UNIT NO-3

Prof. Yogesh Wagh

Automobile
 An automobile, auto car or motor car is a self
propelled wheeled motor vehicle used for
transporting passengers and goods on ground.
 Automobiles are designed to run primarily on
roads.
Automobile
 AUTOS(Greek word) -self
MOBILE (French word )-moving
 Automobile – self moving (self propelled) wheel
vehicle ,producing power within used for transporting
goods or passenger on road.
 Automobile Engineering :-It is core branch of
mechanical engineering which deals with design
,development, manufacturing ,servicing maintenance
applications of automobiles
Based on purpose
 Passenger vehicles – These automobiles carry passengers
– e.g: Buses, cars
 Goods vehicles – These vehicles are used for
transportation of goods from one place to another. e.g:
Goods lorry, goods carrier
 Special Purpose : These vehicles include Ambulance, Fire
engines, Army Vehicles.
Based on capacity:
 Heavy Motor Vehicle (HMV) – Large and bulky motor
vehicles – e.g: Large trucks, buses
 Light Motor Vehicle (LMV) – Small motor vehicles – e.g:
Cars, Jeeps
 Medium Vehicle – Relatively medium sized vehicles – e.g:
Small trucks, mini buses
Based on fuel source:
 Petrol engine vehicles – Automobiles powered by petrol
engine – e.g: scooters, cars, mopeds, motorcycles

 Diesel engine vehicles – Automotives powered by

diesel engine – e.g: Trucks, Buses,cars
 LPG /CNG Engine
 Gas vehicles – Vehicles that use gas turbine as power source
– e.g: Turbine powered cars

 Solar vehicles – Vehicles significantly powered by solar

power – e.g: Solar powered cars
 Hydrogen vehicles – Vehicles that have hydrogen as a
power source – e.g: Honda FCX Clarity

 Electric vehicles – Automobiles that use electricity as a

power source – e.g: Electric cars, electric buses
 Hybrid Electric Vehicle (HEV) – Automobile that uses
both Internal Combustion Engine and Electric Power Source
to propel itself – e.g: Jaguar C-X75
Based on number of wheels :
 Two wheeler : motorcycles, scooters
 Three-wheelers : Tempo, auto-rickshaws
 Four wheeler : car, Jeep, Bus, truck
 Six-wheelers : Buses and trucks have six tires out of which
four are carried on the rear wheels for additional reaction.
 Six axle wheeler : Dodge(10 tire) vehicle
 Based on type of transmission:
 Automatic transmission vehicles: Automobiles that are
capable of changing gear ratios automatically as they move.
e.g: Automatic Transmission Cars.
 Manual transmission vehicles: Automobiles whose gear
ratios have to be changed manually
 Semi-automatic transmission vehicles:Vehicles that
facilitate manual gear changing with a clutch pedal.
Based on Drive of the vehicles:
 Left hand drive automobile: Vehicle in which steering
wheel is fitted on the left hand side. e.g: Automobiles found
in USA, Russia
 Right hand drive automobile: Vehicle in which
steering wheel is fitted on the right hand side. e.g:
Automobiles found in India,Australia
BASED ON WHEELS OF DRIVE
 BASED ON TYPES OF CAR
 THREE BOX (SEDAN/SALOON/NOTCHBACK) – It
means Engine area, Passenger area & luggage area all are having
different cabin. For eg. SX4, City, Fiesta, Dzire.
 TWO BOX (Hatchback cars) :- Engine area, Passenger area
& luggage(cargo) area are shared For eg. Maruti Baleno.
 SUV (Sports Utility Vehicle) – These vehicles have large
tyres, higher seating, higher ground clearance. The engine area is
separate, but the passenger & luggage area are enclosed
together. For eg. CRV, SAFARI, GRANDVITARA, PAJERO etc.
 LAYOUT OF AN AUTOMOBILE CHASIS

