Section 3

TIMELINE:

Initial Problems

Jinnah as Governor General (1947 - 43)

Liaquat Ali Khan (PM) (1947- 51)

Malik Ghulam Muhammad (G.G) (1951-55)

Iskander Mirza (PRES/GG) (1955-1958)

Ayub khan (1968- 69)

Yahya Khan (1969-71)

Creation of bangladesh in 1971

Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto (1971- 1977)

Zia-Ul-Haq (1977-1988)

Benazir Ali Bhutto (1988- 1990) & (1993-1996)

Nawaz Sharif (1990-93) & (1907-1999)

International Relations (1947-1999): i.e.

USA, UK, INDIA, RUSSIA, ETC, UN, COMON WEALTH and

other organizations.

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 Chapter 1 – Initial Problems

Q) Why was the Radcliffe Award 1947, considered unfair by Pakistan? [4]
⮚ Outline

● Sir Cyril Radcliffe/Ferozepur/ canal water /Pakistan's agrarian economy

● Gurdaspur /Kashmir/1965 war/bad relations

● Secondly, M- majority/ migrated to Pakistan refugee problem

● Calcutta/surrounded by Muslim- majority areas/ Jinnah requested/referendum /ignored/jute processing mills/

no jute processing mills/ economic problems/jute

Sir Cyril Radcliffe was appointed to head a boundary Commission to establish new borders between
Muslims and non-Muslim areas of Punjab and Bengal. Its decision was known as the Radcliffe Award
according to which Ferozepur, a Muslim majority area was unfairly given to India, which disappointed
Pakistan. This later led to the canal water dispute between India and Pakistan, as the headwork of river
Sutlej was in Ferozepur and India would access and stop its water which could adversely affect Pakistan's
agrarian economy.

Also, Gurdaspur although a Muslim majority area was given to India, because of which India had border
with Kashmir. This led to the Kashmir issue between India and Pakistan in future, which was also a cause of
the 1965 war between the two countries. The Kashmir issue is also the backbone of bad relations’ between
India and Pakistan to date.

Secondly, when Muslims in such M- majority areas such as Gurdaspur found that they weren't in Pakistan
(due to the unfair R.A), they migrated to Pakistan to escape the violence they were facing in India. This
aggravated the refugee problem for Pakistan.

Also, Calcutta was given to India, even though it was surrounded by Muslim- majority areas and Jinnah
requested the Radcliffe commission for a referendum in Calcutta. However his request was ignored and
Calcutta was awarded to India. Calcutta contained many jute processing mills. Since Pakistan had no jute
processing mills this created economic problems for the country in the years' following independence as its
main export was jute (Produced in East Pakistan).

Q) Why was there a refugee problem in 1947? [4]

⮚ Outline

● Radcliffe Award/ many Muslims found/ Muslim majority areas/ Large number of Muslims

● Millions/ food and shelter/ unstable Government

● In India/violence/ Communal Lines/ Muslim Massacre

Firstly, after the announcement of the Radcliffe Award on 16th August 1947, many Muslims found that the area in
which they were living was not included in Pakistan as many Muslim- majority areas like Gurdaspur were given to
India. Thus a large number of Muslims left their belongings and homes and migrated to Pakistan which created the

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refugee problem.

Secondly, the Muslims living in India were subjected to violence due to the partition on communal lines. Large scale
Muslims massacre was carried out by Hindus and Sikhs especially in Punjab. Therefore the Muslims living in those
areas migrated in large numbers towards Pakistan to escape the violence. This aggravated the issue of refugees.

Thirdly, millions of Muslims who migrated from India to Pakistan were short of both food and shelter. The
government being unstable was not prepared, and could not provide the immigrants with basic necessities, which
worsened the situation even more.
Q) Why was there a canal water dispute between Pakistan and India? [4]

⮚ Outline

● Partition of Punjab

● Both countries laid claims

● India promised not to stop the water

The canal water dispute mainly arose because of the partition of Punjab. The western half with irrigated
land was given to Pakistan but the water was coming from the head works in eastern half, which was
awarded to India. This caused conflict and the dispute started. Had the province not been partitioned,
there would have been no dispute.

Secondly, both countries argued over the water. India claimed that as head works were in India, then
water from Sutlej and Bias belonged to them. Pakistan on the other hand claimed that as Pakistan's agro
based economy was dependent upon it, they had the right over the water. Thus the non- compromising
attitudes of both countries lead to the dispute.

Thirdly, India had promised not to interfere with the water coming to Pakistan but soon the supply was
stopped and the dispute started because due to this Pakistan was unable to cultivate its lands effectively
and therefore, was placed in a difficult situation and had to argue with India.

Q) Was the refugee issue the most important problem facing the newly established country of Pakistan
in 1947? Explain your answer.

⮚ Outline:

● Refugee problem: Food and Shelter

● Constitutional crisis: Jinnah shifted headquarters

● Canal Water Dispute: Threat to agro based economy

● Infrastructural issue: Buildings, equipment, Officials

● Geographical problems: East Pakistan vs West

-Difficult to unite
-Hard to govern due to lack of communication
-Strain on economy due to increased transport cost
● Wealthy Landowners in constituent assembly

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● Under developed & not self-sufficient in manufacturing

● Financial Problems: 550 million rupees /750 million rupees

● Kashmir issue: Ruler of Kashmir VS people of Kashmir

● Problems of officials and military assets:

- 2500 trained military officers Vs 4000 (security risk)
- Military assets (ordnance factories)
- Division of assets 36:64 (supplies obsolete and damaged)

Firstly, when millions of Muslims who migrated from India to Pakistan were short of both food and shelter. The
government, being unstable was not prepared and could not provide the immigrants with basic necessities, which
worsened the refugee issue.

However many other problems existed as well.

Jinnah shifted his headquarters from Karachi to Lahore where most of the refugees were coming, so that he could
give his full attention to this problem. But due to this, his attention was diverted from many other important issues
like constitution making etc which delayed them even further.

The canal water dispute was another problem. The head works of many rivers of Pakistan were in India. As an agro
based country Pakistan needed water for irrigation and so when India stopped the water in 1948, Pakistan grew
worried. This issue needed to be addressed with urgency as Pakistan's economy could suffer.

Pakistan had very few government buildings, equipment or even officials. Therefore this poor administrative
infrastructure made the running of Pakistan's government extremely difficult.

East Pakistan and West Pakistan were more than a thousand miles apart and their views, customs, cultures and even
languages were completely different. Therefore, it was too difficult to unite these people into a single nation.

This vast distance also meant that it was too hard to govern them as one country due to poor communication, which
further aggravated the administrative issues.

Also the geographical distance between both the wings made it difficult to transport goods as Pakistan had little
money for transport costs which placed more strain on the new government.

The constituent Assembly was made up of Wealthy Landowners not Politicians. This delayed setting up an effective
government drawing up a constitution as most of the leading officials had little Idea of what to do.

Pakistan was severely underdeveloped with few industries. It was not self sufficient in manufacturing. Thus it had to
import most of its goods, which overburdened the already struggling economy.

The Indians also refused to pay 550 million Rupees out of 750 Million Ruppees. The lack of Finance posed a threat to
govern Pakistan effectively as it needed money to stabilize the country and its people.

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The accession of the Princely States like Kashmir was a problem. The population of Kashmir was largely Muslim and
wanted to join Pakistan whereas the ruler was Hindu and wanted to join India. The border was uncertain between
India and Pakistan with respect to Kashmir. This inevitably caused problems as both laid claims to this area and so
brought tensions to a head between the two. It is the bone of contention between the two countries till to date.

Moreover Pakistan had only 2500 trained military officers when 4000 were needed. This shortage led to security
risks at a crucial moment when due to Kashmir issue Pakistan needed strong and patriotic leadership to defend itself
against the hostile Indians.

The division of military assets also created difficulties. All the ordnance factoties were given to India and Pakistan
had no factory capable of making military goods. Thus Pakistan was placed in a difficult situation because without
sufficient weapons, Pakistan was unable to strengthen its defense.

The division of assets was done in a ratio of 36:64 in India's favor. But the supplies sent to Pakistan arrived very late
and when they did arrive, they were mostly damaged and obsolete. This was a problem for Pakistan as the two
countries were at brink of a war due to the Kashmir issue and without efficient weapons; Pakistan army could not
fight well.

Q) Why was the division of military officials and assets a problem for Pakistan in 1947?
Last three points of previous 14 marks question:

⮚ Outline

● 2500/4000 trained military officers

● Ordinance factories,

● 36:64

Q) How successful was Pakistan in solving its initial problems during 1947-48? Explain your answer.

⮚ Successes

● Thinking, feeling and acting like a Pakistani

● Protector General

● Temporary agreement to resolve

● Shifting the headquarter

● State bank of Pakistan

● Relief fund was set up by Jinnah

● Brought official from Karachi through trains & airplanes

● 500 million Rupees with Gandhi

● 60 million Rupees for Ordnance

⮚ Failures

● Canal Water dispute

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● Barracks and Flats

● Kashmir Issue

● Failed to start work on constitution

The dispute of the canal water was not fully resolved as the agreement between Pakistan and India was
only temporary and India could stop water anytime, which it did during 1950's. Therefore, a permanent
agreement was yet to be reached which was later signed in 1960.

Similarly, although the refugees had been accommodated in army barracks and flats but the majority had
no permanent homes, jobs or basic facilities. Therefore, their settlement as permanent citizens of Pakistan
was yet to be done.

Furthermore, the government of Jinnah was unable to solve the Kashmir issue. Although Pakistan and India
fought a war over this issue in 1948 and then the matter was also referred to the United Nations, but it
could not be resolved and Kashmir n still a disputed territory.

Jinnah, as chief executive of the government and president of the Constituent Assembly, failed to start any
definitive work on the constitution. He neither gave any outline of the constitution nor a time limit to the
Assembly for completion. This caused serious political problems in future and the constitution was delayed
until 1956.

However, Pakistan was successful in solving many of its early problems.

Jinnah could not reduce the geographical distance between the East and the West Pakistan but he tried to
achieve a single nation through speeches and emphasizing on thinking, feeling and acting like a Pakistani.
This helped to create unity between the two wings to some extent.

Jinnah tried to end communal violence and the ill- treatment of non-Muslims in Pakistan by announcing
himself the 'Protector General' of minorities. He stressed that they should be treated fairly and not
persecuted. This shows his commitment to promote religious tolerance and harmony.

A temporary agreement was signed with India to solve the canal water dispute. Thus it prevented damage
to the agro based economy of Pakistan and gave time to it to find alternative irrigational resources to keep
agriculture going.

Jinnah also tried to solve the refugee problem by shifting his headquarters from Karachi to Lahore where
the inflow of refugees was the most concentrated. So he gave his full attention to this problem, which
helped to lessen tie chaos as administrative machinery worked more efficient/ to settle the refugees under
his direct guidance.

The State Bank of Pakistan was set up in 1948 so that economic and monetary policies of Pakistan could be
framed. This helped to stabilize the economy as it was an important step to develop the industrial sector of
the country, which was too weak at the time of independence.

A relief fund was set up by Jinnah for the refugees. The people were quick to respond and donated
generously. Thus, this helped to stabilize the lives of many refugees.

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Those experienced government officials who chose to move from India to Pakistan were brought to
Karachi, the capital, through special trains and airplanes. This improved administrative efficiency as
shortage of capable civil servants was reduced.

Pakistan also, with the help of Gandhi, managed to procure 500 million rupees as share of financial assets.
Thus, Pakistan was saved from bankruptcy and it now had enough finances to distribute them
appropriately among different departments.

Pakistan also persuaded India to pay Rs. 60 million for an ordnance factory as India had got all the old ones.
This helped to improve the military resources of Pakistan as this amount was used to build an ordnance
factory at Wah.

Q) How successful was Jinnah as Governor General of Pakistan between 1947-1948? Explain your
answer.

⮚ L3: Successes

⮚ L4: Failures

Q) Was establishment of State of Pakistan the most important contribution of Jinnah as a Governor
General of Pakistan? Explain your answer.

⮚ L3: State Bank of Pakistan

⮚ L4: All other Successes of Jinnah

Liaquat Ali Khan [Pm] (1948-51) Khawaja Nazimuddin [G.G] (1948-51)

Q) How successful were the Domestic policies of LAK as a PM of Pakistan between 1948-51? Explain
your answer.

⮚ Successes

● Objective resolution:

✔ Islamic principles of democracy, equality and tolerance

✔ Rights of minorities/ Poor

✔ Pre-amble for future constitutions (1956,62 & 73)

● Budget Surplus

● Ayub Khan CNC (replaced Douglas Gracey)

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⮚ Failures

● Objective resolution:

✔ No time frame

✔ No reference as to how it would be implemented

● 1" Report of BPC:

✔ Urdu Vs Bengal

✔ Equal no. of seats

✔ Central Vs Provincial autonomy

Q) Why was the constitution delayed in 1950? [7]

Q) Why was the first report of Basic principal committee 1950 criticized? [7]

LAK Introduced the first report of BPC in 1950, which stated that there would be equal seats from both
East and West Pakistan in the national assembly. East

Pakistanis criticized it by saying that they had a much larger population (54%) than West Pakistan and so it
was their right to have more seats. Thus, because of such criticism L.A.K had to withdraw the report from
further consideration, which delayed the constitution.

LAK introduced the first report of BPC in 1950, which stated that Urdu should be made the official
language. However, this was resented by East Pakistanis. They wanted their language, Bengali to be the
official language as it was important for their culture. Thus because of this criticism, by East Pakistanis, LAK
had to withdraw his report from further consideration, which led to delay in constitution making.

LAK introduced the first report of BPC in 1950, which stated that Federal Government and Head of State
should be given the main powers. This was rejected by provincial politicians, as they wanted full provincial
autonomy. Thus because of this criticism, LAK had to withdraw his report from further consideration,
which led to delay in constitution making.

Public and Representatives officers Disqualifications Act (PRODA). LAK introduced PRODA 1949 so that
corruption could be removed in the society so those civil officers who were involved in legal activities could
be removed from their seats through court proceedings. Hence, it was a success.

In 1949, LAK presented Objectives Resolution to the constituent assembly which stated Islamic principles
of democracy, equality and tolerance would be introduced and that Muslims would lead their lives
according to Islamic principles. Thus, this was a success, as LAK gained the support of Ulemas due to its
Islamic approach, which strengthened his government.

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Objective resolution also stated that minorities and the poor would be legally protected from social
injustice. Thus this was a success of LAK, as the minorities living in Pakistan were satisfied, as their rights
would now be safeguarded.

Furthermore, the resolution was the preamble of all future constitutions of 1956, 62 and 73. Thus this was
a success, as the resolution proved to be the base of all future constitutions.

