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Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing 535

Jeng-Shyang Pan
Václav Snášel
Tien-Wen Sung
Xiao Dong Wang Editors

Intelligent Data
Analysis and
Applications
Proceedings of the Third Euro-China
Conference on Intelligent Data
Analysis and Applications, ECC 2016
Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing

Volume 535

Series editor
Janusz Kacprzyk, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
e-mail: [email protected]
About this Series

The series “Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing” contains publications on

theory, applications, and design methods of Intelligent Systems and Intelligent Computing.
Virtually all disciplines such as engineering, natural sciences, computer and information
science, ICT, economics, business, e-commerce, environment, healthcare, life science are
covered. The list of topics spans all the areas of modern intelligent systems and computing.
The publications within “Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing” are primarily
textbooks and proceedings of important conferences, symposia and congresses. They cover
significant recent developments in the field, both of a foundational and applicable character.
An important characteristic feature of the series is the short publication time and world-wide
distribution. This permits a rapid and broad dissemination of research results.

Advisory Board
Chairman
Nikhil R. Pal, Indian Statistical Institute, Kolkata, India
e-mail: [email protected]
Members
Rafael Bello, Universidad Central “Marta Abreu” de Las Villas, Santa Clara, Cuba
e-mail: [email protected]
Emilio S. Corchado, University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
e-mail: [email protected]
Hani Hagras, University of Essex, Colchester, UK
e-mail: [email protected]
László T. Kóczy, Széchenyi István University, Győr, Hungary
e-mail: [email protected]
Vladik Kreinovich, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, USA
e-mail: [email protected]
Chin-Teng Lin, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
e-mail: [email protected]
Jie Lu, University of Technology, Sydney, Australia
e-mail: [email protected]
Patricia Melin, Tijuana Institute of Technology, Tijuana, Mexico
e-mail: [email protected]
Nadia Nedjah, State University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
e-mail: [email protected]
Ngoc Thanh Nguyen, Wroclaw University of Technology, Wroclaw, Poland
e-mail: [email protected]
Jun Wang, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong
e-mail: [email protected]

More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/11156

Jeng-Shyang Pan Václav Snášel
•

Tien-Wen Sung Xiao Dong Wang

•

Editors

Intelligent Data Analysis

and Applications
Proceedings of the Third Euro-China
Conference on Intelligent Data Analysis
and Applications, ECC 2016

123
Editors
Jeng-Shyang Pan Tien-Wen Sung
College of Information Science College of Information Science
and Engineering and Engineering
Fujian University of Technology Fujian University of Technology
Fuzhou, Fujian Fuzhou
China China

Václav Snášel Xiao Dong Wang

Faculty of Electrical Engineering College of Information Science
and Computer Science and Engineering
VŠB-Technical University of Ostrava Fujian University of Technology
Ostrava-Poruba, Moravskoslezsky Fuzhou
Czech Republic China

ISSN 2194-5357 ISSN 2194-5365 (electronic)

Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing
ISBN 978-3-319-48498-3 ISBN 978-3-319-48499-0 (eBook)
DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-48499-0
Library of Congress Control Number: 2016954940

© Springer International Publishing AG 2017

This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part
of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations,
recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission
or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar
methodology now known or hereafter developed.
The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this
publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from
the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use.
The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this
book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the
authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or
for any errors or omissions that may have been made.

Printed on acid-free paper

This Springer imprint is published by Springer Nature

The registered company is Springer International Publishing AG
The registered company address is: Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, Switzerland
Preface

This volume of Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing contains the

accepted papers presented in the ECC 2016, the Third Euro-China Conference on
Intelligent Data Analysis and Applications, which was held in Fuzhou City, China,
during November 7–9, 2016. The aim of ECC is to provide an internationally
respected forum for scientific research in the broad area of intelligent data analysis,
computational intelligence, signal processing, and all associated applications of AIs.
The third edition of ECC was organized jointly by Fujian University of Technology
and Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Big Data Mining and Applications, China,
and VSB-Technical University of Ostrava, Czech Republic. The conference was
co-sponsored by Taiwan Association for Web Intelligence Consortium and Immersion
Co., Ltd.
The organization of the ECC 2016 conference was entirely voluntary. The
review process required an enormous effort from the members of the international
technical program committee, and we would therefore like to thank all its members
for their contributions to the success of this conference. We would like to express
our sincere thanks to the host of ECC 2016, Fujian University of Technology in
China, and to the publisher, Springer, for their hard work and support in organizing
the conference. Finally, we would like to thank all the authors for their high-quality
contributions. The friendly and welcoming attitude of conference supporters and
contributors made this event a success!

September 2016 Jen-Shyan Pan

Václav Snášel
Tien-Wen Sung
Xiao Dong Wang

v
Organization

Honorary Chair

Xinhua Jiang Fujian University of Technology, China

Advisory Committee Chairs

XiaoDong Wang Fujian University of Technology, China

KeShou Wu Xiamen University of Technology, China
Bin-Yih Liao Kaohsiung University of Applied Sciences,
Taiwan

Conference Chairs

Jeng-Shyang Pan Fujian University of Technology, China

Vaclav Snasel VSB-Technical University of Ostrava,
Czech Republic
Luo Hao Zhejiang University, China

Program Committee Chairs

RiQing Chen Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, China

Muhammad Khurram Khan King Saud University, Saudi Arabia
Yi Wu Fujian Normal University, China

vii
viii Organization

Invited Session Chairs

Tien-Wen Sung Fujian University of Technology, China

Tarek Gaber Suez Canal University, Egypt
Tsu-Yang Wu Harbin Institute of Technology Shenzhen
Graduate School, China