Car Parts Nomenclature.mp4

 COMPONENTS OF THE AUTOMOBILE
The automobile can be considered to consist of
five basic components :
 (a) The Engine or Power Plant : It is source of power.
 (b) The Frame and Chassis : It supports the engine,
wheels, body, braking system, steering, etc.
 (c) The transmission which transmits power from the
engine to the car wheels. It consists of clutch,
transmission, shaft, axles and differential.
 (d) The body fitted on chassis.
 (e) Accessories including light, air
conditioner/hearer, stereo, wiper, etc.
car anatomy.mp4
Components of IC Engine
Construction:
1. Cylinder
2. Cylinder Head
3. Piston
4. Piston Ring
5. Connecting Rod
6. Crank & Crank Shaft
7. Engine (Main) Bearing
8. Crank Case
9. Valves
10.Flywheel
11.Water Jacket
12.Carburetor
13.Spark Plug
14.Fuel Pump
15.Fuel Injector
 Engines
Internal combustion engine
needs
fuel, ignition and compression
in order to run.
• Four-Stroke Gasoline Engine

•Two-Stroke Gasoline Engines

•Diesel Engine

•Rotary Engine

•Steam Engine
 Engines
Configuration
• Inline Engines: The
cylinders are arranged in
a line, in a single bank.
•V Engines: The cylinders
are arranged in two banks,
set at an angle to one
another.
• Flat Engines: The
cylinders are arranged
in two banks on
opposite sides of the
engine
 Engines

Cylinder head
Part that covers and encloses the
Cylinder.
It contains cooling fins or water
jackets and the valves.
Some engines contains the cam
shaft in the cylinder head.
 Engines

Parts
Valves: Minimum
Two Valves pre Cylinder

•Exhaust Valve lets the exhaust gases escape the combustion

Chamber. (Diameter is smaller then Intake valve)

•Intake Valve lets the air or air fuel mixture to enter the
combustion chamber. (Diameter is larger than the exhaust valve)
 Engines

Valve Springs: Keeps the valves

Closed.

Valve Lifters: Rides the cam

lobe and helps in opening the
valves.
 Engines

Different arrangement of valve and camshaft.

 Engines

Cam Shaft: The shaft that has intake and

Exhaust cams for operating the valves.

Cam Lobe: Changes rotary motion

into reciprocating motion.

Camshaft location is one way to classify

engines.
Overhead cam, SOHC, DOHC
 Engines
Spark Plug
It provides the means of ignition when
the gasoline engine’s piston is at the end
of compression stroke, close to
Top Dead Center(TDC)
 Engines
Piston-cast steel and aluminum alloy

A movable part fitted into a

cylinder, which can receive and
transmit power.
Through connecting rod, forces
the crank shaft to rotate.
 Engines

Engine Block
Foundation of the engine and
contains pistons, crank shaft,
cylinders, timing sprockets and
sometimes the cam shaft. Also
called short block.
Engine without cylinder heads,
exhaust manifold, or intake
manifold attached to it is called
bare block.
 Engines

Connecting Rod

Attaches piston (wrist-pin)

to the crank shaft (conn. rod
caps).
 Engines

Crank Shaft

Converts up and down motion

into circular motion.
Transmits the power to
transmission.

DAMPNER PULLEY
Controls Vibration
 Engines

Crank Shaft main bearings

Main bearings are fitted between crank shaft and the main journals.
 Engines
Piston Rings
Four stroke: Three rings
Top two are compression rings (sealing
the compression pressure in the cylinder)
and the third is an oil ring (scrapes
excessive oil from the cylinder walls)
Two Stroke: Two Rings
Both the rings are Compression rings.
 Engines

Blow-by from Piston Rings

Engine blow-by will cause oil

burning in the combustion
chamber, producing blue(grey)
smoke.
 Engines

Flywheel
Attached to the crankshaft

Reduces vibration

Cools the engine (air cooled)

