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POLYMORPHISM IN
JAVA
 POLYMORPHISM IN
JAVA
Methods and polymorphic algorithms
applied to computer games

First edition 2018

Author: Carlos Alberto Privitera

Advanced level
Book information:
 Title: Polymorphism in Java
 Edition: 1st edition 2018
 Author: Carlos Alberto Privitera
 ISBN-13: 978-1725953420
 ISBN-10: 1725953420
 Date of the first edition: spring 2018

About the Author:

Carlos Alberto Privitera is a specialist in Java SE and has been dedicated to the construction of
computer systems with Java SE since 2000. He has extensive experience in teaching the Java
language. He has specialized in creating content to teach courses on the Java SE language.
It has the titles of:
 “Técnico Analista de Sistemas de información” awarded by the “Instituto Superior de
Informática 9-012”.
 “Licenciado en Educación” awarded by the “Universidad Nacional de Quilmes”.
 “Profesor en Ciencias de la Computación” awarded by the “Universidad de Mendoza”.
 “Magister en Ingeniería del Software” awarded by the “Instituto Técnico de Buenos Aires”.

All rights reserved:

This work is the intellectual property of its author and any partial or total reproduction without
written permission of the author is expressly prohibited.

Rights of third parties:

The mention of brands, companies and tools are not intended to infringe any type of ownership of
third parties, are mentioned in this book for educational and practical purposes in the process of
teaching and learning the Java SE language.

Additional material on the Web

 https://libropolimorfismoenjava.blogspot.com/
 https://github.com/carlosprivitera

Contact with the author of the book:

 [email protected]
 Dedication:

To my children
Foreword
This book stands out for teaching programming based on polymorphism. Abundant examples in
Java code and illustrative graphics of the main ideas related to the topic: Polymorphism in Java.

The book "Polymorphism in Java" aims to give a modern and updated vision when learning Java
and in the particular subject of polymorphic algorithms. Students, teachers and developers will be
able to find a sequence of design patterns that create and use polymorphic algorithms, these
design patterns can be applied to solving problems of computer systems and everyday life.

A professional in the Java language can benefit from the book "Polymorphism in Java" by finding
an innovative way to solve problems with polymorphic algorithms. The design patterns, analyzed
in this work, are based on the inheritance between classes. Currently the difficulties of the Java
language have been overcome to a large extent and it is easy to understand and apply.

The book aims to teach fundamental concepts of object-oriented programming with Java SE, in a
clear and practical way, significantly reducing the learning curve. In the process you will learn to
program computers and use the Java SE language.

Goals:
 The present work aims that readers get strong knowledge in computer programming with the
Java SE language.
 Get the reader to acquire practical skills by using advanced Java SE concepts.
 Have the reader write computer programs based on object-oriented programming with the
Java SE language.

Recipients of the book

The book is aimed at anyone who wants to learn to program computers with Java SE, also the book
is very useful for people who want to teach the Java language. The professionals will find a
modern and updated work worthy of being studied and put into practice. Level of the book: it is
of advanced level. It requires knowledge of the basic details of the Java SE language.

Level of the book: it is of advanced level. It requires knowledge of the basic details of the Java SE
language.

The content of the book is applicable to all operating systems.

How to continue after learning the content of this book?

The learning of computer programming with the Java SE language is the gateway to learning
advanced content related to companies and corporate environments; it is advisable after learning
the content of this book to start learning Java EE, Java Web or Java for cell phones, if the reader
wishes.
 Index of titles and subtitles

Content
Chapter I .......................................................................................................................................................... 13
Introduction ................................................................................................................................................. 13
Proposal for a basic architecture .............................................................................................................. 13
Design pattern based on inheritance ............................................................................................................ 14
Layered architecture to use a design pattern ............................................................................................... 15
Description of the design pattern based on the inheritance ......................................................................... 16
Types of relations between classes........................................................................................................... 16
Java has a keyword to declare each relationship ...................................................................................... 16
Criteria for building groups of configurations of patterns of architectures by layers ..................................... 16
What are abstract methods? .................................................................................................................... 16
What are abstract classes? ....................................................................................................................... 16
What is an interface? ............................................................................................................................... 16
There are two ways to declare abstract methods: .................................................................................... 17
How to overwrite methods that are abstract? .......................................................................................... 17
Criteria for assembling the different configurations of a design pattern ................................................... 17
What is a reference in Java? ..................................................................................................................... 17
What is an object in Java? ........................................................................................................................ 17
Structure of the book ................................................................................................................................... 18
Graphical representation of the groups of configurations of a design pattern .......................................... 18
Group number one of configurations ........................................................................................................... 19
Structure of the design pattern ................................................................................................................ 19
Configuration 1.1 - Create the object reference using the super class and the creation of the objects using
the subclasses. .................................................................................................................................... 20
Java UML diagram for 1.1 configuration – Variant 1: A reference, an object in memory ........................... 24
Source code for 1.1 Configuration – Variant 1....................................................................................... 25
Explanation of the most relevant lines of code in the 1.1 Configuration – Variant 1 .............................. 27
Java UML diagram for configuration 1.1 - variant 2: Many references, an object in memory by reference 34
Source code for configuration 1.1 - variant 2 ........................................................................................ 35
Explanation of the most relevant lines of code in configuration 1.1 - variant 2 ...................................... 36
Configuration 1.2 - References of objects and objects are created using the subclasses ........................... 38
Utility of configuration 1.2 .................................................................................................................... 39
 Java UML diagram for configuration 1.2 ................................................................................................... 41
Código fuente para la configuración 1.2 ............................................................................................... 42
Explanation of the most relevant lines of code in configuration 1.2 ...................................................... 45
Group number two of configurations ........................................................................................................... 55
What happens if subclasses are declared with the abstract class modifier? .............................................. 55
Diagram of Java classes in UML - Configuration 2, possibility 1 (Inherit a pattern) .................................... 58
Source code of configuration 2, possibility 1 (Inherit a pattern) ............................................................ 59
End of chapter I - "How to use abstract classes in class inheritance" ................................................................ 62
Chapter II ......................................................................................................................................................... 65
How to use the classes that are of type Interface in the inheritance relation between classes? .................... 65
Group number three of configurations......................................................................................................... 65
What is an interface? ............................................................................................................................... 65
Example of an interface declaration: ........................................................................................................ 66
Configuration 3.1 - Creating the references of objects using the superclass and the creation of the objects
using the subclasses. ........................................................................................................................... 67
Characteristics of the configuration 3.1 - variant 1: a reference and many objects ................................ 67
Java class diagram in UML for configuration 3.1 - variant 1: a reference and many objects ....................... 68
Source code for configuration 3.1 - variant 1 ........................................................................................ 69
Explanation of the most relevant lines of code, pertaining to configuration 3.1 - variant 1 ................... 72
UML diagram in Java for configuration 3.1 - variant 2: many references and one object by reference ...... 79
Characteristics of the configuration 3.1 - variant 2: many references and one object by reference ....... 80
Source code for configuration 3.1 - variant 2 ........................................................................................ 80
Configuration 3.2 - Create references to objects and objects using subclasses.......................................... 82
Configuration utility 3.2 ........................................................................................................................... 82
How to implement the algorithms that are static? ................................................................................... 82
How to implement algorithms that are dynamic? ..................................................................................... 82
What is the static assignment of the reference? ....................................................................................... 82
What is the dynamic assignment of the reference? .................................................................................. 83
Class diagram in Java for configuration 3.2 - variant 1 .............................................................................. 84
Class diagram in Java for configuration 3.2 - variant 2 .............................................................................. 89
Source code for configuration 3.2 - variant 2 ........................................................................................ 90
Chapter III ........................................................................................................................................................ 93
Polymorphic algorithms that are mutable .................................................................................................... 93
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 What are mutable polymorphic algorithms? ................................................................................................ 93
What are mutable methods? ....................................................................................................................... 93
Class diagram for polymorphic algorithms that are mutable. Combination 1 - variant 1............................ 95
Source code that implements mutable polymorphic algorithms. Combination 1 - variant 1 ...................... 96
Class diagram in UML for mutable polymorphic algorithms. Combination 2 - variant 1 ........................... 100
Source code that implements mutable polymorphic algorithms. Combination 2, variant 1 ..................... 101
Chapter IV ..................................................................................................................................................... 105
Programming a computer game ................................................................................................................. 105
Polymorphic code of the game ............................................................................................................... 105
View of the computer game: Fly to the end................................................................................................ 106
Class diagram in Java for the Game: Fly to the end ..................................................................................... 107
Structure of folders and packages for the source code in Java .................................................................... 110
Source code in Java for the game view module .......................................................................................... 111
Source code for the classes that implement the client module ................................................................... 114
Source code for classes that implement the specialized behavior provider................................................. 118
Farewell words .............................................................................................................................................. 130
 POLYMORPHISM IN JAVA
Chapter I

Introduction
In the construction of a software product, different structures are defined that determine the
architecture of the software that will be built. The basic structures in Java are the classes and the
relationships between the classes. Many times, a structure forms a recurring pattern in the
construction of a software product. A programmer attentive to identifying structures and patterns
can define an appropriate architecture to solve problems or build software. A proper architecture
is as important as the development process in software engineering.

A layer structure can determine an appropriate architecture to define specific functions that are
placed as strata; each layer can be replaced by a new layer without affecting the others. A precise
and unique communications interface must be defined between the layers.

Proposal for a basic architecture

Layer 1 - Application layer or view layer or software product

The layer of the software product is the layer that the user sees or should use, the application layer
provide the functionalities that the user has requested or wants. The application layer is a
concrete implementation of the design pattern. The application layer traditionally uses structured
algorithms, but this time the polymorphic algorithms will be added.

Layer 2 - Use the pattern

Layer 2 must create objects of the pattern type, some are objects created at runtime and others are
created at the design time of the application. Objects are considered artifacts that perform
different functions; an artifact can invoke different behaviors to the design pattern. The different
artifacts access a method interface. With access to the methods interface, polymorphic algorithms
can be written that provide functions to the application layer.

