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Chapter 2

Chapter 2 covers electrostatic potential, capacitance, and their relationships. It defines electrostatic potential, potential energy, and capacitance, providing formulas for calculating each. The chapter also explains the concepts of equipotential surfaces, energy stored in capacitors, combinations of capacitors, and the role of dielectrics in increasing capacitance.

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9 views

Chapter 2

Chapter 2 covers electrostatic potential, capacitance, and their relationships. It defines electrostatic potential, potential energy, and capacitance, providing formulas for calculating each. The chapter also explains the concepts of equipotential surfaces, energy stored in capacitors, combinations of capacitors, and the role of dielectrics in increasing capacitance.

Uploaded by

ashim05birbhum
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Chapter 2: Electrostatic Potential and Capacitance

1. Electrostatic Potential

 Definition: The work done in bringing a unit positive charge from infinity to a point
in the electric field without acceleration.
 Formula:

V=Wq,SI Unit: Volt (V)V = \frac{W}{q}, \quad \text{SI Unit: Volt (V)}V=qW
,SI Unit: Volt (V)

where WWW is the work done, and qqq is the charge.

 Potential Due to a Point Charge:

V=14πε0qrV = \frac{1}{4\pi \varepsilon_0} \frac{q}{r}V=4πε01rq

where qqq is the source charge, and rrr is the distance from the charge.

 Potential Due to a System of Charges:

V=∑14πε0qiriV = \sum \frac{1}{4\pi \varepsilon_0} \frac{q_i}{r_i}V=∑4πε01riqi

2. Potential Energy

 Definition: The work done in assembling a configuration of charges.


 Potential Energy of Two Charges:

U=14πε0q1q2rU = \frac{1}{4\pi \varepsilon_0} \frac{q_1q_2}{r}U=4πε01rq1q2

 Potential Energy of a System of Charges:


Sum of the potential energy of all pairs of charges.

3. Relation Between Electric Field and Potential

 Formula:

E=−dVdrE = -\frac{dV}{dr}E=−drdV

where EEE is the electric field, and VVV is the potential.

 Electric field is the negative gradient of potential.


4. Equipotential Surfaces

 Definition: Surfaces having the same potential at all points.


 Properties:
1. No work is done in moving a charge on an equipotential surface.
2. Electric field is perpendicular to the equipotential surface.

5. Capacitance

 Definition: The ability of a system to store charge per unit potential difference.
 Formula:

C=QV,SI Unit: Farad (F)C = \frac{Q}{V}, \quad \text{SI Unit: Farad (F)}C=VQ
,SI Unit: Farad (F)

where QQQ is the charge, and VVV is the potential difference.

 Capacitance of a Parallel Plate Capacitor:

C=ε0AdC = \frac{\varepsilon_0 A}{d}C=dε0A

where AAA is the area of plates, and ddd is the separation between them.

6. Energy Stored in a Capacitor

 Formula: U=12CV2U = \frac{1}{2} C V^2U=21CV2

7. Combination of Capacitors

 In Series:

1Ceq=1C1+1C2+…\frac{1}{C_{\text{eq}}} = \frac{1}{C_1} + \frac{1}{C_2} +


\dotsCeq1=C11+C21+…

 In Parallel:

Ceq=C1+C2+…C_{\text{eq}} = C_1 + C_2 + \dotsCeq=C1+C2+…

8. Dielectric

 Definition: An insulating material placed between the plates of a capacitor to increase


its capacitance.
 Capacitance with Dielectric:

C=K⋅C0C = K \cdot C_0C=K⋅C0

where KKK is the dielectric constant.

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