Used during initial start-up

Transfers power from engine to

Drivetrain

Helps glide through strokes

Engines
 Engine specifications parameters
1. Fuel type- petrol or diesel
2. Engine type –
Method of cooling – air cooled or water cooled
Working cycle of engine –four stroke or two stroke
3.Bore
4.Stroke
5.Displacement (Capacity)of engine
Stroke Volume:-
Clearance Volume :-
6.Compression Ratio
7. Max. Torque
8. Max. Power
9.No. of Cylinders
10. Valves per Cylinder
11. Fuel supply system- e.g.MPFI,PGM-Fi
Piston speed= 2 × L × N
where, L= Length of Stroke in ‘m’, N = Engine Speed in Rpm
Three wheeler specification
 Creta EX vs Seltos HTE vs Kicks XV vs Duster RXZ _ Best
Petrol C-Segment SUV At .mp4
 2021 Kia Seltos Diesel (Update) Variants Explained _ HTE,
HTK, HTK , HTX, HTX , .mp4
 Brake horsepower (bhp) is the measure of an engine's horsepower before the loss
in power caused by the gearbox, alternator, differential, water pump, and other
auxiliary components such as power steering pump, muffled exhaust system, etc.
 PS - It is a German word which means equivalent of horsepower or Torque.
 Tyre specifications -2.75X18 -42P/6 PR
2.75 is in inches and it refers to your tyre width
18 is rim diameter in inches
aspect ratio i.e height of side wall with regards to tyre width..it's in percentage.
P refers to speed rating of your tyre it is also written on side wall.
42: Load Index (150kg max. including bike)
P: speed Index (150km/hr max.)
Ply Rating (PR) is indicator of the load capacity of the tire. The number has no direct
relationship to the number of plies.
 MF battery- maintenance free,
Ah-Ampere hour the amount of energy charge in a battery that will allow one ampere
of current to flow for one hour.
 Igniation -Digital ECU based –electronic controlled unit
 CDI -( Capacitor Discharge Igniter), TCI (Transistor Controlled Igniter)
 CRDI(common rail diesel injection).
 Multi point fuel injection (MPFI)
 DTSI stands for Digital Twin Spark Ignition System.
How Does It Work? Digital Twin Spark ignition engine has two Spark plugs located at opposite
ends of the combustion chamber and hence fast and efficient combustion is obtained.
 SOHC or Single Over Head Cam, means that camshaft operates both the intake and exhaust
valves.
 DOHC means Double Over Head Cam (where two Cams placed over head operate the various
valves both intake and exhaust valves.
DOHC have 4 valves, two intake, and two exhaust
 Independent suspension is any automobile suspension system that allows each wheel on
the same axle to move vertically (i.e. reacting to a bump on the road) independently of the
others.
 Torsion bar suspension :- As the wheel passes over a bump the bar twists. It returns to its
original position when the bump is passed and restores the car to its normal drive height
Heavy vehicles
Force Traveller Mono Bus Scholar Volvo B7R
Force Traveller Mono Bus Scholar Volvo B7R
HMV :-Heavy Motor Vehicle
(MULTIAXLE VEHICELS)
Electric vehicle
 ELECTRIC VEHICLE
 An Electric vehicle is an automobile that is propelled
by one or more electric motors, using electrical energy
stored in energy storage device.
 The primary components are motor, controller, power
source, and transmission.
And how does it work?

How does an Electric Car work _ Tesla Model S.mp4

How Do Electric Vehicles Work.mp4

 Hybrid Vehicle
 The term hybrid vehicles in general usage refer to
vehicles with two or three different type of sources
delivering power to the wheels for propulsion.
 The most common hybrid vehicles have an IC engine
and one or more electric machines for vehicle
propulsion.
 The IC engine can be used to generate electric energy
‘on board’ to power the machines.
Electrification

Conventional Hybrid Battery Electric

Fuel Battery Fuel Battery

Motor/ Motor/
Engine Engine
Generator Generator

Transmission Transmission Transmission

2005 3 L Toyota Camry
Energy Loss : City Driving – Engine Vehicle
Urban Drive Cycle Energy Balance
2005 3 L Toyota Camry