Layer 3 - Polymorphism
Layer 3 is the layer where polymorphic methods and polymorphic algorithms are written. Layer 4
separates the implementation of the polymorphic algorithms from the implementation of the
solution of the problem; the polymorphic algorithms express different ways of using a solution of
a problem.

Layer 4 - Pattern structure

Layer 4 - Pattern structure: Layer 4 is the design pattern that implements the strategy that solves the
problem that has been raised, the design pattern contains the specialized and traditional
algorithms. Different patterns can be implemented depending on the problem to be solved. A
pattern has the property of supporting the solution of many problems. A group of problems can
be solved by a single pattern. A very simple and useful pattern is the pattern that has a generic
superclass and many specialized subclasses in an algorithm. Java is a language that allows the
creation of hierarchical class structures, classes are related through inheritance.

Página 13 de 130
 POLYMORPHISM IN JAVA
Design pattern based on inheritance

The following image shows a pattern of related classes through inheritance.

Layer 4 - Design pattern

Link

Superclass

Subclasses

 Abstract methods
 Interface

The image shows a generic representation of a design pattern based on the inheritance between
classes. Certain restrictions will configure different design patterns more suitable to be
implemented in Java.

Página 14 de 130
 POLYMORPHISM IN JAVA
Layered architecture to use a design pattern

The following image shows an architecture made by layers. Each layer has a certain function to
implement, use and show the solution of a problem.

Layer 1 - Apply the pattern

Application (Software Product)
View of the pattern

Capa 2 – Mensajes al patrón

Use the pattern
• main () • Object factory
• test () • object store
• Object.myMethod () • artifacts

Layer 3 - Polymorphism Layer 4 - Design pattern

Link

Static Dynamic
polymorphic polymorphic
methods methods Superclass

Static Dynamic
polymorphic polymorphic Subclasses
algorithms algorithms

• Abstract methods
• Interface

Página 15 de 130
 POLYMORPHISM IN JAVA
Description of the design pattern based on the inheritance

A design pattern based on inheritance has the following parts:

 A generic superclass
 Several specialized subclasses
 Algorithms implemented in subclasses or superclasses
 Inheritance relationship between the superclass and the subclasses using the Java keyword:
extends
 Interface: public methods of access to private data
 Interface: of abstract methods
 Interface: declaration of prototypes of methods
 Implementation relationship of the interface that declares prototypes of methods using the
Java keyword: implements
 Relationship of creation of objects between classes using the Java keyword: new

Types of relations between classes

1. The extension relationship joins two classes of the same type, one class extends another class.
2. The implementation relationship adds parts to a class; a class is added to another class to be
implemented as a component part of the class.
3. The object creation relation indicates that a class has an object reference to an object instance.

Java has a keyword to declare each relationship

1. extends: relation of equal or extension types or inheritance relation
2. implements: relationship of adding parts to a class or inheriting an interface
3. new: relation of composing or using objects for a class, classes have or use instances of
objects

Criteria for building groups of configurations of patterns of architectures by

layers

The configurations can be divided into three groups, the criteria used to assemble the different
groups of configurations is the declaration of abstract methods and the implementation of abstract
methods by superclasses or subclasses.

What are abstract methods?

An abstract method has no body, { }. The method can not implement code since it has no body to
write Java code.

What are abstract classes?

A class is abstract if it is declared as abstract using the keyword: abstract, or if at least one
abstract method is declared in its body, { }. You can not instantiate objects of an abstract class.

What is an interface?
The interface is a totally abstract class; it does not have Java code in its body. The interface declares
prototypes of abstract methods that will be inherited by other classes. Classes that inherit an
interface should overwrite the abstract methods and implement the missing code.

Página 16 de 130
 POLYMORPHISM IN JAVA

There are two ways to declare abstract methods:

1. Declare methods using the keyword abstract
2. Declare prototypes of abstract methods in an interface

How to overwrite methods that are abstract?

There is a way to implement the missing code of abstract methods:

1. Overwrite abstract methods using the tag: @Override

Criteria for assembling the different configurations of a design pattern

The name of each configuration will depend on the creation of references to objects and the creation
of objects.

What is a reference in Java?

This line of code is a statement of a reference to an object: Rectangulo rectangulo = null;

What is an object in Java?

This line of code is a declaration to create an instance of an object, given a reference: rectangulo
= new Rectangulo(3, 4);

Programmers usually link the declaration of the reference and the creation of the object in a line of
code. The following line of code is a declaration of a reference to an object and the creation of an
object instance: Rectangulo rectangulo = new Rectangulo(3, 4);

Página 17 de 130
 POLYMORPHISM IN JAVA
Structure of the book

Graphical representation of the groups of configurations of a design pattern

Design pattern

abstract classes Interface

Group 1 Group 2 Group 3

Configurations Configurations Configurations

Variants Variants Variants

Mutable
Polymorphism Polymorphism
polymorphism

Definition of restrictions to assemble a design pattern

The restrictions are based on the possibility or impossibility of declaring:

2. References to objects
3. Instances of objects.

Group properties
Create references Create objects
Superclass
Subclass
Interface

Página 18 de 130
 POLYMORPHISM IN JAVA
Group number one of configurations

In group number one, there are configurations where the superclass is declared abstract, within this
group there are two configurations. Configuration number one declares the object reference using
the name of the superclass and the creation of the objects using the constructors of the subclasses.
The second configuration creates the reference of objects and objects using the subclasses.

This group has the fundamental characteristic that it prevents to create an object using the
constructor of the superclass. When declaring the superclass as abstract, it is not possible in Java
to create an object of an abstract class. In this group all the objects that can be created must be
created using the constructors of the subclasses.

Group properties
Create references Create objects
Superclass (abstract) Yes Not allowed
Subclass Yes Yes

In group one there are two very interesting configurations that form an adequate architecture to use
the inheritance pattern between classes.

Each configuration of the group includes an additional restriction that forces to make a correct use of
the design pattern.

Structure of the design pattern

The design pattern is based on a superclass and many subclasses and different combinations that
implement the interface of the abstract methods.

The design pattern must declare an interface of public methods that can be invoked by the classes
that want to access the pattern. The design pattern is a provider of behaviors.

The design pattern has to be encapsulated in a package and allow or restrict one of the following
four functions, depending on the problem you wish to solve.

1. Declare references of the subclasses or the superclass

2. Declare objects of the subclasses or the superclass
3. Inherit subclasses or superclasses for extension reasons
4. Overwrite the public methods of the design pattern for implementation reasons

In this book we will make a detailed study of the first two functions: 1) declare references of the
subclasses or the superclass, 2) declare objects of the subclasses or the superclass.

The possibilities of extension and changes in the design pattern will be left out of the study, in this
book. A detailed study will be made on the use of the design pattern by other classes. The classes
that will use the design pattern are called "clients."

Classes that are clients of the design pattern may implement polymorphic methods and algorithms.

Página 19 de 130
 POLYMORPHISM IN JAVA
Configuration 1.1 - Create the object reference using the super class and the creation of the
objects using the subclasses.

Java code to create the configuration 1.1

Variant 1 - a reference and an object in memory

SuperClase objeto = null; //crear una referencia única
objeto = new SubClase01(); //apuntar la referencia a un nuevo objeto
…
objeto = new SubClase02(); //apuntar la referencia a un nuevo objeto
…
objeto = new SubClase03(); //apuntar la referencia a un nuevo objeto
…
objeto = new SubClaseN(); //apuntar la referencia a un nuevo objeto

Variant 2 - many references and one object by reference

SuperClase objeto1 = null; //crear una referencia única
objeto1 = new SubClase01(); //apuntar la referencia a un nuevo objeto
…
SuperClase objeto2 = null; //crear una referencia única
objeto2 = new SubClase02(); //apuntar la referencia a un nuevo objeto
…
SuperClase objeto3 = null; //crear una referencia única
objeto3 = new SubClase03(); //apuntar la referencia a un nuevo objeto
…
SuperClase objetoN = null; //crear una referencia única
objetoN = new SubClaseN(); //apuntar la referencia a un nuevo objeto

In the configuration 1.1 a new restriction is added, in the new restriction it is not advisable to create
references of the subclasses. In this configuration there are two restrictions: it is not feasible to
create objects of the superclass and it is not recommended to create references of the subclasses.

Properties of configuration 1.1

Create references Create objects
Superclass (abstract) Yes Not allowed
Subclass X (restriction) Yes

Utility of configuration 1.1

It is a suitable configuration for when there is a large number of specialized objects, each object has
the need to implement a particular or unique algorithm.

This configuration has two variants:

1. A reference and an object in memory (consumes little memory). The garbage collector has a
lot of work collecting old instances of unreferenced objects.
2. Many references and one object for each reference (consumes more memory). The garbage
collector has little work.

If there is a reference there may be a specialized object in memory. The only reference works like a
pointer that goes through the objects one by one. To access a new object you have to destroy the
current object and build a new object.

Página 20 de 130
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 POLYMORPHISM IN JAVA
If you have an object reference that points dynamically to different objects, it can happen that the
use of memory is reduced but the work of the garbage collector Java is very arduous; On the
other hand, when many references to objects are created, the use of memory is more likely to
increase and the work of the garbage collector decreases.

Dynamic assignment of new objects to a single reference causes objects not referenced in memory
to be cleaned by the Java garbage collector.

If the problem to be solved needs to create references to the subclasses, it would be appropriate to
use the 1.2 configuration or another configuration of another group.

The dynamic assignment of the reference to a new object allows the application of the dynamic
polymorphism mechanism, using the unique reference, unique messages can be sent to different
specialized objects.

To apply or use the mechanism of the dynamic polymorphism, it is necessary to send messages to
the objects through the methods interface. Each object must implement the same methods
interface.

The messages are sent to the methods implemented in the objects, if all the objects implement the
same methods interface then it is feasible to send the same message to each object. Each object
will implement a different algorithm and behave differently even if the message sent is the same.

