Download the Full Ebook and Access More Features - ebooknice.

com

(Ebook) 11th International Conference on Theory

and Application of Soft Computing, Computing with
Words and Perceptions and Artificial Intelligence
- ICSCCW-2021 by Rafik A. Aliev (editor), Janusz
Kacprzyk (editor), Witold Pedrycz (editor), Mo
https://ebooknice.com/product/11th-international-conference-
Jamshidi (editor), Mustafa Babanli (editor),
on-theory-and-application-of-soft-computing-computing-with-
Fahreddin M. Sadikoglu (editor) ISBN
words-and-perceptions-and-artificial-intelligence-
9783030921262, 3030921263
icsccw-2021-38465422

OR CLICK HERE

DOWLOAD EBOOK

Download more ebook instantly today at https://ebooknice.com

 Instant digital products (PDF, ePub, MOBI) ready for you
Download now and discover formats that fit your needs...

Start reading on any device today!

(Ebook) Biota Grow 2C gather 2C cook by Loucas, Jason;

Viles, James ISBN 9781459699816, 9781743365571,
9781925268492, 1459699815, 1743365578, 1925268497
https://ebooknice.com/product/biota-grow-2c-gather-2c-cook-6661374

ebooknice.com

(Ebook) Matematik 5000+ Kurs 2c Lärobok by Lena

Alfredsson, Hans Heikne, Sanna Bodemyr ISBN 9789127456600,
9127456609
https://ebooknice.com/product/matematik-5000-kurs-2c-larobok-23848312

ebooknice.com

(Ebook) SAT II Success MATH 1C and 2C 2002 (Peterson's SAT

II Success) by Peterson's ISBN 9780768906677, 0768906679

https://ebooknice.com/product/sat-ii-success-
math-1c-and-2c-2002-peterson-s-sat-ii-success-1722018

ebooknice.com

(Ebook) Vagabond, Vol. 29 (29) by Inoue, Takehiko ISBN

9781421531489, 1421531488

https://ebooknice.com/product/vagabond-vol-29-29-37511002

ebooknice.com
(Ebook) Master SAT II Math 1c and 2c 4th ed (Arco Master
the SAT Subject Test: Math Levels 1 & 2) by Arco ISBN
9780768923049, 0768923042
https://ebooknice.com/product/master-sat-ii-math-1c-and-2c-4th-ed-
arco-master-the-sat-subject-test-math-levels-1-2-2326094

ebooknice.com

(Ebook) Recent Developments and the New Direction in Soft-

Computing Foundations and Applications: Selected Papers
from the 7th World Conference on Soft Computing, May
29–31, 2018, Baku, Azerbaijan by Shahnaz N. Shahbazova,
https://ebooknice.com/product/recent-developments-and-the-new-
Janusz Kacprzyk, Valentina Emilia Balas, Vladik Kreinovich
direction-in-soft-computing-foundations-and-applications-selected-
papers-from-the-7th-world-conference-on-soft-computing-
ISBN 9783030471231, 9783030471248, 3030471233, 3030471241
may-2931-2018-baku-azerbaijan-22505404
ebooknice.com

(Ebook) Cambridge IGCSE and O Level History Workbook 2C -

Depth Study: the United States, 1919-41 2nd Edition by
Benjamin Harrison ISBN 9781398375147, 9781398375048,
1398375144, 1398375047
https://ebooknice.com/product/cambridge-igcse-and-o-level-history-
workbook-2c-depth-study-the-united-states-1919-41-2nd-edition-53538044

ebooknice.com

(Ebook) Organometallic Chemistry, Volume 29 by M. Green

ISBN 0854043284

https://ebooknice.com/product/organometallic-chemistry-
volume-29-2440106

ebooknice.com

(Ebook) 29, Single and Nigerian by Naijasinglegirl ISBN

9781310004216, 1310004218

https://ebooknice.com/product/29-single-and-nigerian-53599780

ebooknice.com
Lecture Notes in Networks and Systems 362

Rafik A. Aliev · Janusz Kacprzyk ·

Witold Pedrycz · Mo Jamshidi ·
Mustafa Babanli ·
Fahreddin M. Sadikoglu Editors

11th International
Conference on Theory
and Application
of Soft Computing,
Computing with Words
and Perceptions and
Artificial Intelligence -
ICSCCW-2021
Lecture Notes in Networks and Systems

Volume 362

Series Editor
Janusz Kacprzyk, Systems Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences,
Warsaw, Poland

Advisory Editors
Fernando Gomide, Department of Computer Engineering and Automation—DCA,
School of Electrical and Computer Engineering—FEEC, University of Campinas—
UNICAMP, São Paulo, Brazil
Okyay Kaynak, Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering,
Bogazici University, Istanbul, Turkey
Derong Liu, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University
of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, USA; Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy
of Sciences, Beijing, China
Witold Pedrycz, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering,
University of Alberta, Alberta, Canada; Systems Research Institute,
Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
Marios M. Polycarpou, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering,
KIOS Research Center for Intelligent Systems and Networks, University of Cyprus,
Nicosia, Cyprus
Imre J. Rudas, Óbuda University, Budapest, Hungary
Jun Wang, Department of Computer Science, City University of Hong Kong,
Kowloon, Hong Kong
The series “Lecture Notes in Networks and Systems” publishes the latest
developments in Networks and Systems—quickly, informally and with high quality.
Original research reported in proceedings and post-proceedings represents the core
of LNNS.
Volumes published in LNNS embrace all aspects and subfields of, as well as new
challenges in, Networks and Systems.
The series contains proceedings and edited volumes in systems and networks,
spanning the areas of Cyber-Physical Systems, Autonomous Systems, Sensor
Networks, Control Systems, Energy Systems, Automotive Systems, Biological
Systems, Vehicular Networking and Connected Vehicles, Aerospace Systems,
Automation, Manufacturing, Smart Grids, Nonlinear Systems, Power Systems,
Robotics, Social Systems, Economic Systems and other. Of particular value to both
the contributors and the readership are the short publication timeframe and
the world-wide distribution and exposure which enable both a wide and rapid
dissemination of research output.
The series covers the theory, applications, and perspectives on the state of the art
and future developments relevant to systems and networks, decision making, control,
complex processes and related areas, as embedded in the fields of interdisciplinary
and applied sciences, engineering, computer science, physics, economics, social, and
life sciences, as well as the paradigms and methodologies behind them.
Indexed by SCOPUS, INSPEC, WTI Frankfurt eG, zbMATH, SCImago.
All books published in the series are submitted for consideration in Web of Science.

More information about this series at https://link.springer.com/bookseries/15179

Rafik A. Aliev Janusz Kacprzyk
• •

Witold Pedrycz Mo Jamshidi

• •

Mustafa Babanli Fahreddin M. Sadikoglu

•

Editors

11th International Conference

on Theory and Application
of Soft Computing,
Computing with Words
and Perceptions and Artificial
Intelligence - ICSCCW-2021

123
Editors
Rafik A. Aliev Janusz Kacprzyk
Department of Control Systems System Research Institute
Azerbaijan State Oil and Industry University Polish Academy of Sciences
Baku, Azerbaijan Warsaw, Poland

Witold Pedrycz Mo Jamshidi

Department of Electrical and Computer Department of Electrical and Computer
Engineering Engineering
University of Alberta University of Texas at San Antonio
Edmonton, AB, Canada San Antonio, TX, USA

Mustafa Babanli Fahreddin M. Sadikoglu

Azerbaijan State Oil and Industry University Department of Mechatronics
Baku, Azerbaijan Near East University
North Cyprus, Turkey

ISSN 2367-3370 ISSN 2367-3389 (electronic)

Lecture Notes in Networks and Systems
ISBN 978-3-030-92126-2 ISBN 978-3-030-92127-9 (eBook)
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-92127-9
© The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive license
to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2022
This work is subject to copyright. All rights are solely and exclusively licensed by the Publisher, whether
the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of
illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and
transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar
or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed.
The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this
publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from
the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use.
The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this
book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the
authors or the editors give a warranty, expressed or implied, with respect to the material contained
herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. The publisher remains neutral with regard
to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

This Springer imprint is published by the registered company Springer Nature Switzerland AG
The registered company address is: Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, Switzerland
Preface

The 11th International Conference on Theory and Applications Soft Computing,

Computing with Words and Perceptions and Artificial Intelligence
(ICSCCW-2021) is the premier international conference organized by Azerbaijan
Association of “Zadeh’s Legacy and Artificial Intelligence” (Azerbaijan),
Azerbaijan State Oil and Industry University (Azerbaijan), University of Siegen
(Siegen, Germany), BISC-Berkeley Initiative in Soft Computing (USA), University
of Texas (San Antonio (USA), Georgia State University (Atlanta, USA), University
of Alberta (Canada), University of Toronto (Toronto, Canada), System Research
Institute of Polish Academy of Sciences, Near East University (North Cyprus).
This volume presents the proceedings of the 11th International Conference on
Theory and Applications Soft Computing, Computing with Words and Perceptions
and Artificial Intelligence, ICSCCW-2021 held in Antalya, Turkey, on August 23–
24, 2021. It includes contributions from diverse areas of soft computing and
computing with words such as uncertain computation, decision making under
imperfect information, neuro-fuzzy approaches, deep learning, natural language
processing, and others. The topics of the papers include theory and application of
soft computing, information granulation, computing with words, computing with
perceptions, image processing with soft computing, probabilistic reasoning, intel-
ligent control, machine learning, fuzzy logic in data analytics and data mining,
evolutionary computing, chaotic systems, soft computing in business, economics,
earth sciences, engineering, material sciences, biomedical engineering and health
care.
The volume covers new ideas from theories of soft computing and computing
with words and their applications in economics, business, industry, education,
medicine, earth sciences, and other fields. This volume will be a useful guide for
academics, practitioners, and graduates in fields of soft computing and computing

v
vi Preface

with words. It will allow for increasing of interest in development and applying
of these paradigms in various real-life fields.

August 2021 Rafik Aliev

Chairman of ICSCCW-2021
Organization

Chairman
R. A. Aliev, Azerbaijan

Co-Chairmen and Guest Editors

J. Kacprzyk, Poland
W. Pedrycz, Canada
M. Jamshidi, USA
M. B. Babanli, Azerbaijan
F. S. Sadikoglu, North Cyprus

International Program Committee

A. Averkin, Russia I. Batyrshin, Mexico
A. Musayev, Azerbaijan I. G. Akperov, Russia
A. Piegat, Poland I. Perfilieva, Czech Republic
B. Fazlollahi, USA K. Atanassov, Bulgary
B. Kang, China K. Bonfig, Germany
B. Turksen, Canada, Turkey K. Takahashi, Japan
C. Kahraman, Turkey M. Gupta, Canada
D. Dubois, France M. Nikravesh, USA
D. Enke, USA N. Yusupbekov, Uzbekistan
D. Kumar Jana, India O. Huseynov, Azerbaijan
E. Babaei, Iran O. Kaynak, Turkey
F. Aminzadeh, USA R. R. Aliev, North Cyprus
G. Imanov, Azerbaijan R. Abiyev, North Cyprus
H. Berenji, USA R. O. Kabaoglu, Turkey
H. Hamdan, France, UK R. Yager, USA
H. Prade, France S. Ulyanov, Russia
H. Roth, Germany T. Allahviranloo, Turkey

vii
viii Organization

T. Fukuda, Japan V. Niskanen, Finland

T. Takagi, Japan V. Nourani, Iran
V. Kreinovich, USA V. Novak, Czech Republic
V. Loia, Italy

Organizing Committee

Chairman
U. Eberhardt, Germany

Co-Chairmen
T. Abdullayev, Azerbaijan
L. Gardashova, Azerbaijan

Members
N. E. Adilova, Azerbaijan
A. Alizadeh, Azerbaijan
B. Guirimov, Azerbaijan
A. Guliyev, Azerbaijan
M. M. M. Elamin, North Cyprus
M. A. Salahli, Turkey

Conference Organizing Secretariat

Azadlig Ave. 20, AZ 1010 Baku, Azerbaijan
Phone: +99 412 493 45 38, Fax: +99 412 498 45 09
E-mail: [email protected], [email protected],
[email protected]
Contents

Multistage Decision Making in Bimodal Information Environment . . . . 1

R. A. Aliev
Interactive Solution of Difficult Choice and Decision Making
Problems: Effective and Efficient but not Always Easy . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
Janusz Kacprzyk
About Valery Borisovich TARASOV (16.02.1955–22.07.2021) . . . . . . . . 3
R. A. Aliev and Alexey Averkin
Designing and Evaluating Interpretable Rule-Based Architecture
Under Privacy Constraints: A Framework of Granular Computing . . . 6
Witold Pedrycz
Fuzzy Classification-Based Alloy Selection from a Large Dataset . . . . . . 7
M. B. Babanli
Consistent Z-preferences Formulation in Decision Analysis . . . . . . . . . . 14
Rafig R. Aliyev
New High Step-Up DC-DC Converter in PV System: Performance
and Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
Senol Bektas, Farzad Mohammadzadeh Shahir, and Ebrahim Babaei
Investigation of the Quality of Fuzzy IF-THEN Model
for a Control System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
Nigar E. Adilova
Circular Intuitionistic Fuzzy Sets in Multi Criteria Decision Making . . . 34
Esra Çakır, Mehmet Ali Taş, and Ziya Ulukan
Z+ - Number Based Alternatives Selection in Investment Problem . . . . . 43
Shamil A. Ahmadov

ix
x Contents

Fuzzy Interval-Valued Temporal Automated Planning

and Scheduling Problem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
Janusz Kacprzyk, Margarita Knyazeva, and Alexander Bozhenyuk
Z-numbers Based Preference of Expert Opinions on Social Capital . . . . 59
G. Imanov, M. Murtuzaeva, and A. Aliyev
Quality Metrics of LSB Image Steganography Technique for Color
Space HSI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
Yucel Inan
Z-Set Based Inference Using ALI-2 Implication for Control System
Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
Latafat A. Gardashova
Z-Numbers-Based Approach to Hotel Service Quality Assessment . . . . . 85
Aziz Nuriyev and Ahmet Bahadir Baysal
Predicting Stock Prices Using Random Forest and Logistic
Regression Algorithms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
Aysel Aliyeva
Explainable Artificial Intelligence: Rules Extraction from
Neural Networks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102
Alexey Averkin and Sergey Yarushev
Application of Emotional Neural Network in Modeling Evaporation . . . 110
Fahreddin Sadikoglu, Vahid Nourani, Nardin Jabbarian Paknezhad,
and Soheil Emamalipour
Malaria Detection Using Convolutional Neural Network . . . . . . . . . . . . 116
Khaled Almezhghwi
Selection of Information - Measuring Components on the Basis
of Layout Diagram of Flexible Manufacturing Cell . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124
I. R. Aliyev, J. F. Mammadov, and Sh. R. Rakhimov
Minimizing Handover Process and Wireless Propagation Lose
by Using Multilayer Perception Neural Network . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132
Jamal Fathi
Automatic Control of Reactive Power in the Load Node of the Power
Supply System Based on Fuzzy Logic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140
Z. I. Farkhadov and R. Z. Azizov
Fuzzy Aided Generalized Probability Distribution Function
for Wireless Wearable Medical Sensors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148
Bülent Bilgehan and Fahreddin Sadikoglu
Contents xi