LAK also produced surplus budgets. Thus, this shows his hard work as he was financially able to manage
Pakistan in a difficult time.

Furthermore, LAK appointed Ayub khan as the first Pakistani Commander in chief. This pleased the Army as
they were reluctant to take orders from the British CNC General Douglas Gracey. Thus it was a success as
he gained support of the army.

The objectives Resolution did not give a time to form a constitution. Thus, this was a failure as the govt
officials became relaxed and this led to delay in constitution-making until 1956 when it was urgently
needed. Furthermore, the resolution contained no reference as to how its provisions were to be
implemented. As a result, it remained only on paper, and LAK failed to make Pakistan an Islamic welfare
state as suggested by the Objectives Resolution.

In 1950 Liaquat Ali khan presented the Basic Principles Committee (BPC) report in the Constituent
Assembly which was heavily criticized e.g. it stated that there would be equal number of seats for both
East and West Pakistan in the national assembly. East Pakistanis criticized it by saying that they were more
in number (54 % population) and it was their right to have more seats. Thus, because of such criticism,
L.A.K had to withdraw the report for further consideration, which delayed the constitution-making.

MALIKGHULAM MUHAMMAD (MGM)

Q. How successful was MGM as G.G of Pakistan 1951-55? Explain your answer.
MGM introduced "Five year" as well as "Six year plan" which not only included planning & development of
Economic sectors like agriculture and industry but also Social sectors like health and education. This shows
his commitment to develop Pakistan e.g. Jute processing industry was established in East Pakistan which
not boosted the industrial sector but also increased F.E earnings as jute was Pakistan's main export at that
time.

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Large reserves of Natural gas were discovered at Sui, Balochistan. Thus, this strengthened Pakistan's
economy as it fulfilled the requirement of Pakistan's industries and power sector.

MGM had to face criticism from the common people because of food shortages during 1950's as the
people felt that the Government did nothing to resolve the issue. Hence MGM lost the support of people.

…However, his government was able to get a million ton wheat from USA, Canada & Australia, which
helped to fix these shortages and thus satisfied the people to some extent.

There were also protests on religious grounds as many ulemas wanted that Ahmedis should be declared
non-Muslims and should be removed from senior posts e.g. Zafar Ullah Khan (foreign minister). The
Government of MGM couldn't handle these riots and at last Martial law was imposed to restore peace in
different parts of Punjab. This was failure as MGM brought army to resolve the political issue which was a
step towards future martial law.

KN (the PM) introduced the Second report of BPC in 1952, which stated that there would be equal seats
for both East and West Pakistan in the national assembly. East Pakistanis criticized it by saying that they
had a much larger population (54%) than West Pakistan and so it was their right to have more seats. Thus,
Because of such criticism KN had to withdraw the report from further consideration which delayed the
constitution.

In 1953, MGM dismissed KN believing that he did nothing to resolve the food crisis. However, it was a
highly undemocratic step as KN had the support of majority of the assembly.

Foreign Policies
Now MGM appointed M.A Bogra as the P.M who signed SEATO and CENTO which were anti-communist
agreements signed by Western powers in order to curtail the power of the Russian expansionists this
improved Pakistan’s relation with USA which provided a lot of economic and military aid hence
strengthened Pakistan’s economy and defense

…However it worsened Pakistan’s relation with Soviet Union as working against communist ideology.

Q. Why was the constitution delayed in 1952?

OR
Q. Why was Second Basic principle committee criticized?
KN (the PM) introduced the Second report of BPC in 1952, which stated that there would be equal seats for both
East and West Pakistan in the national assembly. East Pakistanis criticized it by saying that they had a much larger
population (54%) than West Pakistan and so it was their right to have more seats. Thus, because of such criticism KN
had to withdraw the report from further consideration which delayed the constitution.

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KN (the PM) introduced the Second report of BPC in 1952, which also suggested that Head of state should be a
Muslim. This was criticized by the religious minorities who believed that the increased role of Islam in politics would
relegate their status as second class citizens of Pakistan. Thus, because of such criticism KN had to withdraw the
report from further consideration which delayed the constitution.

KN (the PM) introduced the Second report of BPC in 1952, which stated that the matter of official language should be
settled by the assembly which meant that the official language of Pakistan was not decided yet. Thus, this issue not
only further delayed the constitution making but also led to the creation of Bangladesh E.P wanted Bengali to be
chosen as the official language whereas West Pakistanis wanted
Urdu to be given the honor.

Q. Why was the first constitute assembly dissolved in 1964?

The first constitute assembly was dissolved by MGM. He claimed that the assembly had lost the confidence of the
people and therefore it could no longer function, which was evident from the criticism of senior Muslim leaders as
well.

When MGM was out of country P.M Muhammad Ali Bogra with the help of constitute assembly, abolished PROPA to
limit the powers of the G.G when MGM returned to Pakistan in retaliation he dissolved to assembly to punish it

The constitute assembly was set up after the partition which was meant to make the constitution of Pakistan but
since 1947 no constitution was formed thus the constitute assembly was dismissed so a fresh assembly might draw
up a constitution for Pakistan

Q. Why was there a constitutional crisis 1954-55?

Jinnah the founder of Pakistan died in 1948 and LAK died in 1951. They were two leading leaders of Pakistan this
after their death there was no main leader to guide the inexperienced constitute assembly which mainly consisted of
landlords creating a constitutional crisis in Pakistan.

Secondly in 1957 the GG MGM dismissed Khawaja Nazimuddin, the PM who was replaced by M.A Bogra the former
Pakistan ambassador to the USA as a diplomat he had little experience of the politics and constitutional affairs
leading to delay in constitution making.

The P.M Bogra made an amendment to the GOIA in 1954 in order to curtail the powers of the G.G while he was
abroad when he returned he dissolved the assembly and declared a state of emergency that Bogra and the assembly
had lost the confidence of the people. This was challenged in court but MGM prevailed this delayed the constitution
making even further as the new assembly was elected in June 1955 so a lot of time was wastedOne Unit scheme was
proposed by Bogra in 1954 and was introduced by IM the G.G in 1955 in which 4 provinces were to be combined into
1 province known as W.P. The E.P’ies saw that the seats would be equally divided between them in the assembly.
They felt that it was a deliberate attempt by IM and the W.P leaders to prevent them from gaining majority in the
assembly although E.P’ies were 54% of Pakistan’s population, thus they strongly opposed the one Unit Scheme and
the issue of division of seats in the new constitution.

Q: Why was Constitution delayed from 1947-66.

Outline:
● Landlords in the Assembly

● Jinnah distracted from Refugee Problem

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● No Time Frame in Objective Resolution

● No Outline Given

● First BPC rejected in 1950

● Second BPC rejected in 1972

● Bogra appointed as PM who was inexperienced in 1953

● MGM issolved Constitutional Assembly in 1954

● Death of Jinnah (1948) and Liaqat Ali Khan in (1951)

● One Unit Scheme

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 ISKANDAR MIRZA G.G / PRESIDENT
Q. How successful was Iskandar Mirza as a ruler of Pakistan 1955-1958? Explain your
answer.
Iskandar Mirza introduced One Unit scheme according to which four provinces of West Pakistan and 10 princely
states were made into one. Now Pakistan had two provinces East and West Pakistan. Thus, this was a success as OUS
helped to reduce feeling of provincialism and promoted unity in Pakistan.

Secondly, it also helped to resolve the constitutional issue of division of seats in the assembly as both East and West
Pakistan were given equal number of seats in the constitution of 1956.

…However, it was criticized by East Pakistanis who believed that it was a deliberate attempt by the west Pakistanis to
reduce their majority.

OUS was also unpopular in provinces of West Pakistan e.g. Sindh. They felt that they would always be dominated by
larger provinces like Punjab, and their political, economic and cultural rights would be ignored. This criticism was so
strong that I.M had to dismiss the chief minister of Sindh before introducing the OUS, which highlights its
unpopularity.

During the time I.M, Karachi airport was completed in 1955 and improvements were made in railways and
telephones etc. Thus, this it was a success, as he was able to modernized Pakistan's infrastructure.

On 23rd March 1956, the first constitution of Pakistan was introduced. According to this, Pakistan was declared an
Islamic republic and it also stated that the President of country would always be a Muslim. Such provisions satisfied
the ulemas who saw that now Pakistan would be governed according to Islamic ideology.

…However, this disappointed the religious minorities who believed that the increased role of Islam in politics would
relegate their status as second class citizens of Pakistan.
The constitution also said that Urdu and Bengali would be the National languages. This pleased East Pakistanis as
they had demanding this since 1947. Thus it was an important step as it respected the cultural feelings of all
Pakistanis.

Between 1956-58, 1.M dismissed four PM e.g. Ch. Muhammad Ali, I.1 Chundrigar, Feroz Khan Noon and Hussain
Suhrawardy as he was searching for a "Yes man" who could allow him to work with full authority without any
interference. This selfish approach created administrative problems & political instability in the country and provided
an opportunity to Ayub Khan, CNC, to impose Martial law in 1958.

Q. Why was "One unit scheme" unpopular?

He introduced One Unit scheme according to which four provinces of West Pakistan were amalgamated into one.
Now Pakistan had two provinces East and West Pakistan. However, this was criticized by East Pakistanis who
believed that it was a deliberate attempt by the west Pakistanis to reduce their majority as both E.P and W.P were
given equal number of seats in the constitution of 1956.

OUS was also unpopular in provinces of West Pakistan e.g. Sindh. They felt that they would always be dominated by
larger provinces like Punjab, and their political, economic and cultural rights would be ignored. This criticism was so
strong that I.M had to dismiss the chief minister of Sindh before introducing the OUS, which highlights its
unpopularity.

The Smaller units (provinces) also did not like that their resources should be used by other units, which was possible
in the unified province of West Pakistan. This is because provinces like Punjab were more populated and more
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developed and so would use these resources for their benefit. Thus, they criticized it as it hindered their
economic development.

Q. Why were there so many governments 1951-58?

Jinnah who had died in 1948 and LAK was assassinated in 1951. The country was struggling to establish
itself without these 2 experienced leaders as most of the politicians were inexperienced who faced great
difficulty in running the country. As a result there was a lack of stability in the government and this lead to
many government changes during this time period.

The formation of E.P created many problems e.g the capital was located in W.P (Karachi) and the refusal to
have Bengali the language of E.P as the main language. This was a source of discontent and conflict, thus it
not only delayed constitution making but also cause serious political problems in running the country
effectively. Hence leading to the frequent change in governments.

Another reason was the lust of power of MGM and IM who were the G.G btw 1951 and 58. They
frequently changed the P.M just to maintain their authority as they were looking for a ‘Yes’ man e.g MGM
dismissed KN in 1953 and IM dismissed 4 P.M’s in the span of 2 years e.g Chaudry Muhammad Ali, I.I
Chundrigar, Feroz Khan Noon and Hussain Suhrawardy. Such changes caused many administrative changes
caused many economic, political and administrative problems which led to further changes in the
government as Ayub Khan the CNC felt that the only solution left to bring order was to impose martial law
which was declared in 1958.
Q: How Successful was the Foreign Policy Of Pakistan (1948-58)? Explain your answer.

Sucessess Failures
LAK received invitation from USA LAK refused to visit to USSR
USA Embassy SEATO / CENTO
LIAQAT-NEHRU PACT Steal Mill (1956)
SEATO and CENTO (USA)
Million Ton Wheat

Q: HOW SUCCESSFUL WAS THE FOREIGN POLICY OF AYUB KHAN (1958-69)? EXPLAIN YOUR ANSWER.

SUCCESSES FAILURES
PIA fights to China 1965 war with India
China India war Arms embargo by US/UK
China (trade agreements) Afghanistan refused to join RCD
RCD
China's entry in UN (1964)
$ 60 million interest free loan
Tashkent accord
Border agreement (China)
Oil exploration (USSR)
Iran/Turkey support (1965)
U-2 plane

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 AYUB KHAN 1958-69

Q. Why did Ayub Khan come into power?

There was a rapid change in the government s and 4 P.M’s were dismissed within 2 years that is Chaudry
Muhammad Ali , I.I Chundrigar, Hussain Suhrawardy and Feroz Khan Noon these changes caused many
political and administrative problems thus Ayub Khan felt that to bring stability he had to impose martial
law.

There was also lust of power of IM when he came to know that Hussain Suhrawardy had united the
politicians in Punjab and Bengal against him he turned towards the military so that he could retain his
power and status as the president of Pakistan.

When MGM’s case of dissolving the constitute assembly was challenged in Federal court in 1954 the court
decided that the G.G had the right to dismiss the assembly as the “Situation demanded it’’ thus tis paved
way for Ayub Khan to impose martial law for the safety of national interest.

Policies of Ayub Khan:

● Domestic Policies
1. Constitutional Reforms
2. Basic Democracies
3. Presidential form of Government
4. Both and Urdu NATIONAL Languages
● Agricultural Reforms
1. Land Reforms of 1959
2. 500 Acres Irrigated Land and 1000 Acres Non-Irrigated Land
3. Green Revolution
● Industrial / Economic Reforms
1. Oil Refinery
2. Economic Growth 7%
3. 22 Families Controllling Pakistan
● Social Reform
1. Family Planning Programming
2. Family Laws 1961
3. Permanent Homes for Refugees
4. New Curriculum In Schools
● Foreign Policy
1. Indus Water Treaty 1960
2. Tashkant Agreement 1966
3. RCD

How Successful was Ayub Khan as the ruler of Pakistan (1958-1969)? Explain your Answer
OR
Constitutional Reforms Of Ayub Khan were the most important domestic reforms of Ayub Khan
introduced from (1958-1969)

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 Ayub Khans Policies
CONSTITUTIONAL REFORMS:
S: The first step of Ayub khan's constitutional reforms came with the introduction of Basic Democracies. This was a
four tier structure in which ordinary people elected union council members who in turn elected district and
divisional council members. This was a system according to Ayub which people could understand and work with. It
helped to put the nation on a path of national reconstruction, development and progress as problems of common
people could be redressed at grass root level without any delay.

S: Ayub was successful in drafting the constitution which was prominent among his reforms. The Constitution of
1962 marked presidential form of government. It concentrated a lot of power in the hands of President e.g. in both
choosing and dismissing cabinet etc. In reality it reflected Ayub's own interpretation of the political setup of Pakistan
and was named as "democracy with discipline". It also meant that if there would be problems in future, President
would be blamed for them and it did happen in 1968-69 when there were mass demonstrations against Ayub Khan
who was the President and was therefore, forced to resign.

