5.

APPLICATION OF DEFINITE INTEGRATION

Let us Study

• Area under the curve

• Area bounded by the curve, axis and given lines
• Area between two curves.

Let us Recall

• In previous chapter, we have studied definition of

definite integral as limit of a sum. Geometrically
b
� f (x) dx gives the area A under the curve y = f (x) with f
a
(x) > 0 and bounded by the X−axis and the lines x = a, x
= b ; and is given by
b
� f (x) dx = φ (b) − φ (a) Fig. 5.1
a
where � f (x) dx = φ (x)
This is also known as fundamental theorem of integral calculus.
We shall find the area under the curve by using definite integral.
5.1 Area under the curve :
For evaluation of area bounded by certain curves, we need to know the nature of the curves and
their graphs. We should also be able to draw sketch of the curves.

5.1.1 Area under a curve :

The curve y = f (x) is continuous in [a, b] and
f (x) ≥ 0 in [a, b].
1. The area shaded in figure 5.2 is bounded by the curve
y = f (x), X−axis and the lines x = a, x = b and is given by
x=b
the definite integral � ( y) dx
x=a
A = area of the shaded region.
b
A = � f (x) dx
a
Fig. 5.2

178
 2. The area A, bounded by the curve x = g (y), Y axis
and the lines y = c and y = d is given by
d
A = � x dy
y=c
y=d
= � g ( y) dx
y=c

Fig. 5.3

SOLVED EXAMPLE

Ex. 1 : Find the area bounded by the curve y = x2, the

Y axis the X axis and x = 3.
3
Solution : The required area A = � y dx
x=0
3
A = � x2 dx
0
3
x3
=
3 0

A = 9 − 0
Fig. 5.4 = 9 sq.units
5.1.2 Area between two curves :

Let y = f (x) and y = g (x) be the equations of the two

curves as shown in fig 5.5.
Let A be the area bounded by the curves y = f (x)
and y = g (x)

A = |A 1
− A2 | where

A1 = Area bounded by the curve y = f (x), X-axis and

x = a, x = b.
A2 = Area bounded by the curve y = g (x), X-axis and
Fig. 5.5 x = a, x = b.

179
 The point of intersection of the curves y = f (x) and y = g (x) can be obtained by solving their
equations simultaneously.
b b
∴ The required area A= | � f (x) dx − � g (x) dx |
a a

SOLVED EXAMPLES

Ex. 1 : Find the area of the region bounded by the curves y2 = 9x and x2 = 9y.

Solution : The equations of the curves are

y2 = 9x . . . . . (I)
and x2 = 9y . . . . . (II)
Squaring equation (II)
x4 = 81y2
x4 = 81 (9x) . . . by (1)
x4 = 729 x
∴ x (x3 − 93) = 0
i.e. x (x3 − 93) = 0
⇒ x = 0 or x=9 Fig. 5.6

From equation (II), y = 0 or y=9

∴ The points of intersection of the curves are (0, 0), (9, 9).
9
9 x2
∴ Required area A = � √9x dx − � dx
0
0
9
3 9 9
2 1 x3
= 3 · · x2 − ·
3 0 9 3 0

3
= 2 · 9 2 − 27

A = 54 − 27
= 27 sq.units

Now, we will see how to find the area bounded by the curve y = f (x), X-axis and lines x = a, x = b
if f (x) is negative i.e. f (x) ≤ 0 in [ a, b ].

180
Ex. 2 : Find the area bounded by the curve y = − x2 , X−axis and lines x = 1 and x = 4.

Solution : Let A be the area bounded by the curve y = − x2 , X−axis and 1 ≤ x ≤ 4.