The programmers, are very creative, write algorithms based on objects that send messages.
Algorithms based on sending messages are called polymorphic algorithms. Do not confuse
message-based polymorphic algorithms with specialized algorithms that are implemented in the
objects that receive the messages. Polymorphic algorithms are programmed in clients that use the
class inheritance pattern; the specialized algorithms are programmed in the subclasses or
superclasses of the pattern.

• Polymorphic algorithms send messages, (clients)

• Specialized algorithms receive messages. (providers)

Objects that receive messages from another object implement behavioral algorithms and algorithms
that send messages to another object are called polymorphic algorithms.

From the point of view of the classes we can say that there are classes, clients, that send messages
and classes, servants or suppliers, that respond to messages. The client classes implement
polymorphic algorithms and the supplying classes implement behavioral or specialized
algorithms.

Java classes have three mechanisms to implement interfaces of data access methods or algorithms
that they implement.
1. Inherit an interface: the Java keyword "implements" is used.
2. Declare abstract methods: the Java keyword "abstract" is used.
3. Declare public methods of access to private or encapsulated data.

Página 21 de 130
 POLYMORPHISM IN JAVA
Layered Application Organization

Scheme that shows the relationship between: the algorithms that are polymorphic and the algorithms
that have a specialized behavior.

Supplier pattern
Implements behavioral
Client
algorithms

Implements
polymorphic Superclass
algorithms

Public methods Subclasses

interface

Interface of abstract
methods

It is advisable to organize the system into at least two layers, one layer for classes that are clients
and another layer for classes that are suppliers.

There are different ways to organize a Java application by layers:

1. A project with a package for all classes, (not recommended)
2. A project with two packages that will contain the classes assigned to each layer
(recommended)
3. Two projects in one application, one project for each layer. (Recommended for teams of
programmers or for large projects)

The same reasoning can be used if the application was designed with three or more layers. The
packets may contain other packets so one layer may contain other layers or sublayers. In Java, a
package is a folder created by the Operating System.

Página 22 de 130
 POLYMORPHISM IN JAVA

IDEs, (Integrated Development Environments), are tools that help create applications that will
contain Java code projects. The projects will contain packages and the packages will contain files
with source code written in the Java language.

Some popular IDEs to write Java code:

 JDeveloper: http://oracle.com
 NetBeans: https://netbeans.org/
 Eclipse: https://www.eclipse.org/
 IntelliJ: https://www.jetbrains.com/
 Visual Studio Code: https://code.visualstudio.com/
 Android Studio: https://developer.android.com/

Layer number one: client layer

• The package called "app" will contain the classes that are clients and the classes that
implement the polymorphic algorithms.

Layer number two: provider layer

• The package called "patron" will contain the inheritance pattern between classes.

Página 23 de 130
 POLYMORPHISM IN JAVA
Java UML diagram for 1.1 configuration – Variant 1: A reference, an object in memory

Página 24 de 130
 POLYMORPHISM IN JAVA
Source code for 1.1 Configuration – Variant 1

package app;

import patron.Figura;
import patron.Rectangulo;
import patron.TrianguloRectangulo;

public class Main {

public Main() {
super();
}
private static Figura unaFigura = null;

public static void main(String[] args) {

Main main = new Main(); //el objeto main tiene información relevante a
la clase Main{}

//esto es un error, no es posible crear instancias de una clase

abstracta
//Figura figura = new Figura();

System.out.println("Polimorfismo dinámico o de referencia");

unaFigura = new Rectangulo(6, 8);

polimorfismo(unaFigura);

unaFigura = new TrianguloRectangulo(6, 8);

polimorfismo(unaFigura);

} //Fin del cuerpo del método main()

//Método polimórfico o sobrecargado por el argumento del parámetro

//El parámetro acepta tipos de argumentos distintos
//En algunas ocasiones el argumento es del tipo rectángulo
// y en otras es del tipo triángulo rectángulo

private static void polimorfismo(Figura figura) {

//Líneas polimórficas, tienen comportamiento distinto dependiendo de la

figura
//El compilador Java decide que comportamiento ejecutar dependiendo del
tipo

System.out.println(figura.getClass().getName());
System.out.println(" Altura = " + figura.getAltura());
System.out.println(" Base = " + figura.getBase());
System.out.println(" Área " + figura.area());
System.out.println(" Color " + figura.obtenerColor());

} //Fin del cuerpo del método polimórfico

} //Fin del cuerpo de la clase Main{}

Página 25 de 130
 POLYMORPHISM IN JAVA
package patron;

import java.awt.Color;

//Niveles de control de acceso public para clases, una clase pública puede ser
accedida por cualquier clase de cualquier paquete
//Una clase sin modificador puede ser accedida por una clase de su mismo paquete

public abstract class Figura {

private Integer altura = 0;

private Integer base = 0;

public Figura(Integer b, Integer a) {

base = b;
altura = a;
//super();
}

public void setAltura(Integer altura) {

this.altura = altura;
}

public void setBase(Integer base) {

this.base = base;
}

public Integer getAltura() {

return altura;
}

public Integer getBase() {

return base;
}

public abstract Integer area();

public abstract Color obtenerColor();

package patron;

import java.awt.Color;

public class Rectangulo extends Figura {

private Color color = new Color(0, 0, 0);

public Rectangulo(Integer b, Integer a) {

super(b, a); //Acceder a la estructura de datos de la superclase
color = Color.orange;
}

@Override
public Integer area() {
return this.getAltura() * this.getBase();
}

Página 26 de 130
 POLYMORPHISM IN JAVA
@Override
public Color obtenerColor() {
// TODO Implement this method
return color;
}
}

package patron;

import java.awt.Color;

public class TrianguloRectangulo extends Figura {

private Color color = new Color(0, 0, 0);

public TrianguloRectangulo(Integer b, Integer a) {

super(b, a); //Acceder a la estructura de datos de la superclase
color = Color.green;
}

@Override
public Integer area() {
return (this.getAltura() * this.getBase()) / 2;
}

@Override
public Color obtenerColor() {
// TODO Implement this method
return color;
}

Explanation of the most relevant lines of code in the 1.1 Configuration – Variant 1

This line of code indicates that the class Main{} belongs to the package called app, the package
called app will contain the classes of the layer named client.

package app;

Importing the classes from the package called patron. The package named patron will contain
the classes of the layer named proveedor. Unfortunately, the 1.1 configuration must have
access to all classes in the proveedor layer.

import patron.Figura;
import patron.Rectangulo;
import patron.TrianguloRectangulo;

Declaration of the Main{} class, the class named Main{} must be public. The JVM must find the
Main{} class to create a memory instance.

public class Main {

Página 27 de 130
 POLYMORPHISM IN JAVA
Declaration of the constructor method called Main(), the Main() method must be public and
homonymous to the Main{} class. The JVM will search and execute the Main() method at the
time of creating an instance of the Main{} class.

Declaration of the constructor method, with the name of Main(). The Main() method must be
public and homonym to the Main{} class. The JVM will search and execute the Main() method
at the time of creating an instance of the Main{} class.

public Main() {
super(); //invoca el constructor de la superclase Object
}

Declaration of the reference to objects with the name of: unaFigura. The unaFigura reference is
of type Figure{}. The unaFigura reference is not pointing to an object instance.

private static Figura unaFigura = null;

Statement of the main() method, the main() method will be searched and executed by the JVM at
the time of instantiating the Main{} class.

public static void main(String[] args) {

Main main = new Main(); //el objeto main tiene información relevante a
la clase Main{}

//esto es un error, no es posible crear instancias de una clase

abstracta
//Figura figura = new Figura();

System.out.println("Polimorfismo dinámico o de referencia, una

referencia muchos objetos, con recolector de basura");

This statement will point to the reference named unaFigura to the new object created by the
constructor named Rectangulo().

unaFigura = new Rectangulo(6, 8);

The following line of code will execute the Polymorphic method called polimorfismo() with the
parameter of type Figura{} and the argument of the type Rectangulo{}.

A method is polymorphic when the JVM must decide which method to execute depending on the
type of parameter and the argument type. The JDK cannot predict at design time which method to
run because it does not know the argument type of the parameter.

polimorfismo(unaFigura);

The reference, called unaFigura, is pointed to a new object created by the constructor named
TrianguloRectangulo(). The rectangle object does not have a valid reference and must be
cleaned by the garbage collector. A reference is polymorphic if it is feasible to change the
referenced object type.

Página 28 de 130
 POLYMORPHISM IN JAVA
unaFigura = new TrianguloRectangulo(6, 8);

The following line of code executes the polymorphic method called polimorfismo(), the method
has the parameter of type Figura{} and the argument of the parameter of type
TrianguloRectángulo{}.

polimorfismo(unaFigura);

} //Fin del cuerpo del método main()

The following code declares the dynamic polymorphic method called polimorfismo(), the
dynamic polymorphic methods are characterized by having the parameters of a type and the
arguments can be of another type. The parameter is of type Figure{} and the arguments can be
of the type Rectangulo{} and TrianguloRectangulo{}. The dynamic polymorphic
methods have polymorphic algorithms; the polymorphic algorithms are characterized by having
different behaviors depending on the argument assigned to the parameter. Dynamic polymorphic
methods send messages and are received by the classes that are providers of the different
behaviors. The classes that are clients implement polymorphic algorithms and the classes that are
providers implement specialized behavior algorithms. The main feature of dynamic polymorphic
algorithms is that they change their behavior depending on the argument assigned to the
parameter.

