11.Design_of_Perfect_Absorber_Based_on_Metagratings_Theory_and_Experiment
11.Design_of_Perfect_Absorber_Based_on_Metagratings_Theory_and_Experiment
2, FEBRUARY 2023
Abstract— This article proposes an analytical design method- [9], [10], [11], [12]. Among them, the absorber with near-unity
ology for different kinds of perfect absorbers (PAs) based on absorption rate for normally incident plane waves at one given
metagratings (MGs). In the specific analysis and design, the frequency is called metamaterial perfect absorber (PA) [13].
period of the MG is chosen to ensure that there is only
the 0th order diffraction mode. Using the established theory, To extend the single-frequency-to-multifrequency operation
the supercell of the MG is rigorously analyzed to derive a of the metamaterial PA, several resonators are combined
specific load impedance density expression that allows achieving together to generate multiple resonance points [14], [15],
destructive interference of specular reflection of the substrate [16], [17], [18]. Meanwhile, for further expanding the narrow
and 0th mode diffraction such that perfect wave absorption is absorption band, multilayer structure is applied in the design to
realized. Four kinds of PAs composed of different supercells
of MG with different bandwidths are systematically analyzed, realize broadband absorption [19], [20], [21], [22], [23]. These
designed, simulated, and experimentally verified. The simulation metamaterial-based designs bring many benefits to the design
and measurement results are in good agreement and consistent of absorbers, allowing to achieve electrically ultrathin [24],
with the theoretical analysis, showing the validity of the provided [25], [26], [27], broadband [28], [29], dual-polarization [30],
theory and technique for electromagnetic wave absorption. [31] and angle-insensitive [32] structures at frequencies from
Index Terms— Analytical design, metagratings (MGs), perfect microwave to optical domains. Moreover, these metamaterial
absorber (PA). absorbers show a wide range of applications in different fields,
such as filters [33], sensors [34], and solar energy absorption
I. I NTRODUCTION [35]. On the other hand, metagratings (MGs) have received
extensive attention as a special class of periodic structures
W ITH the rapid development of radio and optics tech-
nology, wave-absorbing materials play an irreplaceable
role in stealth technology [1], electromagnetic compatibility
[36], [37], [38], [39], [40], [41], [42] since they can achieve
near-perfect electromagnetic wave manipulation through a
[2], suppression of electromagnetic radiation [3], energy sens- very simple structure. More importantly, unlike most previous
ing and detection [4], and other military aspects [5], [6], metamaterial designs, which are based on physical intuition
[7], [8]. Since the traditional absorbing materials cannot meet and numerical optimization, a series of rigorous and analytical
new demands of modern absorbing technologies, metamaterial solutions have been proposed for the design of MG structures
absorbers with simple structure, lightness and thinness, and [37], allowing clear determination of the physical parameters.
high absorption rate have attracted more and more attention In [43] and [44], an MG is used to design an absorber, which
achieves perfect narrowband absorption performance through
Manuscript received 5 July 2022; revised 18 November 2022; accepted an easy-to-implement structure. Meanwhile, the absorption
1 December 2022. Date of publication 9 January 2023; date of current version bandwidth can be broadened through arranging multiple meta-
3 February 2023. This work was supported in part by the State Key Laboratory
of Millimeter Waves through the Open Project under Grant K202233, in part atoms in one supercell [45], and the absorption angle can
by the Natural Science Foundation of Shanxi Province under Grant 2023- be broadened by the design of multiple layers or multiple
JC-YB-492, and in part by the Chinese Scholarship Council under Grant meta-atoms [46]. However, the current MG PAs are mainly
202206280099. (Corresponding author: Jianjia Yi.)
Zhen Tan is with the School of Information and Communication Engineer- designed through simulation software optimization or global
ing, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China, and also with the Labo- optimization algorithm, without clear theoretical guidance.
ratoire Energétique Mécanique Electromagnétisme (LEME), UPL, Université In this article, the principle and design theory of MG
Paris Nanterre, 92410 Ville-d’Avray, France (e-mail: [email protected]).