Local Organizing Chairs

FuMin Zou Fujian University of Technology, China

Zhiming Cai Fujian University of Technology, China

Electronic Media Chair

Tien-Wen Sung Fujian University of Technology, China

Publication Chairs

Xiangwen Liao Fuzhou University, China

Pei-Wei Tsai Fujian University of Technology, China

Finance Chair

Hong Chen Fujian University of Technology, China

International Program Committee

Aarti singh Maharishi Markandeshwar University, India

Abdel hamid Bouchachia University of Klagenfurt, Austria
Abdelhameed Ibrahim Mansoura University, Egypt
AbdElrahman Shabayek Suez Canal University, Egypt
Abd. Samad Hasan Basari Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka, Malaysia
Abraham Duarte Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, Spain
Ahmed Anter BeniSuef University, Egypt
Akira Asano Kansai University, Japan
Alaa Tharwat Suez Canal University, Egypt
Alberto Alvarez European Centre for Soft Computing, Spain
Alberto Cano University of Cordoba, Spain
Alberto Fernandez Universidad de Jaen, Spain
Alberto Bugarin University of Santiago de Compostela, Spain
Alex James Indian Institute of Information Technology
and Management - Kerala, India
Organization ix

Alexandru Floares Romania

Alma Gomez University of Vigo, Spain
Amelia Zafra Gomez University of Cordoba, Spain
Amira S. Ashour Tanta University, Egypt
Amparo Fuster-Sabater Institute of Applied Physics (C.S.I.C.), Spain
Ana Lorena Federal University of ABC, Brazil
Anazida Zainal Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Malaysia
Andre Carvalho University of Sao Paulo, Brazil
Andreas Koenig Technische Universitat Kaiserslautern, Germany
Anna Bartkowiak University of Wroclaw, Poland
Anna Fanelli Universita di Bari, Italy
Antonio Peregrin University of Huelva, Spain
Antonio J. Tallon-Ballesteros University of Seville, Spain
Anusuriya Devaraju Forschungszentrum Julich GmbH
Aranzazu Jurio Universidad Publica de Navarra, Spain
Ashish Umre University of Sussex, UK
Ashraf Saad Armstrong Atlantic State University, USA
Ayeley Tchangani University Toulouse III, France
Aymeric Histace Universite Cergy-Pontoise, France
Azah Kamilah Muda Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka, Malaysia
Bartosz Krawczyk Politechnika Wroclawska, Poland
Beatriz Pontes University of Seville, Spain
Brijesh Verma Central Queensland University, Australia
Bing-Huang Chen Fujian University of Technology, China
Carlos Barranco Pablo de Olavide University, Spain
Carlos Cano University of Granada, Spain
Carlos Fernandes GeNeura Team, Spain
Carlos Garcia-Martinez University of Cordoba, Spain
Carlos Lopezmolina Universidad Publica de Navarra, Spain
Carlos Morell Universidad Central Marta Abreu de Las Villas,
Cuba
Cesar Hervas-Martinez University of Cordoba, Spain
Chang-Shing Lee National University of Tainan, Taiwan
Chao-Chun Chen Southern Taiwan University, Taiwan
Chia-Feng Juang National Chung-Hsing University, Taiwan
Chin-Chen Chang Feng Chia University, Taiwan
Chris Cornelis Ghent University, Belgium
Chun-Wei Lin Harbin Institute of Technology Shenzhen
Graduate School, China
Chuan-Kang Ting National Chung Cheng University, Taiwan
Chuan-Yu Chang National Yunlin University of Science
and Technology, Taiwan
Chu-Hsing Lin Tunghai University, Taiwan
Coral del Val University of Granada, Spain
x Organization

Crina Grosan Norwegian University of Science

and Technology, Norway
Cristina Rubio-Escudero University of Sevilla, Spain
Cristobal Romero University of Cordoba, Spain
Cristobal J. Carmona University of Jaen, Spain
Chia-Hung Wang Fujian University of Technology, China
Chia-Jung Lee Fujian University of Technology, China
Dalia Kriksciuniene Vilnius University, Lithuania
David Becerra-Alonso ETEA-INSA, Spain
Detlef Seese Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT),
Germany
Edurne Barrenechea Universidad Publica de Navarra, Spain
Eiji Uchino Yamaguchi University, Japan
Eliska Ochodkova VSB-Technical University of Ostrava,
Czech Republic
Elizabeth Goldbarg Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil
Emaliana Kasmuri Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka, Malaysia
Enrique Herrera-Viedma University of Granada, Spain
Enrique Yeguas University of Cordoba, Spain
Eulalia Szmidt Systems Research Institute Polish Academy
of Sciences, Poland
Eva Gibaja University of Cordoba, Spain
Federico Divina Pablo de Olavide University, Spain
Fernando Bobillo University of Zaragoza, Spain
Fernando Delaprieta University of Salamanca, Spain
Fernando Gomide University of Campinas, Brazil
Fernando Jimenez University of Murcia, Spain
Francesc J. Ferri Universitat de Valencia, Spain
Francesco Marcelloni University of Pisa, Italy
Francisco Fernandez Navarro University of Cordoba, Spain
Francisco Herrera University of Granada, Spain
Francisco Martinez-Alvarez Pablo de Olavide University, Spain
Francisco Martinez-Estudillo University Loyola Andalucia, Spain
Frank Klawonn University of Applied Sciences Baunschweig,
Germany
Gabriel Luque University of Malaga, Spain
Gede Pramudya Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka, Malaysia
Giacomo Fiumara University of Messina, Italy
Giovanna Castellano Universita di Bari, Italy
Giovanni Acampora University of Salerno, Italy
Girijesh Prasad University of Ulster, UK
Gladys Castillo University of Aveiro, Portugal
Gloria Bordogna CNR IDPA, Italy
Gregg Vesonder AT&T Labs Research, USA
Huiyu Zhou Queen’s University Belfast, UK
Organization xi

