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is the long-
term alteration of temperature
and typical weather patterns
in a place.

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 1.What has changed?

2.Why has it changed?

3.How will it change?

3
 What has
CHANGED?
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 Our EARTH
has

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 Because of CLIMATE CHANGE there i s Changes in:

permafrost EXTERME HEAT

snow INTENSE TROPICAL

CYCLONES

glaciers
EXTRATROPICAL STORMS
Ice sheets

Lake ice RIVER FLOODS

Sea ice
RAIN FALL

DECREASING INCREASING

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 WHY HAS IT
CHANGED?

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 has contributed in
warming the earth-
Land, Ocean and
Atmosphere.

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 CLIMATE CHANGE is
Human Caused and its
having a tremendous effect
in the environment!
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 HOW it was
CHANGED?

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 ANIMALS & Agriculture/
Deforestation

Burning of Fossil FUELS Waste and Recycle Pollution

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 • Coal
• OIL
• Natural GAS
• Gasoline

The largest
Burning of Fossil FUELS emission of Carbon
Dioxide
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 TOXIC GASES
• Hydrogen Sulfide
• Ammonia
• Methane

ANIMALS & Agriculture/

Deforestation

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 Not just Emits GHG’s but
also getting rid of Plants,
trees. WHOSE ACTIVE in
Absorbing Carbon
Dioxide.

Bulldozer
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 One of the largest
pollutants of methane gas.

Waste and Recycle Pollution

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 ATMOSPHERE
The gaseous envelope
surrounding the Earth.
• Earth’s atmosphere is a thin blanket of gases
andtiny particles together called air.
• We are most aware of air when it moves and
creates wind. All living things need some of
the gases in air for life support. Without an
atmosphere, Earth would likely be just another
lifeless rock.
Atmospheric Gasses
• Nitrogen and oxygen together
make up 99 percent of the
planet’s atmosphere. The rest of
the gases are minor components
but sometimes are very
important.
• Humidity is the amount of water
vapor in the air. Humidity varies
from place to place and season to
season.
 green
Gasses and their

C L I M A T E C H A N G E a n d D I S A S T E R R I S K M A N A G E M E N T
 greenhouse

A greenhouse gas is a gas

that absorbs and emits
radiant energy within the
thermal infrared range,
causing the greenhouse
effect.
25 C L I M A T E C H A N G E a n d D I S A S T E R R I S K M A N A G E M E N T
Sources of Carbon dioxide
• Transportation
• Electricity
• Industry
 Reducing Carbon Dioxide Emissions

EnergyEfficiency EnergyConservation
- Improving the insulation of - Reducing personal energy use by
buildings, traveling in more turning off lights and electronics
when not in use reduces electricity
fuel-efficient vehicles, and
demand. Reducing distance traveled
using more efficient electrical in vehicles reduces petroleum
appliances are all ways to consumption. Both are ways to
reduce energy use, and thus reduce energy CO2 emissions
CO2emissions. through conservation.
 Reducing Carbon Dioxide Emissions

FuelSwitching CarbonCaptureandSequestration
- Carbon dioxide capture and
- Producing more energy sequestration is a set of technologies
from renewable sources that can potentially greatly reduce
and using fuels with lower CO2 emissions from new and existing
carbon contents are ways coal- and gas-fired power plants,
industrial processes, and other
to reduce carbon stationary sources of CO2.
emissions.
Sources of Methane
• Agriculture
• EnergyandIndustry
• Waste from homes and
business
 Reduction Opportunities for Methane

Industry Agriculture WastefromHomesand

- Upgrading the equipment - Methane from manure Businesses
used to produce, store, and management practices - Because CH4 emissions
transport oil and natural gas can be reduced and from landfill gas are a
can reduce many of the captured by altering
majorsource of
leaks that contribute to manure management
strategies. Additionally, CH4 emissions in the United
CH4 emissions. Methane
from coal mines can also be modifications to animal States, emission controls
captured and used for feeding practices may that capture landfill CH4 are
energy. reduce emissions from an effective reduction
enteric fermentation. strategy.
 •Nitrous oxide (N2O): Nitrous oxide is
emitted during agricultural, land use,
industrial activities, combustion of fossil
fuels and solid waste, as wel as during
treatment of wastewater.

