Smfudorfaˆad Ddadoˆi Psoˆi aˆ .

lˆvU
nmfˆ
Btprn cd ALbgLpdiLcn dl DmedmgLphL BLpsnepfiL bL d cd :ephldmrtpL
Gone Ao Aofdirnm A R FnsuU
dˆ
fi
ChrbhoihmL´ :iedapL EhmdLp

-ˆ Eersˆ cd 1vdoaıaenr

0- = iˆsoex cd tˆoeŶmaeˆr’antˆoeŶmaeˆr- Dl m`fiudk onotkˆbhnmˆk+ mn rdmshcn drsˆs`firshbn+ cn

sdqln+ ˆ bnuˆqhŶmbhˆ d̀ ˆ ldchcˆ cd chrodqrẑn bnmitmsˆ cd ctˆr uˆqh` ˆudhr dl snqmn cd rtˆr
ld̀chˆr- = lˆsqhx L d̀ rhld̀sqhbˆ- Nr dkdldmsnr cˆ chˆfnmˆk oqhmbhoˆk rẑn ˆr uˆqhŶmbhˆr d nr ntsqnr
dkdldmsnr ˆr bnuˆqhŶmbhˆr- L oncd rdq nashcˆ ltkshokhbˆmcn,rd ˆ lˆsqhx cnr cˆcnr bdmsqˆcnr T
odkˆ rtˆ sqˆmronrsˆ T´ d chuhchmcn,rd odkn fqˆt cd khadqcˆcd ν ; m 0+ rdmcn m n mt̀ldqn cd
drsˆb́z
ndr cd bnkdsˆ- Nt rdiˆ9
0
P ; X.X ′
ν
Rtonmcn ptd ˆ lˆsqhx cnr cˆcnr bdmsqˆcnr T+ d̀ cˆcˆ onq9
 
1 1 0 1
 0 0 1 3
 
X ;  . 1 . . 
0 0 1 3
1 1 0 1
Rd n mt̀ldqn cd drsˆb́z
ndr cd bnkdsˆ d̀ m ; 4- Bˆkbtkd ˆ lˆsqhx cd uˆqhŶmbhˆr,bnuˆqhŶmbhˆr-
1- Cˆcˆr ˆr lˆsqhxdr+ dmbnmsqd n uˆknq cd λ oˆqˆ ptd rdiˆl udqcˆcdhqˆr ˆr hftˆkcˆcdr9
   
. . 0 λ 0 0
$ˆ( , ;  . λ .  $a( A ;  0 . 0
0 . 1 0 0 .
1
, ) 1, ) H2 ; N2 . A 1 A 1H2 ; N2 .

rdmcn H2 ˆ lˆsqhx hcdmshcˆcd cd nqcdl 2 d N2 ˆ lˆsqhx mtkˆ cd nqcdl 2-

2- Cˆcˆ ˆ lˆsqhx , ; $YTi (j j d rdiˆ Hj ˆ lˆsqhx hcdmshcˆcd cd nqcdl m+ dmbnmsqd n uˆknq mtld̀qhbn
o$,( oˆqˆ bˆcˆ lˆsqhx rdftmcn n onkhmY nlhn o$w( bnqqdronmcdmsd9
   
2 0 2 1 . .
$ˆ( , ; o$w( ; 1w 2w ) 3
1 0 $a( , ; 0 1 0 o$w( ; w1 3w ) 3
. . 1

3- Inrsqd ptd
 1     1   1 
w w)0 2 1w 0 . w w)0 2 w w)0 2
c 
0 1w 0 w2  ;  0 1w 0 w2  )  . 1 2w1  )  0 1w 0 w2 
cw
. w 1 . w 1 . w 1 . 0 .
Nardqud ˆsdmsˆldmsd ˆ hftˆkcˆcd ˆbhlˆ d dmtmbhd ˆ oqnoqhdcˆcd ptd dkˆ hktrsqˆ-

0
4- Tl mˆstqˆkhrsˆ drs` ˆ drstcˆmcn sqYdr fqtonr uhxhmgnr cd ˆmhlˆhr- Nr sˆlˆmgnr cˆr onotkˆb́zndr
uˆqhˆl+ ı̂ ldchcˆ ptd hmchu`fictnr rd lnudl dmsqd fqtonr- Rtonmgˆ ptd ˆ lˆsqhx khmgˆ I ;
$1... 07.. 2..( enqmdbd nr sˆlˆmgnr cˆr sqYdr onotkˆb́zndr chedqdmsdr cd ˆmhlˆhr mn ˆmn r ; .-
Rtonmgˆ ptd cdonhr cd tl ˆmn ˆr onotkˆb́z ndr rẑn cˆcˆr onq
 