Jianjia Yi is with the School of Information and Communication Engi- PAs are systematically studied and the detailed analytical
neering, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China, and also with the design process is given. The influence of different impedance
State Key Laboratory of Millimeter Waves, School of Information Science and densities on the absorption bandwidth of the MG PAs is
Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China (e-mail: jianjia.yi@
xjtu.edu.cn). discussed in detail from the perspective of impedance density
Qiang Cheng is with the State Key Laboratory of Millimeter Waves, composition. Meanwhile, the bandwidth of the MG PA is not
School of Information Science and Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing limited to narrowband performance, but various absorption
210096, China (e-mail: [email protected]).
Shah Nawaz Burokur is with the Laboratoire Energétique Mécanique Elec- bandwidths can also be realized. Unlike conventional material
tromagnétisme (LEME), UPL, Université Paris Nanterre, 92410 Ville-d’Avray, absorbers [47], [48], which are composed of closely packed
France (e-mail: [email protected]). finely discretized unit cells, the proposed MG PA is composed
Color versions of one or more figures in this article are available at
https://doi.org/10.1109/TAP.2022.3233472. of relatively sparse periodic meta-atoms and its structure is
Digital Object Identifier 10.1109/TAP.2022.3233472 only restricted by the impedance density, which does not
0018-926X © 2023 IEEE. Personal use is permitted, but republication/redistribution requires IEEE permission.
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TAN et al.: DESIGN OF PERFECT ABSORBER BASED ON METAGRATINGS: THEORY AND EXPERIMENT 1833
require considering complicated microstructure designs for wave impedance of the surrounding air medium are k =
additional resonance. ω(μ1 ε1 )1/2 = 2π/λ and η = (μ1/ε1 )1/2 , respectively, while the
wavenumber and wave impedance of the dielectric substrate
are k = ω(μ2 ε2 )1/2 and η = (μ2/ε2 )1/2 , respectively. Here,
II. A NALYSIS OF MG FOR ACHIEVING
μ1 = μ2 = μ0 (μ0 is the permeability of the vacuum) and the
P ERFECT A BSORPTION
time harmonic dependence of e j ωt is assumed.
The configuration of the MG PA and its corresponding Referring to the coordinate system established in Fig. 1, the
coordinate system are shown in Fig. 1. The supercell can be expression of the incident plus the reflected electric field in air
classified into four types, according to the composition of the is
impedance density, which corresponds to different absorbing
bandwidths. The MG PA is surrounded by air with permittivity E xexc (y, z ≤ −h) = E in e− j k(z+h) + R0 e j k(z+h) e− j k sin(θin )y .
ε1 = ε0 , and the metal wire with impedance density Z is (1)
positioned on the dielectric substrate with a thickness of h.
The permittivity of the substrate is ε2 = εr ε0 , where ε0 is the For simplicity, here, we consider the normal incidence, i.e.,
permittivity of vacuum. The period of the metal wire array θin = 0, and then, the electric field in the substrate is
is y , which is less than one wavelength λ0 of the incident
wave in vacuum to ensure that the MG has only one diffraction sin k z
mode (0th mode). Since the wave propagation direction of E x (y, −h ≤ z < 0) = −E in T0
exc
(2)
sin(k h)
the 0th order diffraction mode is the same as the mirror
reflection of the incident wave, we can find that the appropriate where R0 and T0 are the reflection coefficient and the trans-
impedance density to let the 0th order diffraction mode and the mission coefficient of the normal incidence in the substrate,
mirror reflection have the same amplitude and phase difference respectively. According to Maxwell’s equations H y (y, z) =
π such that electromagnetic interference cancellation can be ( j/kη)∂ E x (y, z)/∂ z and combining the continuous boundary
achieved to realize perfect wave absorption. conditions of the tangential electric field and magnetic field at
We excite the MG with a transverse electric (TE) polarized the interface z = −h with E xexc (y, z ≤ −h) = E xexc (y, −h ≤
plane wave (E z = E y = Hx = 0). The wavenumber and z < 0) and H yexc (y, z ≤ −h) = H yexc(y, −h ≤ z < 0),
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1834 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ANTENNAS AND PROPAGATION, VOL. 71, NO. 2, FEBRUARY 2023
we can obtain
j tan k h − η/η
R0 =
j tan(k h) + (η/η )
j 2 tan k h
T0 = 1 + R0 = . (3)
j tan(k h) + (η/η )
The total electric field generated by all the line currents in Fig. 2. Front view of the MG PA with infinitesimal layer.