//Método polimórfico o sobrecargado por el argumento del parámetro

//El parámetro acepta tipos de argumentos distintos
//En algunas ocasiones el argumento es del tipo rectángulo
// y en otras es del tipo triángulo rectángulo
private static void polimorfismo(Figura figura) {

//Líneas polimórficas, tienen comportamiento distinto dependiendo de la

figura
//El compilador Java decide que comportamiento ejecutar dependiendo del
tipo
System.out.println(figura.getClass().getName());
System.out.println(" Altura = " + figura.getAltura());
System.out.println(" Base = " + figura.getBase());
System.out.println(" Área " + figura.area());
System.out.println(" Color " + figura.obtenerColor());

} //Fin del cuerpo del método polimórfico

}//Fin del cuerpo de la clase Main{}

Summary of Concepts:
• A method is polymorphic if it is overloaded in its parameters or arguments or both.
• An algorithm is polymorphic if it always sends the same message to classes that are
providers of behaviors. The class, client, Main{} sends messages getAltura(),
getBase(), area() y getColor() to classes that are providers of such behaviors.
• Classes that are customers implement polymorphic methods and algorithms, polymorphic
methods, and polymorphic algorithms send messages to classes that are providers of
specialized behaviors.

Página 29 de 130
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not only began, but ceased not, even as the friend whom he had
found, to combat with the spiritual armor, and if possible, to
overcome, in an evangelical manner, the Pope and the Roman
Church, in various points, touching mostly her ceremonies.
Thereupon he was also accused, and put to death in such a manner
as in the proper place, we presently hope to show.
The accusations brought against him were of the same nature as
those preferred against Albert, his companion; which was not at all
strange, since he had placed himself under Albert, not only as a
friend and companion, but also as a disciple. For this reason, the
Pope, through the accusation of Boniface, the papal Legate,
pronounced the same excommunication against him.
But when he presented himself for the purpose of vindicating his
conduct in a full synod, Boniface prevented him from taking this
course, making the people believe that it were not lawful to admit a
heretic who had been excommunicated or excluded from the church,
to divine worship, or to a synodal assembly; yea, that such an one
should not be permitted to have the benefit (in whatever this might
consist) of the laws or ordinances of the church.
Seeing that by this pretense his lips were sealed, making it
impossible for him to properly defend himself, he had recourse to his
pen and wrote a book concerning this matter, against Boniface.
Finally, it is stated and maintained that this steadfast witness of
Jesus Christ, was burned as a heretic by the Romanists, even against
the will of Pope Zacharias, about A. D. 750, or a little after.
Compare this entire account of Clement with Willibaldi, Naucleri,
Aventini. Balae. Alij ubi supra. Also, Annal. Boj. Bernhard. Lutz, in
Catal. Hæres., Tom. 2, Concil. Also, A. M., 2d book, H. M., 1619, fol.
328, 329. Hist. Mart. I. S., 1645, fol. 30.
 FURTHER OBSERVATIONS TOUCHING THE CASE OF ALBERT AND CLEMENT,
ACCORDING TO THE ACCOUNT OF SEBASTIAN FRANCK.

“In the year” etc., “these two men drew to them much people in
France, pretending to be followers of the apostles, and speaking
great things of the mysteries of God, and the life and conduct of
man. Boniface, Archbishop of France, wrote the whole matter to the
Pope, who, in a council of the bishops, laid it before them. They
rejected the opinion of the (supposed) heretic from the church.”
Finally he says: “They were unanimously deposed and
anathematized.” Chron. Rom. Kett., fol. 64.

SPECIAL ACCOUNT OF CLEMENT, ACCORDING TO P. J. TWISCK.

“Clemens Scotus, a faithful disciple of Bishop Adelbert, taught with

great power in France and Germany, especially in Bavaria and
Franconia, that the Pope ought not to have so much power; that he
(the Pope) very improperly would forbid the priests (or teachers) to
marry; that he introduced many new and unknown ceremonies into
the church, and originated false doctrines. He (Clement) was
condemned without a hearing or examination, and his writings or
books were burned.” Chron., page 258, col. 2, and 259, col. 1, from
Joh. Munst., fol. 125. Aventin., lib. 3. Chron. Seb. Fr., fol. 54.

OF TWO FOLLOWERS OF THE AFORESAID MARTYRS, NAMED SAMSON AND

SYDONIUS, WHO, WITH OTHERS, MAINTAINED THEIR DOCTRINE AGAINST
POPERY, PARTICULARLY AGAINST THE PAPAL LEGATE, BONIFACE, ARCHBISHOP
OF MAYENCE; BUT WHETHER FOR THIS THEY WERE MARTYRED, IS NOT STATED.

Samson was also a Scotchman by descent, and an elder and

companion of said Clement. He and Sydonius, Bishop in Bavaria, and
others of like purpose and belief, were as one heart and soul, to
oppose with the word of God, Boniface, the papal Legate, who
proposed to oppress the people with manifold superstitions and
burdens. This, not only Samson, but also Sydonius and the others
boldly did. They taught with word and pen, that the apostolical
embassy (as it was called) of Bishop Boniface bore a closer
resemblance to paganism or anti-christendom, than to christendom,
and that he had deformed rather than reformed, France and
Germany. Again, that he was a sycophant and flatterer of the Pope
of Rome, to whom he had not only bound, but completely sold
himself, as a sworn slave.
This they were able to prove, since, by a solemn oath, he had sworn
to the two Popes, Zacharias I. and Gregory II.: That he would bring
all the persons whom he should draw to him, also into obedience to
the Roman see. These things were known from documents written
by himself and transmitted to said Popes.
They also censured him for his evil practices in the administration of
baptism (that is, infant baptism), consisting in the saying of certain
words, by way of exorcism. In this several questions were generally
put to the unintelligent infants, namely: “Believest thou?” etc.,
whereupon the sponsors, in the child’s name, answered: “Yea, I
believe,” etc.; which things certainly deserved no little censure,
though without them, infant baptism had but little virtue or
respectability.
They were also greatly offended, because he would forbid them to
marry, as contrary to the institution of God, Gen. 1:27,28, yea, as
being a doctrine of devils, 1 Tim. 4:1–3.
Finally it is stated, that said persons, and others, unable, in Germany
as well as in France, to bring about any improvement with their
doctrine, were greatly oppressed, partly through the tyranny of the
popes of Rome, and partly through the authority of the kings of
France, yea, were condemned in open synods, deposed from their
ministry, and shut up in prisons and dungeons, and thus closely
guarded that they might not escape. But as to what finally became
of these persons, and others of like belief, A. Mellinus states, that
the papistic historians are ashamed to tell. Compare Aventin. 3,
Annal. Centur. Balaei., 14, cap. 31, and in Append., Tom. 2. Concil. in
Decret. Greg. 2, Epist. Bonifac. ad Zachar. Citante Balaeo. Hist. Boj.,
lib. 3, with A. Mell, 2d book, fol. 329, col. 1, 2.

SEVERE AND LAMENTABLE PERSECUTION, INSTITUTED BY MADY, KING OF THE

ARABIANS, AGAINST THE CHRISTIAN BELIEVERS IN THE EAST, ABOUT A. D. 780.

About A. D. 780, in the fifth year of Leo IV., son of Constantine

Copronymus, Mady, King of the Arabians, greatly devastated the
church of God in the East, constraining the innocent and defenseless
Christians to apostatize, especially the servants and slaves. To this
end he had given full power to one Thesias, surnamed Zelotes, to
inflict upon the Christians all manner of oppression. The latter, upon
coming to Emesas, promised to constrain no one to apostatize, or to
become marked with the sign of Mohammed, except the Jews, or
those who had long before not been Christians, but unbelievers. But
when the Jews and the Christians had been separated, he
commenced to torment the Christians far more cruelly than had ever
been done by the Governors Lysias and Agricolaus, under the
heathen Emperors; so that he put to death many of them, men as
well as women, for the name of Jesus Christ.
In the meantime something remarkable occurred here. Certain
women whom he visited with various torments, to see whether he
could not make them yield to his ungodliness, remained steadfast,
overcoming, through the grace of our Lord Jesus Christ, his fury with
patience. He caused a thousand stripes to be given them, and had
them scourged and tormented unto death, till they received from
Christ the crown of victory.
Proceeding thence throughout Syria, he demolished, as far as
Damascus, all the meeting-places of the Christians, and ravaged the
churches, thus breaking the promise made by the Arabians to those
of Syria, viz.: That under their rule they should live in peace and
tranquillity, and enjoy the free and unrestricted practice of their
religion. But (as the apostle says) as then, he that was born after
the flesh persecuted him that was born after the Spirit, even so it
was now, Gal. 4:29. See Abr. Mell., 2d book, fol. 306, col. 1,
compared with Paul. Diac., lib. 23, Histor. Rom., in Leone 4. Sigibert.
Chron., A. D. 781; others, however, fix it A. D. 780.

FURTHER OBSERVATIONS RESPECTING THE AFOREMENTIONED PERSECUTION.

We commenced this century in the East, thence proceeded to the

West, and have now returned to the East, namely, to the countries
situated east from Italy, and, consequently, far from Rome, and the
Roman see of papal dominion.
As regards the aforesaid persecutions, as well as the churches which
existed in the East, especially in the Thessalonian regions, and the
martyrs who fell there, namely, what and how much is to be held of
them, can be gleaned from the explanation which we gave in the
beginning, and to which we here refer the reader.
These Arabians proceeded and brought still more persecution and
misery upon many Christian believers in other countries; however,
for reasons already mentioned, we are again prevented from
speaking more fully, or, at least, separately, of each person that may
have been martyred there.
The account of holy baptism, which we have given for this century,
would furnish us with not a little matter, to fill these hundred years
to the very end with true professors of the true faith, also with such
as, to all appearance, did not hesitate, in testimony of their upright
and unwavering minds, to lay down their lives for the sake of Jesus
Christ, which is the utmost that can be required of any martyr; but
as we have not been able to find their names, they can have no
place in this book. It is sufficient, we hope, that their names, by the
hand of God, are written in the Book of life and eternal salvation.
AN ACCOUNT OF THE HOLY BAPTISM IN THE NINTH
CENTURY.

SUMMARY OF BAPTISM IN THE NINTH CENTURY.