Use of Decision Tree and Fuzzy Logic Methods to Predict Academic

Achievement of University Freshmen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156
M. A. Salahli, T. Gasimzade, V. Salahli, F. Alasgarova, and A. Guliyev
Monthly Prediction of Reference Evapotranspiration in Northcentral
Nigeria Using Artificial Intelligence Tools: A Comparative Study . . . . . 165
Jazuli Abdullahi and Gozen Elkiran
Estimation of Benchmarking Influence in Buyer’s Decision-Making
Process by Using Fuzzy AHP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173
Khatira J. Dovlatova
Attitudes of Families of Children with Special Needs towards
Technology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183
Rojda Kılınçaslan Akdağ, Şahin Akdağ, Çağla Kılınç, Yücehan Yücesoy,
and Başak Bağlama
Some Aspects of Applying Fuzzy Logic Theory in Steel Metallurgy . . . . 190
R. I. Karimov
Imperfect Knowledge Base Self-organization in Robotic Intelligent
Cognitive Control: Quantum Supremacy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 196
S. V. Ulyanov, A. V. Shevchenko, A. A. Shevchenko,
and A. G. Reshetnikov
Solution of IT Investment Problem Using Fuzzy Logic-Based
Approach . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205
J. M. Babanli
Application of ELECTRE Method to Decision Making
Under Z-number-valued Information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 214
K. I. Jabbarova and Aynur I. Jabbarova
Fuzzy Logic Evaluation of Teacher Competencies Through Students
Perceptions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 221
Saide Sadikoglu and Konul Memmedova
Graph-Based Load Balancing Model for Exascale
Computing Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 229
Araz R. Aliev and Nigar T. Ismayilova
The Impact of Store Environment on Purchase Intention
in Supermarkets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 237
Gunay Sadikoglu, Nigar E. Adilova, and Promise Isioma Anene
Simulation of Electrodynamic Processes in the Cylindrical-
Rectangular Microwave Waveguide Systems Transmitting
Information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 246
Islam J. Islamov, Mehman H. Hasanov, and Mikael H. Abbasov
xii Contents

Ranking Integration Factors Using Fuzzy TOPSIS Method . . . . . . . . . . 254

Tural Suleymanli
Evaluation of HCV Infection Laboratory Test Results Using Machine
Learning Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 261
Hamit Altıparmak, Şerife Kaba, and Meliz Yuvalı
Fuzzy Logic Approach to the Amount of Medication Taken During
Breathing with an Inhalator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 270
Aynur J. Jabiyeva
Fuzzy Modeling of the Relationship Between Tax Administration
Efficiency and Tax Obligations Fulfillment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 278
A. F. Musayev and M. Kh. Gazanfarli
Project Selection Under U-Number-Valued Information . . . . . . . . . . . . 286
K. I. Jabbarova
Downscaling Precipitation from GCM Parameters Using Recurrent
Neural Networks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 294
Vahid Nourani, Fahreddin Sadikoglu, Kasra Khodkar, and Arash Shahli
Using Z-Number-Based Information in Personnel Selection Problem . . . 302
Latafat A. Gardashova and Salman Salmanov
Portfolio Selection Model Using Z-Numbers Theory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 308
Leyla Hasanova
Predicting the Mechanical Power of a New-Style Savonius Wind
Turbine Using Machine Learning Techniques and Multiple Linear
Regression: Comparative Study . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 316
Youssef Kassem, Hüseyin Çamur,
and Mohamed Almojtba Hamid Ali Abdalla
Analysis of Consistency of Pairwise Comparison Matrix with Fuzzy
Type-2 Elements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 324
Aygul Dadasheva
Analysis and Assessment of Accuracy of the Oil Recovery Factor
Calculations by Using the Fuzzy Clustering Algorithm . . . . . . . . . . . . . 331
B. N. Koilybayev, M. K. Karazhanova, G. M. Efendiyev, A. S. Strekov,
and L. B. Zhetekova
Using Fuzzy Linear Regressions by the Estimation of Expected
Changes in the Oil and Gas Saturation’s Capacity at Great Depths . . . 340
Adalat B. Hasanov and Mubarize S. Ibrahimli
Fuzzy Control of Mechanical Ventilation System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 347
Gorkem Say, Nurullah Akkaya, Ersin Aytac, Sanan Abizada, Tolga Yirtici,
Kemal Ruso, Irfan Gunsel, Murat Tuzunkan, and Rahib H. Abiyev
Contents xiii

Modeling of Relationship Between the Quality Indicators

of Plastic Details . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 355
Djahid A. Kerimov
Fuzzy-Multiple Model of Gamified Mobile Application “Smart House”
Based on Bartle Classification of Psychotypes of Players . . . . . . . . . . . . 365
S. Alexeev Anton, A. Batishcheva Galina, A. Kiyaschenko Tatyana,
V. Lukyanova Galina, and A. Ovsyannikov Victor
Decision on Facility Location on Base of Interval Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . 371
Kamala Aliyeva
Fuzzy Gain Scheduling Controller for Quadrotor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 375
Rahib H. Abiyev, Nurullah Akkaya, Ersin Aytac, and Sanan Abizada
Application of Fuzzy Logic Model for Optimal Solution of Light
Reflection Value in Lighting Calculations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 384
Tarlan Abdullayev, Rahib Imamguluyev, and Niyar Umarova
Fuzzy-Multiple Model of Adjustment of the “Smart House”
Mobile Application Under the User Level . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 392
Ansari Mustafa, Alexander N. Kuzminov, Michael B. Stryukov,
and Oleg A. Ternovsky
Generation of Fuzzy-Chaotic Behavior in Secure Communication
System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 401
K. M. Babanli
Exploring of the Problematic Industry 4.0 and Platform-Based
Economic Development . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 412
Nadirbek Yusupbekov, Shuhrat Gulyamov, Nargiza Usmanova,
and Jamshid Khoshimov
Toward an Analysis of Pairwise Comparison Matrices
with Z-number-valued Elements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 420
R. R. Aliyev, O. H. Huseynov, and Javanshir Guliyev
Development of an Automatic Parking Algorithm Based
on Fuzzy Logic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 428
A. B. Sultanova
Staff Selection with a Fuzzy Analytical Hierarchy Process in the
Tourism Sector . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 437
Ahmad Valiyev, Rahib Imamguluyev, and Ilkin Gahramanov
Type-2 Fuzzy Logic Approach for Port Selection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 445
Kamala Aliyeva
Developing the PP Balance Model Scale and Fuzzy Logic Evaluation
of the Latent Variable . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 450
Konul Memmedova and Guldal Kan Şebnem
xiv Contents

Application of ANFIS to Predict Adhesive Wear Rate in Different

Fiber-Reinforced HDPE Matrix Composite Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 459
M. B. Babanli and K. H. Ismayilova
Some Aspects of Fuzzy Decision Making in Digital
Marketing Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 465
Gunay E. Imanova and Gunel Imanova
Modeling of Number of Small and Medium Enterprises in Rostov
Region Using a Modified Model Fuzzy Time Series . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 474
Taras Bogachev, Tamara Alekseychik, Natalia Vovchenko,
and Yana Kurinova
Decision Making on Firm’s Software Selection with Type-2 Fuzzy
Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 480
Nihad Mehdiyev
Mathematical Model of Production and Exchange: Bifurcation
Analysis and Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 488
V. Bratishchev Alexander, A. Batishcheva Galina, I. Zhuravleva Maria,
and Rogozhin Sergei
Identification of the Multiconnection Uncertainty Dynamic Objects
Based on Neural Networks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 496
S. M. Jafarov and A. S. Aliyeva
Application of Digital Twin Theory for Improvement of Natural Gas
Treatment Unit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 505
Nodirbek Yusupbekov, Farukh Adilov, and Arsen Ivanyan
Determination of the Boundaries of Solid Solutions
in the MnTe-Sb2Te3 and SnTe-Sb2Te3 Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 513
E. N. Orujlu, A. E. Seidzade, A. N. Mammadov, D. B. Tagiev,
and M. B. Babanly
Numerical Determination of Gas and Oil Reserves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 522
I. Y. Bayramov, A. N. Gurbanov, O. M. Mirzayev, and I. Z. Sardarova
Development of the Geoinformation Space Soft Model Considering
Its Intelligent Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 529
Vladimir V. Khramov
Use of Defuzzification Technique in a Pulse Echo Method for Cable
Fault Locating . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 537
Salahaddin I. Yusifov, Farid H. Aghayev, and Rza S. Safarov
Application of the Fuzzy Cobb-Douglas Model to Predict the Final
Product of the Region . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 545
V. J. Akhundov
Contents xv

Applying Multi-layers Feature Fusion in SSD for Detection

of Small-Scale Objects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 552
Elbrus Imanov and Zubair Shah
Fuzzy Information Granulation Methodology for Identification
of Class-Conscious Speech . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 560
Farida Huseynova
Possibility Optimal Risk Management in Magistral Gas and Oil
Transportation Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 567
S. A. Agammedova and I. A. Habibov
Modern Approaches to the Formation of Management Methodology
in the Conditions of Digital Transformation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 575
Akperov Imran Gurru Ogly
Synthesis of the Polymer Bitumen Compositions for Pavement Using
Neural Network . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 580
D. S. Mamed Hasan-zade, A. I. Babayev, and G. S. Hasanov
Assessment of the University Competitiveness in the Paradigm of the
Humanistic System Behavior . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 591
Misir Mardanov, Ramin Rzayev, and Zeynal Jamalov
Fuzzy Model of Estimating the Specific Weight of Shadow Economy
Being a Manifestation of Economic Crime on the Basis of the
Utility Function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 599
Mirali S. Kazimov, Nazim K. Aliyev, and Shahzada G. Madatova
Optimal Regimes of Cooling Processes of Plastic Details . . . . . . . . . . . . 607
Djahid A. Kerimov
The Problem of Measuring Human Capacity Using Ahangyol
(Way to Harmony) Methods and the Need for Fuzzy Evaluation . . . . . . 615
Ahmad Gashamoglu
The Use of Mathematical Methods in the Analysis and Forecasting
of Stock Indices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 621
I. V. Fedorova, L. K. Popova, T. N. Sharypova, and E. N. Lozina
EFL Teachers’ Competencies According to Student Opinions . . . . . . . . 630
Saide Sadıkoğlu, Şahin Akdağ, Murat Tezer, and Rashad Khalilov
On a View of Decision Making Under Z-information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 636
Akif V. Alizadeh
Assessment of the Economic Efficiency of Investment Projects Using
a Fuzzy Inference System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 645
Naila Kalantarly, Inara Rzayeva, and Vasif Hasanov
xvi Contents

Stable Algorithms for Solving the Problem of Determining the

Weighting Coefficients of Neural Networks with Radial-Basis
Activation Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 654
Husan Igamberdiev, Azizbek Yusupbekov, Uktam Mamirov,
and Inomjon Abdukaxxarov
Conversion of Volatile Time Series into a Fuzzy Time Series
by the Example of the Dow Jones Index Dynamics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 662
Parvin Alizada
Multi-criteria Evaluation of Investment Projects Using the Fuzzy
Method of Weighted Maximin Convolution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 671
Elchin Aliyev, Ramin Rzayev, and Adila Ali
Investigating of Some Macroeconomic Indicators of the Republic
of Azerbaijan in the Post-oil Period by Using Interval Analysis . . . . . . . 680
Revana I. Davudova
Problems of Fuzzy – Multiple Control of the “Smart House” System
(Review) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 689
G. Akperov Imran and Sakharova Lyudmila
A Fuzzy Logic Approach for Evaluating the Effectiveness of the Use
of Information Technology in an Industrial Enterprise . . . . . . . . . . . . . 697
Nusrat Muradov
Development of Methods for Processing Acoustic Emission Signals
of Sensors for the Compressor-Pump Station’s Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . 704
Valeh I. Bakhshali, Nail T. Mardanov, Aygun A. Bekirova,
and Ismayil A. Ismayil
Financial Performance Analysis with Intuitive Fuzzy Logic and
Entropy-Based Multi-criteria Decision Making Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . 711
Vuqar Salahli and Abil Suleymanov
Selection of Data Science Software by Using Choquet Integral . . . . . . . 719
V. H. Salimov
Artificial Intelligence and Fuzzy Set Theory in the Methodology for
Studying the Dynamics of the Financial and Economic State
'of the IT Industry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 724
N. G. Kuznetsov, N. Rodionova, Kh. Abdurahman, and M. Vatolina
Method for Diagnostics and Selection of the Type of Market Structure
of Commodity Markets Based on Fuzzy Set Theory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 732
Rena Mikayilova and Ramiz Alekperov
Decision Making on Tourism by Using Natural
Language Processing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 741
Nigar F. Huseynova
Contents xvii

Solving the Problem of Building an Automatic Control System for the

Process of Water Chemical Treatment Using Fuzzy Logic . . . . . . . . . . . 748
K. A. Mammadova and E. N. Aliyeva
Fuzzy Multi-criteria Decision Making Approach for Choosing the Best
Subcontractor Company . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 757
Rashad M. Suleymanli
Determination of Radial Strains in Sealing Elements with Rubber
Matrix Based on Fuzzy Sets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 765
J. N. Aslanov, A. B. Sultanova, Z. S. Huseynli, and F. F. Mustafayev
Mobile Robot Navigation with Preference-Based Fuzzy Behaviors . . . . . 774
L. M. Zeinalova and B. O. Jafarov

Author Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 783

 Multistage Decision Making in Bimodal
Information Environment

R. A. Aliev1,2,3(B)
1 Georgia State University, Atlanta, USA
[email protected]
2 Azerbaijan State Oil and Industry University, 20 Azadlig Avenue, AZ1010 Baku, Azerbaijan
3 Department of Information Systems Engineering, Near East University, Lefkosa, North Cyprus

Abstract. Multistage decision making finds its important applications in var-

ious fields. A series of works devoted to solving deterministic, stochastic and
fuzzy multistage problems by using dynamic programming exist. It is needed
to account for the fact that real-world multistage problems are characterized by
partially reliable information. Unfortunately, up to day, no works on multistage
decision making problems under bimodal information exist. In this work, we
consider multistage problem under Z-number-valued information. States, control
actions and transition law are described by Z-number-valued restrictions and rela-
tions. An optimal solution is found as one which allows to arrive to a predefined
Z-number-valued goal. A numerical example is considered for analysis of validity
of the proposed approach.