Hai-Yan Yang Fujian University of Technology, China

Ilkka Havukkala Intellectual Property Office of New Zealand,
New Zealand
Imre Lendak University of Novi Sad, Serbia
Intan Ermahani A. Jalil Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka, Malaysia
Isabel Nunes UNL/FCT, Portugal
Isabel S. Jesus Instituto Superior de Engenharia do Porto,
Portugal
Ivan Garcia-Magarino Universidad a Distancia de Madrid, Spain
Jae Oh Syracuse University, USA
Jan Martinovic VSB-Technical University of Ostrava,
Czech Republic
Jan Plato VSB-Technical University of Ostrava,
Czech Republic
Javier Sedano Technological Institute of Castilla y Leon, Spain
Javier Perez University of Salamanca, Spain
Jesus Alcala-Fdez University of Granada, Spain
Jesus Serrano-Guerrero University of Castilla-La Mancha, Spain
Jitender S. Deogun University of Nebraska, USA
Joaquin Lopez Fernandez University of Vigo, Spain
Jorge Nunez Mc Leod Institute of C.E.D.I.A.C, Argentina
Jose Valente De Oliveira Universidade do Algarve, Portugal
Jose Luis Perez de la Cruz University of Malaga, Spain
Jose Villar Oviedo University, Spain
Jose M. Merigo University of Barcelona, Spain
Jose-Maria Luna University of Cordoba, Spain
Jose Pena Universidad Politecnica de Madrid, Spain
Jose Raul Romero University of Cordoba, Spain
Jose Tenreiro Machado Instituto Superior de Engenharia do Porto,
Portugal
Juan Botia Universidad de Murcia, Spain
Juan Gomez-Romero Universidad Carlos III de Madrid, Spain
Juan Vidal Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Spain
Juan J. Flores Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolas de
Hidalgo, Mexico
Juan-Luis Olmo University of Cordoba, Spain
Julio Cesar Nievola Pontificia Universidade Catolica do Parana, Brazil
Jun Zhang Waseda University, Japan
Jyh-Horng Chou National Kaohsiung First Univ. of Science
and Technology, Taiwan
Jerzy W. Rozenblit University of Arizona, USA
Kang Tai Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
Kaori Yoshida Kyushu Institute of Technology, Japan
Kazumi Nakamatsu University of Hyogo, Japan
Kebin Jia Beijing University of Technology, China
xii Organization

Kelvin Lau University of York, UK

Kubilay Ecerkale Turkish Air Force Academy, Turkey
Kumudha Raimond Karunya University, India
Kun Ma University of Jinan, China
Leandro Coelho Pontificia Universidade Catolica do Parana, Brazil
Lee Chang-Yong Kongju National University, Korea
Leida Li University of Mining and Technology, China
Leon Wang National University of Kaohsiung, Taiwan
Liang Zhao University of Sao Paulo, Brazil
Liliana Ironi IMATI-CNR, Italy
Lincoln faria Universidade Federal Fluminense, Brazil
Luciano Stefanini “University of Urbino” “Carlo Bo”, Italy
Ludwig Simone North Dakota State University, USA
Luigi Troiano University of Sannio, Italy
Luka Eciolaza European Centre for Soft Computing, Spain
Liang-Cheng Shiu National Pingtung University, Taiwan
Macarena Espinilla Estevez Universidad de Jaen, Spain
Manuel Grana University of Basque Country, Spain
Manuel Lama Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Spain
Manuel Mucientes University of Santiago de Compostela, Spain
Marco Cococcioni University of Pisa, Italy
Maria Nicoletti Federal University of Sao Carlos, Brazil
Maria Torsello Universita di Bari, Italy
Maria Jose Del Jesus Universidad de Jaen, Spain
Mariantonietta Noemi IIT-CNR, Italy
La Polla
Maria Teresa Lamata University of Granada, Spain
Mario Giovanni C.A. Cimino University of Pisa, Italy
Mario Koeppen Kyushu Institute of Technology, Japan
Martine De Cock Ghent University, Belgium
Michael Blumenstein Griffith University, Australia
Michal Kratky VSB-Technical University of Ostrava,
Czech Republic
Michal Wozniak Wroclaw University of Technology, Poland
Michela Antonelli University of Pisa, Italy
Mikel Galar Universidad Publica de Navarra, Spain
Milos Kudelka VSB-Technical University of Ostrava,
Czech Republic
Min Wu Oracle, USA
Mohamed Eltoukhy Suez Canal University, Egypt
Mohamed Khairy Suez Canal University, Egypt
Mohamed Tahoun Suez Canal University, Egypt
Mona Solyman Cairo University, Egypt
Organization xiii

Nilanjan Dey Techno India College of Technology, India

Noor Azilah Muda Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka, Malaysia
Norberto Diaz-Diaz Pablo de Olavide University, Spain
Norton Gonzalez University of Fortaleza, Brazil
Noura Semary Menofia University, Egypt
Nurulakmar Emran Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka, Malaysia
Olgierd Unold Wroclaw University of Technology, Poland
Oscar Castillo Tijuana Institute of Technology, Mexico
Ovidio Salvetti ISTI-CNR, Italy
Ozgur Koray Sahingoz Turkish Air Force Academy, Turkey
Pablo Villacorta University of Granada, Spain
Patrick Siarry Universit de Paris, France
Paulo Carrasco Universidade do Algarve, Portugal
Paulo Moura Oliveira University of Tras-os-Montes and Alto Douro,
Portugal
Pedro Gonzalez University of Jaen, Spain
Philip Samuel Cochin University of Science and Technology,
India
Pierre-Francois Marteau Universite de Bretagne Sud, France
Pietro Ducange University of Pisa, Italy
Punam Bedi University of Delhi, India
Qieshi Zhang Waseda University, Japan
Qinghan Xiao Defence R&D Canada, Canada
Radu-Codrut David Politehnica University of Timisoara, Romania
Rafael Bello Universidad Central de Las Villas, Cuba
Ramin Halavati Sharif University of Technology, Iran
Ramiro Barbosa Instituto Superior de Engenharia do Porto,
Portugal
Ramon Sagarna University of Birmingham, UK
Richard Jensen Aberystwyth University, UK
Robert Berwick Massachusetts Institute of Technology, USA
Roberto Armenise Poste Italiane, Italy
Robiah Yusof Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka, Malaysia
Roman Neruda Institute of Computer Science, Czech Republic
S. Ramakrishnan Dr. Mahalingam College of Engineering
and Technology, India
Sabrina Ahmad Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka, Malaysia
Sadaaki Miyamoto University of Tsukuba, Japan
Santi Llobet Universitat Oberta de Catalunya, Spain
Sarwar kamal East West University, Bangladesh
Satrya Fajri Pratama Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka, Malaysia
Saurav Karmakar Georgia State University, USA
Sazalinsyah Razali Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka, Malaysia
Sebastian Ventura University of Cordoba, Spain
xiv Organization

