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Set theory Handwritten notes

The document discusses various concepts related to sets in mathematics, including types of sets (finite, infinite, null, singleton), operations on sets (union, intersection, difference), and properties of sets (commutative, associative, distributive laws). It also covers the definitions of subsets, supersets, and universal sets, along with examples of cardinality and Venn diagrams. Additionally, it mentions standard sets like natural numbers, integers, rational numbers, and irrational numbers.

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Subhasis Nanda
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© © All Rights Reserved
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77 views

Set theory Handwritten notes

The document discusses various concepts related to sets in mathematics, including types of sets (finite, infinite, null, singleton), operations on sets (union, intersection, difference), and properties of sets (commutative, associative, distributive laws). It also covers the definitions of subsets, supersets, and universal sets, along with examples of cardinality and Venn diagrams. Additionally, it mentions standard sets like natural numbers, integers, rational numbers, and irrational numbers.

Uploaded by

Subhasis Nanda
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF or read online on Scribd
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Fa fe 1 es nen} haa he Seb @> Sura Teo noadusca) quubet toss Re worite Ans- 75 2 4G @TANDARD_INFINITE SETS Sa {1.2.8} - the set containing the numbers 1, 2, and 3 Ny = {1,2.3,...} - the set of all natural numbers. Ny = {0,1,2.3,...} - the set of whole numbers. Z = { u. -8,-2,-1, 0, 1,2, 3, .. }- the set of integers Q- the set of rational numbers. P.- the set of irrational numbers. Z+ = the set of +ve integers. Z— = the set of —ve integers. R-Q = the set of irrational No R - the set of real numbers. C - the set of complex numbers. H- the set of quaternions. Q- the set of octonions. @ = {} - the mull or empty set, a set with no elements. a Types dh Sele (WY NULL ST C EMPTY SET 0% voID SET)? A eck hang no elamends % called a nut get. Ths dansk ba B oS eg. A= SU KEN FEAL EY vag eee tce ke, w42=01 > B= Ce Jase si ats om owen) number > C=% ay SINGLETON o@ UNIT SET‘ A ack hawing ono. amt 6 one Ctoment Ys called Sing lator) seh. ee he Java-g =o} a aeSot Be Sarabeg nent > BL aq () FINITE omd INFINITE SeTS!~ A ack having Seattle numbess ol clomends ¢ ae oe clemaar er owtln) is called Yentte seE amd a eb hartng Tkiatfe elements fs called Pabfrtte gob. Ae Ja. 10h > Total clemency joo, A fe Venite seb. = $ 1,2) V4 Total elamerts com mat the Counted So mis inbentte ach 24 CARDINAL NUMBER OR ORDER OF A SET + — i Fee Ok ctamerck tr) accel ts Kron ay carding | paneer. be om Sek ak % denoted a8 NCA). ow, OCA) 0m IA} Gok number oy elements BF eet A, ee Ae Gorbic)--- XZ} ACAy= 26 B= [214/6/8,--- “loo 2 nCA)= 50 (4) QUB8ET) AND SUPER SET ‘- ee een ee Let framd @ am-two sets. Tr every Sonar oo ack fa alio om elomentk db at & then A fe called Subset cl amd %%9 tated & upeneel- ok - fh ond weit ACR and ®OA replay cm C send of A % Subsel cb By BIA CHis supersel: & a) 24 fe 4 214168} amd B= S$ 2% o> - 104 > ever atoment sh set ATs ater om edement dk Sebo, Qo, ACH 2% ae S 23h ay Shae Seas oo} A Ze ecomsa al edements ds soba 12. puiee, 13) ane cements OF set a encagt ‘It note *- Every aed Gea Qubsel ds Hell fe, ACA Giy TP Hee, Bee, then eC eh % ONY , Re $u2,3454, curr aet how, Ack ond Bee onl alone TOTAL. NUMBER OF SUBSETS | TH cet A has netomends, Man roto numboes ob Subeets db sas t= (2 eqs TRA 234/05 then Wend total number de Qubsck de® ncA)=9> aed shan tote} node subsel de A= 2 9° 32 (5) pRopeR_suBseT and IMPROPER, SUBSET. 