© The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2022

R. A. Aliev et al. (Eds.): ICSCCW 2021, LNNS 362, p. 1, 2022.
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-92127-9_1
 Interactive Solution of Difficult Choice
and Decision Making Problems: Effective
and Efficient but not Always Easy

Janusz Kacprzyk(B)

Systems Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences,

Ul. Newelska 6, 01-447 Warsaw, Poland
[email protected]

Abstract. The present world is characterized by a huge and growing complexity

of processes and systems involved, amplified by many other characteristic fea-
tures that even increase the complexity exemplified by the human centricity, time
criticality, emergent behaviors, a need for trustworthiness, etc.
Therefore, the most efficient effective and efficient paradigms for the solution
of today’s complex problems for now, maybe also for the foreseeable future, is
not the “full automation”, the so-called automated decision making (ADM) but
rather the so called quasi-automated decision making (Quasi-ADM) which boils
down to a synergistic combination of human and computer capabilities, mainly
related to human capabilities to solve “delicate” problems, with a sheer number
crunching ability of the computer. This is basically the essence of an interactive
problem solving which is advocated by many experts, for instance, Geoff Hinton,
one of the founders of deep neural networks.
We consider difficult decision making and choice problems which involve
optimization that can be solved either by a strict optimization procedure or a meta-
heuristic. First, we look at what can make an optimization based problem difficult.
We propose an interactive approach via the so-called decision aid paradigm. We
have a decision maker, called in this context a judge, who knows his/her area but
not necessarily tools and techniques for solving resulting decision making and
choice problems. So, the judge commissions an analyst, called here an advisor,
who need not know the area but knows how to solve those resulting decision mak-
ing and choice problems. Clearly, the advisor provides advice, information and
suggestions, while the judge makes the final decision.
We discuss various issues related to how the 3 stakeholder (judge, advisor and
the pair “judge-advisor”) cooperate and collaborate, and in which relations they
enter. This is considered, mainly in the context of advice giving (by the advisor)
and advice taking (by the judge), and possible different intentions and interests of
all parties. In particular, we focus on the so-called advice discounting related to
an insufficient use of advice by the judge, unintentionally and intentionally, and
analyze various cognitive and psychological reasons, and some ways out. We also
discuss some economic aspects. Suggestions for the design and implementation
of interactive solution procedure are proposed.
.

© The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2022

R. A. Aliev et al. (Eds.): ICSCCW 2021, LNNS 362, p. 2, 2022.
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-92127-9_2
 About Valery Borisovich TARASOV
(16.02.1955–22.07.2021)

R. A. Aliev1,2,3(B) and Alexey Averkin4,5

1 Georgia State University, Atlanta, USA
[email protected]
2 Azerbaijan State Oil and Industry University, 20 Azadlig Ave., AZ1010 Baku, Azerbaijan
3 Department of Information Systems Engineering, Near East University, Lefkosa, North Cyprus
4 Federal Research Centre of Informatics and Computer Science of RAS, Moscow, Vavilova,
42, Moscow, Russia
5 Educational and Scientific Laboratory of Artificial Intelligence, Neuro-Technologies and

Business Analytics, Plekhanov Russian University of Economics, Moscow, Russia

July 22, 2021 died Valery Borisovich Tarasov, associate professor at Bauman Moscow
State Technical University, Candidate of Technical Sciences, Associate Professor.
He was one of the leading national experts in the field of AI, distinguished by his
encyclopedic knowledge in this field. Valeriy Borisovich obtained fundamental results
in the field of AI methodology, system approach in AI and synergetic AI, semiotic mod-
eling, agent theory and multi-agent systems, fuzzy sets theory, soft computing and mea-
surement. He actively developed and implemented such areas as intelligent systems of
computer-aided design and combined development, computer-integrated manufacturing
and virtual enterprises, organizational design, enterprise modeling and re-engineering,
knowledge management, methods for creating intelligent productions, networked and
intelligent enterprises. He has developed a number of innovations in the field of engi-
neering education and professional training, primarily on the basis of intelligent and
networked technologies, open education and virtual departments.
Valery Borisovich was born in Moscow on February 16, 1955. Graduated in 1978
from Bauman Moscow Higher Technical School (now Bauman Moscow State Technical
University). Since then he had been working at MVTU for more than 40 years, where
he rose from a postgraduate and junior research assistant to a Candidate of Science,
Associate Professor, Deputy Head of the Department of Computer Systems of Industrial
Automation.
B. Mr. Tarasov participated in the founding congress of Soviet Association for Arti-
ficial Intelligence (now RAIA). Was one of its founders. From 1992–2000 he was Vice-
President of Association, from 2000 - Vice-President. - From 1992 till 2000 Mr. Tarasov
was Vice-president of the Association and from 2000 - member of Scientific Council of
RAIA. V. Tarasov was also one of the founders of Russian Fuzzy Systems Association
(RANS), a subsidiary of RAII, at the Founding Congress of RANS in Kazan in 1991.
He was also one of the initiators of the 2005 congress in Kolomna, when RANS was
reorganized to become the Russian Association of Fuzzy Systems and Soft Computing
(RANSMV). From 2019 to 2021 V. B. Tarasov was president of this association for one
year. Thus, he can rightfully be counted among the cohort of “founding fathers” of these
Russian scientific communities. In the first two decades of the 21st century V. B. Tarasov

© The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2022

R. A. Aliev et al. (Eds.): ICSCCW 2021, LNNS 362, pp. 3–5, 2022.
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-92127-9_3
4 R. A. Aliev and A. Averkin

initiated and actively participated in the organization of the representative scientific con-
ferences: “Integrated Models and Soft Computing in Artificial Intelligence” (IMMV)
in Kolomna (10 conferences organized from 2001 to 2021), “Intellectual Systems and
Computer-Integrated Production” (ISICP) in MSTU named after N. E. Bauman (Moscow
State Technical University, Moscow). N.E. Bauman Moscow State Technical University
(3 conferences were held), “Hybrid and Synergetic Intelligent Systems” (since 2012, 4
conferences were held).
B. B. Tarasov was Academician of International Academy of System Research,
member of Central House of Scientists of RAS and Corresponding Member of Interna-
tional Academy of Informatization. Since 1992 he was a member of the editorial board,
and since 1998 he has been executive secretary of the editorial board of the Artificial
Intelligence News and a member of the editorial board of the Artificial Intelligence and
Decision Making journals, Software Products and Systems, and Soft Measurements and
Computing. He initiated the book series “Artificial Sciences” and was the executive sec-
retary of its editorial board. He was a laureate of the 2002 RAIA Prize for his monograph
“From Multi-Agent Systems to Intelligent Organizations”.
His activity in the field of science popularization is worth mentioning separately.
He repeatedly spoke at the “Pospelov Readings”, at the Summer Schools on AI, at the
“Cybernetics” section of the CDU, with brilliant lectures, dedicated to the review of
scientific achievements and unique biographical facts about the life of D. A. Pospelov,
G. S. Pospelov and L. Zadeh, with whom he maintained friendly relations for many
years. His lectures and articles on the history of development of systemology, theory
of fuzzy sets and artificial intelligence in the USSR and Russia, describing the stages
of life and scientific heritage of outstanding Russian scientists - A. A. Bogdanov, E. V.
Popov, V. V. The authors are also grateful to the authors of the book.
B. B. Tarasov has significantly contributed to the development of international scien-
tific cooperation. From 1995 till 1997 he worked as a visiting professor at the University
of Valenciennes and Heno-Cambresi (France). He has repeatedly presented papers at
international conferences and symposiums in the USA, France, Belgium, Germany,
Mexico, Brazil, Turkey, Czech Republic, Slovakia, Uzbekistan, Azerbaijan and other
countries.
He was the author of more than 250 scientific works, including monographs “Fuzzy
sets in control models and artificial intelligence” (co-authors: A. N. Averkin, I. Z. Batyr-
shin, A. F. Blishun, V. B. Silov), “Intellectual learning systems and virtual learning
organizations” (co-authors: N. A. Golenkov, N. A. Gulkina, V. A. Emelyanov, etc.). (co-
authors: V. V. Golenkov, N. A. Gulyakina, V. V. Emelyanov, etc.), “From Multi-Agent
Systems to Intelligent Organizations”, “Fuzzy Hybrid Systems. Theory and Practice”
(co-authors Batyrshin I. Z., Nedosekin A. O., Stetsko A. A., Yazenin A. V., Yarushkina
N.G.), “Methods and languages for ontological modeling” (co-authors: G.S. Plesnevich,
B.S. Karabekov, Nguyen Thi Minh Vu).
Valery Borisovich’s life style was accurately and succinctly characterized by two
words: “collector” and “traveler. A collector of books (he had a very large home library), a
collector of “scientific lands,” who did not recognize rigid boundaries between different
scientific disciplines and sought to find “flowers on the neutral strip,” a collector of
 About Valery Borisovich TARASOV (16.02.1955–22.07.2021) 5

people of science at conferences and symposia, where there was always a welcoming
and friendly atmosphere inherent in his spirit.
And an easy-going traveler, both literally and figuratively. For him it was necessary
and extremely exciting to travel from one scientific area to another: from engineering
to psychology, from psychology to information technology and artificial intelligence,
from computer science, knowledge engineering and network theory - to economics, and
from there back to the new technologies of the fourth industrial revolution, embodied
the ideas of hybrid and synergetic intelligence. And his trips as a speaker to national
and international conferences: from Kaliningrad to Vladivostok, from Lake Baikal to
Smolensk and Sochi, from Rostov-on-Don and Taganrog to Kazan and Ulyanovsk, from
Tashkent to Cancun, from Budapest and Bratislava to Lisbon and Rio de Janeiro for a
new charge of creative energy.
In the nearest plans was a trip to Turkey with a plenary report at the 11th International
Conference on Theory and Applications of Soft Computing, Computing with Words,
Comprehension and Artificial Intelligence in August this year to Prof. R.A. Aliev at 11th
INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON THEORY AND APPLICATION OF SOFT
COMPUTING, COMPUTING WITH WORDS, PERCEPTION AND ARTIFICIAL
INTELLIGENCE).
Bright memory of Valery Borisovich Tarasov, a brilliant scientist, unique erudite,
cheerful, kind and hospitable man will forever remain in our hearts.
 Designing and Evaluating Interpretable
Rule-Based Architecture Under Privacy
Constraints: A Framework of Granular
Computing

Witold Pedrycz(B)

Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada

[email protected]

Abstract. In data analytics, system modeling, and decision-making models, the

aspects of interpretability and explainability are of paramount relevance as empha-
sized in numerous studies on explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI). Those
requirements are especially timely when the design of models has to be realized
when considering strict requirements of privacy and security.
We advocate that to efficiently address these challenges, it becomes beneficial
to engage the fundamental framework of Granular Computing. It is demonstrated
that a conceptualization of information granules can be conveniently carried out
with the use of information granules (for example, fuzzy sets, sets, rough sets, and
alike).
We cover a comprehensive discussion of information granules-oriented design
of rule-based architectures. A way of forming condition parts of the rules through
unsupervised federated learning is discussed along with algorithmic develop-
ments. Strategies of joint and separate learning of condition parts and conclusion
parts are outlined. A granular characterization of the model formed by the server
vis-a-vis data located at individual clients is presented. It is demonstrated that the
quality of the rules at the client’s end is described in terms of granular parameters
and subsequently the global model becomes represented as a granular model with
parameters in the form of information granules of type-2.
.

© The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2022

R. A. Aliev et al. (Eds.): ICSCCW 2021, LNNS 362, p. 6, 2022.
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-92127-9_4
 Fuzzy Classification-Based Alloy Selection
from a Large Dataset

M. B. Babanli(B)

Azerbaijan State Oil and Industry University, 20 Azadlig Avenue, AZ1010 Baku, Azerbaijan

Abstract. Nowadays, large datasets of alloys designed for various purposes exist.
This allows using computer-guided methods for alloy synthesis and selection
instead of costly experiments. Modern alloy selection problems are character-
ized by a large space of alternatives with complex properties. An application of
classical methods to such problems may not be adequate. In turn, fuzzy logic-based
methods may be effective due to good abilities of summarization and robustness
to imprecision.
In this work, fuzzy classification-based alloy selection from a complex dataset
is considered. This allows partitioning of a large space of alternatives to typical
classes. An optimal alloy may then be found within most relevant classes. Such
technique reduces search space under well interpretability and provide satisfactory
results. An example of an alloy selection from a large dataset of alloy mechanical
properties is used to illustrate effectiveness of the approach.

Keywords: Alloy selection · Decision making · Fuzzy set · Fuzzy

classification · Mechanical properties

1 Introduction

Modern alloy selection problems are characterized by a large space of alternatives with
complex properties. The reason is that numerous alloys designed for various purposes
exist. Thus, computer-guided methods for alloy selection from large datasets may alter-
nate costly experiments. For such complex problems, an application of classical methods
may not be adequate. In turn, fuzzy logic and soft computing-based methods may be
effective due to good abilities of summarization and robustness to imprecision [1–5].
An application of fuzzy logic and soft computing techniques in alloys modelling and
decision making is considered in [3, 4, 6–14]. In [3] they apply fuzzy logic to describe
relationship between chemical composition and yield strength for A356 alloys. The
obtained results are close to those of application of neural networks. Modeling of sur-
face roughness is considered in [4]. [10] is devoted to application of fuzzy sets and
TOPSIS method for selection of an optimal alloy in corrosive environment. Book [8]
is devoted to an application of fuzzy logic in alloy selection and design. An overview
of existing works in this realm is given. Solving of various problems by using FL are
considered.

© The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2022

R. A. Aliev et al. (Eds.): ICSCCW 2021, LNNS 362, pp. 7–13, 2022.
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-92127-9_5
8 M. B. Babanli

One of the directions of fuzzy logic related to data summarization is fuzzy clas-
sification [11, 15–19]. Fuzzy classification allows to partition complex datasets into
interpretable fuzzy classes. Further, related linguistic interpretations help a user to rea-
son with this information. Indeed, decision makers (DMs) often use linguistic terms to
describe desired values of alloy properties for practical problems. Such terms are soft
constraints used to reflect degrees to which alloys satisfy desired requirements. In this
work, fuzzy classification-based alloy selection from a complex dataset is considered.
This allows partitioning of a large space of alternatives to typical classes by using lin-
guistic evaluation of properties values. Optimal alloys can then be considered as those
belonging to the best classes. Such technique is characterized by low computational
complexity and good explanation capability. An example of an alloy selection from
a large dataset of alloy mechanical properties is used to illustrate effectiveness of the
approach.