4
The required area A = � y dx
1
4
= � − x2 dx
1
4
x3
= −
3 1
64 1
= −+
3 3
A = − 21,
But we consider the area to be positive.
Fig. 5.7
| |
∴ A = −21 sq.units = 21 square units.
Thus, if f (x) ≤ 0 or f (x) ≥ 0 in [ a, b ] then the area enclosed between y = f (x) , X−axis and
b
| |
x = a, x = b is � f (x)·dx .
a
If the area A is divided into two parts A1 and A2 such that
A1 is the part of a ≤ x ≤ t where f (x) ≤ 0 and
A2 is the part of a ≤ x ≤ t where f (x) ≥ 0
then in A1, the required area is below the X−axis
and in A2, the required area is above the X-axis.
Now the total area A = A1 + A2
t b

Fig. 5.8
= � f (x) dx + | a
| | � f (x) dx |
t

Ex. 3 : Find the area bounded by the line y = x, X axis and the lines x = −1 and x = 4.

Solution : Consider the area A, bounded by straight line y = x , X axis and x = −1, x = 4.
From figure 5.9, A is divided into A1 and A2
0 0
The required area A1 = � y dx = � x dx
−1 −1
0
x 2
=
2 −1
1
= 0−
2
1
Fig. 5.9 A1 = − square units.
2

181
But area is always positive.

∴ A1 = | − 12 |sq.units = 12 square units.

4
4 4 x2 42
A2 = � y dx = � x dx = = = 8 square units.
0 0 2 0
2
1 17
∴ Required area A = A1 + A2 = + 8 = sq.units
2 2
Ex. 4 : Find the area enclosed between the X-axis and the curve y = sin x for values of x between
0 to 2π.
Solution : The area enclosed between the curve and the X-axis
consists of equal area lying alternatively above and
below X-axis which are respectively positive and
negative.
1) Area A1 = area lying above the X-axis
π
π
= � = − cos x
0 0

= − [cos π − cos 0] = − (−1 − 1) Fig. 5.10

A1 = 2
2π
2π
2) Area A2 = area lying below the X-axis = � sin x dx = − cos x = [− cos 2π − cos π]
π π
= − [−1 − (− 1)]
A2 = −2

∴ Total area = A1 + | A2 | = 2 + | (− 2) | = 4 sq.units.

Activity :

Ex. 5 : Find the area enclosed between y = sin x and X-axis between 0 and 4π.
Ex. 6 : Find the area enclosed between y = cos x and X-axis between the limits :
π
(i) 0≤x≤
2
π
(ii) ≤x≤π
2
(iii) 0 ≤ x ≤ π

182
 SOLVED EXAMPLES

Ex. 1 : Using integration, find the area of the region bounded by the line 2y + x = 8 , X−axis and the
lines x = 2 and x = 4.
Solution : The required region is bounded by the lines 2y + x = 8, and x = 2, x = 4 and X−axis.
1
∴ y= (8 − x) and the limits are x = 2, x = 4.
2
Required area = Area of the shaded region
4
= � y dx
x=2
4
1
= � (8 − x) dx
2
2
4
1 x2
= 8x −
2 2 2

Fig. 5.11 1 42 22
= 8·(4) − − 8·(2) −
2 2 2
= 5 sq. units.
Ex. 2 : Find the area of the regions bounded by the following curve, the X−axis and the given lines :
(i) y = x2 , x = 1, x = 2 (ii) y2 = 4x , x = 1, x = 4, y ≥ 0
π π
(iii) y = sin x, x = − ,x=
2 2
Solution : Let A be the required area

3
(i) A = � y dx
1
3
= � x2 dx
1
3
1 3
= x
3 1

1
= [27 − 1]
3
26
A = sq. units.
3

Fig. 5.12

183
 4
(ii) A = � y dx
1
4
= � 2√ x dx
1
4 1
= 2 � x 2 dx
1

4
2 3 4 3
= 2· x2 = 42 − 1
3 1
3
28 Fig. 5.13
A = sq. units.
3
π⁄2
(iii) A = y dx
−π⁄2

π⁄2
= sin x dx
−π⁄2

| sin x dx |+ | sin x dx|

0 π⁄2
=
−π⁄2 0

=| − cos x |+| − cos x |

π
0 2
π
−
2 0

= | − cos 0 − cos | + | − cos |

π π
+ cos 0
2 2
Fig. 5.14
= | [−1 − 0] + [ 0 + 1 ] = 1 + 1
A = 2 sq. units.