.. 6 .. 1 .. 1
I0 ; SI ;  .. 1 .. 5 .. 1  I -
.. 0 .. 1 .. 4

$ˆ( Dmbnmsqd I0 -
$a( Dmbnmsqd I1 + rtonmcn ptd I1 ; SI0 -

5- Bnmrhcdqd nr ˆctanr G+GG+GGG d GU bnl bˆqˆbsdq`firshbˆr d oqdb́nr cdrbqhsnr mˆr sˆadkˆr ˆaˆhvn9

RtarsŶmbhˆ onq jf Eǹrenqn Mhsqˆsn Ons`

ˆrrhn
=ctan G 14 f 04 f 6. f
=ctan GG 2. f 14 f 3. f
=ctan GGG 5. f 0. f 44 f
=ctan GU 04 f 2. f 5. f

=ctanr G GG GGG GU
Oqdb́n onq jf Q•6. 4. Q•4. .. Q•3. 4. Q•5. 4.

Tl ˆfqhbtksnq mdbdrrhsˆ cd tlˆ lhrstqˆ bnl ˆ rdfthmsd drodbh bˆb́ẑn9 5 jf cn ˆctan G+ 6 jf cn

ˆctan GG+ 4 jf cn ˆctan GGG d 7 jf cn ˆctan GU- Trˆmcn n oqnctsn cd lˆsqhxdr+ cdsdqlhmd ˆ
ptˆmshcˆcd cd bˆcˆ rtarsŶmbhˆ mˆ lhrstqˆ cdrbqhsˆ ˆbhlˆ d n oqdb́n cdrsˆ lhrstqˆ-

6- Rdiˆ
 
w1 0
0 w 0
,$w( ;  0 w1 0 0 w 
0 w w)0 w

cA,$w(A
Bˆkbtkd A,$w(A d cdsdqlhmd -
cw
7- =fqhldmrnqdr trˆl tlˆ eǹqltkˆ oˆqˆ dmbnmsqˆq ˆ ˆ `
ˆqdˆ cd tl knsd cd sdqqˆ- = eǹqltkˆ trˆcˆ
odkn ˆfqhldmrnq nadcdbd ˆnr rdfthmsdr oˆrrnr9

=mnsˆlnr nr ud̀qshbdr cn onk`fifnmn $,0 $w0 . x0 (. .... ,j $wj . xj ((+ ˆ oˆqshq cd ptˆkptdq tl+ mn
ˆqhn+ qdodshmcn n 0n ud̀qshbd mn mˆk-
rdmshcn ˆmsh,gnq`
Bˆkbtkˆlnr ˆ rnlˆ cnr oqnctsnr cˆr chˆfnmˆhr+ bnmenqld n drptdlˆ
w0 ... wj w0
C; -
x0 ... xj x0
Trˆlnr ˆ eǹqltkˆ
0
A; .ACA
1
Trˆmcn ˆ hcdhˆ ˆbhlˆ+ dmbnmsqd ˆ `
ˆqdˆ cn onk`fifnmn cd ud̀qshbdr $1.+.(+ $2.+0.(+ $0.+3.( d $.+1.(-
=r ldchb́z
ndr rẑn cˆcˆr dl pthknldsqnr-

1
 8- Dmsdmcd,rd bnln kduˆmsˆldmsn okˆmhld̀sqhbn ı̂ ldchb́ẑn cˆr oqnidb́zndr gnqhxnmsˆhr ptd cd mdl
tlˆ `ˆqdˆ d rdmcn ˆrrhl d̀ trˆcn oqhmbhoˆkldmsd oˆqˆ cdsdqlhmˆq ˆr chldmrz
ndr cd tl sdqqdmn- Tl
kdudmsˆldmsn okˆmhld̀sqhbn edhsn onq tl ˆktmn cd Dmfdmgˆqhˆ Bˆqsnfq` ˆ bˆ dl tlˆ cdsdqlhmˆcˆ
ˆqdˆ mn sdqqdmn cˆ TEQ= qdrtksnt mˆr bnnqcdmˆcˆr snsˆhr $V+X( cd bhmbn ud̀qshbdr+ bnln hktrsqˆ
`
ˆ ftqˆ9

Bnl aˆrd mˆr bnnqcdmˆcˆr snsˆhr =;$.-3+3-67(: A;$4-83+7-73(:B;$0.-83+4-75(: C;$00-43+0-3(:

D;$2-21+.-33( d mˆ eǹqltkˆ sqˆaˆkgˆcˆ mˆ ptdrsẑn ˆmsdqhnq+ bˆkbtkd n uˆknq cˆ `
ˆqdˆ cˆ qdfhẑn cˆ
tmhudqrhcˆcd ptd enh cdrsˆbˆcˆ-

0.- M unitld cd tl sdsqˆdcqn cd uıdqsgbdr $w0 . x0 . y0 (: $w1 . x1 . y1 (: $w2 . x2 . y2 ( d $w3 . x3 . y3 ( ıd cˆcn onq.
 
w 0 x0 y0 0
0  w 1 x1 y1 0
S njtld ; ± .cdr   w 2 x2 y2 0

5
w 3 x3 y3 0

M rglanin ± eˆqˆmsd tl unitld onrgsgun-

Bnl aˆrd mˆ cd mhb́ẑn ˆbhlˆ+ tshkhxd n SdmpdlT cd IToeTad d dmbnmsqd n unktld cn sdsqˆdcqn
btinr ud̀qshbdr rẑn $.+3+0(+ $3+.+.(+$2+4+1( d $1+1+4( bnln lnrsqˆ ˆ ftqˆ9

Ehftqˆ 09 Sdsqˆdcqn-

    
0 1 0 w 0
00- Cˆcˆr ˆr lˆsqhxdr , ; 0 Y 0+ V ; x  d A ; .-
. 0 0 y .

$ˆ( =bgˆq nr uˆknqdr cd Y oˆqˆ nr ptˆhr ˆ lˆsqhx , ˆclhsd hmudqrˆ-

$a( Qdrnkudq ˆ dptˆb́ẑn lˆsqhbhˆk ,V ; A oˆqˆ Y ; 2-

2
01- Oˆqˆ bˆcˆ tl cnr rhrsdlˆr khmdˆqdr ˆaˆhvn9

Dmbnmsqd ˆ lˆsqhx cnr bnd bhdmsdr d ˆ lˆsqhx ˆtldmsˆcˆ:

Trd Bqˆldq nt ˆ dkhlhmˆb́ẑn Fˆtrrhˆmˆ oˆqˆ dmbnmsqˆq n bnmitmsn rnktb́ẑn cd bˆcˆ tl-
 
 w)x)y ;0  1w ) 2x 1y ; 4
$ˆ( w 1x ) 1y ; 1 $b( w 1x ) 2y ; 1
 
w ) 1x y ; 3 3w x ) 3y ; 0
 
 w ) x ) 1y ; 2  1w ) x ; .
$a( 2w x ) y ; 4 $c( w)x)y ;.
 
w ) 2x ) 3y ; 6 x ) 1y ; .

02- Ctqˆmsd tlˆ ˆtkˆ cd Dkdsqh bˆb́ẑn Qtqˆk n oqnedrrnq ˆoqdrdmsnt tl oqnakdlˆ cd bhqbthsnr qdrhrsh,
unr d bnqqdmsdr cd lˆkgˆ- Rˆad,rd ptd e0 + e1 d e2 rẑn ˆr bnqqdmsdr dkd̀sqhbˆr ptd oˆrrˆl odkˆ lˆkgˆ
dl ptdrsẑn+ qdrtksˆmcn mtl oqnakdlˆ cd rhrsdlˆr khmdˆqdr- Tshkhxˆmcn n ld̀sncn cd dkhlhmˆb́ẑn
fˆtrrhˆmˆ+ oncdlnr ˆ qlˆq ptd ˆr bnqqdmsdr dkd̀sqhbˆr uˆkdl qdrodbshuˆldmsd9

03- Bnmrhcdqdlnr tlˆ dbnmnlhˆ ˆadqsˆ rhlokdr bnl tl rdsnq ˆadqsn d sqYdr rdsnqdr oqnctshunr9
lˆmteˆstqˆ+ ˆfqhbtkstqˆ d rdquhb́nr- Rtonmgˆlnr ptd hmrtlnr d oqnctsnr rdiˆl ldchcnr dl
tmhcˆcdr lnmds`
ˆqhˆr $¸( d ptd nr hmrtlnr qdptdqhcnr odknr rdsnqr oqnctshunr oˆqˆ oqnctxhq tlˆ
tmhcˆcd lnmds`
ˆqhˆ cd uˆknq cd oqnctsn drsẑn cd ˆbnqcn bnl ˆ sˆadkˆ ˆ rdfthq9

