SCH 3U Schedule for Unit 5: Gases & Atmospheric Chemistry

Textbook Homework and Practice

Day Topic
Reading Questions

1 States of Matter and Properties Pg. 502 – 505

2 Boyle's Law Pg. 507 – 514 Unit 5 Assignment # 1 - 10

Unit 5 Assignment # 11 -
3 Charles's Law Pg. 516 – 522
19

Unit 5 Assignment # 20 -
4 Gay Lussac's Law Pg. 523 – 525
29
Unit 5 Assignment # 30 -
5 Combined Gas Law & Dalton’s Law Pg. 540 – 542
42
Unit 5 Assignment
6 Assignment Work Period Study for Quiz
Quiz #1 – Learning Targets # 1 – 2
7 Pg. 543 – 551 Unit 5 Assignment
Avogadro’s Hypothesis
Unit 5 Assignment # 43 -
8 Ideal Gas Law
51

Determining Density and the Molar Mass of a Unit 5 Assignment # 52 -

9 Pg. 551 – 556
Gas 58
Lab Write-Up
10 Lab 1: Determining the Formula of a Gas

Unit 5 Assignment # 59 -
11 Gas Law Stoich Pg. 559 – 560
68
Assignment Work Period Unit 5 Assignment
12 Study for Test
Unit 5 Review
Unit 5 Assignment
13 Unit 5 Extra Review Study for Test
Unit 5 Assignment
14 Unit 5 Test

15 Unit 5 Assignment Due

 Unit 5: Gases & Atmospheric Chemistry

Big Ideas

1. What is a gas and how do they behave?

2. How do we quantitatively describe the physical properties of gases and gases

involved in chemical reactions?

Unit Learning Targets:

❑ #1. I can describe the different states of matter, their properties and

factors affecting the state of a compound. I can describe the behaviour of

gases using Kinetic Molecular Theory.

❑ #2. I can explain the relationship between the volume, pressure and

temperature of a gas and perform calculations using Boyles, Charles, Gay-Lussac

and Combined Gas Laws.

❑ #3. I can determine the Partial Pressure of a gas using Dalton’s Law. I can also

calculate the number of moles in a gas sample using either the Molar Volume or
Avogadro’s Hypothesis.

❑ #4. I can use the ideal gas law and stoichiometry to solve problems related to

chemical reactions involving gases.

❑ #5. I can determine the density of a gas. I can find the molar mass of an

unknown gas and determine its molecular formula.

Unit 5 Mole Maps
 States of Matter and Properties

State Structure IMF Particle Motion Properties

● Constant shape
Solid ● Permanent ● Vibrational ● Constant Volume
● Incompressible
Particles locked in an
organized crystal lattice.

● Variable shape
● Vibrational
Liquid ● Temporary ● Constant Volume
● Rotational
● Incompressible
Particles are able to slide over
and past one another.

● Vibrational ● Variable shape

Gas ● None ● Rotational ● Variable Volume
● Translational ● Compressible
Particles are independent and
move freely.

Factors affecting States of Matter:

1. Intermolecular Forces – The stronger the force a

compound can make, the more locked in position
particles are in relation to each other. This makes
the substance more likely a solid at room
temperature.

2. Temperature – any chemical can be any state depending on the amount of energy
provided to the particles. Increasing temp provides the particles with more energy
(motion). If enough energy is gained, IMFs get broken and the substance changes
state.
Kinetic Molecular Theory of Gases:

A scientific model that explains the general behaviour of an Ideal Gas (a hypothetical
perfect gas). Each individual real gas varies slightly from the following assumptions.

1. The volume of a gas is negligible. A gas will expand to fill its container.

2. There are no intermolecular forces between gas molecules.

3. Gas molecules move randomly, in all directions, in straight lines.

4. Collisions between molecules and the container are perfectly elastic.

5. The average kinetic energy of a gas is directly related to temperature.

 Boyle’s Law: Relating Gas Pressure and Volume

Pressure: the force exerted on an object per unit surface area. Pascal = 1N/m2

Early Barometers

Boyle’s Law: the volume of a given amount of gas at constant temperature varies
inversely with the applied pressure.

Ex 1. A 3.90 L helium balloon escapes from a child’s hand. If it travels from an air
pressure of 101.3 kPa to 59.6 kPa, what is the final volume? 6.63 L

Ex 2. A 12.0 L beach ball at standard pressure is held under water. If the volume of the
ball decreases to 11.2 L, what is the final pressure in the ball? 109 kPa
 Charles’s Law: Relating Gas Volume and Temperature
Jacques Charles discovered a direct relationship between temperature and volume. If
temperature goes up, volume goes up and vice versa. This occurs because at lower
temperatures gas molecules slow down and press on the walls of the container less. If
you have an expandable container, as temperature decreases the volume decreases
and vice versa.