S: The constitution also had many successes and many steps were taken to satisfy the people of East Pakistan. Both
Urdu and Bengali were recognized as two national languages, national assembly sessions were to be held in both
Dhaka and Islamabad. To disqualify their claim that the Government of Pakistan was controlled by West Pakistanis, it
was said that if the president was from West Pakistan then the speaker would be from East Pakistan and vice versa.
These steps helped to reduce tension between the two wings of Pakistan and promoted unity.
AGRICULTURAL REFORMS:
S: Ayub khan introduced land reforms in 1959 in which the minimum land owned was to be 12.5 acres and the
maximum was to be 500 acres (irrigated) and 1000 acres (non-irrigated). This was to replace large poorly run farms,
with relatively smaller smartly run farms which was a success as agricultural output increased.

F: …However most of the land reforms remained on paper as Ayub underestimated the power of landlords who
passed their surplus lands to their relatives etc. and easily escaped the law.

S: Ayub, to boost the economy of Pakistan, introduced green revolution in which farmers were encouraged to use
modern machinery and high yielding etc. These reforms revitalized agriculture and output was raised, which was
exported and proved to be a source of foreign exchange earnings.

F: …However, most of the benefits of green revolution were enjoyed by wealthy landlords and mechanization in
agriculture led to unemployment of many poor tenants. Thus these reforms made rich richer and poor poorer.

INDUSTRIAL REFORMS:
S: In 1962 an oil refinery was established in Karachi. As a result Pakistan's economy stabilized and foreign exchange
was saved as it reduced the import of refined oil. During Ayub's regime the average annual economic growth was 7
% which was three times than that of India and it was believed that Pakistan had found a way out of poverty which
highlights the success of his economic policies.

F: However it was also revealed that just 22 families controlled most of Pakistan's industrial and banking assets. This
meant that Ayub's policies created economic inequalities and benefitted only the elite class. This reform also gave
rise to regional disparities as most of these families were from West Pakistan which annoyed East Pakistanis and
made Ayub highly unpopular.
SOCIAL REFORMS:
S: Ayub's government also tried to control the population growth and set up the family planning program, funded
largely by American loans. The program was not particularly successful because of the negative attitude by the
ulemas as they considered it un-Islamic; however, it shows the government effort of making Pakistan a welfare state.

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S: Ayub's social reforms also aimed at raising the status of women. The major step in this regard was Family Laws
1961 which introduced the registration of marriage and divorce. These laws also said that a man had to take
permission of his first wife for a second marriage. Though they were criticized of being unIslamic but in reality they
helped women in getting some rights in male-dominated Pakistani society.

S: There was also an attempt to deal with shelter-less people. A large number of refugees from India had still not
been able to find permanent homes. Ayub Khan appointed General Azam khan as the rehabilitation minister and he
settled 75000 refugees in newly built dwellings near Karachi and so the problem was resolved to some extent.
Ayub khan also introduced reforms in educational sector. He drew new curricula for schools and suggested new text
books to be published. These reforms sound fair as the level of education was raised and modern education was
promoted.
FOREIGN POLICY:
S: Government under Ayub leadership was able to find a solution of the canal water dispute. In 1960 an agreement
between India and Pakistan was concluded and according to this Indus Water Treaty, Pakistan was allowed to use
the water of the River Chenab, the Jhelum and the Indus. This improved relations with India as both the countries
showed signs of cooperation.

S: Tashkent Accord of 1966 which was arranged by the Soviet Union improved Pakistan's relations with India as
according to the accord a cease fire of 1965 War was arranged and both the sides agreed to solve their disputes
peacefully.

S: During ERA of Ayub Khan Pakistan signed Trade agreements with Iran and Turkey that is called RCD (Regional
corporational Development). Due to this Pakistan's economy improved as well as relations with Iran and Turkey
improved.

Q. Why did Ayub fall from power in 1969? (ANY NEGATIVE POINT OF AYUB CAN BE WRITTEN)
F: One of the reasons was Tashkent agreement between Pakistan and India due to which Pakistan had to return all
the areas of India which were captured in the war of 1965 this was unacceptable to the general public who withdrew
support for Ayub Khan which weakened his support and power and his decline began

F: Tashkent Accord also led to the dismissal of Bhutto he became the focal point of opposition against Ayub Khan he
mobilized the masses and politicians who put up a firm opposition which Ayub could not face

F: Another reason was resignation of Basic democrats in large numbers. Basic democrats were the major supporters
of Ayub Khan but their resignation meant drastic decrease in support for him thus Ayub was forced to quit due to his
unpopularity
Q. Why was Ayub’s era known as the decade of development?
● Any positive points can be written but Preferred ECONOMIC AND AGRICULTURE

Q. Why was Islamabad made the capital of Pakistan?

It was felt that government officials should be moved away from commercial districts of Karachi as it might have an
unwanted influence on them, thus Islamabad was made the new capital so that the civil servants should fully
concentrate on their official duties without any corrupt financial distinction

Karachi was located on the coast. It was considered vulnerable to Indian attacks from the Arabian sea thus it was
moved to a relatively safe inland area i.e Islamabad

The Army command headquarters was located in Rawalpindi, thus Ayub Khan shifted the capital from Karachi to
Islamabad as it was near the military headquarters and helped to strengthen the political position especially at the
time of martial law.

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 YAHYA KHAN
Q.HOW SUCCESSFUL WAS YAHYA KHAN AS A PRESIDENT OF PAKISTAN (1969-71)? EXPLAIN YOUR
ANSWER.

Successes
Firstly, when Yahya khan became the president; he abolished "One unit scheme" and redistributed the
four provinces of West Pakistan. Thus this was a success as it satisfied the smaller provinces of West
Pakistan like Sindh, who previously felt economically and politically suppressed by a larger unit like Punjab.

Secondly, President Yahya Khan ended the "Parity of seats" between East and West Pakistan in the
national assembly and now the East Pakistan was given seats according to their majority population. Thus
it delighted them as they had been demanding this since 1947 and now they could protect their political
rights with ease.

Thirdly, Yahya khan also announced that there would be a properly elected government and so elections
were held in East and West Pakistan in 1970 on the principle of "One man One vote". Thus, this was a
success as the people of Pakistan were able to choose the
leader of their own choice by exercising their basic democratic rights after a long period of
dictatorship.
Failures
Yahya Khan, the president and the Chief Martial Law Administrator commanded the army
to surrender in the war of 1971. So Pakistan not only lost the war but East Pakistan also
became Bangladesh. This made Yahya khan extremely unpopular as the people were
dissatisfied with his rule.

Furthermore, in 1970, East Pakistan was hit by severe flood (Bhola Cyclone). However, the rescue and
rehabilitation by the government was slow. Thus it was a failure as such halfhearted attempt by
Government annoyed the common people of East Pakistan and this decreased his support even further.

President Yahya postponed the first assembly session after the elections of 1970. Thus it was a failure, as
the East Pakistanis felt that they had been betrayed as their democratic right to form the government was
denied even though the Awami League had won a clear majority in the elections.

Lastly, when the assembly session, which was to take place at Dhaka, was postponed, this created unrest in
East Pakistan. In order to deal with this opposition, President Yahya commanded General Tikka Khan to
start a military action in East Pakistan known as "Operation search light". Thousands of them were killed
which aggravated the situation. Thus it was a failure, as the poor policies of Yahya khan divided Pakistan as
in retaliation to this operation the East Pakistani's secretly announced in a radio broadcast about the
establishment of Bangladesh

18 | Page
Q. Why was there a rebellion/Civil war in Pakistan in 1971?
President YK postponed the first assembly session after the elections of 1970. The E.P’ies felt that they had
been betrayed as their democratic right to form the government was denied even though they had won
clear majority in the elections thus they rebelled against YK’s government

When the assembly session which was to take place at Dhaka was postponed this created unrest in E.P. In
order to deal with this opposition President YK commanded General Tikka Khan to start a Military action in
E.P known as operation search light. Thousands of them were killed which worsened the situation thus it
was a failure of a policy of YK as it divided Pakistan. E.P in revenge secretly announced in a radio broadcast
about the establishment of Bangladesh thus the E.P’ies rebelled in order to free themselves from the
tyranny of W.P.

The arrest of Mujib-Ur-Rehman who was the main leader of E.P by the army caused the E.P to now believe
that they would always be politically suppressed by the W.P’ies thus they rebelled to show their anger and
protect their political rights

Q. Why did Mujib give his 6 points (5 Feb 1966)?

● Provincial Autonomy

● Taxes Collected By Provinces

● Main Demand of East Pakistan

Mujib-Ur-Rehman demanded that E.P should be given Provincial autonomy thus Mujib gave his 6 points in order to
ensure that the rights of E.P were protected and that they would not be dominated by W.P in the future.

Mujib wanted that taxes should be collected by the provinces not by the center this was as E.P felt that the revenue
was unfairly spent on the development of W.P thus he gave his 6 points to gain economic independence from W.P
and so that they would not be exploited in the future

Mujib believed these points contained the main demands of E.P e.g provincial, economic, military autonomy. He
made them the manifesto of his party in the 1970’s election for his success thus he gave his 6 points to become the
P.M of Pakistan.

Q: Why did the victory of the Awami League in the 1970 elections in Pakistan cause a constitutional
crisis?
President Yahya Khan was not willing to allow the Awami League to take over the National Assembly by forming a
government. The Awami League had won a landslide victory in East Pakistan and the National Assembly and was in a
position to form a government on its own. The future Prime Minister and the entire cabinet could be formed from
the Awami League. Even though Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto and the Pakistan People's Party had won an overwhelming
victory in West Pakistan, it was likely it would have no role in
the future government which was not acceptable to West Pakistani leadership.

The Awami League had won the election on a programme limiting the power of central government over the
provinces. The East Pakistanis wanted to have control over their foreign exchange earned from trade which created

19 | Page
a rift between the East and the West Pakistan as it would subsequently reduce the funds to the central government
in West Pakistan.

President Yahya Khan delayed the meeting of the National Assembly just two days before it was to be held. The East
Pakistanis felt that they had been betrayed and their right to form the government had been denied. Therefore,
they started a civil disobedience movement and rebelled against Yahya's government to show their opposition for
his unjust attempt which aggravated the situation even more and chances to
form a constitution were now too bleak.

CREATION OF BANGLADESH
Q.”Mujibs six points were the most important reason for the creation of Bangladesh” Do
you agree? Give reasons.
Outline
● Mujib’s 6 points (political)

● Arrest of Mujib (political)

● Cultural differences(Urdu Vs Bengali) (social)

● Art, dress and Music (social)

● 22 families (economic)

● Jute the main export (economic)

● Floods (political)

● Assembly session at Dhaka postponed (political)

● Operation search light (political/military)

● Indian intervention in E.P (political/military)

● E.P’s P.M dismissed (Political)

● Army, civil service and judiciary (political)

● PPP Vs Awami league (regional approach) (political)

POLITICAL
Six points of Mujib contributed in the creation of Bangladesh as according to these points Awami league
wanted maximum provincial autonomy with separate currency troops and trade, thus was a clear
indication that Bengalis wanted to limit the power of central government and wished to govern E.P
themselves, thus these points prepared Bengalis for Bangladesh.

The demands of 6 points of Awami league were rejected by Ayub khan in 1966 and its leader Mujib was
imprisoned this caused discontent and separation began to look inevitable
SOCIAL

20 | Page
Bengalis were strongly attracted with their culture and took great pride in it whereas W.P’s leaders
including Jinnah did a great deal for the promotion of Urdu alone which offended Bengalis. It was evident
from such opposite views that the 2 people were different and keeping Pakistan united was impossible

There was much difference between the art, music and dress between E.P and W.P. This annoyed the
Bengalis who felt cultural suppressed
ECONOMIC
It was revealed during Ayub’s era that 22 families who were mostly from W.P controlled all the banking
and industrial assets of Pakistan thus it increased regional disparity and led to the separation of E.P as
Bangladesh felt economically ignored by W.P

Pakistan’s main export was jute which was mainly produced in E.P but the major of the spending of the
budget was on the border between W.P and India as E.P had no major border dispute India they
considered that spending on west. This angered them as they were deprived of their due share in the
foreign exchange

POLITICAL
In 1970 E.P was hit by a severe flood (Bhola Cyclones ) but the rescue and rehabilitation by the government
was slow such half-hearted attempts by the government annoyed the common people of E.P as they felt
neglected by the West so they thought of separation

President Yahya Khan postponed the first assembly session after the elections of 1970 it was the key
reason for the creation of Bangladesh as the E.P felt that their right to form the government although the
Awami league won with the clear majority in the elections of 1970.

When the assembly by session which was to take place at Dhaka it created un rest in E.P in order to deal
with this opposition Yahya commanded Tikka Khan to take military action in E.P known as operation
searchlight thousands of E.P’ies were killed which worsened the situation thus it was evident that the 2
wings of Pakistan could not remain united as most of them hated to be ruled by Islamabad.
POLITICAL / MILITARY
The intervention of Indian troops in E.P in Dec 1971 resulted in the creation of Bangladesh as Pakistan lost
the war of 1971 and Indians allowed E.P to declare its independence

The people of E.P were also angry with the dismissal of Bengali P.Ms by W.P’s leaders e.g I.I Chundrigar and
Bogra were dismissed by I.M a W.P head of state this created a feeling of provincialism/hostility which led
to the creation of Bangladesh

E.P also resented the fact that they were underrepresented in Army, Judiciary and Civil Service as most of
the high post officials were occupied by W.P’ies this frustrated the people of E.P as they were being
overlooked

The political parties which won the election in 1970 were regional in their approach Awami league worked
for the interests of E.P alone while the PPP worked for the interests of W.P this promoted regionalism and
created a rift between the 2 wings and lack of patriotism.

LIST OF QUESTIONS:
21 | Page
 Why was Yahya Khan Important as the Ruler Of Pakistan?
(SUCCESSES OF Yahya Khan)
Were Economic reasons the most Important for Creation of Bangladesh in 1971? Explain your Answer.
(L3- Economic Reasons L)
Economic Reasons were most Important than that of Political Reasons for Creation of Bangladesh in
1971? Explain your Answer.
(L3 ECONOMIC L4 OTHERS)

ZULFIQAR ALI BHUTTO (1971- 1977)

Q. Why did ZAB come into power in 1971?
OR
Why did YK fall from power in 1971?
The army had been defeated by India and was at a low morale YK , the President and chief martial law
administrator had been disgraced thus Bhutto tool the opportunity to seek power

Pakistan also lost the war from E.P which became Bangladesh and again YK and the army were blamed
thus Bhutto took advantage of this and attained power

His program of reform food shelter and cloth was attractive and appealed to the electorates. As a result
ZAB’s party won an overall majority in W.P in national assembly in the elections of!970, thus he came into
power as it was his democratic right

DOMESTIC REFORMS:
Political:
S: When Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto came into power, he removed many senior military officials from their posts including
General Gul Hassan, Commander in Chief. He filled these posts with those who supported him like General Tikka
khan who was appointed as chief of army staff. This gave him control over the armed forces and his government
strengthened as he did not have any fear of military intervention.