Ex. 3 : Find the area of the region bounded by the parabola y2 = 16x and the line x = 4 .

Solution : y2 = 16x ⇒ y = ± 4 √x
A = Area POCP + Area QOCQ
= 2 (Area POCP)
4
= 2 � y dx
0
4
= 2 � 4 √ x dx
0
4
2 3 16
A = 8· x2 = ×8
3 0
3

128 Fig. 5.15

A = sq. units.
3

184
Ex. 4 : Find the area of the region bounded by the curves x2 = 16y, y = 1, y = 4 and the Y-axis, lying in
the first quadrant.
4
Solution : Required area = � x dy
1
4
A = � √16 y dy
1
4
= 4 � √ y dy
1
4
2 3
= 4· ·y2
3 1

8
= ×[8−1]
3
56
Fig. 5.16 A = sq. units.
3

x2 y2
Ex. 5 : Find the area of the ellipse 2 + 2 = 1.
a b
Solution : By the symmetry of the ellipse, required area of the ellipse is 4 times the area of the region
OPQO. For this region the limit of integration are x = 0
and x = a.
x2 y2
From the equation of ellipse 2 + 2 = 1
a b
y 2
x2
= 1 −
b2 a2
a2 − x2
y2 = b2 ·
a2
b
y = · √ a2 − x2 , In first quadrant, y > 0
a
Fig. 5.17

a
A = 4 � y dx
x=0
a
b
= � · √ a2 − x2 dx
a
0
a
4b x a2 x
= · √a − x +
2 2
sin−1
a a 2 a 0
a
4b a π 2
= · · −0
a 2 2 0
A = πab sq. units

185
Ex. 6 : Find the area of the region lying between the parabolas y2 = 4ax and x2 = 4ay where a > 0.

Solution : The equations of the parabolas are

y2 = 4ax . . . (I)
and
x2 = 4ay . . . (II)
x 2
From (ii) y = substitute in (I)
4a
x2 2
= 4ax
4a
⇒ x4 = 64a3x
∴ x (x3 − 64a3) = 0
∴ x [x3 − (4a3)] = 0
∴ x = 0 and x = 4a ∴ y = 0 and y = 4a Fig. 5.18
The point of intersection of curves are O (0, 0), P (4a, 4a)
∴ The required area is in the first quadrant and it is
A = area under the parabola ( y2 = 4ax) − area under the parabola (x2 = 4ay)
4a 4a
4a x2 4a 1 x2
A = � √4ax dx − � dx = √4a � x 2 dx − � dx
0 4a 0 4a
0 0
4a 4a
2 3 1 x3
= 2√a· ·x2 − ·
3 0
4a 3 0

4 1 32 2 16 2 16 2
= √a· 4a √4a − · 64a3 = a − a ∴A= a sq. units.
3 4a 3 3 3
Ex. 7 : Find the area of the region bounded by the curve y = x2 and the line y = 4.

Solution : Required area A = 2 × area of OPQO

4
∴ A = � x · dy
0
4
A = 2·� √ y · dy
0
4
2 3 4 3
= 2· ·y2 = × 42
3 0
3

4
= ×8
3
32
A = sq. units.
3 Fig. 5.19

186
Ex. 8 : Find the area of sector bounded by the circle x2 + y2 = 16 and the line y = x in the first quadrant.

Solution : Required area A = A (∆OCB) + A (region ABC)

To find,
The point of intersection of x2 + y2 = 16 . . . (I)
and line y=x . . . (II)
Substitute (II) in (I)
x2 + x2 = 16
2x2 = 16
x2 = 8
x = ± 2√ 2 , y = ± 2√ 2
Fig. 5.20 The point of intersection is B (2√ 2, 2√ 2)