Selva Rivera Institute of C.E.D.I.A.C, Argentina

Shang-Ming Zhou University of Wales Swansea, UK
Siby Abraham University of Mumbai, India
Silvia Poles EnginSoft, Italy
Silvio Bortoleto Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
Siti Rahayu Selamat Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka, Malaysia
Steven Guan Xi’an Jiaotong-Liverpool University, China
Sung-Bae Cho Yonsei University, Korea
Swati V. Chande International School of Informatics
and Management, India
Sylvain Piechowiak Universite de Valenciennes et du
Hainaut-Cambresis, France
Subhas Mukhopadhyay Massey University, New Zealand
Takashi Hasuike Osaka University, Japan
Taras Kotyk Ivano-Frankivsk National Medical University,
Ukraine
Tarek Gaber Suez Canal University, Egypt
Tay Kai Meng Universiti Malaysia Sarawak, Malaysia
Teresa Ludermir Federal University of Pernambuco, Brazil
Thomas Hanne University of Applied Sciences Northwestern
Switzerland, Switzerland
Tzung-Pei Hong National University of Kaohsiung, Taiwan
Ting-Ting Wu National Yunlin University of Science
and Technology, Taiwan
Vaclav Snasel VSB-Technical University of Ostrava,
Czech Republic
Valentina Colla Scuola Superiore Sant’Anna, Italy
Victor Hugo Menendez Universidad Autonoma de Yucatan, Mexico
Dominguez
Vincenzo Loia University of Salerno, Italy
Vincenzo Piuri University of Milan, Italy
Virgilijus Sakalauskas Vilnius University, Lithuania
Vivek Deshpande MIT College of Engineering, India
Vladimir Filipovic University of Belgrade, Serbia
Wahiba Ben Abdessalem Taif University, KSA
Karaa
Wei Wei Xi’an University of Technology, China
Wei-Chiang Hong Oriental Institute of Technology, Taiwan
Wen-Yang Lin National University of Kaohsiung, Taiwan
Wilfried Elmenreich University of Klagenfurt, Austria
Yasuo Kudo Muroran Institute of Technology, Japan
Ying-Ping Chen National Chiao Tung University, Taiwan
Yun-Huoy Choo Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka, Malaysia
Yunyi Yan Xidian University, China
Yusuke Nojima Osaka Prefecture University, Japan
Organization xv

Feng-Cheng Chang Tamkang University, Taiwan

Yueh-Hong Chen Far East University, Taiwan
Hsiang-Cheh Huang National University of Kaohsiung, Taiwan
Yuh-Yih Lu Minghsin University of Science and Technology,
Taiwan

Sponsoring Institution

Fujian University of Technology, China

Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Big Data Mining and Applications, China
Contents

Part I Intelligent Data Analysis and Processing

The Complex Vector Maxwell Equations and an Applied Research . . . . 3
Miaoyu Zhang, Baolong Guo and Jie Wu
Passenger Hailing Safety PASW Modeler and Big Data Statistical
Analysis Study . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
S.H. Meng, A.C. Huang, T.J. Huang, J. Chen and J.S. Pan
Cellular Automaton Rule Extractor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
Lukas Kroczek and Ivan Zelinka
Recovery of Compressed Sensing Microarray Using Sparse
Random Matrices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
Zhenhua Gan, Baoping Xiong, Fumin Zou, Yueming Gao and Min Du
The Reliability and Economic Analysis Comparison Between
Parallel System and Erlang Distribution System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
Lin Xu, Chao-Fan Xie and Lu-Xiong Xu
Research on the Construction of College Information Applications
Based on Cloud Computing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
Zhu Quan
Estimating Human Activities from Smartwatches with Feedforward
Neural Networks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
Sebastián Basterrech

Part II Image Processing and Applications

Image Classification Based on Image Hash Convolution
Neural Network . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
Yaoxing Chen, Yunyi Yan and Dan Zhao

xvii
xviii Contents

Object Recognition Based on Superposition Proportion

in Binary Images . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
Yan Zheng, Baolong Guo and Jing Ma
Piecewise Planar Region Matching for High-Resolution Aerial
Video Tracking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
Meng Yi and Li-chun Sui
Salient Object Detection Based on Histogram-Based Contrast
and Guided Image Filtering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84
Pingping Zeng, Fanjie Meng, Ruixia Shi, Dalong Shan and Yanlong Wang
A New Method for Extraction of Residential Areas from Multispectral
Satellite Imagery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93
Rui Xu, Yanfang Zeng and Quan Liang
Tooth Segmentation from Cone Beam Computed Tomography Images
Using the Identified Root Canal and Harmonic Fields . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
Shi-Jian Liu, Zheng Zou, Ye Liang and Jeng-Shyang Pan
Thresholding Method Based on the Relative Homogeneity
Between the Classes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108
Hong Zhang and Wenyu Hu

Part III Innovative Technology and Applications

Searching of Circular Neighborhoods in the Square and Hexagonal
Regular Grids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121
Vojtěch Uher, Petr Gajdoš and Václav Snášel
A Moving Object Detection Algorithm Based on a Combination
Optical Flow and Edge Detection. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130
Yao Xi, Ke-bin Jia and Zhong-hua Sun
The Real-Time Depth Map Obtainment Based on Stereo Matching . . . . 138
Fei Wang, Kebin Jia and Jinchao Feng
Handwritten Numbers and English Characters Recognition System . . . . 145
Wei Li, Xiaoxuan He, Chao Tang, Keshou Wu, Xuhui Chen,
Shaoyong Yu, Yuliang Lei, Yanan Fang and Yuping Song
Method for Noises Removel Based on PDE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155
Baoping Xiong, Zhenhua Gan, Fumin Zou, Yuemin Gao and Min Du

Part IV Innovative E-learning and Applications

Application of E-Learning in Teaching of English
as a Second Language . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163
Pei-Wei Tsai, Pei-Shu Tsai, Powen Ku, Vaci Istanda and Tarek Gabe
Contents xix