If you extrapolate this relationship to have zero volume, all gases come to the same
temperature value (-273⁰C). Lord Kelvin named this as absolute zero and created a
new temperature scale.

Charles’s Law: The volume of a fixed mass of gas is proportional to its Kelvin
temperature when pressure is kept constant.

Ex 1. A 1.2 L balloon is inflated with 37 ºC air, then dipped into liquid nitrogen (-195.8 ºC).
What is the final volume of the balloon? 0.30 L

Ex 2. A sealed Ziploc bag contains 36.0 ml of air in the fridge (5.0 ºC). The bag is taken
out and left on the counter for the day. If the bag now contains 39.4 ml of air, what is the
temperature of the room? 31 °C
 Gay-Lussac’s Law: Relating Gas Pressure and Temperature
Why do you need to keep aerosol cans away from heat sources?

Gay-Lussac’s Law: the pressure of a fixed amount of gas at constant volume is directly
proportional to its Kelvin temperature.

Ex 1. On a warm winter day (-5 ºC) you check your car’s tire pressure and find it to be
2.18 atm. A sudden cold snap hits and the temperature drops to -30 ºC
that night. What pressure will your tires have now? 1.98 atm

Ex 2. Superman tries to blow out a fire at a propane tank factory. The tanks are
designed to withstand 13000.0 torr of pressure. The pressure gauges
currently read 178.9 psi at 55 ºC. What is the maximum temperature Superman can let
the room get before an explosion? 188°C
 Combined Gas Law & Dalton’s Law of Partial Pressure
Standard Temp and Pressure (STP): 0 ºC, 101.3 kPa

Standard Ambient Temp and Pressure (SATP): 25 ºC, 100.0 kPa

Our gas laws all have special conditions which do not make them always useful:
Boyle’s: Charles’s: Gay-Lussac’s:
Temperature and moles constant Pressure and moles constant Volume and moles constant

Flexible container Flexible container Rigid container

T must be in Kelvins T must be in Kelvins

Combined Gas Law: Since volume is directly related to temperature and inversely
related to pressure…

Ex 1. In the morning, Judy puts 2.50 L balloons on her mailbox as part of her son’s
birthday party. A high pressure system moves in (104.9kPa) making the day sunny and
32 ºC. If the morning air temp was 15 ºC, and pressure was 101.3 kPa, what will the
volume of the balloons be? 2.56 L

Dalton’s Law of Partial Pressures

The total pressure of a mixture of gases is the sum of the pressures of each of the
individual gases.

Ex 2. If 3 atm of CO2 gas is added to 2 atm of Cl2, what is the total pressure in the
container?

Ex 3. Air contains 78.0 % Nitrogen gas at STP. Calculate the partial pressure. 79.0 kPa
 Avogadro’s Hypothesis and the Ideal Gas Law

Avogadro’s Hypothesis: The volume of a gas varies directly with the number of moles
at constant temperature and pressure.

Molar Volume: The volume of 1 mole of a gas (L/mol)

𝑉
𝑀𝑉 = 𝑛

Ex. 1 At 90kPa and 20°C a 4.6 g sample of hydrogen gas is found to have a volume of
53L. What is the molar volume?23 L/mol

Ex. 2 a) At STP, a sample of O2 has a volume of 63.7 L. How many moles are there?
2.84 mol

b) If you add 3.76 mol of O2 to the original sample, what will the final volume be? 148 L
Ideal Gas Law: If we combine Avogadro’s Hypothesis with the Combined Gas Law…

For 1 mol of ideal gas at STP, R =?

* You can use different units, but then R does not equal 8.314.

Ex 3. What volume would 2.32 mol of H2 gas have if held at 105.3 kPa and 25 ºC? 54.6 L

Ex 4. How many moles of CO2 are there in a sample of gas with a volume of 18.2 L at
SATP? 0.735 mol
 Determining Density and the Molar Mass of a Gas

Gas density is important to know in the lab. It can change how you collect a gas sample
and safety procedures. Since all ideal gases have the same molar volume at STP (22.4
L/mol) and different molar masses, different gases have various densities.

𝑚
D= 𝑉

H2 = CO2 =

That’s why H2 balloons float and CO2 balloons sink!