2√2 4
2√2 0 1 2 x 16 x
A = � x dx + � √16 − x 2
dx = x + √ 16 − x2 + sin−1
0 2√2 2 0
2 2 4 2√2

1 2√ 2 1
= · (2√ 2)2 + 8 sin−1 1 − √ 8 + 8 sin−1
2 2 2
π π
= 4+8· −4− 8· ∴ A = 2π sq. units.
2 4
1
Note that, the required area is times the area of the circle given.
8
EXERCISE 5.1

(1) Find the area of the region bounded by the (2) Find the area of the region bounded by the
following curves, X- axis and the given lines: parabola :
(i) y = 2x, x = 0, x = 5 (i) y2 = 16x and its latus rectum.
(ii) x = 2y, y = 0, y = 4 (ii) y = 4 − x2 and the X-axis
(iii) x = 0, x = 5, y = 0, y = 4 (3) Find the area of the region included between:
π (i) y2 = 2x, line y = 2x
(iv) y = sin x, x = 0, x =
2
(v) xy = 2, x = 1, x = 4 (ii) y2 = 4x, line y = x

(vi) y2 = x, x = 0, x = 4 (iii) y = x2 and the line y = 4x

(vii) y2 = 16x and x = 0, x = 4 (iv) y2 = 4ax and the line y = x

(v) y = x2 + 3 and the line y = x + 3

187
 Let us Remember

֍ The area A, bounded by the curve y = f (x), X-axis and the lines x = a and x = b is given by
b x=b
A = � f (x) dx = � f ( x) dx
a x=a

If the area A lies below the X-axis, then A is negative and in this case we take | A |.

֍ The area A of the region bounded by the curve x = g ( y), the Y axis, and the lines y = c and
y = d is given by
d d
A = � x dy = � g ( y) dy
y=c y=c

֍ Tracing of curve :

(i) X-axis is an axis of symmetry for a curve C, if (x, y) ∈ C ⇔ (x, −y) ∈ C.

(ii) Y-axis is an axis of symmetry for a curve C, if (x, y) ∈ C ⇔ (−x, y) ∈ C.

(iii) If replacing x and y by −x and −y respectively, the equation of the curve is unchanged
then the curve is symmetric about X-axis and Y-axis.

MISCELLANEOUS EXERCISE 5

(I) Choose the correct option from the given alternatives :

(1) The area bounded by the region 1 ≤ x ≤ 5 and 2 ≤ y ≤ 5 is given by

(A) 12 sq. units (B) 8 sq. units

(C) 25 sq. units (D) 32 sq. units
1
(2) The area of the region enclosed by the curve y = , and the lines x = e, x = e2 is given by
x
1 3 5
(A) 1 sq. unit (B) sq. unit (C) sq. units (D) sq. units
2 2 2
(3)
The area bounded by the curve y = x3 , the X-axis and the lines x = − 2 and x = 1 is
15 15 17
(A) − 9 sq. units (B) − sq. units (C) sq. units (D) sq. units
4 4 4
(4)
The area enclosed between the parabola y2 = 4x and line y = 2x is
2 1 1 3
(A) sq. units (B) sq. units (C) sq. units (D) sq. units
3 3 4 4
(5) The area of the region bounded between the line x = 4 and the parabola y2 = 16x is
128 108 118 218
(A) sq. units (B) sq. units (C) sq. units (D) sq. units
3 3 3 3

188
 (6) The area of the region bounded by y = cosx,Y-axis and the lines x = 0, x = 2π is