A Case Study on Information Literacy and the Use of Social Media

for Senior Learners . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171
You-Te Lu, Yi-Hsing Chang and Tien-Wen Sung
Establishing a Game-Based Learning Cloud . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177
Yi-Hsing Chang, Jheng-Yu Chen, Rong-Jyue Fang and You-Te Lu
A Study on Smart Deployment for Real-Time Strategy Games . . . . . . . . 185
Cheng-Ta Yang, Bing-Chang Chen, Her-Tyan Yeh and Guo-Xiang Jian
A Learning Approach to Hierarchical Features for Automatic
Music Composition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191
Michele Della Ventura

Part V Networks and Security

Error Control Schemes for Robust Transmission with Compressed
Sensing Signals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203
Hsiang-Cheh Huang, Po-Liang Chen and Feng-Cheng Chang
Camellia Key Expansion Algorithm Based on Chaos . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 210
Chuanfu Wang and Qun Ding
The Key Exchange Algorithm in Network Encryption Machine . . . . . . . 219
Minghao Li and Qun Ding
Automatic Detection Method for Dynamic Topology Structure
of Urban Traffic Network . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 227
Xianghai Ge, Xinhua Jiang, Fumin Zou and Lvchao Liao

Part VI Circuit Analysis and Systems

An XDL Analysis Method for SRAM-Based FPGA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 241
Junfeng Liu, Yunyi Yan and Jinfu Wu
Area Estimation for Triple Modular Redundancy Field
Programmable Gate Arrays . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 249
Hongjie He, Baolong Guo and Yunyi Yan
Coupled Plasmonic Nanoantennas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 257
Hancong Wang
A High Frequency Voltage-Controlled PWM/PSM Dual-Mode
Buck DC-DC Converter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 266
Zhong Lun-Gui and Cheng Xin
A Complex Network Based Classification of Covered Conductors
Faults Detection. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 278
Tomas Vantuch, Jan Gaura, Stanislav Misak and Ivan Zelinka
Author Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 287
Intelligent Data Analysis
and Processing
 The Complex Vector Maxwell Equations
and an Applied Research

Miaoyu Zhang1,2(&), Baolong Guo1, and Jie Wu2

1
Institute of Intelligent Control and Image Engineering,
Xidian University, Xian 710071, Shaanxi, China
[email protected]
2
School of Electronic Engineering, Xian Shiyou University,
Xian 710065, Shaanxi, China

Abstract. Different forms of Maxwell equations can clearly describe macro-

scopic electromagnetic laws of different problems. The complex vector Maxwell
equations are deduced on the basis of the plural form equations. They visually
show a process and a rule that a time-varying electromagnetic field is stimulated
by a harmonic current source. Firstly, with reference to the complex vector
Maxwell equations, the author analyzes basic rules and characteristics of the
electromagnetic field that current source excites in the infinite conductive
medium. It reveals an interdependent mechanism among the current, magnetic
and electric field. Secondly, they are applied to the analysis of electromagnetic
and current characteristics that a coil current source generates in induction
logging around the borehole. The results show that the complex vector Maxwell
equations not only clearly describe a physical relationship of mutual dependence
and mutual excitation among the real vector and imaginary vector of the
electric-field intensity, magnetic field intensity, induced current, displacement
current and excitation current, but also deeply appears a relationship between the
receiving voltage and the formation parameters in induction logging. The
numerical calculation and drawing graphics display a law of the real vector and
imaginary vector of the electric field intensity, magnetic field intensity, induced
current, displacement current and excitation current.

Keywords: Complex vector
Maxwell equation
Electric field
Magnetic

field
Induced current
Displacement current

1 Introduction

Maxwell equations are basic equations in the macroscopic electromagnetic phenomena

and they reflect a law of variation of electromagnetic field. In the existing literatures, a
lot of people made some transformations to the mathematics of Maxwell electrody-
namics (Maxwell equations and Lagrange etc.) for various reasons and purposes, and
interpreted their physical meaning differently. In recent years, a complex vector
expression of electromagnetic field was proposed by Bing et al. [1]. They pointed out
that electric field is a real part of a complex vector, magnetic field is an imaginary part,
and a three-dimensional real vector in the traditional electromagnetism is rewritten as
three-dimensional complex vector, thus the electric and magnetic fields are unified, the
© Springer International Publishing AG 2017
J. Pan et al. (eds.), Intelligent Data Analysis and Applications, Advances in Intelligent Systems
and Computing 535, DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-48499-0_1
4 M. Zhang et al.

complex vector equations of electromagnetic field are obtained. At the same time, A.I.
Arbab also presented a unified complex model of Maxwell’s equation, which resembles
that of Xu Bing in research method. The form of Maxwell’s equations is one vector
equation and one scalar equation, which reveals the analogy existing between the
quantum mechanical equations of motion [2]. In recent years, the author finds in the
electromagnetic researching: When expressed in complex vectors, the plural form of
complex amplitude vectors of electric field and magnetic field can clearly reveal how to
excite and interconnect between the real part and the imaginary part of electric-field and
magnetic field and establish a unified electromagnetic field. Then they can explained
various mechanisms in induction logging. This article will derive the complex vector
expression of Maxwell equations on the basis of this theory; the mutual relationship
and influence factors between the electromagnetic quantities are analyzed in the
establishment of the electromagnetic field and some conclusions are drawn.