[This account begins with a sad lamentation, that nearly all the
learned and celebrated men were corrupted through the Roman
superstitions.
Immediately, however, a consolation follows, namely, that in this
corrupt age there were still people who did not adhere to the Roman
superstitions.
Then it is shown from Haimo, that teaching must precede baptism;
that the candidate must first be instructed; that he must first be
enlightened, etc. Thereupon, in the margin, A. D. 821, it is noticed
that Christus Taurinensus wrote against the invocation of images, of
the cross, of relics, of the saints, and against the power of the Pope,
pilgrimages, etc. In the margin, for the year 825, a certain council of
Paris is adduced, against image worship. In the same place, Gratian
says that Christians must not oppose weapon with weapon, but flee
before persecution.
Rabanus Maurus appears, A. D. 830, and teaches how in his time
the catechumens were prepared for baptism. Of those who asked for
baptism, and made haste for it. His exposition of Cant. 3:6: “Who is
this that cometh up white as snow?” Again, that the candidate must
previously be instructed in the faith of the incarnation of Jesus
Christ; also, that in the sacrament of the Supper, the language is
figurative.
Angelomus follows Rabanus, teaching that the sins which have been
committed through the senses, are washed away (that is, forgiven)
in or through baptism; which is more fully explained.
Thereupon, A. D. 840, Bertram, Heymon, and Walafrid appear, who
declare themselves against the Roman church, in various points, as
in the matter of baptism, transubstantiation, justification, good
works as practiced by the papists.
The council of the Christians at Paris, in the time of Louis and
Lothaire, is introduced; lamentation on account of the encroachment
of infant baptism, and the neglect of the instruction once connected
with baptism.
The conversion of the Slaves (of Slavonia) is stated; also, that they
were baptized, though not according to the Roman custom, nor in
the Roman language. Marginal notice, for A. D. 843, that Christus
Lupim at Ferrara refuted the new Roman doctrines, as purgatory.
A few good things respecting the baptism of adults are adduced, for
the year 848, and explained in a simple manner. In the margin, for
A. D. 858, it is stated of Gunther, Bishop of Cologne, that he calls the
Pope a tyrant, yea, a wolf.
Idiota declares that in baptism we accept Christ as our bridegroom.
In the margin, mention is made of Ulric, Bishop of Augsburg, that he
accused the Pope of error.
Hincmar, Bishop of Landun, opposes the baptism of infants, and
prohibits their being baptized; on account of which he is severely
accused.
Paschasius advances three things which are incompatible with infant
baptism.
Remigius teaches against the Pope; likewise, Tergand, Bishop of
Triers, who calls him antichrist, and Rome Babylon. Conclusion from
P. J. Twisck and John Patrick.]
Jesus Christ our Savior, speaking of the grievous times which should
come after his departure, says, (Matt. 24:12): “And because iniquity
shall abound, the love of many shall wax cold.” This was experienced
at this time; for with the growth and increase, through very many
ungodly and unrighteous superstitions, of the iniquities of the Pope
of Rome and the whole Roman church, the true love for God’s
commandments decreased, so that but few were found, who, as
bright lights, penetrated the smoke that came up from the Roman
pit; yea, nearly all men of learning and celebrity were corrupt. O sad
and lamentable matter! 136
Nevertheless, as Noah and his family served God in the first world;
Lot, in Sodom; Daniel and the three youths, Shadrach, Meshach, and
Abed-nego, in Babylon; Elijah and the seven thousand who were
hidden and had not bowed their knees to Baal, in the land of Israel,
where the prophets of the Lord were slain, and his altars thrown
down; even so there remained some, though but few, at this time,
who, living in the midst of popery, did not adhere to the Roman
superstitions, but abhorred them.
However, in order to avoid prolixity, we shall confine ourselves,
omitting, as has been our custom, other points to the article of
baptism, except where it may be found necessary to add something
else; and shall show when and by whom this article, with the
rejection of infant baptism, was maintained salutarily and in the fear
of God, according to his words. Hence we will begin thus.
A. D. 814.—In the days of Louis the Pious, the first of this name,
who began to reign with the year 814, there lived and wrote the
celebrated Haimo, of whom various praiseworthy things concerning
baptism upon faith are still extant.
Haimo, on Matt. 28:19, (Bapt. Hist. page 561,) writes: “In this place
the order how to baptize aright is pointed out to us; in which it is
ordained, that teaching must precede baptism, for he says: ‘Teach all
nations;’ and then adds: ‘baptizing them.’ He, then, that is to be
baptized, must previously be instructed, that he may first learn faith,
which he shall afterwards receive in baptism.
How could any one give clearer testimony concerning the true
baptism of Jesus Christ? how, also, could anybody more plainly
reject infant baptism, than by such a declaration? every word
emphatically says it.
He begins with Matt. 28:19, where the Lord says: “Go ye therefore,
and teach,” or, in other words make disciples of; which he explains
thus: “that teaching must precede baptism;” for the Lord first says:
teach, and then, baptize, and that therefore he that is to be
baptized, must first be instructed, and learn the faith. Certainly,
these are things which pertain only to the adult and intelligent;
hence it would be sinning against the truth to apply them to
unintelligent infants.
Haimo (Serm. Domin. 12, Trinit., page 564) says: “Since those who
are baptized, must first be enlightened with the grace of the Holy
Spirit, then instructed by the teachers, and finally called to confess
the faith, hence arises the custom that,” etc.
This accords fully with the preceding; for he declares the same still
more plainly, since here not only instructing is joined to baptizing,
but the illumination of the Holy Spirit, the instruction of the teachers,
and the confession of the faith are connected with, yea, required
before baptism; which is so clear, according to the purport of the
first declaration, that it is unnecessary to add another word; the
impartial may judge. As to what he further says in the same place,
concerning the touching of the tongue, the saying of the word
Hephphatha, etc., we leave as it is, neither praising nor censuring it,
since it is of little consequence, if the truth and the signification of
the matter is rightly preserved.
Haimo, on Rom. 1 (page 542), writes: “At the time of baptism we
confess that we believe on God the Father, and on the Lord Jesus
Christ, and on the Holy Ghost; likewise, that we renounce the devil
and all his pomp and works. If we observe this thus, we belong to
God in faith; but if we do not, we are convinced of unbelief. 137
A little before, in his exposition of Rom. 6 (page 540), he makes
mention of four different baptisms: 1. In the water only, as was
John’s baptism. 2. In fire and the Spirit, with which the apostles
were baptized on the day of Pentecost. 3. In water and the Spirit,
which baptism then obtained in the church. 4. In the shedding of the
blood with which the Lord himself and all the holy martyrs were
baptized.
These four different baptisms can pertain to none but the intelligent
and believing; for, as regards the first, namely, John’s baptism, it is
expressly stated that those to whom it was administered, confessed
their sins and repented. Matth. 3:6,8,11. As to the second, namely,
the baptism of fire and the Holy Ghost, which was administered to
the apostles by God himself from heaven, this did not at all relate to
infants, seeing that all who were thus baptized, spake with tongues
and magnified God. Acts 2:3,4. Concerning the third, namely, the
baptism in water and the Spirit, which then obtained in the church,
this likewise could not be peculiar to infants, since the fruits of the
Holy Ghost, without which the Holy Ghost cannot be, do in no wise
appear in them. See Gal. 5:22. Respecting the fourth, namely, the
baptism by the shedding of blood, this, according to his statement,
is peculiar only to Christ and the martyrs; consequently it cannot be
regarded as applying to infants, for these do not even know of
confessing Christ, much less of suffering one’s blood to be shed for
his name’s sake, and of dying in constancy.
Continuing, he shows in the same place (Rom. 6) that in him that is
to be baptized, there must be three invisible things: 1. Faith. 2. The
soul, which is washed from sin. 3. The Holy Ghost, by whose
cooperation the forgiveness of sins is imparted. We would explain
these things more fully; but since this is a passage expressed in
almost the very words which Albinus, in the preceding century, for
the year 792, wrote (on John 15), of which we gave an explanation,
we will, to avoid repetition, take leave therefrom, referring the
reader to said explanation.
Haimo teaches, on Canticles 4 (page 544), that all who desire to
become brethren must be baptized, saying: “Without the washing of
baptism, no one can be a true believer.”
What else is this than what the holy Scripture teaches, namely, that
in baptism we put on Christ? and that by faith (which is professed in
baptism) we become the children of God? Paul says: “Ye are all the
children of God by faith in Christ Jesus. For as many of you as have
been baptized have put on Christ.” Gal. 3:26,27.
But some one may think: Haimo speaks of becoming brethren by
baptism; whereas Paul speaks of becoming children of God, of
putting on Christ, etc. True, beloved reader; but who, with only a
little experience in the holy Scriptures, knows not that to be a child
of God, or to be a brother of the church of Christ, is one and the
same thing? Certainly, it is the same; for the same Spirit that makes
us children of God, also makes us brethren of Christ, yea, joint heirs
with him. Rom. 8:15–17. For this reason, Christ calls them both his
brethren and his children, saying: “I will declare thy name unto my
brethren, in the midst of the church will I sing praise unto thee.” And
again: “Behold, here am I and the children which God hath given
me.” Hebr. 2:12,13. Who now shall say that Haimo, who calls the
baptized, brethren, and Paul, who terms them children of God,
contradict each other? Their accordance is sufficiently proven, and at
this we will let it rest.
Of the dignity of baptism, Haimo, on Hos. 2 (page 547), says:
“Baptism is sanctified by faith in the sufferings of our Lord.”
“What doth hinder me to be baptized?” said the Ethiopian to Philip.
Philip replied: “If thou believest with all thine heart, thou mayest,”
Acts 8:36,37; indicating that, in order to receive baptism worthily,
sincere faith is required, by which baptism is sanctified, which is just
what Haimo has expressed in the above words; and thus his words
agree with those of the holy Scripture which we have quoted. 138
The righteous, Haimo says, on Ps. 38 (page 548): “Live in baptism,
in which they die unto sin and the world.”
Again, on Ps. 136, he says: “By the Red Sea we understand holy
baptism, which (so to speak) is red, being sanctified through the
blood of Christ,” and a little further on: “By the impartation of the
same, the believers begin (to proceed) in the way by which they
come to God.”
On Zech. 13 he says: “When we receive the faith, we are
regenerated in Christ, and in baptism we are washed from all our
sins; and they that through faith are regenerated in baptism, are
made children of God.[typo?: ” missing]
Again, on Cant. 1, he speaks thus: “As Israel was preserved in the
Red Sea, but Pharaoh drowned, even so the church of the Gentiles,
by baptism, is delivered from the bondage of the devil, and led into
the true land of promise, to the liberty of the Gospel; thus she who
was formerly an handmaid of iniquity, is become a friend 139
[beloved] of Christ, cleansed and washed, by baptism, from the filth
of sin.”
These passages are like the jets of a fountain, which, though they
shoot forth in different places, proceed from one source. In the first
passage, it is said of the righteous, that they “live in baptism, yea,
die unto sin and the world.” The life spoken of here signifies a
spiritual life, and is contrasted with death, which comes by sin; the
dying unto sin and the world, signifies a forsaking and renouncing of
the same, which can be done only by those who previously adhered
to, and loved, sin and the world.
In the second passage, baptism is compared to the Red Sea, and it
is said that “by the impartation of the same, the believers proceed.”
But is not this the very thing which Paul spoke of the figurative
baptism of the believing patriarchs, saying: “Brethren, I would not
that ye should be ignorant, how that all our fathers were under the
cloud, and all passed through the (Red) sea; and were all baptized
unto Moses in the cloud and in the sea” (1 Cor. 10:1,2); which is not
to be understood of infants that were wont to be carried, but of
adult persons, who were able to proceed and walk.
In the third passage, faith, regeneration, baptism, and being made
children of God, are joined together. “They that through faith are
regenerated in baptism, are made children of God,” he writes. But
how can this be interpreted otherwise, than with reference to
intelligent persons, who, having attained to faith, by the hearing of
the word of God, are regenerated, and, in token thereof, baptized,
and adopted as children of God into his church? Faith certainly
comes by hearing, and hearing by the word of God. Rom. 10:17.
Regeneration takes place after the death of the first birth, or after
the mortifying of the old man. John 3:4,5; Rom. 6:4. Baptism is
administered to the believing and regenerated, as a sign of faith and
regeneration. Acts 8:37; Tit. 3:5. Those are made children of God,
who, through faith, have put on Christ, and, in proof of this, have
been baptized. John 1:12, compared with Gal. 3:26,27. Judge now,
whether these are things that can be done by new-born infants. I
am fully confident that you will say: No. Yet, these things are
connected with baptism, not only by Haimo, but principally by God,
in the holy Scriptures; yea, without them, baptism is of no value.
Hence we say: “What God has joined together, let not man put
asunder.” Matth. 19:6.
In the fourth passage it is said, that “The church of the Gentiles, by
baptism, is delivered from the bondage of the devil,” and that “she
who was a handmaid of iniquity, is (thus) become a friend [beloved]
of Christ.” This certainly savors not at all of infant baptism, for it
cannot be said of infants, that they are the church of the Gentiles,
under the bondage of the devil, a handmaid of iniquity, nor that
they, by baptism, are delivered from the service of the devil, and
become a friend of Christ. Certainly, no one can be delivered from
the service of the devil, but he who has served the devil; no other
can be liberated from the servitude of iniquity except she who
previously committed iniquity; she who previously blasphemed; no
other can be adopted as a friend of Christ, than she who formerly,
by wicked works, was at enmity with Christ; consequently it is
indisputable, that this cannot be understood of infants, seeing these
things can have no place with them; this even those who maintain
infant baptism, must admit, and hence we dismiss the subject.
“The adult (candidates) also made confession of their sins, and a
penance was imposed on them, for forty, twenty or seven days.”
Haimo, on Heb. 6, (p. 552).
Here adult and not infant candidates are spoken of, yea, such, upon
whom, when they had made confession of sins, a penance (or
amendment of life) was imposed; which are things pertaining to
adults, and not to little children; this is too plain to be refuted.
Said baptism was so firmly maintained and thus valued by Haimo,
that he held that it should never be repeated, if it had been
administered according to the rule of the holy Scriptures; for,
treating of the 6th chapter of Romans, he says, by way of
exposition: “If we have once died unto sin in baptism, we may not
be baptized again.” Bapt. Hist., p. 543. This well accords with the
custom of the Anabaptists of the present day; for, though they
rebaptize such as have been baptized in their infancy, when they
attain to the faith; regarding the baptism which is received in infancy
as no baptism at all, because it is not according to holy Scripture;
yet no one is rebaptized by them, who has been baptized aright,
that is, upon faith.
NOTE.—A. D. 825.—The council held at Paris, A. D. 825, decreed
against image worship. Sam. Veltius, Geslacht-register, page 127.
Gratian said to his cotemporaries: “The Lord, in saying to his
disciples: ‘When they persecute you in this city, flee ye into another,’
teaches that Christians when persecuted, should not repel weapon
with weapon, but flee therefrom”. See Grondelijke Verklaringe
Danielis ende Johannis, printed at Harlem, in the year 1635, p. 56.
A. D. 830. 140—It is stated that A. D. 830, in the sixteenth year of the
reign of Emperor Louis I., surnamed the Pious, there shone forth as
a bright light, and wrote, one Rabanus Maurus, residing at Fulda,
who, among various things written by him against the Roman
church, also speaks of baptism, in the discussion of which he
throughout employs such language as pertains only to believers, and
in no wise to infants; notwithstanding he at one time, it appears,
had been a maintainer of infant baptism, and many other
superstitions of popery, so much so that he had been an abbot. But
passing this by, we shall show what he wrote of baptism, and how
closely it agrees with the teaching of the holy Scriptures.
In Jacob Mehrning’s history of baptism, various passages from
Rabanus Maurus are adduced, some of which, it is suspected, have
been attributed to him unjustly, or, at least, that, if he has written
them, he wrote them before he was enlightened or converted; as,
among others, in lib. 2, de Proprit. Serm., cap. 200; again, lib. 4,
cap. 10; of which we let the intelligent judge.
Nevertheless various things are found, which, we doubt not, are
justly ascribed to him, as, for instance: Of the instruction of the
catechumens before baptism, and how the novices ought to learn
the faith before they are baptized. In Decretis de Consecrat. dist. 4,
cap. Ante Bapt., ex Rabano, Bapt. Hist., page 560. Likewise, the
quotation made by Vicecomes (lib. 2, cap. 40) from Rabanus (in lib.
de instruct. Cleric.), which reads as follows: “The order according to
which the catechumens are prepared for baptism, is this: First they
are interrogated whether they renounce the devil,” etc. Bapt. Hist.,
page 562. The rest we omit.
By this he indicates, that in his time, in the church of which he was a
member, the custom of preparing the novices for baptism was still
observed, inasmuch as first, the instruction of the faith, called the
catechism, was presented and taught them; also, that they had to
renounce Satan, &c.; which was observed not only at this time, but
in nearly all the preceding times, as appears from this passage:
“They are wont to renounce the devil with his works and pomp.”
Syn. Turon. Bapt. Hist., page 516, num. 7.
That in the time of Rabanus the instruction of novices extended not
only to those of heathen descent, but also to such as were born of
Christian parents, is declared by Jacob Mehrning, Bapt. Hist., page
560, contra Rulichium.
D. Vicecomes (lib. 3, cap. 9), quotes from Rabanus Maurus (page
562): “The fellow petitioners for baptism are those who, through the
doctrine of the faith, and by refraining from disorderly conduct,
make haste to receive the grace of Christ in baptism.”
This confirms our former assertion, namely, that before baptism a
preparation had to be made, in order that it (baptism) might be
received worthily; which preparation is here called “the doctrine of
the faith and refraining from disorderly conduct.” In it are comprised
both parts of the doctrine which John presented to those who came
to his baptism, saying: “Repent ye, and believe,” etc. Matt. 3:2,
compared with Mark 1:15, and Acts 19:4.
Moreover, they are called fellow petitioners, and it is said that “They
make haste to receive the grace of Christ in baptism,” which are
things that cannot be done by infants.
Hence he writes, on Cant. 3:6, (page 540): “Who is this that cometh
up white as snow?” applying the same to the candidates, who,
cleansed from their former sins, come up from baptism, and increase
in virtue. “This mystery,” he says, “is not otherwise than under the
invocation of the Holy Trinity, that is, in the name of the Father, of
the Son, and of the Holy Ghost; thus the Lord says to the apostles,
Matt. 28:19: ‘Go and teach,’ ” etc.
Hence, when he speaks of coming up from the water, and of the
invocation of the Holy Trinity, as well as of the passage, Matt. 28:19,
he sufficiently shows that he does not speak of the baptism of
infants, since they cannot come up from baptism, nor invoke the
Holy Trinity, nor fulfill the passage, Matt. 28; which is too clear to be
refuted. We will therefore briefly conclude this account of Rabanus
with that which P. J. Twisck records concerning him.