2 Problem Definition

Let us consider a problem of decision making on alloy selection from a large data set.
Assume the following data set of alloys properties is given:

Table 1. A large dataset on alloy properties

Alloy Property P1 Property P2 … Property Pn

a1 a11 a12 … a1n
· · · … ·
· · · ·
· · · ·
am am1 am2 … amn

In Table 1, ail , i = 1, ..., m, l = 1, ..., n denotes a value of property l for alloy i.

Due to the complexity of the dataset, let us formulate the considered problem as a
fuzzy classification problem. The set of alternatives ai (alloys) is partitioned to fuzzy
classes Ck , k = 1, ..., K, according to fuzzy values of properties P1 , P2 , ..., Pm . Without
loss of generality, assume that the lower index k is used for a better class and Ck , and
class CK contains infeasible alternatives. An optimal alternative a∗ is determined one
with a maximum membership degree to the best class C ∗ (non-empty class with the
lowest index):

µC ∗ (a∗ ) = max µC ∗ (ai )

i=1,...,m

In the next section we outline an approach to solving this problem.

 Fuzzy Classification-Based Alloy Selection from a Large Dataset 9

3 Solution Approach
The problem is solved as follows.
Stage 1. Forming a fuzzy partition of properties values. For the sake of simplicity,
the following type of a fuzzy partition for the material properties is used:
T1 = Low(L) = (0, 0, 0.5), T2 = Medium(M ) = (0, 0.5, 1),
T3 = High(H ) = (0.5, 1, 1).
On this basis, the following fuzzy classes may be formed:

Class 1. The alloys with the values of the most important properties Pl described by term
“H” are considered.
Class 2. The alloys with all properties evaluated as at least “M” (excluding those in Class
1).
Class 3: The alloys with at least one property evaluated as “Low”.

As feasible alternatives, we consider those assigned to Class 1 and Class 2. Each

class Ck includes cases:
Caseks = (T1 , T2 , T3 ), s = 1, ..., Sk ; T1 , T2 , T3 ∈ {L, M , H }.
For example, case (H,L,M) implies that value of P1 is H, value of P2 is L, value of
P3 is M. A general description of fuzzy classes structure is given in Table 2.

Table 2. Fuzzy classes structure description

Most important Less Important Properties

properties
Class Case P1 … Pj Pj+1 … Pn
Feasible C1 Case11 H … H M … M
… … … … … … …
Case1S1 H … H H … M
C2 Case21 M … M M … H
… … … … … … …
Case2S2 M … H H … M
Infeasible C3 Case11 M … L L … H
… … … … … … …
Case1S3 L … M M … M

Stage 2. A membership degree of ai to Ck is computed as a maximum of membership

degrees µCaseks (ai ), s = 1, ..., Sk to all the cases:
µClass k (ai ) = max µCaseks (ai ). (1)
s=1,...,Sk
10 M. B. Babanli

µCaseks (ai ) is a minimum of membership degrees to the terms of Caseks :

µCaseks (ai ) = min µlT (ai ),

l=1,...,3

where µlT is a membership function of a term for property l.

Stage 3. For each ai , its class is determined as one to which it belongs more than to
the others:
Determine Ck  , such that

µCk  (ai ) = max µCk (ai ) (2)

k=1,...,3

Stage 4. An optimal alternative a∗ is found as one with the highest membership

degree to the best class:
Determine a∗ , such that

µC ∗ (a∗ ) = max µC ∗ (ai ) (3)

i

s.t. ai ∈ Ck (4)
k=1,...,K−1

Constraint (4) describes feasibility condition.

4 An Example. Alloy Selection Based on Mechanical Properties

Consider a choice of an optimal alloy from a large dataset containing information on

alloys mechanical properties (Table 3).

Table 3. A fragment of an alloy data set

Alloy Yield stress (MPa), P1 Fatigue strength (MPa), P2 Elongation %, P3

a1 407 776 59
a2 338 415 20
a3 140 380 45
· … … …
·
·
am 255 470 28

Let us use the described fuzzy classification-based technique for solving of the
problem.
 Fuzzy Classification-Based Alloy Selection from a Large Dataset 11

At Stage 1, we form fuzzy classes considering that P1 , P3 are the most important
properties as it is described below.
Class 1. The alloys with properties P1 , P3 evaluated as “H” are considered. This
includes two cases:

Case11 = (H , H , H ), Case12 = (H , M , H ).

Class 2. The alloys with all properties evaluated as at least “M” are considered
(excluding those in Class 1). This class includes 6 cases:

Case21 = (M , M , M ), ..., Case26 = (H , H , M ).

Class 3. The alloys with at least one property evaluated as “Low”. 19 cases are
included.
At Stage 2, we compute membership degrees of the alternatives to the classes. For
example, consider a2 . The membership degrees to the fuzzy terms of the properties:

µ1L (a2 ) = 0, µ1M (a2 ) = 0.48, µ1H (a2 ) = 0.52;

µ2L (a2 ) = 0.39, µ2M (a2 ) = 0.61, µ2H (a2 ) = 1;
µ3L (a2 ) = 0.47, µ3M (a2 ) = 0.53, µ3H (a2 ) = 0.

Thus, the membership degrees to the cases of Class 2 are as follows:

µCase 21 (a2 ) = min(µ1M (a2 ), µ2M (a2 ), µ3M (a2 )) = 0.48,

.
.
.
µCase26 (a2 ) = min(µ1H (a2 ), µ2H (a2 ), µ3M (a2 )) = 0.53.

The membership degree of a2 to Class 2 computed by using (1):

µC2 (a2 ) = max µCase2s (a2 ) = max(µCase21 (a2 ), ..., µCase26 (a2 )) = 0.53
s=1,...,6

Analogously, we computed the membership degree of a2 to Class 1:

µC1 (a2 ) = 0.

At Stage 3, we assign the alloys to the classes, see (2). For example, the class of a2
is Class 2:

µCk  (a2 ) = max µCk (ai ) = µC2 (a2 ) = 0.53

k=1,...,3

The feasible alternatives assigned to fuzzy classes are shown in Table 4:

12 M. B. Babanli

Table 4. Alternatives assigned to the fuzzy classes

ai µC1 µC2 Class

a1 1.00 0.00 Class 1
a2 0.00 0.52 Class 2
a6 0.00 0.54 Class 2
a8 0.09 0.53 Class 2
a11 0.00 0.83 Class 2

At Stage 4, we determine an optimal alloy by using (3)–(4). An optimal alternative

is a1 as it is an only one that belongs to the best class (Class 1):

µC1 (a1 ) = 1.

Thus, a1 dominates all the other alternatives.

5 Conclusion
Alloy selection problems may be characterized by a large space of alternatives and
complex choice criteria. In this work, we proposed to use fuzzy classification technique
to cope with these complexities. This allows to obtain a satisfactory solution under low
computational complexity. An example of alloy selection based on mechanical properties
from a large dataset is considered. By using fuzzy partition of the properties values, three
fuzzy classes of alloys are formed. The best class is considered as a class of alloys with
high values of the most important properties. An optimal alloy is found as one with the
highest membership degree to the best class.

References
1. Zadeh, L.A.: Fuzzy sets. Inf. Control 8, 338–353 (1965). https://doi.org/10.1016/S0019-995
8(65)90241-X
2. Aliev, R.A., Fazlollahi, B., Aliev, R.R.: Soft Computing and Its Applications in Business and
Economics. Springer, Heidelberg (2004). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-44429-9
3. Tarasov, V., Tan, H., Jarfors, A.E.W., Seifeddine, S.: Fuzzy logic-based modelling of yield
strength of as-cast A356 alloy. Neural Comput. Appl. 32(10), 5833–5844 (2019). https://doi.
org/10.1007/s00521-019-04056-5
4. Barzani, M.M., Zalnezhad, E., Sarhan, A.A., Farahany, S., Ramesh, S.: Fuzzy logic based
model for predicting surface roughness of machined Al–Si–Cu–Fe die casting alloy using
different additives-turning. Measurement 61, 150–161 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mea
surement.2014.10.003
5. Babanli, M.B., Babanli, J.M.: Fuzzy decision method based on Zadeh’s data aggregation
approach. In: 14th International Conference on Theory and Application of Fuzzy Systems
and Soft Computing. Springer 1306, Cham (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-640
58-3_5
 Fuzzy Classification-Based Alloy Selection from a Large Dataset 13

6. Babanli, M.B.: Fuzzy Logic and Fuzzy Expert System-Based Material Synthesis Methods
(2019). IntechOpen. https://www.intechopen.com/online-first/fuzzy-logic-and-fuzzy-expert-
system-based-materialsynthesis-methods. https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.84493
7. Babanli, M.B., Huseynov, V.M.: Z-number-based alloy selection problem. Procedia Comput.
Sci. 102, 183–189 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procs.2016.09.387
8. Babanli, M.B.: Fuzzy Logic-Based Material Selection and Synthesis. World Scientific,
Singapore (2019). https://doi.org/10.1142/11164
9. Babanli, M.B.: Artificial ıntelligence-based new material design. In: 10th International
Conference on Theory and Application of Soft Computing, Computing with Words and
Perceptions. Springer 1095, Cham (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-35249-3_2
10. Bansod, A.V., Patil, A.P., Kalita, K., Deshmukh, B.D., Khobragade, N.: Fuzzy multicriteria
decision-making-based optimal Zn–Al alloy selection in corrosive environment. Int. J. Mater.
Res. 111, 953–963 (2020). https://doi.org/10.3139/146.111957
11. Scherer, R.: Multiple Fuzzy Classification Systems. Springer, Heidelberg (2012). https://doi.
org/10.1007/978-3-642-30604-4
12. Chen, M.-Y., Wang, Q., Yang, Y.: A hybrid knowledge-based neural-fuzzy network model
with application to alloy property prediction. In: Liu, D., Fei, S., Hou, Z.-G., Zhang, H., Sun,
C. (eds.) ISNN 2007. LNCS, vol. 4491, pp. 528–535. Springer, Heidelberg (2007). https://
doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-72383-7_63
13. Lesiak, B., Zemek, J., Jiricek, P., Jóźwik, A.: Investigation of CoPd alloys by XPS and EPES
using the pattern recognition method. J. Alloy. Compd. 428, 190–196 (2007). https://doi.org/
10.1016/j.jallcom.2006.01.108
14. Kluska-Nawarecka, S., Górny, Z., Mrzygłód, B., Wilk-Kołodziejczyk, D.: Methods of devel-
opment fuzzy logic driven decision-support models in copper alloys processing. Arch.
Foundry Eng. 10, 23–28 (2010)
15. Roubos, J., Setnes, M., Abonyi, J.: Learning fuzzy classification rules from data. Inf. Sci.
150, 77–93 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1016/S0020-0255(02)00369-9
16. Kuncheva, L.I.: Fuzzy Classifier Design. Studies in Fuzziness and Soft Computing, Heidelberg
(2000). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-7908-1850-5
17. Friedman, M., Kandel, A.: Introduction to Pattern Recognition. Series in Machine Perception
and Artificial Intelligence. Springer, World Scientific (1999). https://doi.org/10.1142/3641
18. Puchkov, A., Dli, M., Kireyenkova, M.: Fuzzy classification on the base of convolutional
neural networks. In: Hu, Z., Petoukhov, S.V., He, M. (eds.) AIMEE2018 2018. AISC, vol.
902, pp. 379–391. Springer, Cham (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-12082-5_35
19. Ravikumar, P., Susheela, D.V.: Fuzzy classification of time series data. In: International Con-
ference on Fuzzy Systems, Hyderabad. pp. 1–6 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1109/FUZZ-IEEE.
2013.6622571
 Consistent Z-preferences Formulation
in Decision Analysis

Rafig R. Aliyev(B)

Research Laboratory of Intelligent Control and Decision-Making Systems in Industry and

Economics, Azerbaijan State Oil, and Industry University, Azadlyg Avenue, 20,
AZ1010 Baku, Azerbaijan

Abstract. Comprehensive critical analysis of existing decision theories and tools

has shown that effective research results on decision making methods under impre-
cise and partially reliable decision information are very scarce. In particular, in
scientific literature there are no works on formulation of more adequate deci-
sion preferences characterized by bimodal information, i.e. information contain-
ing synergy of fuzzy and probabilistic uncertainties. The concept of Z-number -
the Z-extension of fuzzy logic is a formal construct to describe such kind of infor-
mation. In this paper we try to create method for construction of consistent and
adequate preferences of a DM characterized by imprecise and partially reliable
knowledge.

Keywords: Z-number · Z-valued PCM · Consistency-driven preferences ·

Consistency index

1 Introduction
Analyzing the famous existing decision theories [1, 2] we arrived at conclusion that
these theories are developed for a decision environment characterized by well-described
information on alternatives, states of nature, probabilities and outcomes.
It is very well known that validity and effectiveness of decision analysis mainly is
related with consistent formulation of decision maker’s (DM) preferences. In real-world
problems, DM’s knowledge is inherently associated with imprecision and partial reli-
ability. This involves combination of fuzzy and probabilistic information. The concept
of a Z-number is a formal construct to describe such kind of information. In this study,
we formulate the concepts of Z-number-valued eigenvalue and eigenvector for matrices
components of which are Z-numbers. Consequently, there is need to investigate consis-
tency of a DM’s preference knowledge which is related to eigenvalues and eigenvectors
of decision matrices.
The notion of consistency is used to estimate the quality of preference knowledge and
its stability for reliable evaluation of decision alternatives. In the famous AHP method
there is a set of strict consistency conditions used to keep the rationality of preference
intensities between compared elements. These requirements are not achievable in the
real situations when DM has limited rationality and partially reliable preferences. A new

© The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2022

R. A. Aliev et al. (Eds.): ICSCCW 2021, LNNS 362, pp. 14–18, 2022.
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-92127-9_6
 Consistent Z-preferences Formulation in Decision Analysis 15

approach to deriving consistency-driven preference degrees for such kind of situations

is a research problem.
Construction of consistency-driven decision preferences, characterized by impreci-
sion and partial reliability by using eigensolutions of preference matrices.
The paper is structured as follows. In Sect. 2, necessary definitions including those of
a Z-number, a Z-number valued pairwise comparisons matrix and others are provided.
Section 3 is devoted to construction of consistency driven preferences of DM. The
numerical example for the considered problem is described in Sect. 4. Section 5 is
conclusion.