1— The subset pahich 2c et empl do ziven sok, CeartiwlineS aubects and “Subset whieh’ , ° Te cnpol to given get, Considewed as § pew aubsod . Ae prprrsebsck Cc) Tit no & ae ce eae : an | caren (Cte 108 SET Ty get ob at}-Ra subset ob a open gak AS dad fo be He powers cot ob h- y Tk is densled boy PCA), ta lek Re as EN, >cacFy mS, AS 45,6} dubsele SrA SU A9b, $6h Let, Louk) fe ef SH5, and alwog Note Eve get Fo a gubsel db Heel g Y Ie get tea Subse cbr get bul | Ths Sek Teno am olament® ob 6; eet. POD SOB 551,065, 1H fh Beh bs, eg: ek ae), ran ad nCpepeas) pes- wwe D «they CPA =Pig TE apa) -8 then re pep) oot ost dk A> b> pers 48% A-So¥ , plo= Lda} @ UNIERsAL SET! - BAU He cels undow contthe- — ator, are kel tobe Subsel- ok a aal- % called usweao) seb. h% ay Lorelei by & eq. Tho get ok all He Inhegens ‘isthe, Universal ad | by ol\ een, indegers. EQUAL SETS T cauvaleNT ete | Precisely he aime climes Same Cardinal ni | eg. = $te23} fee arenty | ey AS12)3h a $u,5,c >e=F cof abied} D=§2,3} Cand Faxe equal Sets | named, nee)=3, nee ned) = ht equivalent f8 Nies~ Equal eae, Equiva tert Equivatent Mauss Cauah Max rot INTERVALS ‘~ (open intenral ) flick Ripe R oun acy. To sek be seal numbers grey by Sar reach fs cated an o Erlend amd 2a denoted Gx ceasing eisai NG Coa Gali) Chased internals The set ob weal numbers ren by So. neaey te cated closed infermal and‘ ay cae wy Lacy Closed interval Contains the ° end potrt also oe E615] rdtex nee cam also have, intervals ctoced al vane end amd ope) at other end. WH Cerys Larneacytie a semi open flere rasa ato 4 including % bat act ae eg. Ee (3,9) ‘ 0 2-2) aoa ao Cary] = So: Keaeyy de Ge Semi cleeene oom ah y ay y but ask mn. dere closed Se and Semi open ghee} One ae eq xe C13) Rr teen pee ? Venn diasrars 4 «Vem diagram, ano ictordal oo Mager tio) nepreserd for) Ob Soke. IQ ven CE oa) Oadvers by cactangle. © To Subset ob Universal eke are copeesenhel by Cheecdes and the cimclor Contatsy thro - element of the ach. Eromple’ ce 2S be 2 M91 6 F B14 OF ol QehkS are mapresented Aas unaas Qe 4,19} Honea 2 see tanta ane Calted dicioint Sets. ot re : Aes U Eno: Oras, 112.3145 1G, F134, LOF ete GBS he $45 64,84 ; epee te: 2 sede Rant Rane overtapping Reds. 2g. ® a Or U1 2, 3/45, 6/F 8,4, Lo} AU he Je, 34.9764 Re 5 B45} D Hore CK R/S eo RATIONS ON SETS = Lot Aamd® beany tem gale, _ Si aoe framnd 342 Me ae fd ons gs ih. tare: & A oma aul “Ba efderardls Monty fo Common elements being taker only oie gh %s densted |g ; ae Q Combrn? onply, union ok Sets — Aeon aan 5-4. tek AS24684 amd B+ 5 6/8/1012}. Fend pve = 424,684 we J 6 rb tot A un: $ 21M 61 By lO te} An _Tyrvbile ARUB- TAHERow xe at oR nesoling, Vator dy acl: usta Venn- dfag crams ‘ey -}wo goke S~ N \ AuBuUC properties Sly Urtor Sets ia UL) AVB=EBUVA C Commutative lous’) a (Avauc = RUCHUC) C Agaociative (aus) a) Auden Clans db Tdendidy clement, g % the. tdenktdy (iy wunea C Tdampotert lau) Brey |pto UUAtU Claus of UL) er | Wb ace > AUS cOUC 3 Wi) ave=e@ Rand onky ek acd @ INTERSECTION OF SETS! — “The enterseckior db ety ee ta Ba set Ob oll demented yahich 3g Commer fo bet) A onde - Tt As denoted by 9”, Ginwdy, eatenseckion ob sel’ —7 finding of Comm ak elements in geht *] Eg aL U2 BFE EBAY, O 013,544 fend Ang ond hence Prous thal Aiea L A= StH B BABA 18} Re 3 risen ty ang} 2 a Hthe Sigrabsticaty = Ang= LRREA and KE a ron ae trdansiclion & cede taxtiy -Venn-Afagcram | & bd : @ aor ad Aargac fe — oo |) | (ers puss | ae, a Ree Ana? pisseint sets: RR ARE § hen ts a Be Coled dtsSotch eel myo Common eegion) bot ASE, hones 4.48 2 oh ye . P amr dfejohr ; | i" 7 esjotn ere OF trdens ection '- se ub A AB BNA C commutative lane) diy Can aN = HEE ANGOC) (assockalive (aut) di) Ban Bb, UOA-A Clans dr and v) Uy anasa ( ‘dempsterd (aus) () anceuc)= (Ana) UCAnc) Cpisiaibutive lau) stamples bp Infessychion \ é wy Poa at 0a} = LG ai) 534 agemy= $ aw gs ALE => COMPLEMENT oF A SET ?