2 Maxwell Equations

An alternating electric field and a magnetic field are not isolated. They are always
closely linked together and excited each other, which makes a unified electromagnetic
field. This is a basic concept of Maxwell electromagnetic theory in time-varying fields.
In the sinusoidal electromagnetic field, the plural form of Maxwell equations are
expressed as [3]

_
* _
* _
* _
*
r  H ¼ Jc þ Jd þ Je: ð1Þ

_
* _
*
r  E ¼ jxB: ð2Þ

_
*
r  B ¼ 0: ð3Þ

_
*
_
r  D ¼ q: ð4Þ

The corresponding constitutive relations for linear electromagnetic media are

expressed as

_
* _
*
D ¼ eE : ð5Þ

_
* _
*
B ¼ lH : ð6Þ

_
* _
*
J c ¼ rE : ð7Þ

The time factor “ejxt ” is omitted from formula (1) to (7), all of the variables are
*_ _
*
plural forms. Among them, E is the electric field intensity, the unit is V/m; H is the
 The Complex Vector Maxwell Equations and an Applied Research 5

*_
magnetic field intensity; the unit is A/m; B is the magnetic induction intensity, the unit
*_ _
*
is Wb/m2; D is the electric displacement vector, the unit is C/m2; J c is the conducting
*_
current density, the unit is A/m2; J d is the displacement current density, the unit is
*_ _ *_
*
A/m2, J d ¼ jxD; J e is the excitation current source, the unit is A/m2; q_ is the charge
density, the unit is C/m3; x is the angular frequency, the unit is rad/s; j is the imaginary
unit. l is the magnetic permeability, the unit is H/m; e is the dielectric constant, the unit
is F/m; r is the electric conductivity, the unit is S/m.
In the loss medium that it is unbounded in space and filled with dielectric constant
e, magnetic permeability l, electric conductivity r, when there is passive
_
*
(J_ e ¼ 0; q_ ¼ 0), the electric field intensity E of the plane electromagnetic wave is
expressed as [4]

_
* _
* **
E ¼ E0 ej k
r : ð8Þ

_
* _ *
*
In the Eq. (8), E 0 is a complex amplitude vector of the electric field intensity E ; k is
*
the wave vector; r is the radial vector in the observation point.
It is customary to substitute k for c ¼ jk, c is known as wave propagation constant,
c ¼ a þ jb.
If electric wave spread along the z-direction and the initial phase is 0, the Eq. (8)
turns into

_
*
E ¼ ^xE0 eaz ejbz ¼ ^xðE0 eaz cos bz  jE0 eaz sin bzÞ: ð9Þ

Among them,
pffiffiffiffiffi  12
x le h r 2 i12
a ¼ pffiffiffi 1 þ ð Þ 1 : ð10Þ
2 xe
pffiffiffiffiffi  12
x le h r i12
b ¼ pffiffiffi 1 þ ð Þ2 þ 1 : ð11Þ
2 xe

We can see that the greater x and r are, the greater a and b are [4]. The amplitude
_
*
of electric field intensity E decays by exponent eaz , the size is a plural, the vibration
direction is x-direction, so it is called complex amplitude vector. a represents an
attenuation constant, the unit is Np/m. b represents a phase shift constant, the unit is
_
*
rad/m. Similarly, they have same characteristics on conduction current density J c ,
_
* _
*
displacement current density J d , excitation current source J e , magnetic field intensity
*_ *_ *_
H , magnetic induction intensity B and electric displacement vector D.
6 M. Zhang et al.

3 Complex Vector Maxwell Equations

_
*
In Cartesian coordinates, an expression of the electric field intensity E with plural form is

_
*
E ¼ ^xE_ x þ ^yE_ y þ ^zE_ z : ð12Þ

In the Eq. (12), E_ x , E_ y and E_ z are complex amplitudes in the direction x, y and z.
The real and imaginary parts of the complex amplitude are brought into Eq. (12), the
Eq. (13) is obtained.

_
*  
E ¼ ^xðExR þ jExX Þ þ ^y EyR þ jEyX þ ^zðEzR þ jEzX Þ
   
¼ ^xExR þ ^yEyR þ ^zEzR þ j ^xExX þ ^yEyX þ ^zEzX ð13Þ
* *
¼ ER þ jE X :

Equation (13) is an electric-field complex vector in the harmonic fields. It shows

that electric-field intensity can be expressed as complex vector which is composed of a
real part and an imaginary vector. All of the plural form of variables can be written by
complex vector in the same way [5]. The complex vector expression of variables are
brought into Eqs. (1) and (2), the Eqs. (14) and (15) are obtained.
* * * * * * * *
r  H R þ jr  H X ¼ J cR þ J dR þ J eR þ jðJ cX þ J dX þ J eX Þ: ð14Þ
* * * *
r  E R þ jr  E X ¼ xlH X  jxlH R : ð15Þ

The real and imaginary parts are separated in Eqs. (14) and (15), the induction
current and displacement current are also written, the real form of the Maxwell
equations are obtained.
* * * * * * * *
r  H R ¼ J cR þ J dR þ J eR ; J cR ¼ rER ; J dR ¼ xeEX : ð16Þ
* * * * * * * *
r  H X ¼ J cX þ J dX þ J eX ; J cX ¼ rE X ; J dX ¼ xeE R : ð17Þ
* *
r  ER ¼ xlH X : ð18Þ
* *
r  EX ¼ xlH R : ð19Þ

How to understand physical significance on Maxwell Eqs. (16)–(19) with real

vector and imaginary vector of the complex vector?
The coil current generates sinusoidal electromagnetic field in the infinite conductive
_
* *
medium. The phase of the excitation current source is 0, J e ¼ J eR , We analyze a
building process of electromagnetic field through Eqs. (16)–(19), as shown in Fig. 1.
 The Complex Vector Maxwell Equations and an Applied Research 7

1. According to Eq. (16), a real part of primary magnetic field is generated by the real
part of current source, with the same phase as that of current source and the
direction of the real part of primary magnetic field perpendicular to the current
source.
2. According to Eq. (19), an imaginary part of primary electric field is generated by
the real part of primary magnetic field, which direction perpendicular to the real
part of magnetic field and opposite to current source.
3. According to Eq. (17), the imaginary part of the primary induction current is
generated by the imaginary part of primary electric field, which direction opposite
to that of the current source. It is proportional to conductivity. In the general
r
conductive medium, xe  1, the real part of displacement current is much smaller
than the imaginary part of the induction current, so it can be ignored.
4. The imaginary part of the secondary magnetic field is generated by the imaginary
part of the primary induction current, which direction opposite to the real part of
primary magnetic field.
5. According to Eq. (18), the real part of the secondary electric field is generated by
the imaginary part of the secondary magnetic field, which direction perpendicular
to the imaginary part of magnetic field and opposite to the current source.
6. According to Eq. (16), the real part of the secondary induction current is generated
by the real part of the secondary electric field.
7. The real part of the cubic magnetic field is generated by the real part of the
secondary induction current, which direction opposite to the real part of the pri-
mary magnetic field, so the primary magnetic field is weakened.
8. According to Eq. (19), the imaginary part of the cubic electric field is generated by
the real part of the cubic magnetic field, their direction are same.
9. The imaginary part of the cubic induction current is generated by the imaginary
part of the cubic electric field, According to Eq. (17), the imaginary part of the
quartic magnetic field is generated by the imaginary part of the cubic induction
current, which direction opposite to the imaginary part of secondary magnetic field.
10. According to Eq. (18), the real part of the quartic electric field is generated by the
imaginary part of the quartic magnetic field.
11. Repeat step (1).
The real part of current source excites the real part of primary magnetic field first.
Then there are real part of the magnetic field, imaginary parts of the electric field and
current in the odd field; there are imaginary part of the magnetic field, real parts of the