2 Z-Preference Related Some Preliminary Information

Definition 1. Continuous Z-number [3–5]. A continuous Z-number is an ordered pair
Z = (A, B) where A is a continuous fuzzy number playing a role of a fuzzy constraint
on values that a random variable X may take:

X is A,

B is a continuous fuzzy number with a membership function μB : [0, 1] → [0, 1], [0, 1],
playing a role of a fuzzy constraint on the probability measure of A:

P(A) = μA (x)p(x)dx is B.
R

Definition 2. A Discrete Z-number [3, 4]. A discrete Z-number is an ordered pair Z =

(A, B) where A is a discrete fuzzy number which describes a fuzzy constraint on values
that a random variable X may take – “X is A”, and B is a discrete fuzzy number with a
membership function μB : {b1 , ..., bn } → [0, 1], {b1 , ..., bn } ⊂ [0, 1], which describes
a fuzzy constraint on the probability measure of A :

P(A) is B

Definition 3. Ranking of Z-numbers [6]. For Z-numbers Z, Z  it holds:

Z ≤ Z Z ≤ Z iff D(Z, (1, 1)) ≥ D(Z  , (1, 1))

where D is distance defined above, (1,1) is a fuzzy singletons-based Z-number.

One can easily prove that ≤≤ is a partial order as it poses the following properties:

Z ≤ Z, Z ≤ Z (reflexivity)

if Z ≤ Z Z ≤ Z and Z ≤ Z Z ≤ Z then Z = Z (antisimmetry)
if Z ≤ Z Z ≤ Z and Z ≤ Z Z ≤ Z then Z ≤ Z Z ≤ Z (transitivity).

pij = p11…p1n.….pn1…pnn
16 R. R. Aliyev

Definition 4. Z-valued PCM [6]. A Z-number-valued PCM (Zij ) Zij is a square matrix
of Z-numbers:
⎛ ⎞
Z11 = (A11 , B11 ) ... Z1n = (A1n , B1n )
(Zij = (Aij , Bij )) = ⎝ . ... . ⎠Xij, i, j = 1, . . . , n.
Zn1 = (An1 , Bn1 ) ... Znn = (Ann , Bnn )
A Z-number Zij = (Aij , Bij ), i, j = 1, ..., n describes partially reliable information on
degree of preference for i-th alternative (criterion) against j-th one.
Definition 5. An inconsistency Index for Z-number-valued PCM [7]. An inconsis-
tency index K for Z-number-valued PCM (Zij ) is defined as follows:
    
zik zij zjk
K((Zij )) = max min D Z(1), D Z(1), , (1)
i<j<k zij zjk zik

3 Consistency-Driven Preferences
Decision making is based on preferences over alternatives and choice criteria. A DM’s
preference may be formally described by a pairwise comparison matrix (PCM) (aij ),
where an aij denotes a degree to which an i-th alternative (criterion) is preferred to
j-th one. Natural conditions used for aij are aii = 1 and aji = 1/aij (reciprocity),
∀ i, j = 1, ..., n. Traditionally, consistency of (aij ) is based on multiplicative transitivity
condition (though different constructs are also used):
aij ajk = aik , ∀i, j, k
Let us consider a problem of generation of consistent PCM (Zij ) most similar to
a given inconsistent PCM (Zij ). The elements of inconsistent Z-matrix (Zij ) will be
considered as a perturbation of the elements of matrix (Zij ) for which reciprocity and
consistency are verified. We have to change elements of (Zij ) in order to arrive at (Zij ).
The problem is formulated as follows.
n n
J = D(Zij , Zij ) → max (2)
i=1 j=1

s.t. multiplicative reciprocity:

Zij Zji = Z(1) (3)
multiplicative transitivity:
Zij Zjk = Zik (4)
non-negativity:
Zij ≥ Z(0), i, j = 1, . . . , n (5)
Problem (2–5) is a non-linear optimization problem characterized by fuzzy and proba-
bilistic uncertainties. Taking into account these features, it is needed to develop a solution
approach relying on differential evolution (DE) optimization technique [8].
 Consistent Z-preferences Formulation in Decision Analysis 17

4 Example
Assume that information on DM preferences can be formalized by a 3 × 3 matrix of
Z-numbers with TFNs-based components:
⎛
Z11 = ((0.93, 0.95, 0.97), (0.95, 0.98, 1))
⎝ Z21 = ((2.94, 3, 3.06), (0.7, 0.8, 0.9))
Z31 = ((0.245, 0.25, 0.255), (0.7, 0.8, 0.9))

Z12 = ((0.327, 0.333, 0.34), (0.7, 0.8, 0.9))

Z22 = ((0.93, 0.95, 0.97), (0.95, 0.98, 1))
Z32 = ((0.1108, 0.111, 0.113), (0.6, 0.7, 0.8))
⎞
Z13 = ((3.92, 4, 4.08), (0.7, 0.8, 0.9))
Z23 = ((8.82, 9, 9.02), (0.6, 0.7, 0.8)) ⎠
Z33 = ((0.93, 0.95, 0.97), (0.95, 0.98, 1))

Zij denotes a Z-valued degree to which the i-th criterion is preferred to the j-th
one. For example, Z21 = ((2.94, 3, 3.06), (0.7, 0.8, 0.9)) Error! Digit expected. is a
Z-valued degree to which C2 is preferred to C1 C1. The value of computed inconsistency
index K in accordance with (1) for the considered matrix (Zij ) is K((Zij )) = 0.31. Let
us consider extraction of consistent Z-valued matrix (Zij ) closest to the initial one. For
this purpose, optimization problem (2–5) will be solved by using the proposed method.
Optimal Z-valued matrix (Zij ) = MP(Vbest
 ) is retrieved:

⎛
Z11 = ((1.000761, 1.002326, 1.002326), (0.9996, 0.9998, 0.9998))
⎝ Z21 = ((2.482609, 2.482835, 2.482835), (0.707104, 0.707104, 0.991447))
Z31 = ((0.273967, 0.273967, 0.273967), (0.007870, 0.008223, 0.502359))

Z12 = ((0.402933, 0.402933, 0.402935), (0.72, 0.995931, 0.995931))

Z22 = ((0.995452, 1, 1), (0.95, 0.98, 1))
Z32 = ((0.110189, 0.110424, 0.110424), (0.499450, 0.999329, 0.999329))

⎞
Z13 = ((3.650363, 3.651220, 3.651235), (0.996759, 0.997332, 0.997332))
Z23 = ((9.060410, 9.060411, 9.064086), (0.994743, 0.994743, 0.995316)) ⎠
Z33 = ((0.998922, 1.002763, 1.002763), (0.99867, 0.99986, 0.999886))

At the final step, we have to verify whether the value of K for the obtained (Zij )
exceeds a predefined threshold θK = 0.1. The computed value of K is K((Zij )) = 0.003
which does not exceed θK . Thus, the obtained matrix can be considered as consistent.
18 R. R. Aliyev

5 Conclusion
Decision making is based on preferences over alternatives and choice criteria. The notion
of consistency in this case is used to estimate the quality of preference knowledge and
its stability for reliable evaluation of decision alternatives. Existing works have a set
of strict consistence conditions used to keep the rationality of preference intensities
between compared elements. In this study we have proposed an approach to deriving
consistency-driven preference for such kind of situation. A preference degree is described
by a Z-number to reflect imprecision and partial reliability of preference knowledge.
An optimization problem with Z-number-valued variables is used to design consistent
preferences.

References
1. Neumann, J.V., Morgenstern, O.: Theory of Games and Economic Behaviour. Princeton
University Press, USA (1944). https://doi.org/10.2307/2280142
2. Kahneman, D., Tversky, A.: Prospect theory: an analysis of decision under uncertainty.
Econometrica 47, 263–291 (1979). https://doi.org/10.1142/9789814417358_0006
3. Zadeh, L.A.: A note on Z-numbers. Inform. Sci. 181(14), 2923–2932 (2011). https://doi.org/
10.1016/j.ins.2011.02.022
4. Aliev, R.A., Huseynov, O.H., Aliyev, R.R., Alizadeh, A.V.: The Arithmetic of Z-Numbers:
Theory and Applications, World Scientific, Singapore (2015). https://doi.org/10.1142/9575
5. Aliev, R.A., Huseynov, O.H., Zeinalova, L.M.: The arithmetic of continuous Z-numbers. Inform
Sci. 373, 441–460 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ins.2016.08.078
6. Aliev, R.A., Guirimov, B.G., Huseynov, O.H., Aliyev, R.R.: Z-relation equation-based decision
making. Expert Syst. Appl. 184, 115387 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eswa.2021.115387
7. Brunelli, M.: A survey of inconsistency indices for pairwise comparisons. Int. J. General Syst.
47(8), 751–771 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/03081079.2018.1523156
8. Storn, R., Price, K.: Differential Evolution - A simple and efficient adaptive scheme for global
optimization over continuous spaces. J. Global Optim. 11, 341–359 (1997)
 New High Step-Up DC-DC Converter in PV
System: Performance and Analysis

Senol Bektas1 , Farzad Mohammadzadeh Shahir2(B) , and Ebrahim Babaei2

1 Engineering Faculty, Near East University, Nicosia, North Cyprus,
Mersin 10, 99138 Mersin, Turkey
[email protected]
2 Faculty of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran

[email protected]

Abstract. These days, solar energy can replace fossil fuels in many energy appli-
cations. One of the most important advantages of this type of new energy is no air
pollution and their lack of completion. Using Photovoltaic (PV) can be one solu-
tion. DC-DC converters have main role in PV systems where the output voltage
is higher than the voltage of input side. This paper presents a new topology using
boost DC-DC converter for providing maximum power load achievement from
PV via the Perturb-and-Observe (P&O) technique. The considered framework is
comprised like battery, bidirectional and proposed DC-DC converters. The differ-
ent operating conditions are tested in this paper. In the proposed system, a storage
system is connected to PV system via a bidirectional DC-DC converter in order
to improve efficiency of the proposed system. Also, the new controlling scheme
is proposed for this new PV system. The MATLAB/Simulink software results are
used to verify theoretical concepts.

Keywords: DC-DC converter · Photovoltaic · MPPT · PV arrays

1 Introduction
These days, solar energy can replace fossil fuels in many energy applications. One of the
most important advantages of this type of new energy is no air pollution and their lack
of completion. However, these types of energies have disadvantages such as the amount
of variable power according to some parameters and low output voltage. Maximum
power point tracking (MPPT) is one of the tasks used to solve the disadvantages of
this type of energy [1]. P&O method [2–4], adjustable conductance [5], adding ANN
and Fuzzy system [6, 7], partial open-circuit-voltage, other part as partial short-circuit-
current, while the most widely used is the RCC method in MPPT techniques. In [8, 9],
the conventional DC-DC boost converter is used in order to provide higher voltage at
the output while resulting in high conductivity of the used switch, in this case, the used
converter’s losses are increased to result in the decreased of the efficiency. Therefore,
one solution to overcome this problem is to improve the boost converter.
In this paper, MPPT by P&O techniques are considered for PV system with its arrays
as firstly, and secondly, high-voltage DC-DC converter and battery-storage system. The

© The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2022

R. A. Aliev et al. (Eds.): ICSCCW 2021, LNNS 362, pp. 19–27, 2022.
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-92127-9_7
20 S. Bektas et al.

modeling and analyzing of the proposed system are done and the validity of theoretical
concepts are recorded by MATLAB/Simulink software.

2 Description of the Proposed Structure in PV System

Figure 1 shows the investigated system including high-gain-boost DC-DC. Taking into
consideration that the providing voltage of PV is depends on both temperature and
radiation. The high gain boost DC-DC is installed for two reasons, firstly to obtain
high voltage, while secondly which uses battery to stabilize the DC-link, as much as
stabilizing the power flowing in bi-directional DC-DC converter.

Fig. 1. The studied system.

2.1 PV Model and Algorithm of MPPT

PV model base on equivalent circuit technique [10–12] is described in Fig. 2. According
to Fig. 2, we have:
 
V + Rs I V + Rs I
I = Ipv − Io exp( ) − 1) − (1)
aVt Rp
Then:
G
Ipv = (Ipv,n + KI T ) (2)
Gn
  
To 3 qEg 1 1
Io = Io,n ( ) exp − (3)
T ak Tn T
Isc,n
Io,n =  (4)
exp(Vov,n aVt,n ) − 1
The applied MPPT algorithm is based on P&O technique. The steps of P&O tech-
nique are shown in Fig. 3. The features of this technique are lower cost, few measurable
parameters and easy implementation.
 New High Step-Up DC-DC Converter in PV System 21

Fig. 2. PV modules circuit

Measure V(k),I(k)

Calculate Power
P(k)=V(k)I(k)

No Yes
P(k)>P(k-1)?

V(k)>V(k-1)? Yes V(k)>V(k-1)?

No No Yes

Vref(k)= Vref(k)= Vref(k)= Vref(k)=

V(k-1)+C V(k-1)-C V(k-1)-C V(k-1)+C

Return

Fig. 3. P&O algorithm flowchart

2.2 High Gain DC-DC Converter

Figure 4 represents the proposed dc-dc converter [13]. Proposed DC-DC converter
includes 3-inductors, 4-diodes, 3-capacitors and 2-switches. The S1 and S2 switches
are controlled by PWM technique. Proposed converter’s voltage gain is
Vo 2
= (5)
Vi D(1 − D)

Fig. 4. Structure non-isolated boost DC-DC converter.

22 S. Bektas et al.

2.3 Bidirectional DC-DC Converter

To increase the reliability, a battery is used to store excess energy of the solar cell.
During the periods of reduced solar cell production, it can provide part of system power.
Thus, due to the charging and discharging and power transmission in both directions,
a bidirectional dc-dc converter is needed. (Fig. 5). Dc-dc converter is a buck-boost
converter output and is supposed to stabilize the output voltage of proposed converter.
By applying pulse to S3 , the converter operates in boost mode and power will be delivered
from the battery to the dc bus; by applying pulse to S4 converter works in buck mode
and extra power is stored in the battery.

Fig. 5. Bidirectional DC-DC converter.

2.4 The Battery Model

Figure 6 shows the battery model using Thevenin method [14].

Q ∗ Q
Ebat = Eo − k i −k it (6)
Q − it Q − it
Q Q
Ebat = Eo − k i∗ − k it (7)
it + 0.1Q Q − it
In (6) and (7), Eo and Ebat are the constant voltage and open circuit voltage of the
battery, respectively, k is polarity resistance, Q is the maximum capacity of the battery
and i is battery current. Integral blocks are used to calculate it and passing the current
of battery from low-pass filter i∗ can be obtained.