~ Let U be the Universal sel- and A be o subset ok u- Then He Complement ob A is aha get dh ol elements O5 UV nehich ana not te aroment by fr: +4 we wrette alto dencte Ra Complement db A net eespeck to Us a Wd a ea l= . MIEREU and KE a} Venn - diagram ob A’ een Ue cay =A eg ut ved 1,23, 4,54 amd AZ 24} Ban dead a! pie UAE LH Bt i DIPFERENCE BETWEEN Mey ond @ he twe seks, then A-w conteing all Bae ai etoments ob act A caddie fea Crd Wich) ase Commer) to both set pond e, 1 arte SE a tk is 0 sek Pal Contains ofamends oy Athel- ose nat ma. q ! oe AB ts dlansted bay a\a. C we CAB) = LH REA and aed} d R-aC 2\a)= Surnenand wERY Venn diageram oy Aon SBA @ Sp eedioh toe! nd AM é Ans 6-2 J 24s, toy BAe § 3,9, 1215} SYMMETNC DIFFERENCE RETWEEN Two SETS | - Pe Po aay te seks then He tymmebie didberane: pet tese sywo gels Com be ceepteranted oe hk AG= CAR) V(S-—) Ree= (AY) — Cane) Veng “Lingo & AAR Notes port about Co expan te fie Fa. Compleat ob & relative toh usually enprened ot Ale eS Site every thing io i Athoal: es rot inl eae n(408) =n(A) +(e) -2n(AnB) 2 cee OS £36412 159 , PLAY Ce aCe ara 2 Coy ae Pay WN Mea) (Chat Pact ave Arey) Let n(A)=20, n(#) =F and n(Ana) = 4, then find Q) n(A-B) (i) n(B-A) City (4B) fun (a-a) = n(A)-n(4n8) Ge) oe n(4-B) =16 n(@-A) = n(6)-n(4ne) = F-4 n(Ras) = (A) + (8) - 2n(408) ee ees Tew tag) IfU iis our universal set in a particular context and Ac U, the difference U\ Ais called the complement of A (with respect to U), We denote it by A’ or AY. In general, A) Bis called the (relative) complement of B with respect to A. However, the symbol A’ is used only for the complement of A with respect to the universal set. The following facts are obvious : @ o'=U,U'=6 DAVAT=U,AnA'=9 (iil) (AY =A (iv) AC Bo B’ca’ (VY) A\B=AnB’ aca ee N(AuB) =n(A) +n(8)- (ANB) nN (Ang) = n(&) + n(8) — N(AVB) ) (AUB) nay = NCA) +N (8) - 9 (ANB) inn N(AU8) min, 2 9(4) (8) = (ANG) nay OE Ue Ce ce ecole ary ee oe aT ea seen ee teed Roc ee ee oe ea Se ind rs) eC ee Se se fing A= 4123455 , BH Lnt0-4-9-F-6-5 4-3-2, -10,12,34 ae ke nye cea oer n(Ave) = n(A) +n(6)—n(Ane) n(ave) = 15+35-10 =4o (ave) =n (A) +n(8) - (AN8) rr aoe Or Po reer Ga et CU tae LCOS ea fs nave), = MA) +n(6)—h(Ane),., w( Ana). = Ea eS ia) ECOL Pee Gee ee n(que) = (A) PoC) el ai ar CL) ae oo _ Yas) Pata 4o+20-20 ai >| n( AUB) nin = ct 4o crue = flow, check a “throug venn ~ Alagoa J A'ng! Th % cleanly to be shown Fa she vem - diageam deal: sere dwo are Some. 30, (ava = alad Cpreved/). i tl cv, ig Be red E rons Mo (ours perbectty - x 3 ee ] CARDINALITY OF FINITE SETS" pamme ont one too Virtbe sole Hal ore disjoint thay the number 4 ae aoa as ths Bum dhe Norhes cb etomente oh 3 bea | thot de >, ced [AUST =IAL F[ By ince AN B= g Th homd Roncak deitl> fer (Ave) ~ AL ER) -faney aly it cam tae wan en) as [Aun| = JA-Si +1) tune q \rusl= tae ie- tana] Te ts the Pomuta whe helps U2 do trbve variety EN a Suppose that a class consists of a set S of 100 students, 70 of which pass in geometry and 60 pass in algebra. Ifno one failed in both the subjects, can we determine the number of students who passed in both algebra and geometry ? We proceed like this, Let Aand B denote respectively the sets of students who passed in algebra and in geometry. As per given information |S| = 100, |A| = 60, |B] = 70, S =A UB. Here A +B denotes the set of students who passed in both algebra and geometry. By (7) we have {S| =|A| + [B]-|A oB} that is, 100 = 60 + 70 ={A mB => |An BI = 130 - 100 = 30. eq: In a eg ob pore OF Uke cobbee , TX Ke teg anal 2 escaor) ina aco! ikea. at loask ong dk dhe eve drinks, (q people Uke boil) +26 and Coffee, hous eer poops ane In dhe ope Q fms tek & be the sek oe Sx whe Uke eshheo, and he He vet & pepe tebe Wke Trot. Considering the apexbion , (ay=3t>, (21-92 , [Anas 9 we hove, [A Ual= [AE [ol -]ANBy +) BET 52-14 = €4-19 = FO LMns) 2. hones Fo poopie ane tq fre grey.

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