S: He established Federal Security Force (FSF) to improve security situation by assisting the police, however it was
misused by Bhutto to threaten his opponents. This distorted his image as a democratic leader.

F: …Also he was executed in 1979 due to a political murder committed by the FSF under his orders, which makes it
clear that it had become his ‘personal’ force.
(Constitutional Reforms:)
S: Bhutto was able to give a Constitution in 1973. This constitution was a democratic constitution as it was
unanimously accepted by the whole assembly (which was elected in the elections of 1970). Therefore, Bhutto
satisfied all the political shades of Pakistan which strengthened his government.

22 | Page
S: This constitution declared that Pakistan would be ‘Islamic Republic’ with Islam as official religion. It was also
compulsory that both PM and President should be Muslims. This pleased the Ulemas and religious parties like Jamat-
e-Islami who saw this constitution as purely Islamic which would help to govern Pakistan on Islamic lines. Therefore
the support for Bhutto’s government increased even further.
(Industrial)
S: Bhutto nationalized some of the main industries like rice; sugar etc. and these industries were placed under the
Ministry of Production. This step helped to increase economic growth rate and the inflation rate also decreased from
25% to 6% as prices of industrial goods were now controlled by the government.

F: However, the nationalization policy of Z.A Bhutto was not fully successful and the output decreased dramatically
due to lack of qualified and experienced managers as Pakistan’s education system was not yet offering business
education.
(Agrricultural Reforms)
F: Bhutto also introduced agricultural reforms and announced that a land owner could not own more than 250 acres
of irrigated or 500 acres of non- irrigated land. However he underestimated the power of landlords who passed their
extra lands either to their relatives or to their trusted tenants. Hence these reforms mostly remained on paper and
couldn’t be implemented.

F: These reforms also stated that the tenants would have the first right to purchase the land of his landlord if he was
interested to sell it. Unfortunately this could not be implemented due to poor economic status of tenants who did
not have enough finance to buy the land.
(Social Reforms)
S: Bhutto nationalized most of the educational institutions to provide free education which helped to expand
educational opportunities as many poor sent their children to schools.

However, this reform could not be fully successful because many parents still preferred child labour and did not avail
the opportunity of free schooling.

S: Since Bhutto was aware that Pakistan’s life expectancy rate was low whereas infant mortality rate was high,
therefore he established the Rural Health Centers in villages and Basic Health Units in cities. Thus this helped to
improve the health standards as free medical facilities were offered.

S: He declared that all medicines must be sold under their medical name instead of their brand name. This helped to
reduce the prices of medicines and they became affordable even by the poor.

F: ….However, many of the multinationals closed their operations in Pakistan as they felt their profits were declining
which reduced foreign investment.

F: ….Furthermore, the local companies that filled the gap of these multinationals, started making substandard
medicines which increased health problems.

S: Bhutto wanted a modern and efficient civil service. Therefore he reorganized the civil service into a smaller
number of levels and unified pay scales. This satisfied the civil servants as he removed unnecessary distinctions
between them.
FOREIGN POLICY
S: Bhutto visited India in 1972 and Simla agreement was signed. According to this, India agreed to return the
prisoners of 1971 war and in return Pakistan promised that Kashmir issue would not be taken to a third party like the
UN for its solution. This helped to improve Indo-Pak relations and chances of future wars were made less likely.

23 | Page
…..At the same time it improved Pakistan’s international image as a peaceful nation which was distorted after the
events of 1971 in East Pakistan.

When Bhutto came into power, he visited Soviet Union in 1972 and this was a successful visit to improve relations
between the two sides as Soviets agreed to build a steel mill in Pakistan to strengthen Pakistan’s economy.

Q. Why did Bhutto nationalize the industries?

Bhutto wanted to break the grip of the 22 families which had control over the maximum industrial assets
of Pakistan thus he nationalized the industries as he believed that this step would make him popular
among the people as it would lead to the circulation of wealth throughout the state

ZAB wanted to increase the income of the government by having direct control of the industries thus he
nationalized the industry as it would enable him to develop other sectors i.e education and health

ZAB wanted to win the support of labor class they were being treated poorly by the private sector thus ZAB
nationalized the industries to provide them with their due rights i.e better salaries

Q. Why did ZAB’s industrial reforms fail?

Pakistan’s educational systems were not yet producing qualified people who could look after the industries
thus the nationalization policy of ZAB was not very successful due to lack of qualified and experienced
managers who had no education of business

The ministry of produce which was established to look after these industries was overburdened thus due
to a bureaucratic muddle many decisions were delayed which affected their output negatively

When the workers of these industries were given rights and were allowed to form labor unions to protect
their interest they instead of working effectively started more protests asking for more and more rights
thus nationalization was unsuccessful as the output of these industries decreased even further.

He divided the lands of landlords through land reforms and nationalized industries through industrial
reforms this angered the landowners and the industrialists who were a major political force in Pakistan
thus they moved against ZAB and took effective steps to discredit his rule.

Q: How successful was the constitutional development in Pakistan between 1947-73? Explain your
answer.
•Objective resolution (1949)
• First Report of BPC (1950)
• Second Report of BPC (1952) ·
• Constitution of 1956
• Constitution of 1962
•Constitution of 1973

24 | Page
L 3 CONSTITUTION OF 1956 L 4 CONSTITUTIONS OF 1956 / 73
WITH S/F WITH S/F
Q: Which was the Most Important Constitution of Pakistan: Explain your answer with refence to all three
above.
● 1956

● 1962

● 1973

ZIA-UL-HAQ (1977-88)

Q. Why was ZAB executed in 1979?

When Zia released Bhutto from prison for a short period of time ZAB tried to reassert his authority by
gaining support of the people this was a threat to the rule of Zia thus ZAB was executed to eliminate this
threat

Bhutto along with three others were accused of murdering a political opponent by sending FSF to kill him
the trial which took 2 years resulted in Bhutto being guilty and being sentenced to death by the court

Bhutto had threatened Zia that he would charge him with tempering with the constitution of 1973 this
could result in Zia getting considerable punishment under article 6 of the constitution thus he got Bhutto
executed in order to avoid such an insult

Q. Why did Zia introduce Islamic reforms?

Bhutto introduced some socialist reforms e.g nationalization of industries since there is no room for any
religion in socialism thus Zia introduced Islamic reforms to prove that he was a better leader than Bhutto
as he was working in accordance of Islamic ideology

Zia was aware that many Islamic Political parties like JEI were influential in both army and civil service thus
he introduced Islamic reforms to strengthen his government by getting their support

When Russians invaded Afghanistan in !(79, Zia decided to fight against the pagan communist, but he
needed the support of Muslim countries for his Jihad in Afghanistan thus he introduced Islamic reforms to
prove that he was a pure Islamic leader of a Muslim country

25 | Page
DOMESTIC REFORMS
ISLAMIZATION POLICY
S: During Zia’s time, the Hudood Ordinance was introduced in 1979 according to which, Islamic punishments were
introduced for different crimes. These included the cutting of right hand for theft and lashes for adultery etc. Due to
the strictness of the punishments, people avoided doing such crimes, which greatly reduced the crime rate. This also
strengthened Zia’s government because the Ulemas fully supported this decision as they believed that it was a major
step to make Pakistan a pure Islamic state.

F: …However, the amputation of hand and other punishments were never implemented thus failing the main
purpose. Similarly, the punishment for adultery although mostly remained on paper but where partially
implemented, had an adverse effect on women in the male-dominating Pakistani society as no difference was
kept between adultery and rape.

S: Zia established a Federal Shariat Court to see if the laws were according to Islamic principles. This ensured
the presence of Islam-based judiciary. Since people were given justice according to Islamic principles, this
made Zia popular within Muslim circles.

S: The government announced that twenty extra marks would be given to ‘huffaz’ in Civil Service examination.
This greatly encouraged people to learn their Holy Book i.e. the Holy Quran, which promoted Islam.

F: …However, no alternative was provided to non- Muslim minorities to gain such extra marks which created a
feeling of resentment in the minorities who believed that Zia’s government ignored their basic rights.

S: During Zia’s rule, Radio Pakistan started Arabic courses and a daily news bulletin was carried out in Arabic.
As a result, people inclined towards Quran, which too was in Arabic.

S: The Zakat Ordinance was introduced which imposed 2.5% tax on savings. Zakat committees were established
which ensured proper collection & distribution of wealth among the poor to fulfill their basic needs. Thus, this
greatly helped in the proper observance of a basic pillar of Islam and weaker section of the society was also taken
care of.

F: However, Shia Muslims protested that this tax wasn’t due on them and therefore, they were exempted by the
government. This promoted sectarianism and discrimination, which led to disparity within Pakistani society.
ECONOMIC POLICY
S: Zia denationalized the industries taken over by Bhutto’s government. The industries were sold to the private
sector which reduced burden from the government as most of these were ‘sick’ industries with low output.

S: …Also, laws were passed to ensure that the government would never nationalize them in future. Thus, the trust
of the investors was restored and so the private investment increased.

S: During Zia’s rule, Pakistan contributed the largest workforce in the Middle East. The labor abroad sent almost
3.5-4 billion$ to Pakistan annually in the form of remittances. This was the biggest single source of foreign exchange
earnings and thus boosted Pakistan’s economy.

S: He introduced 8th amendment in the 1973 Constitution which guaranteed extensive powers for the
president. This meant that now he could even dismiss the Prime minister along with his cabinet. This made Zia
a strong ruler whose authority could not be challenged.

F: …However, the presidents misused this power too often in future and dismissed the elected governments e.g.
president Ghulam Ishaq Khan dismissed Benazir Bhutto’s govt. in 1990 and Nawaz Sharif’s government in 1993.
Thus, political instability increased in the country because of this amendment.
LAW AND GOVERNMENT
F: Although at first Zia promised to make judiciary impartial, however he soon tightened his grip on it by
introducing military courts as well as provisional constitutional order (PCO) where judges were to take oath
according to PCO and could not give a decision against Zia’s government.

26 | Page
S: He also decided that fixed number of military officials would be transferred to Civil Service Academy each year.
This helped to strengthen his rule because now he had his supporters in civil bureaucracy as well.

S: He established an Islamic parliament “Majlis-e-Shura”. However it was not an effective assembly as it did not
have any law making authority and its role was purely advisory. But it did help Zia to strengthen his rule as members
of this parliament supported him wholeheartedly.
FOREIGN POLICY
S: In Dec. 1979, the USSR invaded Afghanistan. Pakistan agreed to help the US against the USSR. The US aided
Pakistan in training the mujahedeen for them to fight in Afghanistan and also gave extensive amount of aid and
loans which strengthened Pakistan’s economy and defense. Thus, due to the ‘Afghan Miracle’ Pak USA relations
improved as they protected each other’s interests.

S: …Also, Pakistan’s relations with Afghanistan improved as Pakistan was working for their survival and gave shelter
to over 3 million Afghan refugees who fled to Pakistan to escape the war.

Q: Why Did Zia become unpopular by end of his Rule?

OUTLINE:
● Weapons Smuggled Back to Pakistan

● Problems in NWFP and Balochistan

● Consequences of Afghan Miracle

● Ojhri Camp
The US aided Mujahideens in Afghanistan against the Soviet Union and its military supplies were
transported through Pakistan some times, guns were smuggled back to Pakistan which increased the Crime
rate in the country. As it was due to Zia's policy in Afghanistan. Therefore, the people blamed him for this
internal insecurity which made him highly unpopular.

NWFP wasn’t happy with this Government as it had to bear Afghan Refugees. There were anti-Central
Government feelings in Balochistan as well. Therefore, his rule became weaker due to discontent of
different provinces.

Thirdly, another reason was the “Afghan Miracle” due to Russian withdrawal from Afghanistan and the Us
aid to Pakistan to help the refugees was reduced dramatically, on the other hand, the refugees were still
there and without the financial aid from America, Zia couldn't cater to their needs. Therefore, his govt was
in severe crises due to lack of international support.

The explosion at the Arms dump at “Ojhri Camp” in 1988 led to Primeminister Junejo setting up an inquiry
that seemed to blame top army Commanders, which Zia found unacceptable and so dismissed him and
dissolved the National Assembly. This led Political Crises for Zia and further difficulties.

27 | Page
Q: Why did Zia dismissed Junejo in 1987
Junejo called an All-Party Conference in 1988(March) to discuss the Afghan situation, without consulting
Zia. This meant that his Civil Government was acting independently of the army. Zia was independently of
the army. Zia was annoyed as he considered as a threat to his power. Therefore, he dismissed Junejo to
retain Political authority.

Secondly, Junejo ordered an inquiry to the “Ojhri Camp” blast with the clear intention to strictly punish
those who were responsible. This meant that the senior army officials including Zia, the Chief of Army Staff
could be punished, as the “Ojhri Camp” was a military ammunition depot. Therefore, Zia dismissed Junejo
to avoid such an insult.

According to Zia, Junejo was doing nothing for sake of Islam and he also believed that Junejo’s government
was involved in Corruption. Thus, according to 8th Amendment 1973’s constitution he wasn’t satisfied with
Junejo’s performance as Primeminister.

Benazir Bhutto

Q.HOW SUCCESSFUL WAS BENAZIR BHUTTO AS THE PM OF PAKISTAN BETWEEN THE YEARS (1988-1990)
& (1993-1996). EXPLAIN YOUR ANSWER.

1988-1990
DOMESTIC POLICY
S: Benazir Bhutto (8.3) promised to make Pakistan a purely democratic country. She took some steps in this regard,
e.g. she released the political prisoners, and lifted ban on student and trade unions. Thus this was success as she
proved that her government believed in political freedom and was far better, as compared to Zia's dictatorship

S: B.B established “First Women Bank”, where females provided banking facilities to the women of Pakistan Thus
this was a success as it not only meant more job opportunities for women, but was also an attempt to protect their
rights in the male dominating society of Pakistan

S: B.B started "People's works Program", and according to this program, electricity was provided in many rural areas
of Pakistan. Thus this shows her commitment to improve the standard of living, of the people living in remote areas.

F: ... However, she was unable to keep her promises. For example, she could not improve the welfare services, and
did not repeal the Hudood & Zina ordinance (as it affected women adversely). Thus this disappointed people of
Pakistan and the support for her rule reduced.

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F: Benazir also did not fulfill her commitments regarding her economic development of Pakistan, which disappointed
the people. Instead, there was a high rate of inflation and unemployment. Thus this was a failure as people greatly
criticized her government, as their financial problems increased during her rule.