Fig. 6. The battery model.

 New High Step-Up DC-DC Converter in PV System 23

3 Description of the Control Scheme

The proposed controlling scheme is predicted in Fig. 7. As shown, the proposed control-
ling scheme has two different parts. First part is allocated for providing pulse for S1 and
S2 by comparison between PI controller and carrier wave. The second part has stabilizes
duty of dc- link voltage via generating pulse for S3 and S4 . This aim is based on second
PI controller, controller 3 and reference current.

-1
DC Ppv
Cdc PLoad
1
DC
controller3 controller2
PV Module Step-up Converter PI + -
+ PI Vdc
- - +
Ipv Vpv ib Vdcref
MPPT

Vref - controller1 DC +
PI +
+
-
DC -
Bidirectional Battery Bank
DC-DC Converter

Fig. 7. Proposed system’s scheme.

4 Simulation Results
16 PV modules (2-sets of 8 arrays), 2mH for inductor values of the dc-dc converter and
40 kHz for switching frequency, Tables 1, 2 and 3 are considered to evaluated system
by MATLAB/Simulink. Two different scenarios are considered: first, in 25 ◦ C, while
radiation of sun changed from 500 W/m2 to 1000 W/m2 at 0.7 s, second, in 900 W/m2 ,
temperature changed from 25 ºC to 60 ºC in 0.8 s.


Table 1. Photovoltaic profile in solar radiation at 1000 W m2 and temperature of 25 ◦ C

Characteristic Rating
Maximum Power (Pmax ) 200 W
Voltage at Pmax (V max ) 26.3 V
Current at Pmax (I max ) 7.61 A
Short-circuit current (I sc ) 8.21 A
Open-circuit voltage (V sc ) 32.9 V
Solar cells 54 cells in series
24 S. Bektas et al.

Table 2. Parameters of non-isolated high step-up dc-dc converter

Parameters Value
L1 = L2 = L3 2 mH
C1 = C2 100 µF
C3 47 µF
fs 40 kHz

Table 3. Battery parameters

Parameters Value
Eo 196.37 V
Q 104.16 Ah
k 0.057
Rbat 0.0192 

4.1 First Scenario

The first scenarios results are discussed in this section. As shown in Fig. 8(c), the refer-
ence voltage is constant at 500 V for 100  and the load power is equal to 250 W. During
in this scenario, using MPPT algorithm resulted in 52 V and 30A as in Fig. 8(d) whereas
the produced power is 1560 W. Then, 970 W is provided by battery and 30W is the
loss power of the studied system. At 0.7 s, PV voltage and current by MPPT algorithm
change to 53V and 60.4A Fig. 8(d). 3200 W, 640 W and 60 W are the produced power,
stored power in battery and loss power of the system, respectively. Figure 8(b) shows
the battery SOC which delays that after 0.7 s, direct proportional between PV capacity,
battery charges and SOC.

4.2 Second Scenario

The second scenario’s results are presented in this section. Assuming 900 W/m2 and
25 ° C, 287 W, 52 V, and 454.6 A are the PV output, voltage and current, respectively
Fig. 9(d). From 377 W consumption power, 312 W stored in battery and 65 W is loss
Fig. 9(a). At 0.8 s, 2384 W, 43.7 V and 54.5 A are the PV output, voltage and current,
respectively, where 34 W provided by battery. It is noted that SOC decreased in this
condition.
 New High Step-Up DC-DC Converter in PV System 25

(a) (b)

(c) (d)
Fig. 8. Simulation’s results using first scenario, (a) power flow response, (b) battery, (c) dc link,
(d) PV voltage and current.

(a) (b)

(c) (d)
Fig. 9. Second scenario, (a) power flow response, (b) battery, (c) DC link, (d) PV voltage and
current.
26 S. Bektas et al.

5 Conclusion
This paper presents a new non-isolated topology of DC-DC boost converter includ-
ing PV, battery and bidirectional converter. The P&O technique is applied to MPPT.
The mentioned technique applied via new controlling scheme by different controllers
and comparators. From recorded results, it can mention that the controlling scheme
and presented dc-dc converter have good performance for radiations and temperature
variations.

References
1. Shahir, F.M., Aberoumandazar, M., Babaei, E.: High gain DC-DC boost converter applied
in hybrid system of photovoltaic and battery. In: 2021 International Symposium on Devices,
Circuits and Systems (ISDCS) (2021). https://doi.org/10.1109/isdcs52006.2021.9397922
2. Mohammadzadeh Shahir, F., Babaei, E.: Application of high voltage gain DC-DC converter
in photovoltaic system with energy storage. In: 2017 8th Power Electronics, Drive Systems &
Technologies Conference (PEDSTC) (2017). https://doi.org/10.1109/pedstc.2017.7910334
3. Femia, N., Petrone, G., Spagnuolo, G., Vitelli, M.: Optimizing duty-cycle perturbation of
P&O MPPT technique. In: 2004 IEEE 35th Annual Power Electronics Specialists Conference
(IEEE Cat. No.04CH37551) (n.d.). https://doi.org/10.1109/pesc.2004.1355414
4. Li, X., Hui, D., Lai, X.: Battery energy storage station (BESS)-based smoothing control of
photovoltaic (PV) and wind power generation fluctuations. IEEE Trans. Sustain. Energ. 4(2),
464–473 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1109/tste.2013.2247428
5. Aberoumandazar, M., Shahir, F.M.: Stability analysis of Luo converter using state space
modeling. J. Circ. Syst. Comput. 30(07), 2150127 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1142/s02181
26621501279
6. Campbell, R. C.: A circuit-based photovoltaic array model for power system studies. In: 2007
39th North American Power Symposium (2007). https://doi.org/10.1109/naps.2007.4402293
7. Wong, Y.C., Mak, O.C., Ioinovici, A.: Development of boost converter based on switched-
capacitor circuits. In: Proceedings of TENCON ’93. IEEE Region 10 International Conference
on Computers, Communications and Automation (n.d.). doi:https://doi.org/10.1109/tencon.
1993.320696
8. Zhu, G., Ioinovici, A.: Switched-capacitor power supplies: DC voltage ratio, efficiency, ripple,
regulation. In: 1996 IEEE International Symposium on Circuits and Systems. Circuits and
Systems Connecting the World. ISCAS 96 (n.d.). https://doi.org/10.1109/iscas.1996.540007
9. Zhu, G., Ioinovici, A.: DC-to-DC converter with no magnetic elements and enhanced regu-
lation. IEEE Trans. Aerosp. Electron. Syst. 33(2), 499–506 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1109/
7.575889
10. Mohammadzadeh Shahir, F., Babaei, E., Farsadi, M.: Analysis and design of voltage-lift
technique-based non-isolated boost dc–dc converter. IET Power Electron. 11(6), 1083–1091
(2018). https://doi.org/10.1049/iet-pel.2017.0259
11. Mohammadzadeh Shahir, F., Babaei, E., Farsadi, M.: Extanded topology for Boost DC-DC
converter. IEEE Trans. Power Electeronic 34(3), 2375–2384 (2019)
12. Altas, I. H., Sharaf, A. M.: A photovoltaic array simulation model for matlab-simulink GUI
environment. In: 2007 International Conference on Clean Electrical Power (2007). https://
doi.org/10.1109/iccep.2007.384234
 New High Step-Up DC-DC Converter in PV System 27

13. Mohammadzadeh Shahir, F., Babaei, E., Sabahi, M., Laali, S.: A new DC–DC converter
based on voltage-lift technique. Trans. Electr. Energ. Syst. (2015). https://doi.org/10.1002/
etep.2133
14. Tremblay, O., Dessaint, L.-A.: Experimental validation of a battery dynamic model for
EV applications. World Electr. Veh. J. 3(2), 289–298 (2009). https://doi.org/10.3390/wev
j3020289
 Another Random Document on
Scribd Without Any Related Topics
 So as he perched upon the starboard taffrail and scrutinized the blank
fog, the steward had a fairly certain idea of what to expect.

"Gawd 'elp them yeller swine!" he observed reflectively. "Skipper's

going to lye out that oil; it'll drift around 'em wi' the tide. That's what 'e was
w'iting for, the hold fox! When the oil 'as got hall haround that ship, skipper
sends 'is boat at 'er. Ho! Then 'e gets off in Mr. Leman's boat, first lightin'
the fuse. Then 'e lights the oil. Oil an' fuse—and then the jar o' powder—
blime, but 'e's a fox, a ruddy fox! Ho! And then the Missus she takes a 'and
—only I bet skipper 'e don't know as 'ow that fusee is dry! Thinks it's wet as
when 'e made it, 'e does! Well, wait an' see——"

His reflections ended in a chuckle. The steward, having no personal

anticipation of danger, cared not a snap what went on out in the mist; in
fact, he looked forward to a very enjoyable time.

The tide had turned, right enough, and was strongly on the ebb. Rolling
himself a cigarette, the steward stretched along the rail and waited
comfortably; he could feel the ship lift and tug and vibrate as the pull of the
tide-current swung her on the taunt hawsers from stem and stern. The
steward watched the dim banks of fog with lazy anticipation. He was in the
position of a front-seat spectator, and was determined to have a good time.

Thus, being intent upon the fog, waiting for the first flare of yellow
flame and the first wild yell of alarm, the steward relaxed all vigilance as
regarded his own surroundings. He was no seaman, and when the Pelican
gave a queer little sideways lurch, he merely shifted his position slightly
and reflected that a wave must have struck her. Still there came no sound
from the fog, no token of flaring oil or fighting men. The steward lighted
his cigarette and reflected that emptying the oil bags seemed to take
considerable time.

It was perhaps five minutes later that a queer sound came from forward
—a sound not unlike the breaking of a lax violin string, but deeper. The
steward did not hear it at all; but a seaman would have known that
somewhere a taut cable had parted. When the brigantine began to rock
gently and evenly, the steward took for granted that there must be a ground-
swell or something of that sort.

Behind the steward moved a queer grotesque figure—a figure that might
have been some strange nightmare shape moving silently in the darkness; a
figure with enormous and bulbous head which rocked upon its shoulders in
monstrous and uncanny fashion. The figure came to a pause just behind the
steward whose position was rendered quite certain by the cigarette spark.

"Put up your hands!" snapped a voice suddenly.

The steward tumbled backward off the rail and plumped down on the
deck. A faint howl of terror escaped him as he stared up at the grotesque,
horribly-shaped figure whose bulk was intensified by the fog. The figure
stood over him, and a rifle poked him in the ribs.

"'Ave mercy!" howled the terrified steward. "I'm a poor, innercent man
——"

"Oh, it's you! Didn't know you, steward," said the voice of Dennis.
"Where's everybody? Get up, old boy—I'll not hurt you!"

But, recognizing the voice of Dennis, the steward could only emit a
horrified gasp.

"Don't 'a'nt me, sir!" he pleaded, folding his hands and getting to his
knees in desperate fear. "I didn't 'ave nothink to do wif it, sir——"

"Good heavens, I'm no ghost!" Dennis laughed. "Where's the skipper?"

"Gone, sir," quavered the steward. "Heverybody's gone."

"Where?"

"To fight that 'ere Jap ship, sir."

"You're all alone on board?"

"Yes, sir."
 Dennis broke into laughter, dropped his rifle and seized the hand of the
steward, pulling him erect.

"Here, man, don't be afraid!" he exclaimed. "I'm solid flesh and blood.
But you'll have to unscrew this helmet—the thing's killing me, and I can't
get rid of it. I've cut off the rest of the suit—take hold, now!"

Dennis sat down on the deck. Trembling still, the steward unfastened the
catches of the helmet and unscrewed the big tinned-copper globe.

"Oh, but that feels good!" sighed Dennis, "I could open the front sight,
but I couldn't get the thing off. Now the corselet——"

A moment later Dennis stood erect, gingerly feeling his neck and
shoulders. Suddenly he laughed again and seized the steward's hand.

"Shake, old man!" he exclaimed heartily. "So they're all off fighting the
Japs, eh? Mrs. Pontifex too?"

"Yes, sir."

"And you didn't know that I'd cut the old ship adrift—and that we're
outward bound with the tide?"

The poor steward gave a violent start, and stared around; but the shroud
of fog was too dense.

"Drifting, sir?" he uttered fearfully. "And what'll the skipper do?"

"I should worry!" Dennis chuckled. "See here, steward—I know you
weren't in on the plan to murder me; your giving me the knife proved that.
So we'll stick together, old man, and if we get out of this, I'll see that you
come out on top.

"Well, after Dumont cut my lines, I got out on the stern of the wreck,
above the water; with your knife I got rid of most of the diving suit, and
managed to get ashore. Two boats filled with Japs came ashore about dark,
not knowing I was there. They landed, probably meaning to attack the
Pelican later. But I shoved out their boats, and came aboard ship in one of
them—got their rifles too."

He laughed heartily. "See here, steward—the Japs are marooned on the

island! The Skipper is out attacking their schooner. Meantime, we're
drifting out to sea, and—what's the answer?"

"Blime, sir!" The steward gaped at him. "It's mortal queer!"

"It will be—for somebody," said Dennis grimly. "Now get me something
to eat."

"Yes, sir. This way, sir." The steward, still but half-conscious of what had
taken place, turned toward the galley.

At that instant a fearful yell arose from somewhere in the mist; a yell
that quavered up and died quickly.

The steward halted, gazing over the starboard counter; but the ship had
swung and was going out with the tide. It was over the port bow that a wild
flare of light glimmered. Dennis saw it and cried:

"The fools! They've set her afire!"

"No, sir, it's the oil!" Breathlessly the steward explained the Skipper's
plan of attack. Before he had finished, the flare of light widened into a
broad stream, lighting all the fog redly. With it sounded renewed yells—
shrill piercing yells.

Then, off to one side, broke forth a crackle of rifles. That was the boat of
the Missus, cleverly pumping bullets at the Jap ship from a wide angle.
Through this burst a volume of hoarse shouts, followed almost at once by a
single terrific detonation—the thunderous shock of which sent the Pelican
reeling and shuddering. The green-striped jar had exploded.
 After that one bursting, rending, shattering crash, a swift darkness
ensued. Through this blackness pierced fragmentary glimmers as the
scattered and far-flung oil blazed up here and there, only fitfully to perish
again.

"Good heavens!" exclaimed Dennis, awed and astounded. "Old Pontifex

got more than he bargained for in that bomb, or I miss my guess!"