(A) 1 sq. unit (B) 2 sq. units (C) 3 sq. units (D) 4 sq. units

(7) The area bounded by the parabola y2 = 8x the X-axis and the latus rectum is
31 32 32√2 16
(A) sq. units (B) sq. units (C) sq. units (D) sq. units
3 3 3 3
(8) The area under the curve y = 2√x , enclosed between the lines x = 0 and x = 1 is
3 2 4
(A) 4 sq. units (B) sq. units (C) sq. units (D) sq. units
4 3 3
(9) The area of the circle x2 + y2 = 25 in first quadrant is
25π
(A) sq. units (B) 5π sq. units (C) 5 sq. units (D) 3 sq. units
3
x2 y2
(10) The area of the region bounded by the ellipse + = 1 is
a2 b2
π
(A) ab sq. units (B) πab sq. units (C) sq. units (D) πa2 sq. units
ab
(11) The area bounded by the parabola y2 = x and the line 2y = x is
4 2 1
(A) sq. units (B) 1 sq. units (C) sq. units (D) sq. units
3 3 3
π
(12) The area enclosed between the curve y = cos 3x , 0 ≤ x ≤ and the X-axis is
6
1 2 1
(A) sq. units (B) 1 sq. units (C) sq. units (D) sq. units
2 3 3
(13) The area bounded by y = √ x and line x = 2y + 3, X-axis in first quadrant is
34
(A) 2√ 3 sq. units (B) 9 sq. units (C)
sq. units (D) 18 sq. units
3
x2 y2 x y
(14) The area bounded by the ellipse 2 + 2 = 1 and the line + = 1 is
a b a b
πab ab
(A) π ab − 2 ab (B) − (C) π ab − ab (D) πab
4 2
(15) The area bounded by the parabola y = x2 and the line y = x is
1 1 1 1
(A) (B) (C) (D)
2 3 6 12
(16) The area enclosed between the two parabolas y2 = 4x and y = x is
8 32 16 4
(A) (B) (C) (D)
3 3 3 3

189
 π
(17) The area bounded by the curve y = tan x, X-axis and the line x = is
4
1
(A) log 2 (B) log 2 (C) 2 log 2 (D) 3·log 2
3
(18) The area of the region bounded by x2 = 16y, y = 1, y = 4 and x = 0 in the first quadrant, is
7 8 64 56
(A) (B) (C) (D)
3 3 3 3
(19) The area of the region included between the parabolas y2 = 4ax and x2 = 4ay, (a > 0) is given by
16 a2 8 a2 4 a2 32 a2
(A) (B) (C) (D)
3 3 3 3
(20) The area of the region included between the line x + y = 1 and the circle x2 + y2 = 1 is
π π 1 1
(A) −1 (B) π − 2 (C) − (D) π −
2 4 2 2

(II) Solve the following :

(1) Find the area of the region bounded by the following curve, the X-axis and the given lines
π
(i) 0 ≤ x ≤ 5, 0 ≤ y ≤ 2 (ii) y = sin x , x = 0, x = π (iii) y = sin x , x = 0, x =
3
(2) Find the area of the circle x2 + y2 = 9, using integration.
x2 y2
(3) Find the area of the ellipse + = 1 using integration.
25 16
(4) Find the area of the region lying between the parabolas.
(i) y2 = 4x and x2 = 4y (ii) 4y2 = 9x and 3x2 = 16y (iii) y2 = x and x2 = y

(5) Find the area of the region in first quadrant bounded by the circle x2 + y2 = 4 and the x axis
and the line x = y√ 3 .
(6) Find the area of the region bounded by the parabola y2 = x and the line y = x in the first
quadrant.
(7) Find the area enclosed between the circle x2 + y2 = 1 and the line x + y = 1, lying in the first
quadrant.
(8) Find the area of the region bounded by the curve ( y − 1)2 = 4 (x + 1) and the line y = (x − 1).
(9) Find the area of the region bounded by the straight line 2y = 5x + 7, X−axis and x = 2, x = 5.
(10) Find the area of the region bounded by the curve y = 4x2, Y-axis and the lines y = 1, y = 4.

v v v

190