S: B.B took some steps in favor of Sindhis e.g. Sindhi was made compulsory in educational institutions of Sindh, and
seats were also reserved for Sindhis in provincial administration. Thus this delighted the Sindhi community, and the
support for her rule increased, because their cultural and political rights were being protected

F: ... However, it annoyed the Urdu-speaking people of Sindh, who were more educated than Sindhis and they
rendered such steps as a special favors for Sindhis. Thus, this reduced her support, as many of the Urdu- Speaking
people joined MQM, a regional party of the Urdu Speaking people.
FOREIGN POLICY
S: B.B's father, Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto left the Commonwealth in 1971, when UK recognized Bangladesh. However,
Benazir felt that it was important organization for Pakistan's political and economic prosperity. Therefore, she
rejoined it, which improved Pakistan's international image, and the relations with UK and other members of the
Commonwealth

S: B.B organized the fourth SAARC Summit, which was also attended by the Indian PM Rajiv Gandhi. Thus, this helped
to improve Pak-indo relations, as three different peace agreements were signed between the two countries.
B.B also visited USA in 1989, and tried to convince their officials that Pakistan did not have the nuclear weapons, but
has the right to do so for its defense. However, the US government was not convinced. Thus it worsened Pak-US
relations as it meant that the USA was not ready to lift the economic and military sanctions under the Pressler
Amendment.

F: Benazir Bhutto also Visited USA in 1989, and tried to convince their officials that Pakistan didn’t have their Nuclear
Weapons, but has the right to do it so for its defense. However, the US government wasn’t convinced Thus it
Worsened Pakistan-USA relations as it meant that USA wasn’t Convinced to lift the economic and military sanctions
under the Pressler Amendment.

Q.WHY DID BENAZIR FALL FROM POWER IN 1990?

F: BB’s party was the largest political party in the election of 1988 yet it did not have enough seats to form the
government. Therefore she had to make an alliance with MQM, a party of Urdu speaking people of Sindh. This
meant that the Government was not independent enough to take decisions. Due to clashes between PPP and MQM,
MOM dissolved their alliance with PPP, which made the Government weak to work;

F: Benazir did not have good relations with President Ghulam Ishaq Khan and occasionally clashed with him. A major
point of conflict between the two was appointment of military and judiciary. President believed that it was his right
under the 8th amendment to make such appointments where Benazir wanted some changes according to her
desires. When he refused to do so the relations between the two were at the lowest ebb which meant that her
Government could be dissolved by the president at any time.

F: Benazir's Government was also accused of corruption. Her husband Asif Ali Zardari was accused of taking
commissions and kickbacks. Although Benazir felt that such accusations were politically motivated, yet the damaged
the reputation of her Government a lot and later provided a reason to President to dissolve her government
1993-1996
DOMESTIC POLICY:
F: Benazir came into government with an "Agenda for change". She promised to improve women situations and she
also said that separate women courts and police stations would be established. However, no legislations were
introduced in this regard. Thus this disappointed the people of Pakistan, especially women, who felt betrayed as B.B
did not fulfill her promises,

29 | Page
F: B.B had to face a lot of opposition from Nawaz Sharif, the leader of opposition alliance in the National assembly.
He started a Train March against Benazir Bhutto In 1994, in which he travelled from Karachi to Peshawar by train,
and at different railway stations, he made critical speeches against BB’s government this way, he was successful in
arranging large scale strikes against Benazir. Although Benazir reacted by arresting some opposition leaders,
however, it had no affect but rather increased her opposition even more.

F: BB was involved in family feuds as well. Her brother Murtaza Bhutto, who was abroad, used to criticize him far
betraying the principles of their father. He also criticized the increased role of Asif Ali Zardari (Benazir's husband) in
PPP, as he was accused of corruption. Later when he came to Pakistan, he was at first arrest and later killed in a
police ambush just outside his house in Karachi. A judicial inquiry suggested the involvement of the government in
the assassination of Murtaza Bhutto. Although Benazir denied such involvement, however, the assassination of
Murtaza Bhutto badly damaged the democratic Image of her government

F: BB being an economist herself took the charge of economy policy of Pakistan, but during her time, Pakistani
Rupee depreciated by 30% against US dollar. GDP fell from 6% to 4%. Large scale manufacturing growth reduced
drastically. Thus, her poor economic policies created financial crisis in Pakistan so the people had to suffer
economically.

F: Benazir's Government was also accused of corruption. Her husband Asif Ali Zardari was accused of taking
commissions and kickbacks. Although Benazir felt that such accusations were politically motivated, yet theydamaged
the reputation of her Government a lot and later provided a reason to President to dissolve her government
FOREIGN POLICY
S: During the rule of B.B, the new US president Bill Clinton wanted to have good relations with Pakistan, and he sent
his defense secretary William Perry to Pakistan in 1993 who admitted that the Pressler Amendment was a mistake.
Thus this helped to improve the relations as it meant that soon the US would lift sanctions and provide economic
and military aid to Pakistan

S: In 1996, B.B visited USA and following her visit Brown amendment was passed by the US parliament. This allowed
the USA Government to return the payment of (28) F-16 and they also approved military support to $ 388 million for
Pakistan and so the relations improved as they were trying to strengthen Pakistan's defense.
S: ... In 1996, Hillary Clinton, the first lady and her daughter Chelsea visited Pakistan as a gesture of goodwill, which
brought Pakistan and US closer and their relations Improved.
Q: Why Did Benazir Fall from Power in 1996?
● Agenda Of Change

● Train March

● Family Conflicts

● Zardari Accused of Corruption

List Of Questions:
How Successful was Benazir as The Prime Minister of Pakistan between 19993-96? Explain your answer.

How Successful was Benazir as The Prime Minister of Pakistan between 1988-90? Explain your answer.

Q: Was the increase In Inflation and Unemployment the main problem faced by Benazir as Prime
Minister of Pakistan between 1988-90? Explain your answer,
(Failures of First Era)
L 3 = Inflation L4 = Other Problems
Outline:
L3: Inflation and Un Employment

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L4:
1. Zina Ordinace not Removed
2. Sindhi made Compulsory / Seats Reserved
3. Problems with President
4. Asif Ali Zardari Corruption
5. MQM left the Government
6. Pressler Amendment

Q: “Reasons for the decline of Benazir in 1990 were more important than those of its decline in 19996”
Do you agree give reasons.

Q: Why was Benazir Important as Prime Minister as Prime Minister of Pakistan.

(Only Successes)
Q: What was Pucca Qilla Massacre?
In 1988, a Sindhi militant, opened fire on a crowd in Hyderabad and so there were about 250 casualties
(mostly Muhajir). IN 1989, there were widespread riots in Karachi, so MQM broke their alliance with PPP.
In 1990, Government started crackdown in Hyderabad. Shoot on sight curfew was imposed and house to
house search operation was carried out. The muhajirs protested at this treatment. More than 300
people died including 31 women and children. This is known as Pucca Qila Massacre.

Nawaz Shareef

Q. HOW SUCCESSFUL WAS NAWAZ SHARIF AS THE PM OF PAKISTAN BETWEEN THE YEARS
(1990-1993) & (1997-1999). EXPLAIN YOUR ANSWER.

1990-1993:
S: Nawaz Sharif (N.S) started a policy of privatization and offered many industries to the private sector, like shipping,
telecommunication, and airlines. Thus this was a success as it increased private investment and strengthened the
economy of Pakistan

S: N.S started many large scale projects e.g. Ghazi Barotha Hydro Project, and Gawader Mini Port. Thus it was a
success as it shows his commitment to improve the economy of the country by promoting power sector and
international trade links.

S: N.S started a yellow cab scheme, and under this scheme, he imported thousands of taxis and also provided cheap
loans to purchase them. Thus this was a success as this helped to provide many job opportunities to a lot of
unemployed people.

31 | Page
F: ..... However, most of those loans were not repaid, which overburdened the country's economy (because they
were mostly given to supporters of his party).

S: N.S also started the first Motorway of Pakistan, between Lahore and Islamabad, which was completed in 1997.
Thus, this was also a success, as he not only modernized the infrastructure for easier movement of the people, but
this also helped to improve internal trade.

F: ..... However, many critics of his government believed that a developing country like Pakistan, could not afford
such an expensive project. And the same amount, which was spent on this project, could've been utilized to improve
the welfare services of the country, like Health and Education.

S: N.S loosened the restrictions upon the movement of foreign exchange, and opened up the Pakistan's stock market
to save foreign capital thus this was a success, as it helped to improve the economy as the influx of foreign exchange
into the country increased.

F: An international bank operating in Pakistan named BCCI (Bank of Credit & Commerce International) collapsed
because it was found involved in many international frauds. Thus it was a failure, NS government lost finances as
investors lost a huge sum of money which was deposited in BCCI.

F: The popularity of his government was badly damaged due to the "Cooperative societies Scandal". These societies
used to get deposits from the public, and also provided them with loans. However, they collapsed due to their own
mismanagement, and about 700,000 people of Punjab lost their hard-earned money. The general public was
disappointed & blamed the government for not having a strict check on these societies.

F:... The situation was further aggravated when it was found that these societies gave billions of rupees as loans, to

F: Nawaz Sharif's family business, the Ittefaq Group. And although the Ittefaq Group hurriedly gave back the loans,
yet this cooperative society's scandal highly undermined the credibility of his government.

F: As a senior member of Zia's government, Nawaz was a strong supporter of Islamic reform. He introduced Shariat
Bill in 1991. This Bill stated that Quran and Sunnah of the Holy Prophet (PBUH) would be the supreme law of the
country, as long as it did not "challenge the existing system of the government". This was highly criticized from all
sides. The opposition criticized the increased role of Islam in politics, whereas, his supporters believed that the Bill
should have gone further.
F: ... In reality, it was never implemented e.g. when Federal Shariat court asked Nawaz Sharif to finish Riba (interest),
which is banned in Islam, his government did nothing in this regard. Thus it was a failure as it disappointed the
people who realized that Nawaz Sharif was not at all sincere in implementing Islam, and was only using it to gain
political benefits.

F: Nawaz Sharif faced problems with president GIK. The President refused to repeal the 8th amendment as he
believed that it helps to have a check on PM. The PM and President clashed over the appointment of chief of army
staff and after the death of General Asif Nawaz, President without the consent of PM appointed General Waheed
Kakar as the new Chief. Thus, the relations between the two were at the lowest ebb which meant that his
Government could be dissolved by the president at any time, creating political instability in Pakistan.

F: The support of Afghan warlords during Afghan-Russian war had negative effects on Pakistan. The Russian gun
Kalashnikov was smuggled from Afghanistan to Pakistan. Their copies were also made in the tribal areas of Pakistan
and then were sold at a cheaper price. The Kalashnikov culture increased kidnapping, murders and terrorism in
Pakistan. Although NS's government, ordered people to return these guns, but only few of them did. Thus, this
increased internal insecurity & violence in Pakistan to such an extent that NS had to cancel his important trip to
Japan in 1991.
1997-1999:
S: Nawaz Sharif (N.S) introduced the 13th Amendment in the constitution, which revoked the authority of the
President to dismiss the Prime Ministers, and dissolve the assemblies. Thus this was a success as it was popular in all
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political circles, because the 8th Amendment caused political instability as previously GIK had dismissed the
Government of B.B in 1990 and N.S in 1993 using 8th amendment.

S: N.S also introduced the 14th Amendment, which stated that all members of the provincial and national assembly
would not switch their political parties as long as they are members of the parliament. This was also popular, as
usually, the politicians used to destabilize the government by changing parties to achieve their personal interests
without thinking about their voters. Thus this was a success as it shows that Nawaz Sharif tried to promote
democratic values, and reduced political instability of the government.

F: …However, his government was also involved in undemocratic activities, and ill-treated those who criticized his
government. For example, Najam Sethi, a senior journalist, and a strong critic of his government was kidnapped, and
was later released under international pressure. Thus it was a failure as such activities destroyed the democratic
image of Nawaz Sharif.

S: In 1998, N.S carried out a number of nuclear tests in Balochistan. Thus this was a success as it made him highly
popular within Pakistan, as the general public was delighted at the show of strength by their country, and the way it
was standing up to India, which had carried similar tests a few weeks before.
FOREIGN POLICY
F: In 1998, Nawaz Sharif carried out a number of nuclear tests in Balochistan. However, because of this he had to
face a lot of criticism from the international communities and many countries, including US, imposed economic
sanctions on Pakistan. Thus, this worsened Pak-US relations, as Pakistan's economic problems increased because its
economy was mostly dependent upon the Western support.

S: In 1999, the Indian Prime Minister Vajpayee met Nawaz Sharif at Wahgah crossing near Lahore, and Lahore
declaration was signed between the two countries. Thus this helped to improve their relations as both the countries
decided to cooperate, and solve their issues peacefully.

F: …However, these good relations were short-lived, and a few weeks later, some Kashmiris, with the help of
Pakistan's military forces, crossed the line of control, and captured the towns of Kargil and Drass of Indian-held
Kashmir. Although Nawaz Sharif ordered his forces to retreat because of international pressure, yet, this Kargil
conflict deteriorated Indo-Pak relations a lot. It also damaged the international reputation of Nawaz Sharif, as the
international community believed that he did not honor the Lahore Declaration

Why ws Nawaz Shareef dismissed in 1993:

Economic Problems due to Collapse of BCCI
Cooperative Society Scandal
Shariat Bill
Q. Why did Musharraf come into power in 1999?
OR
Q. Why did Nawaz Sharif fall from power in 1999?
Since Zia's time, the army was seen as a threat to democracy. When General Jahangir Karamat, the COAS, asked
Nawaz Sharif to give him a post in National Security Council, he not only refused, but also forced him to resign.
Apparently, he removed a potential threat, but indirectly, increased the chances of Martial Law, as the army was
immensely annoyed.

Another reason was the Kargil conflict. Some Kashmiris, with the help of Pakistan's military forces crossed the line of
military control, and captured the towns of Kargil and Drass of Indian held Kashmir. But Nawaz Sharif ordered his
forces to retreat because of the international pressure. However, this annoyed the army as they felt insulted, and so,
the chances of military intervention increased.

The immediate reason was the "Plane Conspiracy". After the Kargil issue, Nawaz Sharif feared a military coup. And
so, he decided to remove General Pervez Musharraf, who was appointed as the Chief of Army Staff, after the
resignation of Jahangir Karamat. When Pervez Musharraf was returning from an official visit to Sri Lanka, Nawaz
33 | Page
Sharif did not allow his plane to land, and meanwhile, also appointed General Zia-ud-Din as the new Chief of Army
Staff. However, the army refused to accept the new appointment. They took control of the Karachi Airport, and so,
the plane of Pervez Musharraf was allowed to land. Therefore, in retaliation, Pervez Musharraf removed Nawaz
Sharif, and established a military government.