Rd n rdsnq ˆadqsn ˆoqdrdmsˆq tlˆ cdlˆmcˆ mn uˆknq cd ¸68.. cd oqnctsnr lˆmteˆstqˆcnr+ ¸284.
cd oqnctsnr ˆfq`fibnkˆr d ¸0864 cd rdquhb́nr- Ptˆk rdqhˆ ˆ lˆsqhx bnktmˆ V ; $Y. a. b(T ˆoqdrdmsˆcˆ
oˆqˆ ptd ˆ dbnmnlhˆ bnmrhfˆ ˆsdmcdq drrˆ cdlˆmcˆ-

04- Rdiˆ P n rhrsdlˆ cd dptˆb́z ndr khmdˆqdr qdoqdrdmsˆcn lˆsqhbhˆkldmsd+ nmcd d̀ tl oˆqŶldsqn
qdˆk- Cdsdqlhmd+ dl bˆcˆ bˆrn+ nr uˆknqdr cd d bkˆrrh ptd n rhrsdlˆ dl PD PL, nt PLD-
       
0 0 0 0 0 0
$ˆ(  0 0  .V ;   $a(  1 1  .V ;  
0 0 1 0 0)1

3
05- Nardqud n rdfthmsd rhrsdlˆ khmdˆq qdoqdrdmsˆcn mˆ enqlˆ cd oqnctsn hmsdqmn+ dmbnmsqd rtˆ rnktb́ẑn
dl w0 + w1 d w2 -
$0. 0. 3(.$w0 . w1 . w2 ( ; 0.
$2. 1. .(.$w0 . w1 . w2 ( ; 0 .
$3. 4. 0(.$w0 . w1 . w2 ( ; 6

06- Cdsdqlhmd uˆknqdr oˆqˆ w. x. y d u cd lncn ˆ ptd+ mˆ qdˆb́ẑn pt`filhbˆ ˆaˆhvn+ nr dkdldmsnr
pt`filhbnr dmunkudmsdr nbnqqˆl dl ptˆmshcˆcdr hftˆhr dl bˆcˆ kˆcn cˆ dptˆb́ẑn-

$ˆ( wM1 N4 ± xM N1 ) yN1 -

$a( wFE ) xPeN1 ± yPeE3 ) uF1 N-
$b( w$M F3 (1 BN2 ± xM F2 ) yF1 N ) uBN1 -
$c( wE dBj2 ) xM Y1 BN2 ± yE d1 $BN2 (2 ) uM YBj-
$d( wBY$NF(1 ) xF2 O N3 ± yBY2 $O N3 (1 ) uF1 N-
$e( wB2 F6 ) xN1 ± yBN1 ) uF1 N-
$f( wBN1 ) xF1 N ± yB5 F01 N5 ) uN1 -

07- Tshkhxˆmcn nodqˆb́z

ndr rnaqd khmgˆr $nt bnktmˆr(+ dmbnmsqd+ rd dvhrshq+ ˆ lˆsqgy gmudqrˆ cd bˆcˆ
lˆsqhx ˆaˆhvn9
   
0 1 2 2 3 0
$ˆ( , ; 1 4 2 $b( B ; . 0 2 
0 . 7 1 4 3
   
0 5 3 0 2 3
$a( A ;  1 3 0 $c( C ;  1 3 0 
0 1 4 3 1 8
 
w0
08- Rdiˆl nr uˆknqdr cd λ ∈ sˆhr ptd dvhrsd V ;  ...  ̸; . ptd rˆshreˆx ˆ dptˆb́ẑn ,.V ; λ.V-
wj
Cdsdqlhmd dl bˆcˆ bˆrn9

M OnigmS
nlgn bˆqˆbsdqırsgbn O $λ(-
Pdtr ˆtsnuˆinqdr d ˆtsnudsnqdr-
Hnrsqd ptd oˆqˆ bˆcˆ lˆsqgy¸ uˆid n sdqnqdlˆ cd :ˆvidv,Cˆlgisnm-
   
2 3 3 . 1
$ˆ( , ;
0 1 $c( C ; 1 4 3 
. . 4
   
0 0 3 1 1
$a( A ;
1 3 $d( D ; 1 3 1
1 1 3
   
. . 0 . 0 .
$b( B ; . 0 1 $e( E ; . . 0
. . 0 0 2 2

1.- Inrsqd ptd n onkhmY nlhn bˆqˆbsdq`firshbn cd tlˆ lˆsqhx , ; $YT i(1 1 + ptˆmcn hftˆkˆcn ˆ xdqn
$o$λ( ; .(+ oncd rdq dvoqdrrn bnln λ1 rp$,(λ ) cdr$,( ; .+ nmcd rp$,( d̀ n sqˆb́n cd ,-