The Killing Lakes of Cameroon: In 1984 Lake Monoun in Africa killed 37 people. In
1986 Lake Nyos killed 1,746 people and 8,300 livestock animals.

Ex 1. What is the density of pure Cl2 gas, at 15.2 ºC and 137.1 kPa? 4.1 g/L
Finding the Molar Mass of a Gas to Identify Unknown Gases

We can use the Ideal Gas Law and the mole map to find the molar mass of unknown
gas samples. Then using percent composition data, we can find the molecular formula.

Ex 1. A scientist finds that 9.72 L of a gas sample has a mass of 8.75 g at STP. What is
the molar mass of the gas? 20.2 g/mol

Ex. 2. Lab techs analyze a gas and find the % composition is 80.0 % C and 20.0 % H. They
also observe that a 4.60 g sample has a volume of 2.50 L at 25.00 ºC and
152 kPa. Find the molecular formula of the gas. C2H6
 Unit 5 Lab 1: Determining the Formula of an Unknown Gas

Procedure:
1. Fill a water trough with tap water keeping the overflow spout pointed into the sink.
2. Wet butane canister in the water, then dry as best you can. Find the initial mass of the canister.
3. Fill a 100 mL graduated cylinder with water and invert inside the water bath. Make sure there are
no air bubbles in the cylinder.
4. While holding the butane canister in the water, release butane gas into the graduated cylinder.
Ensure to capture all bubbles released. Collect between 80 – 100 mL of gas. Record actual
volume of butane captured to one decimal place.
5. Dry the butane canister as best you can and find the final mass.
6. Measure the temperature of the water in the trough to one decimal place. Record the air pressure
provided by your teacher.

Observations: Collect in a group of 2 or 3.

Current Air Pressure: _________ Temperature of Water Bath: _________

Initial Mass of Canister: __________ Final Mass of Canister: ___________

Volume of Gas Collected: ___________

Analysis: Answer Independently.

1. Using your experimental data, determine the molar mass of the gas. (2)

2. A sample of the gas (contains only C and H) was put through a CH Analyzer. 15.14g of CO2 and
7.75g of H2O were recovered. Determine the molecular formula of the gas. (5)
 Gas Stoichiometry
Now we can start with the amount of a gas in a reaction and find the mass, particles,
concentration, volume, pressure or temperature of a different chemical! (refer to unit 5
mole map)

Ex 1. 5.2 g of Mg is reacted with excess H2SO4. What volume of H2 gas is produced at

STP? 4.8 L

Ex 2. 42.5 L of O2 gas at SATP is burned with 10.98 g of CH4. What volume of CO2 is
produced, if the final temp and pressure is 48.0 °C and 102.6 kPa? 17.8L

Law of Combining Volumes: If all the gases in the reaction are at constant temperature
and pressure, the volume of the reactants and products follow the mole ratios! (mole map
not needed, but will still work).

Ex 3. 1.85 L of nitrogen gas reacts with hydrogen gas to produce ammonia.

a) What volume of H2 is needed to completely react with the nitrogen sample? 5.55 L

b) What volume of NH3 will be produced? 3.70 L

 Unit 5 Review

1. Which of the following statements describes an ideal gas?

a. There are attractive forces between the gas molecules.
b. The molecules move in curved lines in all directions.
c. The molecules always expand to fill the container.
d. When molecules hit each other, they slow down.

2. Increasing the temperature of a gas from 25 °C to 50 °C in a sealed rigid container

will cause which of the following to also increase?
a. the volume c. the density
b. the moles of gas d. the pressure

3. Which of the following properties of a gas are directly related to each other?
a. pressure and temperature c. pressure and moles
b. pressure and volume d. volume and temperature
e. a, c and d

4. Which of the following statements about equal volumes of 2 different gases at the
same temperature and pressure is true?
a. they have different number of molecules
b. they have the same mass
c. they have the same number of moles of gas
d. they have a different molar volume

5. The atmospheric pressure on a certain day is 99.8 kPa. What is the partial pressure
of oxygen, given that it makes up 21 % of air?
a. 78.8 kPa c. 120.8 kPa
b. 21.0 kPa d. 57.8 kPa

6. Given the following reaction, what volume of nitrogen monoxide gas will be produced
from 8.0 L of oxygen gas? 4NH3(g) + 5O2(g) 4NO(g) + 6H2O(g)
a. 4.0 L c. 7.5 L
b. 10 L d. 6.4 L