air can be written as [37], [49]
∞
E xi (y, z ≤ −h) βm = (εr k 2 − ξm2 )1/2 is the longitudinal component of the
n=−∞ mth mode wavenumber in the dielectric substrate and ξm =
∞ ξm = 2πm/ y is the transverse component of the mth
kη 2
= −I H0(2) k n y − y + (z + h)2 (4) mode wavenumber in the dielectric substrate. τm is the ratio
4 n=−∞
of the amplitude of the mth mode diffraction wave after
and it can be transformed to the expression form of a sum- it first crosses the interface between the substrate and air
mation of Floquet modes via the Poisson summation formula to the amplitude of the mth mode diffraction wave when
when both terms y and (z + h) are not zero [49] it does not cross the interface between the medium and
∞ ∞
the air.
kη − j ξm y e− jβm |z+h| As the corresponding magnetic field in air and the sub-
E xi (y, z ≤ −h) = −I e (5)
n=−∞
2 y m=−∞ βm strate can be derived using Maxwell’s equation H y (y, z) =
( j/kη)∂ E x (y, z)/∂ z, (10) yields
where βm = (k 2 − ξm2 )1/2 is the longitudinal component of
the mth mode wavenumber in air and ξm = 2πm/ y is the H yline(y, −h ≤ z < 0)
transverse component of the mth mode wavenumber in air.
1 ∞
When considering the presence of the grounded dielectric =− I τm e− jβm z + e jβm z e− j ξm y . (11)
substrate, a reflection coefficient Rm must be introduced in (5). 2 y m=−∞
The electric field generated by all the line currents in air can
To calculate τm , Rm , and Tm , we need to consider an infini-
then be rewritten as
tesimal air layer with thickness δ between the metal wire and
∞
kη 1 + Rm − j ξm y − jβm |z+h| the dielectric substrate [37]. As shown in Fig. 2, the electric
E xline (y, z ≤ −h) = −I e e .
2 y m=−∞ βm field generated by the line currents in the infinitesimal air layer
(−h − δ ≤ z ≤ −h) can be written as
(6)
For the convenience of subsequent expression, we define a new E xline (y, −h − δ ≤ z ≤ −h)
∞
function of impedance density Z (y, z + h), which is written kη 1 − jβm (z+h+δ) Rm jβm (z+h+δ) − j ξm y
as =− I e + e e .
2 y m=−∞ βm βm
+∞
kη 1 + Rm − j ξm y − jβm |z+h| (12)
Z (y, z + h) = e e (7)
2 y m=−∞ βm
The magnetic field in the infinitesimal air layer is then
and the electric field of the line currents in (6) can be rewritten
as H yline (y, −h − δ ≤ z ≤ −h)
∞
E xline (y, z ≤ −h) = −I Z (y, z + h). 1 − jβm (z+h+δ)
(8) =− I e − Rm e jβm (z+h+δ) e− j ξm y .
2 y m=−∞
In particular, when y = 0 and z + h = 0, Z (0, 0) needs to be
represented as (see the Appendix) (13)
∞ According to the boundary conditions of the continuity of the
η kη y 2π Tm 1
Z (0, 0) = T0 + j ln + − . tangential electric field and magnetic field at the interface z
2 y 2π 2πr y αm m
m=1 = −h, we have E xline (y, −h − δ ≤ z ≤ −h) = E xline (y, −h ≤
(9) z < 0) and H yline (y, −h − δ ≤ z ≤ −h) = H yline (y, −h ≤ z <
Similar to (6), the electric field generated by the line 0); when taking z = −h and δ → 0, we can obtain
currents in the substrate can be written as
j tan βm h − βm /βm
∞ Rm =
k η
e− jβm z − e jβm z − j ξm y j tan βm h + βm /βm
E xline (y, −h ≤ z < 0) = − I τm e
2 y m=−∞ βm j 2 tan βm h
(10) Tm = 1 + Rm = (14)
j tan βm h + βm /βm
where Rm and Tm are, respectively, the reflection and βm /βm
τm = Tm (15)
transmission coefficients of the mth diffraction mode. j 2 sin βm h
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TAN et al.: DESIGN OF PERFECT ABSORBER BASED ON METAGRATINGS: THEORY AND EXPERIMENT 1835
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1836 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ANTENNAS AND PROPAGATION, VOL. 71, NO. 2, FEBRUARY 2023
and substrate’s height h with metal linewidth w = 0.2 mm. (a) Real part.
(b) Imaginary part.
where εeff = (ε1 + ε2 )/2 is the effective dielectric constant.