THE VIEWS OF RABANUS MAURUS CONCERNING VARIOUS OTHER ARTICLES OF

HIS FAITH, ACCORDING TO THE AFOREMENTIONED AUTHOR.

He writes, A. D. 830: “Rabanus, an eminently learned man writes

and says: ‘The catechism, that is, the doctrine of the faith, shall
precede baptism, so that the candidate (catechumen) may first learn
the first principles of the faith.’ ”
He further says: “The Lord Christ first anointed the eyes of the man
born blind, with clay made of spittle, before he sent him to the water
of Siloam; therefore, the candidate shall first be instructed in the
faith of the incarnation of Christ, and, if he then believes, admitted
to baptism; that he may know what grace he obtains in baptism,
and to whom he owes his service for it.”
Again: “Rabanus writes also, that in the sacrament the language is
figurative, and that Christ, having gone to heaven (in order that we
being regenerated by faith, should long the more ardently for him)
left us this sacrament, as a visible figure and symbol of his flesh and
blood, so that we the more abundantly, might apprehend in faith the
invisible things.” This language, Twisck writes, the Roman church
now greatly curses.
“He also taught contrary to the Roman church, of the authority of
the holy Scriptures, of justification, repentance, the state of the soul
after this life, and against other 141 papal errors, as his books testify.
“The same thing was done at this time, by Angelomus, who treated
of the grace of God, good works, and the keys of the church, in
opposition to the Pope. Chron., 9th book, page 283, from John
Munst., fol. 120, 133. John Boea., lib. 4, Grond. Bewijs, letter A.
Chron. Seb. Franck, fol. 77, Casp. Swinck, fol. 115.
Same year as above.—This Angelomus just mentioned is referred to
in Jacob Mehrning’s History of Baptism, in which it is stated that,
besides the aforementioned views held by him contrary to the
Roman church, he left the following testimony with regard to the
matter of baptism:
Angelomus (in cap. 7, lib. 3, Reg. 1, page 548), says: “From all that
we have sinned with the sight, hearing, smelling, tasting and feeling,
we are redeemed through the grace of God, by the washing of the
living fountain of water (that is, water-baptism). But the forgiveness
of previous sins is not enough, if we are not diligent to lay up good
works: for, otherwise, the devil who was gone out of the man,
finding him empty of good works, returns, manifold, and makes the
last state of that man worse than the first.”
Hence, when Angelomus here speaks of the sins which before
baptism were committed through the senses, as, through the sight,
hearing, smelling, tasting, and feeling, he certainly indicates thereby,
that the persons of whom he speaks, are not unintelligent infants,
seeing these can neither use nor abuse their senses, and,
consequently, as long as they lack the knowledge and power, they
can not sin with them.
Hence it also appears that the baptism of which he speaks, is not
infant baptism; for this can have no regard to sins committed
previously through the abuse of the senses. The baptism in
question, then, is such a baptism as is received by persons who can
lay aside previous sins, and lay up good works; who also give no
room to the devil gone out of them, that the last state may not be
worse than the first; for of all this, Angelomus speaks. We will,
therefore, leave this, and proceed to other testimonies serving the
same purpose.
A. D. 840.—That at this time not only baptism, but also various other
articles of Christian doctrine were maintained contrary to the belief
of the Roman church. P. J. Twisck indicates, in his Chronijk., for the
year 840, with these words: “Bertram, a courageous and learned
man, now vigorously assailed the doctrine of transubstantiation, in a
remarkable book, dedicated to the King of France. Heymon, Bishop
of Halberstadt, also contended against this doctrine, and wrote
much of baptism, the Supper, justification, good works, and of the
church and her office, in opposition to the opinion of the papists.
Also Walafrid opposed the new doctrine of the Romanists very
vigorously. 142 P. J. Twisck, Chron., 9th book, page 286, col. 2, and
page 287, col. 1, from Joh. Munst., fol. 129, and 132.
A. D. 841.—It is recorded that at this time, in the reign of the
Emperors Louis and Lothaire, a council was held at Paris, concerning
which it is written (chap. 6): “In the beginning of the holy church of
God, no one was admitted to receive baptism, who had not
previously been instructed in the faith, and in the mystery of
baptism, as is testified by the words of Paul, Rom. 6:3: ‘Know ye
not, that so many of us as were baptized into Jesus Christ were
baptized into his death?’ which passage of the apostle has reference
to the sacrament of baptism.”
In the council of Laodicea (Tit. 46), it is also written, that “those
who desire to come to baptism, shall learn the faith, and recite the
same to the bishop or teacher, on the fifth day of the great week.”
Again (Tit. 47): “That those who were baptized in sickness, shall,
after recovery, diligently study their faith and know what great grace
they have received; which words plainly indicate, that those who
attain to the Christian faith, are also previously instructed concerning
said faith and the mysteries of baptism. But now, sad to relate, also
the infants of Christian parents are baptized, who, on account of
their tender age, cannot comprehend this matter, which to learn
even persons of understanding must exert themselves diligently, and
which, owing to the negligence of some, has gone out of use in the
Christian church. O what great neglect! O what great mischief.”
Jacob Mehrning, Bapt. Hist., page 538.
About A. D. 842.—It is stated that at this time a number of slaves
who had become converted were baptized, yet not in the Roman
manner, nor in the Roman language, as was customary with the
Roman church, as well as with all other churches which adhered to
the Roman see; but in a different manner and in another language;
so that it appears from this occurrence that this church must have
been separated from the superstitions of the Roman church not only
in forms, but also, as may be inferred, in faith and practice. To this,
the following annotation (Bapt. Hist., page 552, num. 9), among
others, has reference: “They (those of the Roman church) used the
Roman language not only in Italy, but also in other regions that were
subject to the papal power; but that baptism was administered also
in other languages, is proved by the history of the conversion of the
slaves.” 143 Ex. Historia Sclav.
About A. D. 848.—That the instruction of novices, before baptism,
obtained also at this time, Jacob Mehrning, Bapt. Hist., page 550,
informs us with these words: “The adults had (then) to be instructed
in the faith, and were catechized before baptism, as has been
proven above, from Rabanus, Haimo, and others; thereupon they
had to confess the faith, as Rabanus (lib. 1, de Cleric. Institutione,
cap. 27) relates. They were asked, whether they believed in God the
Father, the Almighty, and on his only Son, our Lord, and on the Holy
Ghost, a general (christian) church, forgiveness of sins, resurrection
of the flesh,” etc. 144 Bapt. Hist., p. 550, num. 4.
These were good and salutary customs for the upbuilding of the
church of God; by which the name of the Lord was praised, the
church edified, the word of God most strictly observed, and the
salvation of many promoted. But the ancient saying: “Where God
builds a temple, Satan builds one in opposition to it,” was also
verified here; for, at the same time that those who loved the truth,
baptized believers, upon the confession of their faith, nearly all the
others, who were called Roman or Greek Christians, baptized infants,
who, as every one knows can neither believe nor confess the faith;
this has been referred to above.
About A. D. 854.—It is stated that very near the time of Haimo,
there lived and wrote Idiota. In J. Mehrning’s History of Baptism is
found a quotation by him, relating to baptism, which reads as
follows: “In holy baptism we accept Christ for our bridegroom, and
enter his chamber, which is ornamented with manifold graces and
virtues.” De Innocentia, cap. 3.
To accept Christ for one’s bridegroom, to enter his chamber, is
certainly not the work of children, but of believers. Those accept
Christ for their bridegroom, who betroth themselves to him by faith,
and, in token thereof, are baptized. John 3:26,29. Those enter his
chamber, who, through obedience, join themselves to his church; for
they are no more “strangers and foreigners, but fellow-citizens with
the saints, and of the household of God.” Eph. 2:18.
That which is further said of the chamber of the bridegroom,
namely, that it is ornamented with graces and virtues, has reference
to the spiritual ornament of the church of God, which latter is the
true chamber of our heavenly bridegroom Jesus Christ. This church
of God cannot be ornamented with graces and virtues by infants,
seeing infants are ornamented with neither actual graces nor real
virtues; hence, it has also respect to the believers, who, having
come, through baptism, to the church of God, ornament the same
with actual graces and real virtues. This concludes our exposition of
the passage of Idiota.
Note.—A. D. 859.—Huldricus or Uldoricus, Bishop of Augsburg,
greatly complained of the violence of the popes, and said: “What will
become of this flock, when the shepherds become wolves?” He
openly maintained that the Pope was fallible, and that it was lawful
to admonish him for his error, and to reject his bad decrees. P. J.
Twisck, Chron., 9th book, page 298, col. 1, from Merula, fol. 177.
Jan. Crespin, fol. 211, 215, 216.
A. D. 860.—At this time, there departed from the belief and practice
of infant baptism, Hincmar, at one time Bishop of Laudun, inasmuch
as he would no longer baptize children, so that they grew up without
baptism, and many also, who did not attain the years of
understanding, died unbaptized; on account of which he was then
greatly accused by Hincmar, Bishop of Rheims, who, to this end,
wrote to him as follows: “And thou, who knowest that it is true what
the Lord says: ‘Except a man be born of water, and of the Spirit, he
cannot enter into the kingdom of heaven;’ hast nevertheless
commanded, that infants shall not be baptized in thy church, not
even when in peril of death, so that they should not be saved,
though it is written: ‘The Son of man is not come to destroy men’s
lives, but to save them.’ Thou hast also acted contrary to the decrees
of Syricius, Leo, Gelasius, and the African council, as I have informed
thee now twice by writing.” H. Mont. Nietigh., page 81, ex Biblioth.
Patr., Tom. 9, part 2, page 137. Cent. Magd., Cent. 9, cap. 4, pages
40, 41.
In another letter, the Bishop of Rheims, with entreating, and not less
earnest words, endeavors to draw him away from his belief, writing:
“Desist from preaching this (namely, that infants may not be
baptized), the mere thought of which is awful; desist from scattering
the flock of Christ (meaning thereby, through error, the Roman
church), lest the destruction of all the people come upon thee; and