QUESTIONS:
Q. Was the Kalashnikov culture the most important reason for the decline of NS in 1993? Explain your answer.

"NS was more important as PM 1990-93 than 1997-1999". Do you agree? Give reasons.
Both successes and failures

"Reasons for decline of NS in 1993 were more important than those of his decline in 1999". Do you agree? Give
reasons.

"B.B was more important as PM than NS during 1988-99". Do you agree? Give reasons.
"The Governments 1988-99 achieved nothing". Do you agree? Give reasons.

Q: Why did being a nuclear power create difficulties for Pakistan in 1980s and 1990s?
Pressler amendment was introduced by US in 1985 which stated that any country involved in making nuclear
weaponry would not be aided by US. At the time, Pakistan was fighting for US against USSR in Afghanistan, which led
to Pakistan gaining concession over making nuclear weapons. However, in 1988, Russian forces withdrew from
Afghanistan, leaving America focused on, and accusing Pakistan for making nuclear weapons. Thus, in light of
Pressler amendment, economical sanctions were placed on Pakistan, especially at a time when Pakistan was in dire
need of aid to give shelter to 3 Million afghan refugees.

In 1998, Nawaz Sharif carried out nuclear tests in Balochistan. This made Pakistanis happy, as they were delighted by
the show of strength and power by their country, especially against their rival, India. However, it annoyed the
International community & countries like US and Japan imposed economical sanctions on Pakistan, thus, dragging it
to bankruptcy.

Benazir also visited USA in 1989, and tried to convince their officials that Pakistan did not have the nuclear weapons,
but has the right to do so for its defense. However, the US government was not convinced, which worsened Pak-US
relations as it meant, that the USA was not ready to lift the economic and military sanctions under the Pressler
Amendment.

INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS
Q: How successful was Pakistan's relationship with India/USA/Soviet Union/China/Britain
and Commonwealth/Afghanistan/Iran/Bangladesh (since 1971)/ membership of the UN
between 1947- 99? Explain your answer.
Relations With:
1. India
2. United States Of America
3. Russia (USSR)
4. China
5. Kashmir issue
6. Iran
7. Turkey
8. Bangladesh
9. United Nations
10. Common Wealth

34 | Page
 11. Afghanistan
12. Gulf states

PAKISTAN RELATIONS WITH INDIA

How successful was Pakistan in its relationship with India between 1947-
1999? Explain your answer.
SUCCESSES FAILURES
Liaqat – Nehru Pact 1965 War Over Kashmir 1971 War + Creation Of Bangladesh
Indus Water Treaty 1960 Sikh’s Insurgency
Tashkent Agreement 1966 1984, Indhra Gandhi Assasinated
Simla Agreement 1972 Kargil Conflict
B.B + 4th SAARC Summit
Lahore Decleration

S: Liaquat Ali Khan signed the minorities agreement with the Indian Prime minister Nehru known as Liaquat-Nehru
Pact, which stated that both the countries would protect minorities and a visa system was introduced between
Pakistan and India. This improved relations between the two countries as both agreed to cooperate.

S: Ayub Khan signed the Indus water Treaty with India in 1960. Thus, due to this, the relations between the two
improved as the canal water dispute was solved and India agreed to provide water of three rivers to Pakistan.

35 | Page
F: During the regime of Ayub Khan , the war of 1965 broke out between Pakistan and India over the Kashmir issue.
This deteriorated relations as both countries were now too hostile towards each other.

S: In 1966, a cease fire agreement of 1965 war known as Tashkent agreement was arranged by the USSR to make
peace between Pakistan and India. This improved relations between the two nations as they agreed to solve their

issues peacefully in future.

F: During the civil war of 1971 in East Pakistan, India also interfered in this and as a result the war of 1971 broke out.
This destroyed relations between the two because as a result of this war, not only did Pakistan have to surrender
but also East Pakistan was made Bangladesh.

S: In 1972, Z.A Bhutto met with Indra Gandhi, the Indian PM and signed the Simla agreement. This improved
relations as India agreed to free the 90000 prisoners of 1971 war.

F: In early 1980’s, the Sikh community in India demanded a separate homeland. India accused Pakistan of providing
weapons and training to these Sikh rebels and as a result, the relations between the two worsened.

F: Furthermore, the Indian Prime minister Indra Gandhi was assassinated by the Sikhs in 1984. This deteriorated
relations between India and Pakistan as the new Prime Minister Rajiv Gandhi ( son of Indra Gandhi) accused
Pakistan to be involved in her assassination.

S: In 1988, 4th SAARC Summit was held in Pakistan which was also attended by the Indian PM Rajiv Gandhi. This
brought Pakistan and India closer as three separate peace agreements were signed between the two countries.

S: In 1999, the Indian PM Vajpayee met Nawaz Sharif at Wahga crossing near Lahore. They signed the Lahore
declaration and hence this improved relations as both the countries agreed on promoting relations.

F: However, soon some Kashmiris with the help of Pakistan’s armed forces crossed the line of control and captured
the towns of Kargil and Drass of Indian held Kashmir. Although Pakistani PM Nawaz Sharif ordered his forces to
retreat yet this ‘Kargil Conflict’ worsened the relations between the two.

PAKISTAN RELATIONS WITH AMERICA

Successes Failures
LAK visited USA over USSR China-India war
Joined SEATO/CENTO Ayub Visited China & USSR
U-2 plane 1965 war + arms embargo
Afghan miracle 1971 war
Bill Clinton + William Perry (Pressler) Bhutto not pro-American + left SEATO
Brown amendment + F-16 USA embassy burned
/////////////////////////////////////// B.B visited USA + Pressler amendment imposed
/////////////////////////////////////// Nuclear test by Nawaz Shareef

How successful was Pakistan in its relationship with USA between 1947- 1999? Explain
your answer
SUCCESSES: In 1950, Liaquat Ali Khan received invitation from USSR to visit Moscow. This alarmed USA as USSR was
their bitterest enemy, therefore they also invited Liaquat Ali Khan to visit Washington. Liaquat Ali Khan preferred to
visit USA. This improved Pak- USA as Pakistan established embassy in USA which gave a start to their diplomatic
relations
36 | Page
During 1950’s, Pakistan joined SEATO and CENTO, which were anti-communist agreements designed by the western
powers especially USA to curtail the Russian expansion. This helped to improve Pak- USA relations because on one
side Pakistan supported USA’s anti- communist ideology and in return USA provided Pakistan with financial and
military aid that strengthened Pakistan’s economy and defense.

Pakistan provided airbase to USA in Peshawar to spy over USSR. In 1960, a U-2 spy plane was shot down by Russians.
Although the USSR threatened Pakistan for dire consequences if these activities continued, but still Pakistan kept
on supporting USA against USSR which improved the Pak US relationship.

When USSR invaded Afghanistan in 1979, PAK-USA relations improved because Pakistan supported USA against
USSR in Afghan war and in return the USA provided Pakistan with economic and military aid which boosted
Pakistan’s economy and defense.

FAILURES: In 1962, china and India went to war due to border dispute. As China was communist, therefore USA
sent military aid to help India fight. This offended Pakistan government which argued that at least it should have
been consulted before its rival India was given aid. Thus relations deteriorated.

Ayub Khan, the president of Pakistan visited China and USSR during 1960’s. These visits displeased USA worsening
Pak- USA relations as both China and USSR were communist countries and so rivals of USA.

During Indo-Pak war of 1965, USA put an arms embargo on both India and Pakistan. However, this embargo was
more damaging for Pakistan because its army was entirely trained on western weapons which worsened the
relations as Pakistan felt betrayed by its ally, the USA.

In Indo-Pak war of 1971, USA did not help Pakistan. This affected the relations adversely as due to this lack of
support, not only Pakistan lost the war but East Pakistan also became Bangladesh.

After Ayub Khan, Bhutto came in power who was not as Pro-American as Ayub Khan. Now the relations between the
two countries deteriorated because not only Bhutto left SEATO, but also accused the Americans of organizing the
opposition against him in 1977

In 1979, the US embassy in Islamabad was burned down and USA accused Zia of the involvement of his government
in this attack. Therefore the relations reached rock- bottom because USA recalled many of its senior officials from
Pakistan and all aid programs were also suspended.

● POINTS of Benazir and Nawaz Sharif’s foreign Policies can also be add

PAKISTAN RELATION WITH USSR

Successes Failures
Oil Exploration (1961) LAK visited USA over USSR
Ayub's visit to USSR (1965) Joined SEATO/CENTO
Tashkent Agreement (1966) Steel Mill offer rejected (1956)
Bhutto's visit + Steel mill (1972) U-2 plane
//////////////////////////////////////////////////// 1971 war
//////////////////////////////////////////////////// Afghan miracle (1979)

How successful was Pakistan’s relationship with the Soviet Union between 1947- 1999?
Explain your answer.
FAILURES:
In 1950, Liaquat Ali Khan was invited by USSR to visit Moscow. This alarmed USA, so at the same time they invited
Liaquat to visit Washington. Liaquat Ali Khan preferred USA and went there ignoring the invitation of the Russians
which deteriorated Pakistan’s relations with USSR.

37 | Page
During 1950’s Pakistan joined anti- Communist organizations i.e. CENTO and SEATO formed by the Western powers
especially the USA to curtail the Russian expansion. This deteriorated Pak Soviet relations as Pakistan was working
against their communist ideology.

In 1956, Soviet Union offered to build a steel mill for Pakistan if it dropped its alliance with USA. This deteriorated
the relations as Pakistan insulted USSR by rejecting their offer.

In 1960 an American U-2 spy plane that took off from Peshawar, was shot down by the Russians when it was spying
over their territory. This weakened Pak USSR relations as the Russians were highly annoyed with Pakistan and
gave serious threats if such activities were not stopped.

In Indo Pak war of 1971, USSR fully supported India against Pakistan. This brought the relations at the lowest ebb as
due to this support of Russians for India, Pakistan not only lost the war of 1971, but also East Pakistan became
Bangladesh.

In 1979, the USSR invaded Afghanistan. This deteriorated Pakistan- USSR relations as Pakistan fully supported the

USA and the Afghanis to defeat the Soviets.

SUCCESSES:
In 1961, as a gesture of goodwill Soviet Union started to explore oil in Pakistan. This made the relations good as
USSR was helping Pakistan to develop their power resources.

In 1965, Ayub Khan paid an official visit to USSR and further agreements on trade and oil exploration were reached
which brought both the countries closer.

In 1966, USSR organized a peace conference of India and Pakistan at Tashkent and so ‘Tashkent Agreement’ was
signed which was the official ceasefire of 1965 war. Due to this Pakistan- USSR relations improved as Pakistan
appreciated the fair and hospitable manner in which Soviets conducted this conference.

When Bhutto came into power, he visited the Soviet Union in 1972 and this was a successful visit that helped to
improve relations as Soviets agreed to build a steel mill in Pakistan.

PAKISTAN RELATIONS WITH CHINA

How successful was Pakistan in its relationship with China since 1947? Explain your
answer. [14]
Successes Failures
China-India war 1962 A.K SEATO/CENTO
Border negotiations 1963 A.K No support in the war of 1971
Trade agreements 1963 A.K
60 million interest-free loan A.K
PIA flights to China. 1963 A.K
1964, China's entry in UN A.K
KKH (1978) Zia

Failures:
During mid 1950’s, Pakistan joined anti-communist pacts i.e. SEATO and CENTO. This adversely affected
relations because China was a communist country.

38 | Page
In the war of 1971, China was unable to support Pakistan because they were threatened by the Soviet
Union. This disappointed Pakistan as due to lack of support not only Pakistan lost the war, but East
Pakistan also became Bangladesh.
SUCCESSES:
In 1962, India and China went to war on a border dispute and China defeated India in that war. This helped
to improve relations between Pakistan and China, as both had a common enemy i.e. India.
In 1963, Pak and China negotiated to settle border between them. This also helped to improve relations
between the two countries because China made more concessions to Pakistan in the final agreement.
Early in 1963, Pakistan and China announced a series of trade agreements. This brought them closer
because China became world’s largest purchaser of Pakistani cotton which improved Pakistan’s
economy.
China also granted Pakistan a $ 60 million interest free loan, due to which relations flourished as China
supported Pakistani economy.
In 1963, PIA began regular flights to China, which helped to increase trade and movement between the
two, thus, relations flourished.
In 1964, China made a statement supporting Pakistan’s policy in Kashmir and in return, Pakistan supported
China’s entry in the UN. This improved relations because both supported each others’ interests.
In 1978, Karakorum Highway was open between Pakistan and China which was under construction since
1966. This not only improved their relations but also open up trade between the two.
Q: WAS CONSTRUCTION OF THE KARAKORAM HIGHWAY THE MOST IMPORTANT FACTOR WHICH
IMPROVED PAK- CHINA RELATIONS BETWEEN 1947-1999? EXPLAIN YOUR ANSWER.
- L3: Construction of KKH
- L4: All other positive reasons

KASHMIR ISSUE
HOW SUCCESSFULLY DID PAKISTAN AND INDIA HANDLE THE KASHMIR ISSUE BETWEEN 1947 TO 1999?
EXPLAIN YOUR ANSWER.
Successes Failures
Referendum ordered by UN 1948, the ceasefire line
Appeal in 1954-55 No plebiscite referendum
Tashkent agreement War of 1965
Simla Agreement 1972 (prisoners returned) Simla Agreement 1972 (door of foreign intervention were closed)

The UN declared that a referendum be held in Kashmir and the Kashmiris themselves be given a chance to
decide whether to side with India or Pakistan. This was accepted by both Pakistan and India and so a
success as a fair manner to solve the Kashmir issue had been devised.
Pakistan managed to keep pressure on India by appealing to the UN whenever India tried to integrate the
occupied Kashmir like in 1954 and 1955. This was a success as through this foreign aid Pakistan
prevented India from unfairly taking over Kashmir.