The Pelican was already past the scene of the explosion. What had
happened there in the fog, could not be told. Whether the enemy ship had
been shattered, or whether the whaleboats had themselves caught the force
of the explosion, could not be discovered. All was silence and darkness
from that quarter. But from far astern, lifted a chorus of faintly quavering
yells as the marooned Japs on the island discovered the loss of their boats.
Save for this, all was hushed and still.

"Well, steward," said Dennis in the silence. "Let's get that grub. I need
it."

"Yes, sir," responded the steward meekly.

And the Pelican drifted out upon the tide, swinging and heaving gently
to the slow swells that rocked up through the fog. It was an hour later that
the first breath of air came—the wind which, as sailors say, always comes
after death.

CHAPTER XIV

THEY THAT TAKE THE SWORD—

A glorious sunrise broke across the ocean, lifting the island peaks to the
north into a sheen of purple-rose and gold. Dennis wakened to it—he had
gone to sleep stretched out upon a blanket on the quarter-deck—with a thrill
of sheer delight in the golden splendour overhead; then he realized that the
steward was calling him, and he leaped up.

The Pelican with her canvas all housed, had been but little influenced by
the breeze from the north-west. She had made leeway, drifting a couple of
miles from her late anchorage; having no glasses at hand, Dennis could not
tell whether the Jap ship still lay by the island or not.

"There's a boat tacking down to us, sir!" rang out the steward's voice
from forward.

Dennis glimpsed her at once, and saw that she must be a fishing-boat—a
sturdy, bluff little craft which seemed to carry but two people, As he looked,
he saw her brown canvas flutter down; she was coming from the north-east,
and when her canvas was stowed she headed directly for the Pelican.

"Got a motor, eh?" reflected Dennis.

He swung down the companion way and located the binoculars of the
skipper. With these he returned to the deck. Caring less about the fishing-
boat than about conditions at the island, he picked up the latter point first;
the steward had joined him and stood waiting for disclosures.

There was no ship in sight, much to the surprise of Dennis. Nor could he
make out any sign of life upon the rocky crags of the island itself. About a
mile distant from the brigantine he located a boat floating bottom-side up. It
was a whaleboat, and as it swung around with the seas Dennis made out the
figure two painted at its bows.

"That's the boat Mr. Leman took last night, blime if it ain't!" ejaculated
the steward, upon learning its number from Dennis. "Nothin' else in sight
sir?"

"No—hold on!" Dennis caught something adrift toward the north end of
the island. "By thunder, there's another boat—she seems to be standing out
this way. There's someone aboard her; they're getting up a sail. Seems to be
only two or three of them——"
 "That fishin boat is 'eading this w'y, sir," broke in the steward. "Shall I
pass 'er?"

"By all means," responded Dennis, and turned his glasses toward the
craft.

Amazement thrilled within him—amazement, and startled unbelief. One

figure aboard her was huddled over the engine amidships and could not be
discerned; but in the stern, wonder of wonders, sat Florence!

There could be no mistake about it. She was heavily wrapped in fur
robes, but Dennis saw her face sharply and distinctly—her pale eager
features, her brown eyes fastened upon the whaler, her fur-gloved hand
upon the tiller of the boat. With a wild yell of delight Tom Dennis leaped
up, waving his arms, and he saw Florence wave back response.

"It's my wife, steward—hurrah!" Dennis ran forward to aid the Cockney.

"She must have come all the way from Unalaska in that boat! Here, get
your line ready by the diver's ladder in the waist; it'll be an easy climb there.
Great glory, what a surprise!"

"Yes, sir," returned the steward, adding: "And werry lucky hit is, sir, as
she didn't get 'ere larst night!"

"You bet," said Dennis devoutly. "Thank Heaven for the fog—it must
have prevented their trying to make the island!"

As the fishing craft drew in toward the whaler, Dennis recognized the
man at her engine—it was the same grizzled fisherman whom he had hired
to pick up Jerry. The fisherman shut off his engine and came in to the bow
to receive the line which the steward flung; the boat drew in beside the
drifting Pelican. Florence, rising stiffly, was aided to the ladder by her
bronzed helper, and a moment later Dennis held her in his arms.

"What on earth!" he exclaimed, as she broke into mingled tears and

laughter. "What brought you here, dearest?"
 "You, Tom!" she exclaimed. "Jerry told us that they meant to send you
down in a diving-suit and—and—oh, I'm glad we're not too late! Captain
Nickers has been a darling, Tom——"

Dennis shook hands with the fisherman, who grinned and eyed the ship.

"Looks kind o' fussed up, don't she?" said Nickers. "Where's
everybody?"

Florence glanced around quickly. "Oh! Where are they, Tom? Quick, you
must get away——"

"Take it easy," said Dennis, and pointed to the whaleboat standing down
the wind toward them. "Where they are, I don't know! Lots of things have
happened. So you came all this way to give me warning?"

"You bet," said Nickers. "Say, Dennis, if I had a wife like you have—by
gum, I'd give a million dollars! That run over here ain't no cinch for a lady,
let me tell you; but she stood watch an' watch with me like an old hand—
well, she's a wonder!"

"We had to," Florence laughed, flushing under the ardent words of
grizzled old Nickers. "I was terribly afraid for you, Tom, and there was no
one else we could get—but tell us, what's happened?"

Dennis glanced at the approaching boat and saw that she would not
reach them for ten minutes. So, dispatching the steward to make ready some
coffee, he gave Florence and Nickers a brief outline of the situation, making
light of his own peril.

"Where the Japs are," he concluded, "I've not the faintest idea. And I
can't figure out what happened last night—where Pontifex and the others
went. I don't believe he blew up the Jap ship, for I can't see any signs of
wreckings except Mr. Leman's boat. Well, here's this boat coming in. What's
that in her stern, Nickers?"

Having dropped his glasses in the excitement of getting Florence aboard

Dennis could make out only that the approaching whaleboat was manned by
three Kanakas of the Pelican's crew, but in her stern was a queer shapeless
mass that looked strangely terrible. Across the thwarts forward lay two
silent brown figures, inanimate and evidently dead. It was manifest that
from this boat there was nothing to fear.

"Why, Tom!" Florence caught Dennis' arm, a wild thrill in her voice. "In
the stern—it's Mrs. Pontifex."

One of the Kanakas stepped forward across the dead bodies of his two
comrades and bawled for a line as the boat's sail whipped down. Nickers
flung another rope, and the whaleboat came in beside the fishing craft.
Then, for the first time, Mrs. Pontifex stirred—and Dennis saw that her
head was swathed in bandages.

The Kanakas, frightened and trembling at the appearance of Dennis

whom they had thought dead, came aboard aiding the Missus. Their story
was a ghastly one. At the first flame of blazing oil, they had opened fire
upon the Jap vessel, obeying orders previously given them by the Missus.
But their firing had ceased with the explosion; it had stunned them. They
had wakened to find two of their number dead—and the Missus blind.

All that night they had lain rocking to the swells after vainly trying to
find the Pelican. The Jap ship had gone. They had heard men swimming out
to her from shore, and had caught the sound of oars; then her motor had
started. It was very plain that the Japs had been thoroughly frightened, and
after picking up their men ashore had turned and run for it.

Florence, meantime, had aided the groaning Mrs. Pontifex to get below.

To his queries, Dennis could elicit no response from the Kanakas

regarding Mr. Leman or Pontifex. They had landed at dawn, but had found
the island deserted. Seeing the Pelican to leeward; they had set out to join
her, passing on the way the floating whaleboat. They identified it beyond
question as Mr. Leman's boat.
 The steward came up with pannikins of coffee during the talk, and now
broke into the discussion.

"Beg pardon, sir," he said to Dennis, "but I think as I know what

'appened, sir."

"You do? Then out with it!"

"Like this, sir. The skipper, e' myde 'is own fusee for that 'ere bomb, and
I seen 'im a-myking of it. 'E rolled it wet, sir, but 'e myde it in the
hafternoon, sir, and before 'e come to use it larst night, the bloody fussee 'ad
dried out, sir. So when 'e lighted it, why, it wasn't no fusee at all, but a
regular train o' powder, sir——"

Dennis turned away, sickened by the thought of what must have

happened. The explosion must have taken place almost instantly—no
wonder Mr. Leman's boat was floating bottom upward! Pontifex and
Ericksen and Corny and the others—all gone!

"Well," said Nickers phlegmatically, sipping his hot coffee, "all I got to
say, looks like old Pontifex got what he was fixing to give other folks.
Hey?"

Dennis nodded and left the spot. Getting coffee and biscuits from the
steward, he went to the after companion way; but at the top of the ladder he
encountered Florence coming up alone.

"I'll take this to Mrs. Pontifex——"

"No use, Tom," Florence stopped him, her face very pale. "Poor thing,
she can't eat yet; Tom, she broke down in my arms—oh, I can't talk of it!
The poor woman——"

Dennis forced a draught of coffee upon her, and Florence swallowed the
hot liquid. It sent a glow of colour into her pale cheeks.
 "So she's broken, eh?" mused Dennis. "Poor thing—one can't help but
feel sorry for her, Florence, and yet in a way she deserved all that has
happened. Look here, what are we going to do? About ourselves, I mean,
and this ship, and the salvage."

He briefly explained what must have happened to Pontifex and Mr.

Leman, glossing over the event as much as possible. But Florence seemed
not to hear. She stood at the rail, gazing out at the purple peaks to the north
for a long while. Suddenly she turned back to him, a faint smile upon her
lips.

"Tom, the first thing will be to straighten everything out at Unalaska!

Before I left, I told the authorities everything. They're trying to get the
revenue cutter, but we shan't need her now, of course.

"We can charter this ship from Mrs. Pontifex—it'll give the poor woman
some money to go on—for a share in the proceeds of the salvage. Then we
can come back and clear up everything in father's old ship——"

"Agreed." Dennis turned. "Oh, Cap'n Nickers! Think we can take this
craft into Unalaska with what hands we have?"

"Reckon we can," floated back the voice of the grizzled fisherman. "I got
a Master's ticket, and if I can't lay a course there's something wrong with
the Gov'ment!"

Dennis looked eagerly to Florence. "We'll make him skipper—eh? And

we'll give him a share in the profits, too——"

Her arms crept about his shoulders. "Oh, Tom—we'll do everything,

won't we? But you'll never leave me behind again."

"Not much!" Dennis pressed his lips to hers, and laughed softly.
 THE CONCLUSION

OUTWARD BOUND

Four months after Tom Dennis had vanished from Marshville, the dingy
and shut-up office of The Clarion was reopened. Dennis had returned—and
he had not returned alone. The mortgage held by banker Dribble was
cancelled. A new linotype machine was installed in The Clarion's dingy
back room. The first issue of the paper announced that it was back again to
stay. And it stayed!

Also, some very good farms along the river were purchased by a
gentleman named Nickers. Mr. Nickers announced that he was a retired sea-
captain and was now about to take up the profession of farming Mother
Earth—the dream of every sea-faring man alive.

Each afternoon at five minutes of two, Mr. Nickers would stride down
the street and enter the office of The Clarion. The wide front office was
now divided into two rooms. Mr. Nickers invariably passed to the second
room and entered, closing the door behind him.

One afternoon, however, he came slightly earlier than usual. Tom

Dennis, who was in the second room, shook hands heartily. In the corner by
the window that overlooked Main Street sat a man of huge physique and
massive features; this man was able to move only with difficulty and by aid
of a stick. Miles Hathaway would never be the man he had been, but at least
he could get about. Modern surgeons can do much that appears miraculous
to the layman.

Hathaway held up his big fist and exchanged a hearty grip with Nickers;
then he lifted a rugged booming voice in a shout that rattled the plate-glass
window.

"Jerry! Where's that— Oh, here you are!"

"Yes, sir," meekly responded a moon-faced lad, popping in at the door.

He was clad in printer's apron and had a very dirty face, as is the rightful
heritage of every printer's devil who is yet passing through the "type lice"
jest of hoary memory. But he was manifestly a very happy boy.

"Strike four bells!" roared Miles Hathaway. "And fetch my pipe and
tobacco."

Dennis beckoned to Jerry and whispered something. The boy struck a

brass ship's bell of the regulation eight-inch size which hung near the door
—struck it one-two, one-two, as a ship's bell should be struck, then
vanished hastily. He had barely gone when Florence came into the room,
with a smile and a kiss for everybody concerned—which seemed to
mightily embarrass Captain Nickers but not to displease him particularly!

Florence started to speak, then halted as Jerry re-entered the room

bearing a tray with glasses and a long green bottle.

"Why, Tom!" she exclaimed quickly. "You're not drinking?"

"We're all drinking to-day—and you'll have to take a sip at least!" said
Dennis, laughing. He produced a corkscrew and opened the bottle. "News
for you, Florence! Now, Jerry, fill 'em all around—and a specially big one
for Cap'n Nickers!"

Wondering, Florence watched Jerry obey the order. Then Tom Dennis,
lifting his glass, met her puzzled eyes with a gay laugh.

"Good news, Florence! Two things have happened this morning. First,
the other paper has offered to sell out to us—and I'm going to accept their
offer, running it as a weekly from now on. That means no opposition here.
And second, I've signed a whopping advertising contract with one of the
biggest agencies—it came in the mail this morning. Ladies and gentlemen,
that means that from this time forward The Clarion is not only established
firmly here in town, but she begins to haul in the coin!

"I've made mistakes," pursued Dennis more soberly. "I made 'em when I
was here before, and I've profited by them. Beginning with next Monday's
issue The Clarion dies for ever! Beginning with next Monday its place will
be taken by The Marshville Pelican—and here's to the new ship!"

"Hurray!" said Cap'n Nickers. But Florence turned to her husband.

"And Tom," she said softly, "you'll have to find a new society editor. I—
I'm going to stay at home after this and—and make a real home for you!"

Of all those who heard her words Tom Dennis alone understood—and
perhaps Miles Hathaway understood also.

THE END

PRINTED BY
FISHER, KNIGHT & CO.; LTD.
LONDON AND HARPENDEN
 *** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE CRUISE OF
THE PELICAN ***

Updated editions will replace the previous one—the old editions will
be renamed.

Creating the works from print editions not protected by U.S.

copyright law means that no one owns a United States copyright in
these works, so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it
in the United States without permission and without paying
copyright royalties. Special rules, set forth in the General Terms of
Use part of this license, apply to copying and distributing Project
Gutenberg™ electronic works to protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG™
concept and trademark. Project Gutenberg is a registered trademark,
and may not be used if you charge for an eBook, except by following
the terms of the trademark license, including paying royalties for use
of the Project Gutenberg trademark. If you do not charge anything
for copies of this eBook, complying with the trademark license is
very easy. You may use this eBook for nearly any purpose such as
creation of derivative works, reports, performances and research.
Project Gutenberg eBooks may be modified and printed and given
away—you may do practically ANYTHING in the United States with
eBooks not protected by U.S. copyright law. Redistribution is subject
to the trademark license, especially commercial redistribution.