do not, from excessive love for thy belief, sever thyself from,” etc. H.
Mont., page 82, from Cent. Magd., Cent. 9, pages 157, 158. Also,
Bapt. Hist., page 545.
From these two letters it appears that Hincmar, Bishop of Laudun,
had not only departed from the doctrine of infant baptism, but also
earnestly preached against it, so that many of the Roman church,
particularly at Laudun, became his adherents; for, what did the
Bishop of Rheims mean by writing: “Desist from preaching this,” but
to say that Hincmar of Laudun should cease preaching against infant
baptism? What else does he indicate when he says: “Desist from
scattering the flock of Christ, lest the destruction of all the people
come upon thee?” Certainly, these words indicate that many had
already left the Roman church on this account, yea, that the state of
things was such that all the people at Laudun adhered to this
doctrine.
Moreover, from the last letter we see, how firmly, and almost
immovably, said Hincmar must have stood, at Laudun, in his doctrine
and belief against infant baptism, seeing such great endeavors were
made to draw him away; now by presenting his belief in the most
odious light, as though he preached things the mere thought of
which was awful; now by flattery: “And do not, from excessive love
for thy belief, sever thyself from,” etc. But whether through this he
was in any wise turned away from his belief, we have not been able
to ascertain; hence we will let the matter rest.
In reference to what he may have taught with regard to other
points, we can, on account of the default of history, give nothing
certain; it is sufficient for us, that in those perilous times he dared
oppose the common Roman church, by rejecting infant baptism, and
that much people adhered to him therein, as has been shown above.
A. D. 867.—We have now come to the year in which an uncommon
and quite unexpected matter is mentioned by ancient writers, of
which we will forthwith give an account. Just now, for the year 860,
we told of a certain champion of the Roman superstitions, especially
of infant baptism, namely, Hincmar, Bishop of Rheims, who, once
and again, by express letters, immoderately accused another
Hincmar, Bishop of Laudun, because the latter refused to baptize
infants, and would also not allow them to be baptized, though they
were in danger of dying. This same person now, seven years after
making the above accusations respecting the non-baptizing of
infants, opposed the Pope, not only in one point, but in many,
among which infant baptism may also have been. Concerning this
P. J. Twisck, from other authors, writes thus: “Hincmar, Bishop of
Rheims, opposed Pope Adrian II. in many points, in defense of the
truth. He charged him with innovation, saying that he could not be
Bishop and King at the same time; that he should have nothing to
do with secular affairs.” Chron., 9th book, page 305, col. 2, from
Hist. Georg., fol. 314, Catal. Test., fol. 52.
It is a pity and to be lamented, that the ancients have not left us
more information regarding the particular points maintained by
Hincmar, Bishop of Rheims, against the Pope, and, consequently,
also against the Roman church.
It would not be very surprising, if among the points maintained by
him against the Pope, the denial of infant baptism was one; for,
when he, seven years before that, accused Hincmar, Bishop of
Laudun, for not baptizing the infants, the latter apparently, either
from the holy Scriptures, or by conclusive arguments, demonstrated
to him the groundlessness and vanity of infant baptism in such a
manner that he may easily have attained to very different views, not
only in regard to infant baptism, but also in other points which were
maintained after the manner of the papists. But as this is not clearly
indicated, we will not discuss it any further, but leave it as a
probable conjecture. Moreover, it is not our purpose to justify said
Bishop in every article of religion, nor to declare him orthodox on the
whole; but to show that the same person who had previously so
stoutly defended the Roman church and the papal superstitions,
especially in the matter of infant baptism, now dared attack not only
the Roman church, but even the Pope, who is called its head, and to
oppose him in many points, as has been shown. With this we take
our leave of Hincmar of Rheims.
A. D. 880.—At this time there lived Paschasius, a remarkably
experienced and virtuous man, who wrote various things against the
belief of the Roman church; but as the thread of our account
extends only, or, at least, principally, over the matter of baptism, we
will also here turn our special attention to the same, and, so as not
to be encumbered with many testimonies, present but one passage
of his belief with reference to this matter, as recorded in Jacob
Mehrning’s history of baptism.
Paschasius (de Corp. and Sang. Dom., cap. 10, page 594) says: “In
the sacrament of baptism the door is opened to believers, to enter
into the sonship of God, that we, being delivered from evil through
this regeneration, may afterwards become one body with the
members of Christ; in which baptism, when the Holy Ghost is shed
abroad in the souls of the regenerated, the whole church of Christ is
quickened, and becomes one body, by one Spirit received by all.”
Here he indicates three things incompatible with infant baptism.
Firstly, when he says that “In the sacrament of baptism the door is
opened to believers, to enter into the sonship of God.” For, that this
cannot relate to infants, appears from the nature of faith and of the
believers; as to faith, it is a sure confidence of the things hoped for.
Hebr. 11:1. This faith comes by hearing, and hearing by the word of
God. Rom. 10:17. That neither this sure confidence, nor hope, nor
intelligent hearing of the word of God, can have place in infants, is
quite evident, since neither their powers nor their knowledge can
reach these things. See Deut. 1:39; 1 Cor. 13:11.
Secondly, when he says: “That we, being delivered from evil through
this regeneration, may afterwards become one body with the
members of Christ.” For the word regeneration is no where in
Scripture applied to infants, but to adults. John 3:3; Tit. 3:5.
Likewise, to be delivered from evil, is applied only to such persons
as, through evil works, were previously ensnared and held captive by
sin. 2 Tim. 2:26. Hence, the second also does in no wise apply to
infants.
Thirdly, when he, expounding the utility of baptism, says: “In which
baptism, the whole church of Christ is quickened and becomes one
body, by one Spirit received by all.” For, when mention is made here
of the quickening Spirit of God, which in baptism is imparted to the
church, or, at least, to those who, by baptism, are incorporated as
members into the church, it follows almost incontrovertibly, that this
relates neither to infants nor to infant baptism; for, as regards
infants, instead of becoming quickened by the Spirit of God, after
baptism, that is, instead of becoming adorned with all divine and
Christian virtues, we see, on the contrary, that they generally, from
that time on, as their powers increase, are led by their own spirit, so
that with the increasing years, perverseness also increases, yea,
sometimes gains the ascendency; hence, those who have reached
their years, are admonished, that they must be born again, that is,
that they must lead another and better life; or that they cannot
enter into the kingdom of God. John 3:5,7.
This being the case, it stands fast, that Paschasius, in said passage,
speaks neither of infants nor of infant baptism. Leaving this subject
here, we will conclude with the account of P. J. Twisck, who records
of Paschasius, besides what we have stated above, that he mentions
but two sacraments, namely, 1. baptism; 2. the Supper; or, as it was
anciently called, the body and blood of the Lord; which militates
against the seven sacraments of the Roman church. P. J. Twisck,
Chron., page 310.
Same year as above.—“Remigius,” he writes in the same place, “also
taught much against the Pope, saying, among other things: “That
we must address our prayers not to idols, but to the living God; and
that the church must conform to the holy Scriptures.” Chron., 9th
book, page 310, col. 1, from John Munst., fol. 61, 131, 133. Perk.,
fol. 249.
In the mean time, the pious were exceedingly oppressed in this
century, by the power of the Pope and the Roman clergy; so that, on
account of the smoke of the papistic errors, the fire of the pure
doctrine could not burn freely, which was also the reason that not
more learned and godfearing men manifested themselves at that
time, in defense of the truth of God.
A. D. 900.—That at this time, some dared oppose not only infant
baptism and other tenets of the Roman church, but even the Pope of
Rome, who might well be called the father of all superstitions, the
example of Tergandus sufficiently indicates, who, at this time, dared
designate him by the name of antichrist, wolf, etc.; concerning
which, Samuel Veltius (from other authors) has noted the following
for the year 900: “Tergandus, Bishop of Treves, called the Pope of
Rome antichrist, yea, a wolf, and Rome, Babylon.” Geslacht-register,
page 128.
Note.—We will close with the account of P. J. Twisck, in his
conclusion to the ninth century: “In this century, the occidental or
western, Roman Empire, which has been at a stand-still now for 324
years, begins afresh. The clergy, through the folly of the Emperors,
obtain power to elect popes and bishops. The Emperors are crowned
by the popes, who will themselves to be the masters and lords and
rule before and over others, as is evident from this, that some times
two, three, and four popes reign at once and seek to domineer over
the others, expelling, driving away, exhuming, cursing, each other.
Spiritual matters are still greatly on the decline, men seeking their
salvation far more in so-called good works, in ceremonies and
superstitions, than through justification by faith in Christ Jesus.
Disputations about transubstantiation are inaugurated, though the
Supper is still administered under both forms, that is, with bread and
wine. The people, having been to the supper, offer money or
something else.”
What he further relates of exorcism at baptism; of the mass; of the
power to canonize saints; of the worship of saints and images; of
the ban of the bishops; of the punishment of heretics; of the
consecration of temples; of purgatory; of soul-masses, to redeem
souls from purgatory, etc., would require too much time to recount.
See concerning it, Chron., page 320.
This has been told simply to show how and whereby the orthodox
Christians were oppressed at this time in their worship of God; and
why so few learned and pious people manifested themselves. We
will now proceed to show what pious witnesses of Jesus Christ
suffered as martyrs at this time.
Note.—A. D. 884. John Patrick, a man well versed in the Chaldean,
Arabian, and Greek languages, in the monastery of Mabelsbury,
greatly opposed the doctrine of an offering for the living and the
dead; on account of which he was stabbed to death with awls. See
Geslacht-register, page 127.
 AN ACCOUNT OF THOSE WHO SUFFERED IN THE
NINTH CENTURY.