7. A gas is placed in a cylinder with a piston, and the piston is

pulled upward, as shown in the picture.
a. What happens to the pressure of the gas in the
cylinder? Explain why?
b. What happens to the density of the gas? Explain why?
8. Complete the following table.
kPa mm Hg atm psi

102

3.0

40.0

9. A tire has a volume of 535 cm3 at 20.0 °C. While in use, the temperature of the tire
rises to 65.0 °C. Calculate the new volume of the tire. 617 cm3

10. The inside of a tennis ball contains air at a pressure of 11.0 psi and a temperature
of 25 °C. During tennis play, the ball heats up to 45 °C. Calculate the new pressure
of the gas inside the ball. 11.7 psi

11. A halogen bulb is filled with iodine vapour at a pressure of 5.00 atm at 22 °C. What
will the pressure be in the bulb at its operating temp of 1.0 x 103 °C? 21.6 atm

12. A gas in a refrigerator compressor has a volume of 125 mL at 22.0 °C and 550 kPa.
The gas then expands to 540 mL at a new pressure of 110 kPa. What will the
resulting new temperature of this gas be in Celsius? -18 °C

13. Calculate the density of each of the following.

a. krypton at 99 kPa and 88 °C 2.8 g/L
b. oxygen at 263 mm Hg and -5.0 °C 0.503 g/L
c. carbon tetrahydride at 40.0 °C and 1.5 atm 0.94 g/L

14. At the surface of Venus, the temperature is 8.0 x 102 °C with a pressure of 7.5 x
103 kPa. What would be the molar volume of 6.2 x 1032 molecules of carbon dioxide
in these conditions? 1.2 L/mol

15. A small carbon dioxide gas cylinder used to propel a paint ball has a mass of 56.3
grams. When all the gas is expelled from the cylinder and the cartridge is empty,
the cylinder has a mass of 50.4 g. If the volume of the cylinder is 25 mL and the
temperature of the cylinder initially was 23 °C, determine the initial pressure in the
cylinder in psi. 1900 psi

16. A student produces 0.250 g of a mystery gas with a volume of 20.1 mL at SATP. If
the compound is 27.3 % nitrogen and 72.7 % oxygen, determine the molecular
formula of this gas. N6O14
17. Carbon monoxide gas can react with hydrogen gas under certain conditions to
produce propane, C3H8(g), and water vapour.
a. If 150.0 L of propane gas are required, what volume of hydrogen gas would be
necessary when all gasses are at SATP? 1.050 x 103 L
b. What mass of propane would be made when 1.1 x 1025 molecules of hydrogen
gas react with 200.0 L of carbon monoxide gas at STP? 120 g

Unit 5 Extra Review

1. A 20.5 ml bubble of air released from a scuba tank at 121 Kpa and 23 ⁰C rises up to
the surface of a lake. If the bubble has a volume of 22.8 mL at 102.2 Kpa, find the
final temp of the gas. 5.06 ⁰C

2. Identify what will happen to the volume of a gas after the following changes
a. The temp is doubled
b. The pressure is decreased to 1/3rd
c. The moles are quadrupled
d. The pressure and temperature are both increased by a factor of 5.

3. Calculate the volume of a 2.50 g C3H8 sample at 142.3 Kpa and 15⁰C. 0.954 L

4. 3.14 x 1020 formula units of calcium carbonate is reacted with 36.6 ml of 0.20 M
hydrophosphoric acid. What volume of carbon dioxide is produced at 725 torr and
20.5 ⁰C? 12.8 mL

5. What is the density of a 3.75 g sample of PCl3 gas at 2.3 atm and 17.5 ⁰C? 13 g/L

6. A 5.20 g sample containing C, H and N is subjected to CH analysis. 12.02 g of CO2

and 5.75 g of H2O is collected. If a 5.0 L sample of the gas has a mass of 23.0 g at
SATP, find the molecular formula of the gas. C6H14N2

7. A 20.0 ⁰C bottle of hairspray with a pressure of 1.5 atm is released into a room at
101.3 Kpa. What temperature will the hairspray now have? -78 ⁰C

8. The atmosphere of Mars has a pressure of 0.088 psi and is made up of 95% carbon
dioxide. What is the partial pressure of carbon dioxide on Mars in kPa? 0.58 kPa

9. A 2.5 L balloon filled with 25 ⁰C air is cooled to -110 ⁰C. What will be the new volume
of the balloon? 1.4 L
10. A weather balloon has a volume of 250 L and a pressure of 5.6 atm on the ground.
If the balloon rises to a pressure of 120 Torr, what will be the new volume of the
balloon? 8900 L