size of the PV panel at various irradiance levels and
Kϕ = αn if 7− n = α1 if 7 + α2 if 6 + ⋯ + α7 (19) does not concentrate on the controller error.
After PV panel parameters were configured with the required pa­
n=1

dif rameters, the DC-to-DC buck boost converter was also configured to
Lf = Vf − if (Rf + Radj ) (20) produce the required output voltage of 240 V, which passed as input to
dt
the DC shunt motor. The output ripples for both current and voltage are
dia assumed to be 0.1% and all DC-to-DC buck boost converter parameters
La = Va − ia Ra − Kϕω (21)
dt are listed in Table 3.
Finally, a DC shunt motor with the specifications listed in Table 4 is
dω
J = Kϕia − Tl (22) chosen, and a step change in mechanical torque is applied to observe the
dt
motor’s dynamic performance.
where La is the inductance of the armature circuit, ia is the armature
circuit current, Va is the armature circuit voltage, Ra is the armature Characteristic curves with insolation levels
circuit resistance of winding, Lf is the field circuit inductance, if is the
filed circuit current, Vf is the field voltage, Rf Rf is field circuit resistance This section shows the performance of fuzzy controller with insola­
of winding,Radj is field circuit adjustable resistance, ω is the angular tion levels.
speed, Kϕ is the DC Shunt motor flux and Tl is the motor torque. Note In Fig. 16 and Fig. 17, the torque changed from 20 Nm to 10 Nm at
(19)–(20),Va equals Vf since the field circuit and the armature circuit are 100% insolation level. It shows here the step change in load torque and
connected in shunt. At the same time in (21)–(22), Kϕ(Wb) varies operating point. The fuzzy controller shows the ability to handle and
nonlinearly with if of the DC shunt motor. Moreover, it is approximated control the DC shunt motor transient response during torque changes.
using sixth order polynomial. The initial DC shunt motor speed is 1743 rpm and the controlled duty
cycle is 0.501645. After the load torque has changed from 20Nm to
10Nm, the duty cycle has changed in order to trigger the DC-to-DC

Fig. 14. Current/voltage characteristic curve.

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Fig. 15. Power/voltage characteristic curve.

12.2900A after applying torque change.

Table 3 In Fig. 18 and Fig. 19, the torque changed from 20Nm to 10NM at
DC-to-DC buck boost converter specifications. 80% insolation level. The fuzzy controller shows the ability to handle
No. Parameter Value and control the DC shunt motor transient response during torque
1. Input Voltage 240 V
changes. The initial DC shunt motor speed is 1720 rpm and the
2. Capacitance 500uF controlled duty cycle is 0.504025. After the load torque has changed
3. Inductance 1.26uH from 20Nm to 10Nm, the duty cycle has changed in order to trigger the
4. Switching Frequency 10KHz DC-to-DC converter. The converter controls the DC shunt motor input to
be 236 V to achieve the maximum power point required by the motor.
The field current remains constant at 1.07A and the armature current
Table 4 changed from 17.0282A to 8.9980A. The PV terminal current is changed
DC shunt motor specifications. from 18.5891A to be 9.8228A after applying torque change.
No. Parameter Value In Fig. 20 and Fig. 21, the torque changed at 50% insolation level.
1. Power 5HP
The fuzzy controller shows the ability to handle and control the DC
2. Armature Voltage 240 V shunt motor transient response during torque changes. The initial DC
3. Field Voltage 150 V shunt motor speed was 1623 rpm, and the controlled duty cycle was
4. Rated Speed 1750RPM 0.513267. After the load torque has changed from 20 Nm to 10 Nm, the
duty cycle has changed to trigger the DC-to-DC converter. The converter
controls the DC shunt motor input to be 225.6 V to achieve the
converter. The converter controls the DC shunt motor input to be 238.4
maximum power point required by the motor. The field current remains
V to achieve the MPP required by the motor. The field current remains
constant at 1.07A and the armature current changed from 11.3359A to
constant at 1.07A and the armature current changed from 20.8191 A to
5.9824A. The PV terminal current is changed from 11.3359A to be
11.0044 A. The PV terminal current is changed from 23.2512A to be

Fig. 16. (a) Torque, (b) speed, (c) motor field current, and (d) armature current while considering the torque step change at 100% of full sun radiation level.

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Fig. 17. (a) Duty cycle, (b) PV current, and (c) motor input voltage while considering the torque step change at 100% of full sun radiation level.

Fig. 18. (a) Torque, (b) speed, (c) motor field current, and (d) armature current while considering the torque step change at 80% of full sun radiation level.

5.9824A after applying torque change. Conclusion

For all three cases analysed, the voltage 238.4 V, 236 V, and 225.6 V
are the PV terminal voltages. These terminal voltage values are bound to A fuzzy logic controller is used as a MPPT system to perform tran­
change to maintain the torque change. Note that nominal speed 1750 is sient analysis of a DC shunt motor operated by a PV panel. With load
the rated speed for the 5 horsepower (HP) motor. When the motor load is torque variation, motor output is evaluated while considering different
decreased to 10Nm, the speed is increased to 2000 rpm. insolation levels, beginning with 100% of maximum insolation and

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Fig. 19. (a) Duty cycle, (b) PV current, and (c) motor input voltage while considering the torque step change at 80% of full sun radiation level.

Fig. 20. (a) Torque, (b) speed, (c) motor field current, and (d) armature current while considering the torque step change at 50% of full sun radiation level.

following through 80% and 50%. While studying the dynamic analysis, field current remained constant as the torque increased but the motor
it has been observed that in all these percentages of maximum insola­ speed got decreased and vice versa. Overall, employing FLC technique as
tion, FLC-based MPPT shows the ability to track the necessary power MPPT can withstand the DC shunt motor’s performance under varying
and meet the targeted motor input voltages. Under the step change in loads and insolation levels which reflect the system integration robust­
motor torque, the duty cycle adjusted to regulate the armature current ness and reliability. Future work will be extended towards imple­
and maintain the motor input voltage at an appropriate level. The motor mentation of ANFIS system and inter-leaved chopper circuit.

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Fig. 21. (a) Duty cycle, (b) PV current, and (c) motor input voltage while considering the torque step change at 50% of full sun radiation level.

Declaration of Competing Interest [9] Sweidan TO, Abuashour MI, Osman NF. Transient analysis of DC shunt motor
supplied by stand-alone PV system employing FOCV for MPPT, Advances in Science
and Engineering Technology International Conferences (ASET), Dubai, United Arab
The authors declare that they have no known competing financial Emirates, pp. 1–6, Februay 2020.
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