SUMMARY OF THE MARTYRS IN THE NINTH CENTURY.

[The beginning is a repetition of the fourth proposition of the

discourse of Haimo (for the year A. D. 814) respecting baptism by
the shedding of blood, with which the Lord and all the holy martyrs
were baptized.
Of the cruelties instituted by the Danish tyrant, Regnerus (A. D. 818)
against the Christian believers; which matter is further explained in a
note.
In the margin, mention is made that A. D. 826, the Saracens invaded
the islands of the Romans, and, consequently, Creta; where Cyril,
Bishop of the church at Gortina was slain.
The tyranny instituted by the King of Bulgaria against the Christians,
about the year 842, is shown and confirmed by testimonies.
Great persecution of the believers, caused by the mutual contentions
of the Kings in France, noted also for A. D. 842.
Very grievous and lamentable persecution of Christian believers at
Cordova, in Spain, A. D. 850, through the wickedness of the
Saracens. It is shown that said persecution had commenced long
before A. D. 850, but that at this time it raged the most violently.
The distressing martyrdom of John, a tradesman at Cordova,
A. D. 850. Note respecting the faith of said martyr.
Nunilo and Aloida, sisters and Christian maidens, put to death with
the sword, for the name of the Lord, in the city of Osca, about
A. D. 851.
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