Finally, the required resistance of the chip resistor and the
microstrip capacitor width is obtained as R = 11.747 and
L = 3.004 mm, respectively.
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TAN et al.: DESIGN OF PERFECT ABSORBER BASED ON METAGRATINGS: THEORY AND EXPERIMENT 1837
TABLE I
PARAMETERS OF THE F OUR T YPES OF MG PA
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1838 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ANTENNAS AND PROPAGATION, VOL. 71, NO. 2, FEBRUARY 2023
TABLE II
VALUES OF E ACH S UPERCELL PARAMETER W HEN THE R EAL PART OF THE
I MPEDANCE D ENSITY R EACHES I TS M AXIMUM VALUE
Fig. 11. (a) Trend of the real part of the impedance with a change of k2 h for
a = 3 and frequency f = 20 GHz. (b) Simulation result of the MG PA when
a = 3 and h = 2.165 mm. (c) Simulation results of the widest bandwidth
when a = 2 and a = 4.
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TAN et al.: DESIGN OF PERFECT ABSORBER BASED ON METAGRATINGS: THEORY AND EXPERIMENT 1839
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1840 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ANTENNAS AND PROPAGATION, VOL. 71, NO. 2, FEBRUARY 2023
Z load = Z · y , when referring to (29)]. The parameters of the where y and z + h are not both zero. When taking y = 0 and
meta-atoms in the dual-polarization supercell can be obtained z + h = 0, (34) is written as
by parameter correction through simulations while taking the ∞ +∞
parameters of meta-atoms in the single-polarization supercell kη (2) kη Rm
Z (0, 0) = H0 k|n y | + . (35)
as the baseline. Since the analytical methodology proposed in 4 n=−∞ 2 y m=−∞ βm
this article mainly considers the design of single-polarization
MG PA, the specific design of dual-polarization MG PA is In this case, when n = 0, the Hankel function H0(2)(k|n y |) =
not detailed here. Compared to conventional metamaterial/ 1 + j ∞ obviously is not convergent. Studies show that
metasurface absorbers that have been developed for over a H0(2)(|x|) is convergent when the value of x is small, e.g.,
decade, MG absorbers are still at an early stage of research H0(2)(10−10 ) = 1 + j 14.7325. In fact, the problem here is
and development in terms of physics, design, and practical not just a mathematical problem but a specific design to the
implementation. More works are still needed to address the metal wire array. Thus, we use the position on the surface of
issues of angular independence, polarization insensitivity, and the metal wire instead of the actual position of (y, z + h) =
bandwidth expansion of MG absorbers. (0, 0), and here, we use H0(2)(kr ) to approximately replace
Finally, it is worth mentioning that the design methodology H0(2)(k|n y |) with n = 0, where r is the radius of the metal
of MG PA is applicable to any frequency, and this work only wire. Then, (35) is modified as
randomly selects the design frequency of 20 GHz. It should
be noted that although the thickness h of Type A and Type C kη (2)
Z (0, 0) = H (kr )
supercells can be freely chosen, a good tradeoff has to be made 4 0
∞ +∞
between the latter thickness and the absorption level. When h kη (2) kη Rm
takes too small values, the real part of the impedance is also + H0 kn y + . (36)
2 n=1 2 y m=−∞ βm
relatively small, and the MG cannot achieve the expected wave
absorption effect. In addition, in the selected design frequency, According to the series expansion of Hankel function using
the absorption bandwidth coverage from narrowband to wide- the small argument approximation [37], [49], we have
band can also be achieved by selecting different supercells
(2) 2 kr
of MG. Therefore, no matter the absorption frequency or the H0 (kr ) = 1 − j ln +γ (37)
absorption bandwidth, the MG absorber presents a high degree π 2
∞
of flexibility. 1 1 j 4π
H0(2) (nk A) = − + γ − ln
n=1
k y 2 π k y
V. C ONCLUSION ∞
j 2π 1
An analytical design methodology for PA based on MG has + − (38)
been proposed in this article, and the exact analytical formula π m=1 y αm m
of the impedance density of MG has been derived to achieve
the design. The systematic analysis and detailed design process where γ is the Euler constant and αm = (ξm2 − k 2 )1/2 = jβm .
have also been given, and the MG PA composed of four differ- Substituting (37) and (38) into (36) yields
ent supercells has been discussed and analyzed. The PA design ∞
η kη y 2π Tm 1
based on MG has a very diverse absorption bandwidth, which Z (0, 0) = T0 + j ln + − .