START: FULL LICENSE

THE FULL PROJECT GUTENBERG LICENSE
 PLEASE READ THIS BEFORE YOU DISTRIBUTE OR USE THIS WORK

To protect the Project Gutenberg™ mission of promoting the free

distribution of electronic works, by using or distributing this work (or
any other work associated in any way with the phrase “Project
Gutenberg”), you agree to comply with all the terms of the Full
Project Gutenberg™ License available with this file or online at
www.gutenberg.org/license.

Section 1. General Terms of Use and

Redistributing Project Gutenberg™
electronic works
1.A. By reading or using any part of this Project Gutenberg™
electronic work, you indicate that you have read, understand, agree
to and accept all the terms of this license and intellectual property
(trademark/copyright) agreement. If you do not agree to abide by all
the terms of this agreement, you must cease using and return or
destroy all copies of Project Gutenberg™ electronic works in your
possession. If you paid a fee for obtaining a copy of or access to a
Project Gutenberg™ electronic work and you do not agree to be
bound by the terms of this agreement, you may obtain a refund
from the person or entity to whom you paid the fee as set forth in
paragraph 1.E.8.

1.B. “Project Gutenberg” is a registered trademark. It may only be

used on or associated in any way with an electronic work by people
who agree to be bound by the terms of this agreement. There are a
few things that you can do with most Project Gutenberg™ electronic
works even without complying with the full terms of this agreement.
See paragraph 1.C below. There are a lot of things you can do with
Project Gutenberg™ electronic works if you follow the terms of this
agreement and help preserve free future access to Project
Gutenberg™ electronic works. See paragraph 1.E below.
1.C. The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation (“the
Foundation” or PGLAF), owns a compilation copyright in the
collection of Project Gutenberg™ electronic works. Nearly all the
individual works in the collection are in the public domain in the
United States. If an individual work is unprotected by copyright law
in the United States and you are located in the United States, we do
not claim a right to prevent you from copying, distributing,
performing, displaying or creating derivative works based on the
work as long as all references to Project Gutenberg are removed. Of
course, we hope that you will support the Project Gutenberg™
mission of promoting free access to electronic works by freely
sharing Project Gutenberg™ works in compliance with the terms of
this agreement for keeping the Project Gutenberg™ name associated
with the work. You can easily comply with the terms of this
agreement by keeping this work in the same format with its attached
full Project Gutenberg™ License when you share it without charge
with others.

1.D. The copyright laws of the place where you are located also
govern what you can do with this work. Copyright laws in most
countries are in a constant state of change. If you are outside the
United States, check the laws of your country in addition to the
terms of this agreement before downloading, copying, displaying,
performing, distributing or creating derivative works based on this
work or any other Project Gutenberg™ work. The Foundation makes
no representations concerning the copyright status of any work in
any country other than the United States.

1.E. Unless you have removed all references to Project Gutenberg:

1.E.1. The following sentence, with active links to, or other

immediate access to, the full Project Gutenberg™ License must
appear prominently whenever any copy of a Project Gutenberg™
work (any work on which the phrase “Project Gutenberg” appears,
or with which the phrase “Project Gutenberg” is associated) is
accessed, displayed, performed, viewed, copied or distributed:
 This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United
States and most other parts of the world at no cost and with
almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away
or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License
included with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org. If you
are not located in the United States, you will have to check the
laws of the country where you are located before using this
eBook.

1.E.2. If an individual Project Gutenberg™ electronic work is derived

from texts not protected by U.S. copyright law (does not contain a
notice indicating that it is posted with permission of the copyright
holder), the work can be copied and distributed to anyone in the
United States without paying any fees or charges. If you are
redistributing or providing access to a work with the phrase “Project
Gutenberg” associated with or appearing on the work, you must
comply either with the requirements of paragraphs 1.E.1 through
1.E.7 or obtain permission for the use of the work and the Project
Gutenberg™ trademark as set forth in paragraphs 1.E.8 or 1.E.9.

1.E.3. If an individual Project Gutenberg™ electronic work is posted

with the permission of the copyright holder, your use and distribution
must comply with both paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 and any
additional terms imposed by the copyright holder. Additional terms
will be linked to the Project Gutenberg™ License for all works posted
with the permission of the copyright holder found at the beginning
of this work.

1.E.4. Do not unlink or detach or remove the full Project

Gutenberg™ License terms from this work, or any files containing a
part of this work or any other work associated with Project
Gutenberg™.

1.E.5. Do not copy, display, perform, distribute or redistribute this

electronic work, or any part of this electronic work, without
prominently displaying the sentence set forth in paragraph 1.E.1
with active links or immediate access to the full terms of the Project
Gutenberg™ License.

1.E.6. You may convert to and distribute this work in any binary,
compressed, marked up, nonproprietary or proprietary form,
including any word processing or hypertext form. However, if you
provide access to or distribute copies of a Project Gutenberg™ work
in a format other than “Plain Vanilla ASCII” or other format used in
the official version posted on the official Project Gutenberg™ website
(www.gutenberg.org), you must, at no additional cost, fee or
expense to the user, provide a copy, a means of exporting a copy, or
a means of obtaining a copy upon request, of the work in its original
“Plain Vanilla ASCII” or other form. Any alternate format must
include the full Project Gutenberg™ License as specified in
paragraph 1.E.1.

1.E.7. Do not charge a fee for access to, viewing, displaying,

performing, copying or distributing any Project Gutenberg™ works
unless you comply with paragraph 1.E.8 or 1.E.9.

1.E.8. You may charge a reasonable fee for copies of or providing

access to or distributing Project Gutenberg™ electronic works
provided that:

• You pay a royalty fee of 20% of the gross profits you derive
from the use of Project Gutenberg™ works calculated using the
method you already use to calculate your applicable taxes. The
fee is owed to the owner of the Project Gutenberg™ trademark,
but he has agreed to donate royalties under this paragraph to
the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation. Royalty
payments must be paid within 60 days following each date on
which you prepare (or are legally required to prepare) your
periodic tax returns. Royalty payments should be clearly marked
as such and sent to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive
Foundation at the address specified in Section 4, “Information
 about donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive
Foundation.”

• You provide a full refund of any money paid by a user who

notifies you in writing (or by e-mail) within 30 days of receipt
that s/he does not agree to the terms of the full Project
Gutenberg™ License. You must require such a user to return or
destroy all copies of the works possessed in a physical medium
and discontinue all use of and all access to other copies of
Project Gutenberg™ works.

• You provide, in accordance with paragraph 1.F.3, a full refund of

any money paid for a work or a replacement copy, if a defect in
the electronic work is discovered and reported to you within 90
days of receipt of the work.

• You comply with all other terms of this agreement for free
distribution of Project Gutenberg™ works.

1.E.9. If you wish to charge a fee or distribute a Project Gutenberg™

electronic work or group of works on different terms than are set
forth in this agreement, you must obtain permission in writing from
the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the manager of
the Project Gutenberg™ trademark. Contact the Foundation as set
forth in Section 3 below.

1.F.

1.F.1. Project Gutenberg volunteers and employees expend

considerable effort to identify, do copyright research on, transcribe
and proofread works not protected by U.S. copyright law in creating
the Project Gutenberg™ collection. Despite these efforts, Project
Gutenberg™ electronic works, and the medium on which they may
be stored, may contain “Defects,” such as, but not limited to,
incomplete, inaccurate or corrupt data, transcription errors, a
copyright or other intellectual property infringement, a defective or
damaged disk or other medium, a computer virus, or computer
codes that damage or cannot be read by your equipment.

1.F.2. LIMITED WARRANTY, DISCLAIMER OF DAMAGES - Except for

the “Right of Replacement or Refund” described in paragraph 1.F.3,
the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the owner of the
Project Gutenberg™ trademark, and any other party distributing a
Project Gutenberg™ electronic work under this agreement, disclaim
all liability to you for damages, costs and expenses, including legal
fees. YOU AGREE THAT YOU HAVE NO REMEDIES FOR
NEGLIGENCE, STRICT LIABILITY, BREACH OF WARRANTY OR
BREACH OF CONTRACT EXCEPT THOSE PROVIDED IN PARAGRAPH
1.F.3. YOU AGREE THAT THE FOUNDATION, THE TRADEMARK
OWNER, AND ANY DISTRIBUTOR UNDER THIS AGREEMENT WILL
NOT BE LIABLE TO YOU FOR ACTUAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT,
CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE OR INCIDENTAL DAMAGES EVEN IF
YOU GIVE NOTICE OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.

1.F.3. LIMITED RIGHT OF REPLACEMENT OR REFUND - If you

discover a defect in this electronic work within 90 days of receiving
it, you can receive a refund of the money (if any) you paid for it by
sending a written explanation to the person you received the work
from. If you received the work on a physical medium, you must
return the medium with your written explanation. The person or
entity that provided you with the defective work may elect to provide
a replacement copy in lieu of a refund. If you received the work
electronically, the person or entity providing it to you may choose to
give you a second opportunity to receive the work electronically in
lieu of a refund. If the second copy is also defective, you may
demand a refund in writing without further opportunities to fix the
problem.

1.F.4. Except for the limited right of replacement or refund set forth
in paragraph 1.F.3, this work is provided to you ‘AS-IS’, WITH NO
OTHER WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED,
INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO WARRANTIES OF
MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PURPOSE.

1.F.5. Some states do not allow disclaimers of certain implied

warranties or the exclusion or limitation of certain types of damages.
If any disclaimer or limitation set forth in this agreement violates the
law of the state applicable to this agreement, the agreement shall be
interpreted to make the maximum disclaimer or limitation permitted
by the applicable state law. The invalidity or unenforceability of any
provision of this agreement shall not void the remaining provisions.

1.F.6. INDEMNITY - You agree to indemnify and hold the Foundation,

the trademark owner, any agent or employee of the Foundation,
anyone providing copies of Project Gutenberg™ electronic works in
accordance with this agreement, and any volunteers associated with
the production, promotion and distribution of Project Gutenberg™
electronic works, harmless from all liability, costs and expenses,
including legal fees, that arise directly or indirectly from any of the
following which you do or cause to occur: (a) distribution of this or
any Project Gutenberg™ work, (b) alteration, modification, or
additions or deletions to any Project Gutenberg™ work, and (c) any
Defect you cause.

Section 2. Information about the Mission

of Project Gutenberg™
Project Gutenberg™ is synonymous with the free distribution of
electronic works in formats readable by the widest variety of
computers including obsolete, old, middle-aged and new computers.
It exists because of the efforts of hundreds of volunteers and
donations from people in all walks of life.

Volunteers and financial support to provide volunteers with the

assistance they need are critical to reaching Project Gutenberg™’s
goals and ensuring that the Project Gutenberg™ collection will
remain freely available for generations to come. In 2001, the Project
Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation was created to provide a
secure and permanent future for Project Gutenberg™ and future
generations. To learn more about the Project Gutenberg Literary
Archive Foundation and how your efforts and donations can help,
see Sections 3 and 4 and the Foundation information page at
www.gutenberg.org.

Section 3. Information about the Project

Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation
The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation is a non-profit
501(c)(3) educational corporation organized under the laws of the
state of Mississippi and granted tax exempt status by the Internal
Revenue Service. The Foundation’s EIN or federal tax identification
number is 64-6221541. Contributions to the Project Gutenberg
Literary Archive Foundation are tax deductible to the full extent
permitted by U.S. federal laws and your state’s laws.

The Foundation’s business office is located at 809 North 1500 West,

Salt Lake City, UT 84116, (801) 596-1887. Email contact links and up
to date contact information can be found at the Foundation’s website
and official page at www.gutenberg.org/contact

Section 4. Information about Donations to

the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive
Foundation
Project Gutenberg™ depends upon and cannot survive without
widespread public support and donations to carry out its mission of
increasing the number of public domain and licensed works that can
be freely distributed in machine-readable form accessible by the
widest array of equipment including outdated equipment. Many
small donations ($1 to $5,000) are particularly important to
maintaining tax exempt status with the IRS.

The Foundation is committed to complying with the laws regulating

charities and charitable donations in all 50 states of the United
States. Compliance requirements are not uniform and it takes a
considerable effort, much paperwork and many fees to meet and
keep up with these requirements. We do not solicit donations in
locations where we have not received written confirmation of
compliance. To SEND DONATIONS or determine the status of
compliance for any particular state visit www.gutenberg.org/donate.

While we cannot and do not solicit contributions from states where

we have not met the solicitation requirements, we know of no
prohibition against accepting unsolicited donations from donors in
such states who approach us with offers to donate.

International donations are gratefully accepted, but we cannot make

any statements concerning tax treatment of donations received from
outside the United States. U.S. laws alone swamp our small staff.

Please check the Project Gutenberg web pages for current donation
methods and addresses. Donations are accepted in a number of
other ways including checks, online payments and credit card
donations. To donate, please visit: www.gutenberg.org/donate.

Section 5. General Information About

Project Gutenberg™ electronic works
Professor Michael S. Hart was the originator of the Project
Gutenberg™ concept of a library of electronic works that could be
freely shared with anyone. For forty years, he produced and
distributed Project Gutenberg™ eBooks with only a loose network of
volunteer support.
Project Gutenberg™ eBooks are often created from several printed
editions, all of which are confirmed as not protected by copyright in
the U.S. unless a copyright notice is included. Thus, we do not
necessarily keep eBooks in compliance with any particular paper
edition.

Most people start at our website which has the main PG search
facility: www.gutenberg.org.

This website includes information about Project Gutenberg™,

including how to make donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary
Archive Foundation, how to help produce our new eBooks, and how
to subscribe to our email newsletter to hear about new eBooks.
Welcome to our website – the ideal destination for book lovers and
knowledge seekers. With a mission to inspire endlessly, we offer a
vast collection of books, ranging from classic literary works to
specialized publications, self-development books, and children's
literature. Each book is a new journey of discovery, expanding
knowledge and enriching the soul of the reade

Our website is not just a platform for buying books, but a bridge
connecting readers to the timeless values of culture and wisdom. With
an elegant, user-friendly interface and an intelligent search system,
we are committed to providing a quick and convenient shopping
experience. Additionally, our special promotions and home delivery
services ensure that you save time and fully enjoy the joy of reading.

Let us accompany you on the journey of exploring knowledge and

personal growth!

ebooknice.com