C L I M A T E C H A N G E a n d D I S A S T E R R I S K M A N A G E M E N T
Sources of Nitrous Oxide
• Agriculture
• FuelCombustion
• Industry
• Waste
 Reducing Nitrous Oxide Emissions
Agriculture
FuelCombustion
- Emissions can be
• Nitrous oxide is a byproduct of fuel combustion,
reduced by reducing
so reducing fuel consumption in motor vehicles
nitrogen-based fertilizer
and secondary sources can reduce emissions.
applications and applying
• Additionally, the introduction of pollution
these fertilizers more
control technologies (e.g., catalytic converters
efficiently,as well as
to reduce exhaust pollutants from passenger
modifying a farm's
cars) can also reduce emissions of N2O.
manure management
practices.
Reducing Nitrous Oxide Emissions

Industry
• Nitrous oxide is generally emitted from industry through fossil
fuel combustion, so technological upgrades and fuel switching
are effective ways to reduce industry emissions of N2O.
• Production of adipic acid results in N2O emissions that can be
reducedthrough technological upgrades.
 Sources and Concentrations of Major Greenhouse Gases
Greenhouse gas Major sources
• Carbon Dioxide • Fossil fuel combustion; Deforestation; Cement
production
• Methane • Fossil fuel production; Agriculture; Landfills
• Nitrous Oxide • Fertilizer application; Fossil fuel and biomass
combustion; Industrial processes
• Chlorofluorocarbon-12(CFC-12) • Refrigerants

• Hydrofluorocarbon-23 (HFC-23) • Refrigerants

• Sulfur Hexafluoride • Electricity transmission

• Nitrogen Trifluoride • Semiconductor manufacturing
“Greenhouse Effect”

“Enhanced Greenhouse Effect”

The greenhouse effect is a
natural process that warms
the Earth’s surface. When
the Sun’s energy reaches
the Earth’s atmosphere,
some of it is reflected
back to space and the rest
is absorbed and re-
radiated by greenhouse
gases.
Enhanced greenhouse effect
The problem we now face is that
human activities – particularly
burning fossil fuels (coal, oil
and natural gas), agriculture and
land clearing – are increasing
the concentrations of greenhouse
gases. This is the enhanced
greenhouse effect, which is
contributing to warming of the
Earth.
Step 1: Solar radiation reaches the Earth's atmosphere - some of this is
reflected back into space.

Step 2: The rest of the sun's energy is absorbed by the land and the
oceans, heating the Earth.

Step 3: Heat radiates from Earth towards space.

Step 4: Some of this heat is trapped by greenhouse gases in the

atmosphere, keeping the Earth warm enough to sustain life.
Step 5: Human activities such as burning fossil fuels, agriculture and
land clearing are increasing the amount of greenhouse gases released
into the atmosphere.

Step 6: This is trapping extra heat, and causing the Earth's temperature
to rise.
 has contributed in
warming the earth-
Land, Ocean and
Atmosphere.

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Responding to Climate Change
Responding to climate change involves two
possible approaches: reducing and stabilizing the
levels of heat-trapping greenhouse gases in the
atmosphere (“mitigation”) and/or adapting to
the climate change already in the
pipeline (“adaptation”).
Mitigation and Adaptation
Mitigation – reducing climate change –
involves reducing the flow of heat-trapping
greenhousegases into theatmosphere.

Adaptation –adapting to life in a changing climate –

involves adjusting to actual or expected future
climate.
The mitigation piece of the puzzle is easy to
explain, but difficult to accomplish. We must
transition from powering our world with fossil
fuels to using clean, renewable energy. And we
need to stop deforestation and restore our
natural habitats until we reach net-zero carbon
emissions—meaning that the release of
greenhouse gases into the atmosphere is
balanced with the capture and storage of those
gases in places like tree roots.
Adaptation solutions vary from place to place, are
difficult to predict, and involve many trade-offs. The
first step to adapting to climate change is
understanding local risks and developing plans to
manage them. The next step is taking action—putting
systems in place to respond to impacts we are
experiencing today as we prepare for an uncertain
tomorrow.
and
Maladaptation is a process that
results in increased vulnerability to
climate variability and change,
directly or indirectly, and/or
significantly undermines capacities or
opportunities for present and future
adaptation.
Adaptigation is a response to climate
change that integrates a focus on
adaptation with a focus on mitigation, to
avoid conflicts and create synergies