H X4
H R1
1 1 2 2
E X J cX E R J cR E X3 3
J cX E R4
J eR
H X2 H R3

Fig. 1. The establishment of the electromagnetic field generated by the coil current source in an
infinite conducting medium.
8 M. Zhang et al.

electric field and current in the even field. The magnetic field which radiate outward is
excited by current source. Next the magnetic field which radiate inward is generated
two times (the secondary and the cubic) by the current. It reflects and then it radiates
outward. Power feedback phenomenon is explained in the loss medium by the field
reflects inward [6]. Ohmic loss is generated by the induction current in the conductive
medium [7]. So, electromagnetic fields and electromagnetic waves exist only within a
certain range from the emission source because there are power feedback and Ohmic
loss on the steady state.

4 Application in the Electromagnetic Induction Logging

The formation resistivity is measured by using electromagnetic induction principle in

the electromagnetic induction logging areas. A transmitter passing a sinusoidal current
in the borehole will generate a sinusoidal magnetic field, electric field and current that it
is related to electromagnetic parameters of the formation medium. One or more
receiving coils (array induction logging) are arranged from the transmitter coil in a
certain distance. The information on medium are obtained through measuring received
voltage. So, the formation characteristics are researched further and oil or gas is found.
The receiving coil receives a complex voltage. It is often considered that the real part of
the voltage is formation information, the imaginary part is the unwanted signal which
doesn’t include formation information, but its value is far greater than the real part. So,
the imaginary signals are offset by a shielding coil winding opposite, otherwise they
will drown the real signals [8]. The following electromagnetic induction logging
mechanism is studied by the complex vector Maxwell equations and numerical
calculation.
As shown in Fig. 2, it is assumed that normal directions on a transmitter and a
receiver coil are z-direction in the homogeneous formation. The first phase of the
_
* *
current source is 0, J e ¼ J eR . It reveals an electromagnetic phenomenon around the
formation what the complex vector Maxwell equations described above.

y Transmitter coil
z
x

y Shielding coil
z
x

y Receiver coil

Fig. 2. Coils configuration schematic of the array induction tool.

 The Complex Vector Maxwell Equations and an Applied Research 9

The displacement current can be ignored

 when the inductions current is much larger
r
than the displacement current xe  1 ; e approximately equal to e0 , the operating
frequency is low (such as the following will be analyzed at 13 kHz) and conductivity
range is 0.0001 S/m–10 S/m in the induction logging. The following an establishment
of magnetic field, electric field, conduction current is studied and a relationship
between each field and formation conductivity according to complex vector Maxwell
equations.
The real part of the magnetic field is comprised of odd magnetic field, and the
imaginary part is even. The real part of the electric field is a superposition on even
electric field, and the imaginary part is odd. Current is consistent with the electric field,
but the size is not the same. The real and imaginary part of the received voltage
corresponds to the real and imaginary part of electric field, and they correspond to the
imaginary and real parts of magnetic field. The imaginary part of the secondary
magnetic field and the real part of the secondary electric field are proportional to the
formation conductivity. Their phases are different from emission current source at −90°
and −180°. The real part of the primary magnetic field and the imaginary part of the
primary electric field have nothing to do with formation conductivity. Their phases are
different from emission current source at 90° and −180°. But the real part of the
magnetic field and the imaginary part of the electric field are high-order (cubic or
quintal) and odd, which are related to the formation conductivity. Their intensity
diminishes gradually with respect to the primary field. So, either the real part or the
imaginary part of the voltage contains the formation information. Just the maximum
signal only appears in the real part. The imaginary part of the voltage is complex
because it is generated by the high-order electromagnetic field, unlike the real part of
the voltage which is directly generated by the formation conductivity. It explains the
reasons why influences on measuring the imaginary part of voltage are complex.
The distribution rules are analyzed that electric field, magnetic field, conduction
current and displacement current are generated by a transmitting coil of the tri-axial
array induction in z-direction around the center hole through the COMSOL software
[9]. The model parameters are mainly as follows: borehole diameter is 0.2032 m (8 in.),
instrument radius is 0.046 m, emission current is 1 A, frequency is 13 kHz, mud
conductivity is 1.0 S/m in the borehole, formation conductivity is 0.01 S/m and
instrument rod is filled with conductivity at 0 S/m because there is no mud in it.
Figures 3, 4 and 5 illustrate variation characteristics of the real and the imaginary
vector of three complex vectors at a section, including electric field, magnetic field and
conduction current.

_
*
4.1 Electric Field Intensity E
*
Figure 3 is normalized electric field line on the real vector E R in section xoy. It is
showed that a stable electric field is formed in the borehole and around the borehole;
the electric field lines are rotationally symmetrical about the borehole center, the
direction of the real electric field opposite to the excitation current source. It is con-
sistent with Fig. 1.
10 M. Zhang et al.

* _
*
Fig. 3. Electric field line on the real vector ER of the electric field intensity E in section xoy.

_
*
4.2 Magnetic Field Intensity H
*
Figure 4 is normalized magnetic field line on the imaginary vector H X of magnetic field
*_
intensity H in section yoz when the uniform formation conductivity is 10.0 S/m. As we
can see the imaginary vector of the magnetic field is generated by the conduction
current distributing in the whole conductive formation, magnetic line of the imaginary
is also distributed in the whole formation.