Standby
8% Aero
3%

Fuel Tank 16% 13% Rolling

Engine Driveline
100% 4%

Braking
Driveline
Engine Loss 6%
Losses
76% 3%

POWERTRAIN VEHICLE-Related
 Energy Saving : Hybrid Systems
Micro
Hybrid
Eliminates
Standby
8% Aero
3%

Fuel Tank: 16% 13% Rolling

Engine Driveline
100% 4%

Braking
Driveline
Engine Loss 6%
Losses
76% 3%

Full Hybrid •Engine downsizing

Reduces •Decoupling of engine and wheel Mild Hybrid
Plug-in •Can eliminate engine entirely Reduces
 Energy Loss : City Driving – Electric Vehicle
Urban Drive Cycle Energy Balance

Aero
29%
90% 76%
Batteries Rolling
Motor Driveline
100% 35%

Braking
Driveline
Motor Loss 11%
Losses
10% 14%

POWERTRAIN VEHICLE-Related
Layout
Comparison
Advantages of Battery Electric Vehicles
1. No air pollution
2. Less noise
3. Simple in design
4. Rapid acceleration
5. Low running cost
6. Low maintenance cost
Limitations of Battery Electric Vehicles
 1. Limited travelling range
 2. Non-availability of network of charging stations
 3. High initial cost
 4. Short battery life
 5. Low speed
 Examples of Battery Electric Cars
Some of the battery electric cars are(i) Hyundai Kona
(ii) Mahindra E-Verito (iii) Nissan Leaf
 Specifications of Electric Motor and Battery
 Hyundai Kona Electric' are given below.
 Electric motor: Type :Permanent Magnet Synchronous
Motor (PMSM)
 Maximum Power 134 hp (100 kW)
 Maximum Torque 395 N-m2.
 Battery Type Lithium-Ion Polymer, 327 Capacity 39.2
kWh Tata Nexon EV (Electric)
 A.C. Charging 230 V (0-100 Approx. 6 h 10 min Variants Explained _ XM, XZ
, XZ Lux _ May 2021 _ The
 D.C. Charging (0-80%): Approx. 57 min U.mp4

 Driving Range 452 km

 Series Hybrid vehicle

•Computer assisted unit- control unit decides quantity of power from battery
and IC engine(e.g. city traffic).
•Generator –Separate which is connected to the engine
•It is not coupled directly to the wheels.
•These are hybrids that receive mechanical power from the electric motor,
which is run by either a battery or a gasoline-powered generator
•Engine – Smaller capacity ,Battery – More powerful much pricier than its
parallel counterpart.
 Parallel hybrid

•The engine and motors work together to drive the wheels.

• The battery pack is small ,engine is higher capacity.
•usually ,charged through regenerative braking.
•Power demand is low, electric motor acts as a generator
• In times of need, the engine can be utilized as a generator to charge the
batteries.
•engine is connected directly to the wheels
•This inefficiency is reduced considerably.
 Advantages:-
1)large travelling range
2) regenerative braking
3) combined advantages of Conventional & electric
• Disadvantages :-
1) High initial cost
2) Short battery life
 Cost analysis of vehicle

 (Costs of Using the Vehicle)

(Costs of Owning the Vehicle) (Costs of Using the Vehicle)

 Cost analysis - 2015 to 2019
 1.Ex. showroom price of car Rs.8,20,000/
 2. Registration and vehicle taxes :Rs 1,50,000/
 3 Insurance for period 1 January 2015 31 December 2019-150000
 4.Maintenance and repair cost for period 1 January 2015 to 31
December 2019 Rs. 75.000/
 5. Fuel and oil cost for period 1 January 2015 to 31 December
2019- Rs. 4,00,000/
 6. Parking and toll cost for period 1 January 2015 to 31 December
2019 Rs. 10,000/
 7. Driver cost NIL (Self Driven vehicle)
 8.Total running of car form January 2015 to 31 December 2019-
100.000 km
 9 Average interest rate per annum for five years 8% P.A.