2 y 2π 2πr y αm m
can cover the range from narrowband to wideband. In addition, m=1
since the imaginary part of the impedance density of the PA (39)
is negative, it can be implemented directly with capacitive
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Zhen Tan (Graduate Student Member, IEEE)
[27] Z. Luo, S. Ji, J. Zhao, H. Dai, and C. Jiang, “Design and analysis received the B.S. and M.S. degrees in electronic
of an ultra-thin dual-band wide-angle polarization-insensitive metama- science and technology from Nantong University,
terial absorber for C-band application,” Optik, vol. 243, Oct. 2021,
Nantong, Jiangsu, China, in 2017 and 2020, respec-
Art. no. 166785. tively. He is currently pursuing the Ph.D. degree
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[29] D. Li, J. Yang, X. Wang, T. Wang, and R. Gong, “Ultrabroadband His current research interests include the the-
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loaded structure with Dallenbach layer,” IEEE Trans. Microw. Theory dielectric resonators.
Techn., vol. 70, no. 1, pp. 232–238, Jan. 2022.
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1842 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ANTENNAS AND PROPAGATION, VOL. 71, NO. 2, FEBRUARY 2023
Jianjia Yi (Member, IEEE) received the B.S. degree Shah Nawaz Burokur (Senior Member, IEEE)
in electrical engineering from the Harbin Institute received the Ph.D. degree from the Université de
of Technology, Harbin, China, in 2009, the M.S. Nantes, Nantes, France, in 2005.
degree in telecommunication engineering from the He is currently an Associate Professor with
Politecnico di Torino, Turin, Italy, in 2012, and Université Paris Nanterre, Ville-d’Avray, France,
the Ph.D. degree in physics from the University of where he carries his research activities at the
Paris-Saclay, Paris, France, in 2015. Laboratoire Energétique Mécanique Electromag-
From 2016 to 2019, he was an Associate Pro- nétisme (LEME), a multidisciplinary laboratory in
fessor with the State Key Laboratory of Integrated energetics, mechanics, and electromagnetics. He has
Services Networks, School of Telecommunications authored or coauthored one book on transformation
Engineering, Xidian University, Xi’an, China. He is optics-based antennas, seven book chapters, and
currently an Associate Professor with Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an. He has more than 150 articles in scientific journals. He holds three patents on
coauthored two book chapters and more than 60 papers in peer-reviewed inter- metamaterial-based and metamaterial-inspired antennas. His current research
national journals and conference proceedings. His research interests include interests are in the areas of periodic structures, complex media, metamaterials,
theoretical and computational electromagnetics with applications to antenna metasurfaces, and metagratings, in the analysis of integrated planar and con-
theory and design, antennas, frequency-selective surfaces, transmitarray, and formal circuits, antennas, sensors, orbital angular momentum, and holographic
metagratings. imaging.
Dr. Burokur was a recipient of the Young Scientist Award, presented by
the Union Radio-Scientifique Internationale (URSI) Commission B, in 2005.
He has served as an editorial board member and a reviewer for various
journals. On a national level in France, he is the co-coordinator of a think tank
Qiang Cheng (Senior Member, IEEE) received the on new antenna concepts involving new technologies, such as metamaterials
B.S. and M.S. degrees from the Nanjing University and metasurfaces, in the framework of the French GDR Ondes.
of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing, China, in
2001 and 2004, respectively, and the Ph.D. degree
from Southeast University, Nanjing, in 2008.
In 2008, he joined the State Key Laboratory of
Millimeter Waves, Southeast University, where he
was involved in the development of metamaterials
and metadevices. He is currently a Full Professor
with the School of Information Science and Engi-
neering, Southeast University. He leads a group of
Ph.D. students and master’s students in the areas of metamaterials, tunable
microwave circuits, microwave imaging, and terahertz systems. He has
authored or coauthored more than 100 publications, with citations of more
than 2000 times.
Dr. Cheng was a recipient of the 2010 Best Paper Award from the New
Journal of Physics, the China’s Top Ten Scientific Advances of 2010, and the
Second Class National Natural Science Award in 2014. He has served as the
Vice-Chair for the 2008 and 2010 International Workshop on Metamaterials.
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