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intel core i7

The document discusses the role of transistors as fundamental components in CPUs and modern electronics, detailing their types and functions. It highlights the historical development of CPUs, including the increase in transistor counts over generations, and explains how more transistors enhance CPU performance. Additionally, it references Moore's Law, which predicts the doubling of transistors and performance in integrated circuits every 18-24 months.

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eng.mouath.2025
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12 views

intel core i7

The document discusses the role of transistors as fundamental components in CPUs and modern electronics, detailing their types and functions. It highlights the historical development of CPUs, including the increase in transistor counts over generations, and explains how more transistors enhance CPU performance. Additionally, it references Moore's Law, which predicts the doubling of transistors and performance in integrated circuits every 18-24 months.

Uploaded by

eng.mouath.2025
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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‫‪MICROPROSESOR & TRANSESTORE‬‬

‫‪Microprocessor i7‬‬

‫هندسة حاسوب مستوى ثالث‬ ‫اعداد‪ /‬معاذ عيسى مبيروك‬ ‫اشراف‪ /‬د‪.‬هشام باكرمان‬
MICROPROSESOR & TRANSESTORE

Transistors are the basic building blocks that regulate the operation of computers, mobile phones,
and all other modern electronic circuits and is the basic unit of the CPU. Transistors can be packaged
independently or in a small area. Integrated circuits can accommodate 100 million or more
transistors.

Catching a single Transistor

- Abstract
The transistor in electronic components is a semiconductor device, which is often used in amplifiers
or electronically controlled switches. Transistors are the basic building blocks that regulate the
operation of computers, mobile phones, and all other modern electronic circuits. At the same time,
the transistor is the basic unit of the CPU. Transistors can be packaged independently or in a small
area. Integrated circuits can accommodate 100 million or more transistors. The CPU mainly includes
a logic operation unit, a control unit, and a storage unit. This article will detail how many transistors
in a CPU and how the CPU works.

Transistor generally refers to all single components based on


semiconductor materials, including diodes, triode, field-effect transistors,
thyristors, etc. Transistors sometimes refer to triode. Transistors are mainly
divided into two categories: bipolar transistors (BJT) and field-effect
transistors (FET). The transistor has three poles; the three poles of the
bipolar transistor are composed of N-type and P-type emitters, bases and
collectors; the three poles of the field-effect transistor are Source, Gate
and Drain.

Transistors are the basic building blocks that regulate the operation of computers, cell phones, and
all other modern electronic circuits. Due to its fast response and high accuracy, the transistor can be
used for a variety of digital and analog functions, including amplification, switching, voltage
regulation, signal modulation, and oscillator. Transistors can be packaged individually or in a very
small area.

In December 1947, a research team composed of Shockley, Badin, and Bratton of Bell Labs in the
United States developed a point-contact germanium transistor. The advent of transistors is a major
invention in the 20th century. After the emergence of transistors, people can use a small, low-power
electronic device to replace the bulky, power-consuming tube. The invention of the transistor blew
the horn for the birth of integrated circuits. In the first 10 years of the 20th century, semiconductor
materials have been used in communication systems. In the first half of the 20th century, the ore
radio, which was widely popular among radio enthusiasts, used ore as a semiconductor material for
detection. The electrical characteristics of semiconductors have also been used in telephone systems.
- Number of CPU Transistors in Previous Generations

Moore's Law was proposed by Gordon Moore, one of


the founders of Intel. When the price is unchanged, the
number of components that can be accommodated on
the integrated circuit will double every 18-24 months,
and the performance will double. In other words, the
performance of a computer that can be bought for every
dollar will more than double every 18-24 months. This
law reveals the speed of information technology
progress. Although this trend has continued for more
than half a century, Moore's Law should still be
considered observation or speculation, not a physical or
natural law.

(1) February 1999: Intel released the Pentium III processor. Pentium III is a 1 × 1 square
silicon with 9.5 million transistors, manufactured using Intel’s 0.25-micron process
technology.

(2) In 2000, Pentium 4 Willamette, the production process is 180nm, the number of CPU transistors
is 42 million.

(3) January 2002: The Intel Pentium 4 processor is launched, and high-
performance desktop computers can achieve 2.2 billion cycles per
second. It is produced using Intel's 0.13-micron process technology and
contains 55 million transistors.

(4) March 12, 2003: The Intel Centrino mobile technology platform was
born on notebook computers, including Intel’s latest mobile processor, the Pentium M
processor. The processor is based on a new mobile-optimized micro-architecture, produced using
Intel ’s 0.13-micron process technology. It contains 77 million transistors.

(5) May 26, 2005: Intel's first mainstream dual-core processor, the Intel Pentium D processor with
229,999,999 transistors using Intel's leading 90 nm process technology.

(6) July 27, 2006: The Intel Core 2 dual-core processor was born. The processor contains more than
290 million transistors, uses Intel's 65-nanometer process technology. It is produced in several of the
world's most advanced laboratories.
(7) January 8, 2007: To expand sales of quad-core PCs to mainstream
buyers, Intel released the Intel Core 2 quad-core processor and two other
quad-core server processors for desktop computers with a processing power
of 65 nanometers. The Intel Core 2 quad-core processor contains more than
580 million transistors.

(8) The Corei7 980X launched in 2010, the production process is 32 nm,
and the number of transistors is 11,699,999,999.

(9) The Corei7 4960X launched in 2013 has a manufacturing process of 22 nm and a transistor count
of 1.86 billion.

- Why are the CPUs with more Transistors stronger?


The CPU is like a large factory for storing switches. Each transistor is a switch, that is, 0
when turned off and 1 when turned on. The more transistors, the more switches. When you deal with
the same problem, the more routes you choose, the more looped lines.

Similarly, the more transistors a CPU has, the more branches current flows in a unit of time. From a
macro perspective, the more data you can process on the CPU, the faster the machine.

The CPU mainly includes a logic operation unit, a control unit, and a storage unit. There are some
registers in the logic operation and control unit. These registers are used for the temporary storage of
data in the process of data processing by the CPU.

CPU manufacturing is a very high-precision process, which must be completed by means of


machinery. The transistors cut from the wafer will be printed on the CPU base by machinery. Each
printed base will be checked to eliminate defective products. And then add the shell interface to
become our common processor product.

-How does the CPU work?


As we all know, the CPU is the "heart" of the computer and the core of the entire microcomputer
system. Therefore, it is often synonymous with various grades of microcomputers, such as 286, 386,
486, Pentium, PII, K6 to today's PIII, P4, K7, and so on. Looking back at the history of CPU
development, the CPU has been greatly improved in manufacturing technology. It mainly reflected
in the integration of more and more electronic components. From the beginning of integrating
thousands of transistors to the current millions and tens of millions of transistors.

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