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After the 1965 war, the Tashkent Declaration of 1966 was signed between Pakistan and India and they
agreed to deal with their mutual disputes peacefully. This was a success as the Kashmir could now be
resolved without warfare but through negotiations.
In 1972 Bhutto signed the Simla Agreement with the Indian Prime Minister Indira Gandhi, where it was
agreed that India would release the 90,000 Pakistani prisoners of the 1971 war. In return Pakistan agreed
that the Kashmir issue was now to be dealt as a bilateral issue i.e., between Pakistan and India. Hence this
was a success as both countries agreed over peaceful terms to find a solution to the Kashmir issue and
Pakistan had not given up its claim over Kashmir despite of bringing back the war prisoners
In 1948 the matter was referred to the UNO that declared a ceasefire line leaving Kashmir divided between
Pakistan and India and it was patrolled by the UN troops. It was a set back for Pakistan as India retained
the larger part of Kashmir including the capital, Srinagar.
Although the UN called for a plebiscite to be held in Kashmir to decide the Kashmir issue but no such
plebiscite has been held, even to this day. Hence this is a failure as the UN did not abide by its promise
causing the Kashmir issue to linger on.
In 1965 Pakistan and India went to war over Kashmir. Hence a failure as both the countries ruined their
relations and reduced the chances of the solution of Kashmir issue.
The Simla Agreement 1972 also proved to be a failure in the long as it was agreed that Kashmir issue would
remain India and Pakistan and would not be taken to any third part. This was a failure as in the past
Pakistan had approached for UN's help when India tried to seize parts of Kashmir like in 1954 and 1955 but
now the last door of foreign intervention, like that of UN, was closed and hence Kashmir became an
unsolvable problem.

PAKISTAN RELATIONS WITH IRAN

How successful was Pakistan in its relationship with IRAN between 1947- 99? Explain your
answer.
SUCCESSES FAILURES
CENTO Shah of Iran overthrown, 1979
RCD New Iranian Govt anti-USA
Persuaded other countries for aid during1965 war with India Sectarianism
Balochistan insurgency + helicopters

SUCCESSES:
Both Pakistan and Iran were the members of CENTO which improved their relations because they shared
the same anti- communist ideology

In 1964, largely as a result of the work of Ayub Khan, Turkey, Iran and Pakistan set up the regional co-
operation for development [RCD]. This improved relations as now they developed close trade links and
helped each other with industrial projects, such as setting up mills and factories.

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Iran along with Turkey tried to persuade other countries to send aid to Pakistan during 1965 war against
India. Although they weren’t successful, yet Pakistan appreciated their efforts and therefore relations
improved.
Iran provided military aid like helicopters, to Pakistan government to suppress Balochistan insurgency
(when some Balochi’s revolted against the state) during 1970’s. This improved relations as Iran tried to
restore peace in Pakistan.
FAILURES:
In 1979 there was Islamic revolution in Iran and the Shah of Iran was overthrown. Relations between the
two deteriorated as firstly the new, Islamic government was suspicious of Pakistan because it had been
such an enthusiastic supporter of the Shah.
Secondly, the new Iranian government was fiercely anti-American, whereas from 1979 Pakistan was
receiving large amounts of aid from the USA. This worsened relations as both countries had different
foreign policy.
During Zia’s time there was growth of sectarianism in Pakistan. The Shia government of Iran was suspicious
of Pakistan government for providing support to Sunni section of the society to suppress the Shia minority,
therefore, both the countries were divided on sectarian lines.

PAKISTAN RELATIONS WITH TUKEY

Q: WHY WERE THE RELATIONS BETWEEN PAKISTAN AND TURKEY SO GOOD BETWEEN 1947-1999? [7]
• First three points of Iran
● Turkey was a member of CENTO

● RCD

● Turkey persuaded other countries to help Pakistan during 1965 war against India.

PAKISTAN RELATIONS WITH BANGLADESH

Q: HOW SUCCESSFUL WAS PAKISTAN IN ITS RELATIONSHIP WITH BANGLADESH BETWEEN 1971-99?
EXPLAIN YOUR ANSWER.
SUCCESSES FAILURES
Invited Sheikh Mujib in OIC, 1974 Bangladesh formed/Rebel nation
Khondekar Mushtaq/ Exchanged Ambassadors Civil war/ distrust
1985/88 severe weather Re-allocation of Assets
Britain recognized Bangladesh

FAILURES:
After the Indo Pak War of 1971, Bangladesh was established and relations between the two countries
remained strained because Pakistan saw Bangladesh as a rebel nation, having broken away from west
Pakistan and winning independence largely as a result of support from Pakistan's bitter rival, India.

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Secondly, during the civil war of 1971, there had been fierce fighting in East Pakistan (now Bangladesh)
which had left a legacy of distrust and anger between the two countries.

There was the problem of reallocating assets that had been shared. Bangladesh claimed that it had the
right to many of the assets of West Pakistan as it had been a part of Pakistan till 1971. However, Pakistan
rejected this as unrealistic and thus relations worsened.

In 1972, Britain recognized Bangladesh as an independent country and in retaliation, Pakistan left its
organization, the Commonwealth. This deteriorated relations even further as Pakistan was hostile towards
Bangladesh.

SUCCESSES:
In early 1974, however, the Prime Minister of Bangladesh, Sheikh Mujib was invited to a meeting of the
Organization of Islamic Countries (OIC) in Lahore. This was a highly important point in improving relations
between the two countries, as for the first time Bangladesh was officially recognized by Pakistan as an
independent state.

In 1975, Khondekar Mushtaq became new leader of Bangladesh. Due to his efforts, the 2 countries
exchanged ambassadors and made agreements in trade, tourism and media which brought them closer
and improved their relations.

In 1985 and 1988 Bangladesh was hit by severe weather that foreign aid was urgently needed. On both
occasions Pakistan was the first country to contribute. Thus the relations improved as Bangladesh
appreciated this humane attitude of Pakistan towards them.

PAKISTAN RELATIONS WITH UNITED NATIONS

HOW SUCCESSFUL WAS PAKISTAN AS A MEMBER OF UN BETWEEN 1947- 99? EXPLAIN YOUR ANSWER.
SUCCESSES FAILURES
Debates/ peacekeeping forces Referendum is Kashmir
Indus water treaty. 1960 No support during 1971 war
IMF and World Bank
World Food Program
Ceasefire in 1965 war/ Tashkent agreement

When Kashmir Issue was referred to the UN, it decided that there should be a referendum to determine
the wishes of Kashmiri people. However, despite constant demand by Pakistan in the UN for this
referendum to take place, the UN has not yet enforced it which disappointed Pakistan and it felt insulted
as a member.

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During the East Pakistan crisis which eventually led to Indo-Pak war in 1971, UN did not provide the
desired help to Pakistan. This highly upset Pakistan as due to this lack of support, Pakistan not only lost the
war but also East Pakistan became Bangladesh.

Pakistan participated fully in the debates of the UN and contributed soldiers to the peacekeeping forces
and was elected to the security council many times. Therefore, it shows its commitment as a member of
the UN to work for international cooperation and to maintain peace in the world.

In 1960 with the help of UN, Pakistan and India signed the Indus water treaty. As per this treaty the old
canal water dispute was resolved and Pakistan was allowed to use water of three rivers. Therefore, due to
the efforts of UN Pakistan's agro-based economy survived which was dependent upon the water of these
rivers.

Pakistan as a developing country needed financial support for its progress which was provided by World
Bank and IMF in form of loans. This assisted Pakistan's economic development and it felt important as a
member.

The World Food Program (WFP) had also played a significant role in providing help for Afghan refugees
during Soviet-Afghan war. Thus UN shared Pakistan's burden and facilitated to rehabilitate the refugees
effectively.

After the Indo-Pak war of 1965, UN arranged an official ceasefire between India and Pakistan and Tashkent
Declaration was signed to create good relations. Therefore , with the help of UN peace in the region was
restored.

PAKISTAN RELATIONS WITH COMMONWEALTH AND BRITAIN

How successful was Pakistan in its relationship with the Britain and the commonwealth
since 1947? Explain your answer. [14]
When Radcliffe award was announced in 1947 by the British to divide the boundaries of Punjab and Bengal between
Pakistan and India, Pakistan felt highly disappointed and relations with British suffered because many Muslims
dominated areas like Gurdaspur were granted to India.

There was shortage of senior officials in Pakistan in 1947 and the British provided Jinnah with help at top levels of
both Military and Civil service. This improved relations between the two countries as it would’ve been difficult for
Pakistan to begin an independent life without this assistance.

Pakistan joined the Commonwealth in 1947 and even when it declared itself a republic in 1956, Pakistan continued
as a member of the same organization. This improved relations with Britain because Commonwealth was its

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organization that provided much needed economic assistance to Pakistan e.g. through Colombo Plan which gave 1
million Pounds for Sui gas project.

Relations with CW improved as after the Indus water treaty, CW countries like Britain, Canada, New Zealand etc.
provided Pakistan with financial aid for the construction of different dams and barrages which was important for the
development of Pakistan’s agro based economy.

Relations with the C.W strained when Pak didn’t receive the political support it expected from the C.W for the
solution of the Kashmir issue. Thus, Pakistan felt insulted as a member because CW never pressurized India to
resolve this problem.

Britain and Pak worked together as members of CENTO and SEATO. This improved relations as both were anti-
Communism.

During the war of 1965, UK along with USA, imposed military sanctions on both Pak and India, however these
sanctions affected Pakistan more than India because its army was totally trained on western weapons, therefore,
relations deteriorated, because Pakistan faced difficulties in the war, due to this lack of support from its allies.

The British prime minister, Margaret Thatcher, was the first western leader to visit Pakistan after the Russian
invasion of Afghanistan. This visit improved relations between the two sides as Britain fully supported the role of
Pakistan in the Afghan struggle against the Soviet Union.

Britain provided an aid of 30 million pounds to Pakistan for the welfare of Afghan refugees who had migrated to
Pakistan to escape the war in Afghanistan. Therefore, the relations improved as it would have been difficult for
Pakistan to rehabilitate these refugees without such support from the west.

When Britain recognized Bangladesh (former East Pakistan) in 1972, this annoyed Pakistan and the relations with
the Britain deteriorated as Pakistan pulled out of the Commonwealth in protest.

When Benazir Bhutto came to power in 1988, she decided to rejoin the Commonwealth as she felt that it was an
important organization for Pakistan’s political development e.g. for the peaceful solution of the Kashmir issue. As a
result relations with the UK and the Commonwealth improved.

PAKISTAN RELATIONS WITH AFGHANISTAN

How successful was Pakistan in its relationship with Afghanistan between 1947- 99?
Explain your answer.
SUCCESSES FAILURES
Neutral during Indo-Pak war Durand line
Bhutto visited Kabul Voted against Pakistan in UN
Bhutto allowed trader access to India Access to Karachi port
Help during Earthquake Refused to join RCD
Accommodated 3 million refugees
Trained Mujahedeen's during Russian invasion

When Pakistan came into existence, Afghanistan refused to accept the Durand line, the border between
Pakistan and Afghanistan, and claimed some of the areas of Pakistan because they were conquered by an

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Afghan leader, Ahmed Shah Abdali, 200 years ago. This led to poor relations, because Afghanistan wanted
to disintegrate Pakistan.
In 1947, When Pakistan applied for the UN membership, Afghanistan was the only country which voted
against Pakistan’s admission in the UN. This worsened relations, because Pakistan realized that
Afghanistan didn’t want it to be internationally recognized.
In 1947, Afghanis wanted access to Karachi port as it was land locked country. Pakistan accepted their
demand on the condition that they should drop the Pakhtoonistan issue. Now they rejected this offer and
signed a trade and transit agreement with USSR. This meant that they were still hostile towards Pakistan
and making good relations with Pakistan were considered unnecessary.
RCD was established in 1964 between Pak, Iran and Turkey. Afghanistan was also invited to join this
organization. However, it refused because Pakistan was its member. Thus the relations remained poor as
Afghanistan continued to show opposition to Pakistan.
During the Indo- Pak war of 1965, the Afghan people supported Pakistan and the Afghan government
stayed neutral. This helped to improve relations because the government of Ayub Khan was grateful to
Afghanistan for not creating further difficulties for Pakistan.
When Bhutto came into power, he emphasized on Islamic policy, therefore, he visited Kabul, shortly after
taking office and this helped to improve relations because Afghanistan government gave a positive
response.
Relations improved even further when Bhutto allowed, Afghan traders the access to India through Pakistan
and therefore Pak helped to improve their economy.
When there was an earthquake in Afghanistan, Pakistan made generous contributions to help their Afghan
brothers which improved relations because now Afghanistan saw Pakistan as sympathetic towards them.
During Soviet- Afghan war, over 3 million Afghan refugee came to Pakistan to escape the war. Pakistan
provided them with food and shelter. This helped to improve relations as Pakistan helped them during
their difficult times.
In the Soviet- Afghan war, Pakistan fully supported Afghanistan and not only gave training to Afghan
mujahedeen, but also provided them with arms and ammunition. This improved relations because
without this help, it would’ve been extremely difficult for Afghanis to defeat Russians who were one of
the super powers of that time.

PAKISTAN RELATIONS WITH GULF STATES

How successful was Pakistan’s relationship with the Gulf States between 1947-99?
Explain your answer
Successes FAILURES
Holy Places CENTO (BAGHDAD PACT)
Saudi Arabia's support for Afghan refugees No Support of OIC in Kashmir Issue
Libya, UAE's investment
50,000 soldiers in gulf countries
2nd OIC summit 1974
OIC formed in 1969

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FAILURES:
During 1950’s Pakistan had close relations with the USA and it joined the Pro-USA agreements like the
Baghdad Pact (CENTO) which was criticized by the Muslim countries like Egypt and Saudi Arabia as they
believed that it was the American support that enabled Israel to survive against Arab opposition. Therefore
the relations between Pakistan and these countries were adversely affected.
Relations with the OIC strained when Pak didn’t receive the political support it expected from the Muslim
countries for the solution of the Kashmir issue. As a result, Pakistan felt insulted as a member of OIC as it
never put pressure on India to resolve the Kashmir problem.
Successes:
The main Islamic centers i.e. the Holy Ka'bah and the Mosque of the Holy Prophet (PBUH) are in Saudi
Arabia and millions of Pakistanis go to visit these Holy places every year. As a result of this religious
importance of Saudi Arabia, Pak- Saudi relations are always good.
After the Russian invasion of Afghanistan, Saudi Arabia sent funds to Pakistan for the Afghan refugees who
had come to Pakistan to escape the war. This helped to improve relations between the two sides as due
to this financial support it became easier for Pakistan to settle these refugees.
The relations between Pakistan and the Gulf states like Libya, UAE were excellent as these countries
invested heavily in boosting the Pakistani economy in areas such as oil refining, shipping and banking.
Pakistan also provided military expertise for many Gulf states and in 1985 around 50,000 Pakistanis
soldiers were serving in countries like Saudi Arabia, Libya, Oman and the UAE. This helped to improve
relations with these countries as Pakistan helped them to improve their defense and on the other hand
the Pakistani soldiers sent foreign exchange to their country in the form of remittances which improved
Pakistan's economy.
After the Arab-Israel War of 1973, Pakistan hosted the 2nd OIC summit in Lahore in 1974 which was
attended by the heads of 35 Muslim countries. This helped to improve relations as Pakistan openly
condemned Israel's occupation of the Palestinian land and on the other hand Bhutto received offers of
financial aid from many Muslim countries to strengthen Pakistan's economy e.g. Libya provided $80
million in loan to Pakistan
The Organization of Islamic Conference (OIC) was established in Morocco in 1969. Its primary aim was to
support the Palestinians against Israel. Pakistan immediately joined it which improved relations with the
Arab world as it meant that Pakistan is a keen supporter of the Palestinian cause.