* _
*
Fig. 4. Magnetic field line on the imaginary vector H X of the magnetic field intensity H in
section yoz.

_
*
4.3 Conduction Current Density Vector J c
*
Figure 5 is normalized electric field line on the real vector J cR of conduction current
_
*
density J c in section xoy. As we can see, a horizontal eddy is formed, which is in
 The Complex Vector Maxwell Equations and an Applied Research 11

* _
*
Fig. 5. Streamlines on the real vector J cR of the induction current J c in section xoy

accord with the direction of electric field and rotationally symmetrical about the
instrument axis in the borehole and around the conducting medium [10], the conduc-
tivity is 0 in the instrument, and there is no induction current.

5 Conclusion

The electromagnetic models are established in the infinite conductive medium through
complex vector Maxwell equations. The mechanism of electromagnetic induction
logging is explained by the complex vector Maxwell equations, the following con-
clusions can be drawn:
1. The complex vector Maxwell equation clearly describes a physical relationship of
mutual dependence and mutual excitation between the real part vector and imagi-
nary vector on the complex amplitude vector of the electric field intensity, magnetic
field intensity, induced current, the displacement current and excitation current.
2. The electromagnetic field rules what the coil current source generates are clearly
explained through the complex vector Maxwell equation in the infinite conductive
medium. The real part of the coil current source excites the real part of odd mag-
netic field, the imaginary parts of electric field and current, the imaginary part of
even magnetic field, the real parts of electric field and current in the infinite con-
ductive medium. The magnetic field which a coil current excites radiates outward
from source. Then when the current excites the inward magnetic field every two
times, the current radiates outward two times. It makes steady field only in certain
range from the emission source because the Ohmic loss is generated by the
reflection and induction current in the conductive medium.
3. The electromagnetic phenomena on transmitting coil of the tri-axial array induction
logging tool in z-direction around the borehole are analyzed through the complex
vector Maxwell equations. It is revealed a relationship between the receiving
voltage and formation parameters. And streamlines of the real and the imaginary
vector are drawn through numerical calculation. It visually demonstrates distribu-
tion characteristics of the electromagnetic field around the borehole.
12 M. Zhang et al.

References
1. Bing, X., Liang, Y., Lihua, L.: The complex vector expression of electromagnetic field.
College Phys. 26(4), 16–23 (2007)
2. Arbab, A.I.: Complex Maxwell’s equations. Chin. Phys. B 22(3), 030301-1-030301-6
(2013)
3. Kraus, F.: Electromagnetics with Applications, 5th edn, pp. 112–114. Tsinghua University
Press, Beijing (2001)
4. Lidong, C., Jie, W., Zhongyi, W.: The Foundation of the Engineering Electromagnetic,
pp. 23–39. Northwestern Polytechnical University Press, Xian (2002)
5. Mott, H., Dudgeon, J.E.: Complex solutions to Maxwell’s equation. J. Frankl. Inst. 294(1),
49–56 (1972)
6. Ymmamoto, Y., Yamaguchi, K.: Feedback effect for wireless high-power transmission.
WSEAS Trans. Circ. Syst. 13, 241–245 (2014)
7. Harmuth, H.F.: Propagation velocity of electromagnetic signals. IEEE Trans. Electromagn.
Compat. EMC-28(4), 270–272 (1986)
8. Gengji, Z.: Electrical Logging, pp. 32–37. China University of Petroleum Press, Beijing
(1996)
9. Zimmerman, W.B.J., CnTech Co., Ltd.: Modeling and Analysis of Multi-physics Field by
COMSOL Multiphysics, pp. 52–85. China Communications Press, Beijing (2007)
10. Alotto, P., Gruosso, G., Moro, F.: Three-dimensional eddy current analysis in unbounded
domains by a DEM-BEM formulation. COMPEL – Int. J. Comput. Math. Electr. Electron.
Eng. 27(2), 460–466 (2008)
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One might put it down as a drawn game. We failed to hang

Markfield, for the explosion killed him on the spot. Luckily, the effects
were extraordinarily localised, and Flamborough and I got off alive,
though badly damaged temporarily.
Markfield, one has to admit, was too clever for us at the last.
From what a chemist has since told me, tetranitromethane detonates
with extraordinary violence in presence of triethylamine, though it is
perfectly safe to handle under normal conditions. Markfield had
about half a pound or more of tetranitromethane in his conical flask;
in his dropping funnel he had alcohol, or some other harmless liquid,
colourless like triethylamine; and in his stoppered bottle he had
triethylamine itself. While he talked to us, he ran the alcohol into the
tetranitromethane—a perfectly harmless operation. Then, when he
saw the game was up, he ran the funnel empty and refilled it from
the bottle. As we saw it, this was simply a preparation for continuing
the experiment which we had already found to be harmless; but in
practice it meant that he had only to turn his tap and mix the two
liquids in order to get his explosion. He staged it so well that neither
Flamborough nor I spotted what he was after.
The house was a perfect wreck, they tell me: doors and windows
blown out, ceilings down, walls cracked. The room we were in was
completely gutted by the explosion; and Markfield was torn in pieces.
I didn't see it, of course. The next thing I remember was waking up in
a nursing home. Possibly it was cheap at the price of getting rid of
Markfield. He was a good specimen of the callous murderer. The
only soft spot in him seems to have been his passion for Yvonne
Silverdale.
 Transcriber’s Notes
This transcription follows the text of the first edition published by
Victor Gollancz Ltd. in 1928. However, the following alterations have
been made to correct what are believed to be unambiguous errors in
the text:

four missing punctuation marks have been restored;

“inconspicious” has been changed to “inconspicuous” (Chapter
V);
“mare’s next” has been changed to “mare’s nest” (Chapter V);
“at anyrate” has been changed to “at any rate” (Chapter V);
“hysocine” has been changed to “hyoscine” (Chapter X);
“a few minutes, hunting” has been changed to “a few minutes’
hunting” (Chapter X);
“out a random” has been changed to “out of a random” (Chapter
XI);
“in in an accident” has been changed to “in an accident”
(Chapter XIX).
 *** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE CASE
WITH NINE SOLUTIONS ***

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