14 MARK QUESTIONS OF INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS

Q: How successful has Pakistan been in its relationship with Communist countries between 1947-99?
Explain your answer.
• Success and Failures of China and Russia
Q: How successful has Pakistan been in its relationship with Western countries between 1947-99?
Explain your answer.
• Success and Failures of UK and USA
Q: How successful has Pakistan been in its relationship with Muslim countries between 1947-99? Explain
your answer.
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 • Success and Failures of Afghanistan, Iran, Turkey, Bangladesh and Gulf countries.
Q: How successful was Pakistan as a member of World organizations between 1947-99? Explain your
answer.
• Success and Failures of UN, Commonwealth, SEATO, CENTO, OIC, SAARC & RCD

INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS
7 MARK QUESTIONS
Why did LAK prefer to visit USA over USSR?
LAK saw that USA was far more economically and technologically stronger than USSR,
and as Pakistan was economically weak at that time, so LAK preferred to visit USA to
strengthen its base financially through American support.
As USSR was a communist country, it had no religion. So LAK preferred to visit USA as
Pakistan was achieved on a religious ideology and USA believed in religions.
LAK preferred to visit USA as he found out that USA and its allies including UK were
more influential in UN. Some of the problems of Pakistan were pending in the UN like

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Kashmir issue. Thus LAK thought by making good relations with USA may help in
solving its problems in the UN.
Why was Pakistan unsuccessful in the Wars of 1965 and 1971?
Firstly, Pakistan’s allies like USA and UK put an arms embargo on both Pakistan and
India in the war of 1965. Pakistan suffered more as its soldiers were trained on
western weapons only. Thus due to this lack of support, Pakistan lost the war.
Secondly, Indian defense was far better than that of Pakistan in both the wars. It had
more soldiers and ammunition which provided it an edge over Pakistan.
Thirdly, as in the War of 1971 Pakistan had to fight against East Pakistanis who were
on the side of India, therefore many Pakistani soldiers were reluctant to kill their
Pakistani and Muslim brothers. So defeat became inevitable.
Why did Pakistan join the OIC?
Since this organization was established to support the Palestine cause and Pakistan
was also a strong supporter of Palestinians who were being suppressed by Israel,
therefore Pakistan joined it as its aim coincided with Pakistan’s foreign policy.
OIC is an organization of rich Muslim countries e.g. oil producing countries of Middle
East. Therefore Pakistan joined it to get financial support from these countries to
strengthen its developing economy.
Thirdly, Pakistan joined it as it believed that by doing so, it would get the support of
the Muslim countries over the Kashmir issue and they might pressurize India for its
solution.
Why does Pakistan support the Palestine cause?
The Palestinian Muslims are being suppressed by Israel and since Pakistan identifies
with them as its religious brothers, that is why it gives them support.
Since Pakistan is a member of OIC which was primarily established to support the
Palestinians, therefore Pakistan is duty bound as its member to support them.
Pakistan supports the Palestine cause as it is aware that by doing so, the Arab
countries like Saudi Arabia would also in return support it in Kashmir issue, as it is
similar to Palestine issue.
Why did Pakistan join SEATO/ CENTO?
Firstly Pakistan joined SEATO/ CENTO to improve its relations with USA as they were
designed by western powers like USA to curtail communist expansion. Pakistan
believed that then USA would provide Pakistan with economic aid which could
strengthen its weak economy.
Secondly Pakistan joined these to gain military and political aid from the influential
members of these organizations so that Pakistan could be helped in different conflicts
against its rival, India e.g. wars and Kashmir issue.
Also Pakistan joined this organization to have good relations with the Muslim countries
as CENTO included many of them like Iran and Turkey, which could improve Pakistan’s
image in the Islamic world.
Why did Pakistan leave SEATO in 1972?
Firstly, SEATO did not help Pakistan as its member in the wars of 1965 and 1971.
Pakistan lost both the wars and also in 1971, East Pakistan became Bangladesh. Thus
Pak left this organization as it felt disappointed being its member.
Secondly Pakistan gave the proposal of having a joint military of all member countries
for mutual defense. This proposal was rejected and thus Pakistan felt snubbed and so
dropped out of it.
Thirdly, as Bhutto was pro-communism, he wanted to have good relations with the
communist countries like Soviet Union and China. As SEATO was anti-communist
organization, it was hurdle in good relations with these countries. Thus Bhutto left it.
Why did Pakistan join the Commonwealth?

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Firstly Commonwealth was an organization comprising of wealthy countries like UK,
Canada, and Australia etc. Thus Pakistan joined it as it wanted economic support for
strengthening itself financially.
Secondly, Commonwealth was the world’s second largest organization, therefore
Pakistan decided to join it as it wanted itself to be internationally recognized and
make its image in the international community.
Thirdly, as India was a member of this organization, Pakistan believed that by joining
this, the influential countries like UK will help Pakistan in solving issues with India like
the Kashmir issue.
Why did Pakistan join THE UN?
*Same answer as above
Why was membership of commonwealth important?
Pak joined commonwealth which improved relations with Britain as it was its
organization thus it provided Pakistan with much needed economic assistance e.g.
through Colombo Plan which gave 1 million Pounds for Sui gas project.
After the Indus water treaty, CW countries like Britain, Canada, New Zealand etc.
provided Pakistan with economic aid for the construction of different dams and
barrages which were important for the development of Pakistan’s agro based
economy.
*Also as a member of Commonwealth Pakistan was provided with financial support
from different member countries like Canada gave 40 million $ towards the
development of railways.
Why did many Pakistanis migrate between 1947 and 1999?
Britain needed lots of workers after World War II, especially unskilled workers and
offered well-paid jobs which Pakistanis wanted as they were reliable, hardworking and
ambitious to succeed.
Thousands of Pakistanis were displaced from the Mangla Dam area in the 1960s and
some used compensation money to move to Britain to join relatives and seek work.
Many Pakistanis went to work in the Middle East during 1980’s where jobs were
becoming freely available during times of economic growth especially in the
construction and service industries.

THIS COMPLETES HANDOUT OF SECTION: 1, 2, and 3

“If we commit ourselves to the

successful completion of a task, then we personify
excellence”

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 PAST PAPER QUESTIONS
Q: How Successful was the Foreign Policy Of Pakistan (1948-58)? Explain your answer.

Sucessess Failures
LAK received invitation from USA LAK refused to visit to USSR
USA Embassy SEATO / CENTO
LIAQAT-NEHRU PACT Steal Mill (1956)
SEATO and CENTO (USA)
Million Ton Wheat

Q: HOW SUCCESSFUL WAS THE FOREIGN POLICY OF AYUB KHAN (1958-69)? EXPLAIN YOUR ANSWER.

SUCCESSES FAILURES
PIA fights to China 1965 war with India
China India war Arms embargo by US/UK
China (trade agreements) Afghanistan refused to join RCD
RCD
China's entry in UN (1964)
$ 60 million interest free loan
Tashkent accord
Border agreement (China)
Oil exploration (USSR)
Iran/Turkey support (1965)
U-2 plane

Q: What was Pucca Qilla Massacre?

In 1988, a Sindhi militant, opened fire on a crowd in Hyderabad and so there were about 250 casualties
(mostly Muhajir). IN 1989, there were widespread riots in Karachi, so MQM broke their alliance with PPP.
In 1990, Government started crackdown in Hyderabad. Shoot on sight curfew was imposed and house to
house search operation was carried out. The muhajirs protested at this treatment. More than 300
people died including 31 women and children. This is known as Pucca Qila Massacre.

Q: How successful was the constitutional development in Pakistan between 1947-73? Explain your
answer.
•Objective resolution (1949)
• First Report of BPC (1950)
• Second Report of BPC (1952) ·
• Constitution of 1956

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• Constitution of 1962
•Constitution of 1973
L 3 CONSTITUTION OF 1956 L 4 CONSTITUTIONS OF 1956 / 73
WITH S/F WITH S/F
Q: Which was the Most Important Constitution of Pakistan: Explain your answer with refence to all three
above.
● 1956

● 1962

● 1973

Q: Why did being a nuclear power create difficulties for Pakistan in 1980s and 1990s?
Pressler amendment was introduced by US in 1985 which stated that any country involved in making
nuclear weaponry would not be aided by US. At the time, Pakistan was fighting for US against USSR in
Afghanistan, which led to Pakistan gaining concession over making nuclear weapons. However, in 1988,
Russian forces withdrew from Afghanistan, leaving America focused on, and accusing Pakistan for making
nuclear weapons. Thus, in light of Pressler amendment, economical sanctions were placed on Pakistan,
especially at a time when Pakistan was in dire need of aid to give shelter to 3 Million afghan refugees.
In 1998, Nawaz Sharif carried out nuclear tests in Balochistan. This made Pakistanis happy, as they were
delighted by the show of strength and power by their country,
especially against their rival, India. However, it annoyed the International community & countries like US
and Japan imposed economical sanctions on Pakistan, thus, dragging it to bankruptcy.
Benazir also visited USA in 1989, and tried to convince their officials that Pakistan did not have the nuclear
weapons, but has the right to do so for its defense. However, the US government was not convinced, which
worsened Pak-US relations as it meant, that the USA was not ready to lift the economic and military
sanctions under the Pressler Amendment.
Q: Why was India not granted self-rule by Britain in 1919? [7]
Between 1914-1918, British were busy in the WWI and were severely weakened especially economically.
India, one of the colonies of Britain was pressurizing British for self rule. However, British being the super
power of the time, did not surrender to their demand as it would have made British look weak world wide.
Secondly, there were thousands of British people living in India who could not be abandoned by giving full
control of the country to the Indians. Thus, British government did not give self rule to Indians as it wanted
to protect its businessmen, missionaries and civil servants.
Lastly, strategically, India was also important for the British navy and British influence in this part of the
world. Therefore, the British were reluctant to give in to Indian demands as it would end their autonomy
over this region.
Q: Explain how the British reacted to Hindu-led protests against the POB between 1906 and 1908.
After the POB, Hindu were enraged, as it was against their political interests. Hindu riots and protests
became common. Thus, in order to pacify the Hindus, Morley (Secretary of state) and Minto (the viceroy)
started working towards reforms making between 1906-08, that later became known as MMR 1909.

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After the POB, there was there was Hindu uproar in Bengal against the British, and this unrest was mainly
caused by Hindu leaders like Tilak of Poona, who used to make impassioned speeches against the British.
Thus, in order to maintain law and order, British imprisoned these leaders e.g. Tilak was imprisoned for 6
years.
Lastly, Hindu media was also playing its role in provoking the public and opposing British policies like POB.
Thus, in order to sabotage their actions and increase their control, British introduced Press Act 1908 which
placed restrictions on Newspaper and journalists.
Q: Why did the victory of the Awami League in the 1970 elections in Pakistan cause a constitutional
crisis?
President Yahya Khan was not willing to allow the Awami League to take over the National Assembly by
forming a government. The Awami League had won a landslide victory in East Pakistan and the National
Assembly and was in a position to form a government on its own. The future Prime Minister and the entire
cabinet could be formed from the Awami League. Even though Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto and the Pakistan
People's Party had won an overwhelming victory in West Pakistan, it was likely it would have no role in
the future government which was not acceptable to West Pakistani leadership.
The Awami League had won the election on a programme limiting the power of central government over
the provinces. The East Pakistanis wanted to have control over their foreign exchange earned from trade
which created a rift between the East and the West Pakistan as it would subsequently reduce the funds to
the central government in West Pakistan.
President Yahya Khan delayed the meeting of the National Assembly just two days before it was to be held.
The East Pakistanis felt that they had been betrayed and their right to form the government had been
denied. Therefore, they started a civil disobedience movement and rebelled against Yahya's government to
show their opposition for his unjust attempt which aggravated the situation even more and chances to
form a constitution were now too bleak.
Q: Why was doctor Allama Iqbal asked to chair the Muslim League at Allahabad in 1930?
The Annual session of ML was held in Allahabad in Dec 1930, when most of the leaders of ML were out of
country to attend the “RTC in London”. At that time, he was the only important Muslim leader present in
India. Thus, In the absence of all main leaders, he was the most sulted one to chair Muslim League
Iqbal was also very influential because his poetry inspired many Muslims of India and it gave them a sense
of independence to work. Thus Iqbal was chosen to chair the Muslims, as he had the support of the people.
Allama Iqbal was against the anti-Muslim Nehru report 1928, and the Muslims were uncertain about their
political future in united Inelia. Thus, Iqbal chalred the Muslim League as he had the solution of separating
Hindu from Muslims, to protect Muslims from Hindu oppression.
Q: How successful were the elections of 1937? Explain your answer. [10]

SUCCESSES FAILURES
More leader joined ML Faced Congress Tyranny
Improved the image problem ML still had to prove that it represented the Indian Muslims
Congress won/ Self rule

Successes: When ML lost the elections in 1937, Jinnah warned the ML that if it wanted to resist Congress
domination it had to start all over again. So he reorganized the ML from the grass root level. Thus due to

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his efforts, ML was transformed as the ministers of Bengal, Assam and Punjab joined ML and there was a
dramatic increase in its members. Therefore, due to the increased support of ML Pakistan Movement was
strengthened and it became strong enough to convince the British for Pakistan.

ML realized that it had an image problem as most of its leaders were aristocrats while the common people
were poor and illiterate. Therefore during 1940’s Jinnah worked tirelessly to improve the image of ML and
did not compromise on the rights of the Muslims in different events e.g. GJT's. Thus, this enabled him to
win the front of common Muslims which led to victory of Muslims in the elections of 1945-6.

Congress won these elections and was able to form ministries in Eight provinces. This was a success as
proved upon the British that it was the main political party of the subcontinent representing different
communities and so its demand of self-rule could not be ignored as it was a democratic one.

Failures: When Congress won the elections of 1937, it treated Muslims with disrespect in Congress
ministries where cultural, economic & religious rights of Muslims were suppressed through different
policies like Band- e-Matram. Therefore, because of elections of 1937, Muslims had to suffer humiliation at
the hands of Congress for the coming two years. So Hindu Muslim relations got worse.

ML lost the elections of 1937 and out of 489 seats at provincial level, It was only able to win 109 seats. One
of the major provinces of ML was Punjab where ML could win only 1 seat out of 86 and most of the other
seats were won by the local unionist party. Thus these elections were a great setback for the ML and ML
was yet to prove that it represented Indian Muslims.

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