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XI
MDCAT CHAPTER # 02
PHYSICS

SCALAR AND VECTORS

SCALAR& VECTOR:
1. Those quantities which are measureable are called Physical quantities.
Vectorrs
2. There aretwo groups of physical quantities i) Scalar's and i)
3. quantities which are completely specified by
suitable unit, magnitude and
Those
direction are called vectors. E.g. are force, acceleration, velócity, displacement,
momentum, angular
momentum, impulse, magnetic flux density, torque, angular
velocity, angular acceleration electric intensity etc. are
4. quantities which are completely specified by suitable unit and magnitude
Those internal energy,
called Scalars e.g. are mass, volume, density, pressure, energy, entropy,
enthalpy, voltage, e.m.f, power, work, change, frequencý etc.
5. The scalar can be compared only when they have thesame physiçal
dimensions (units).
are equal only if they
6. Two or more than two scalars measured in the same system of units
have the same magnitude and sign.
7. Magnitude means absolute value.
its magnitude.
8. A scalar can be completely described by a number representing
9. A scalar may be positive or negative.
10. Scalars can be added, subtracted, multiplied and divided
according to the simple rules of
algebra.
REPRESENTATION OF VETOR: with +ive x-axis in anti
11. The direction of vector is the angle of arrow head line segment
clockwise direction. arrow-head line
directed line segment or an
12. A vector is represented graphically by a
segment. the head is called terminal point
13. The tail end is regarded as initialpoint of the vector and
of the vector.
the same magnitude and similar direction without any
14. Two vectors are equalifthey have Initial
of their points.
consideration of the positión treated as non-negative and the minus sign indicates
15. The magnitudeof a vectoris always
the reversal of that yector through angle 1800
an of
find its magnitude and direction.
16. To determine a vector we
and multiplied.
rules in vectors are added, subtracted
17, Vectoralgebra are another vector is not a valid operation in vector algebra.
18. The division of a vector by
TYPES OF VECTOR
19. Broadly speaking, vectors are
two types:
POLAR VECTOR: or a point of application are called polar
20. The vector which have a straight point
vector.
AXIAL VECTOR effect & act along the axis of rotation in
21. The vector which represent rotational
are called axial vector.
accordance with right hand screw rule
etc. Are axial
22. EXAMPLES: Angular velocity, torque, angular momentum,
vectors.

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 23.
As shown in fig axial vector will have its direction along its axis of rotation
depending on its anticlockwise or
clockwise rotational effect.
24. The Latin word vector means
plane of
carrier.
25. The 2moion
physical quantities which have
no specified direction &have
different values in different direction And
are called tensor. docdise Clocrise
26. For
example: moment of inertia
EQUAL VECTORR
27. Two vector are said to be
equal if
they have the same magnitude are same direction. In
fig A and Bare two equal
vector.
PARALLEL VECTOR
28. The negative of a vector is defined as another vector having the same magnitude
but having an opposite direction.

X
O Eaual vectors Parallel Vectors

MODULUS OF AVECTOR
29. The modulus of a vector means the length or the magnitude of that vector.
30. It is scalar quantity.
Modulus of vector =A=A
FREEVETOR
31 "A veetorwhich càn be displaced parallel to itself can
b e applied at äny point is called Free vector".
32. Every vector is a free vector except position vector.

FIXED VECTOR
33. The vector whose initial point is fixed is called a fixed vector a localized vector.
34. For example, the position vector of a particle is a fixed vector because its initial
point lies at the origin.

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 COLLINEAR VECTOR lines are called
35.
The vector which either act along the same line or along parallel
collinear vector.
36. Two collinear vectors having the same direction (0=00) are called like or parallel
vector.
37. Two collinear vector having the
opposite direction (6 =1800) are
called unlike or anti-parallel
vector.
Like Sectars Unlke eaonn

COPLANAR VECTOR
38. The vector which act in the same plane are called coplanar vector.
CO-INITIAL VECTOR
39. The vector which have the same initial point are called
co-initial vector.
40. In fig and C

CO-TERMINUS VECTOR
41. The vector which havethe common
terminal point are
called co-terminusvector.

DISPLACEMENT VECTOR
much and in which
42. It is that vector which tells how
an has changed its position in a given time interval.
direction object
NEGATTVE VECTOR: in
43. Negative of a is a vector which is equal in magnitude but opposite
vector
direction of the vector.
NULL VECTOR: is null
of a vector is added then resultant
vector
44. Whena vector and its negative
and its magnitude is zero and in any direction.
vector
FREE VECTOR:
when they are same in magnitude and direction.
45. Two vectors are equal vectors free
to itself and can be applied at any point is called
46. A vector which can displace parallel
vector.

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 47. Every vector is a free vector except position vector.
48. A vector which determines the position of a point w.r.t any point usually (origin) is called
position vector.
49 The tail of position vector is at fixed point (origin).
S0. The
components of position
vectors are called co -

ordinates. Y
S1. Inx-y plane the position vector r is:
r= xi+ yj
Its magnitude is:
r= /x2 + y2
6= tan X
52. In space the
position vector r is;
r=xi + yj+ zk
Its magnitude is;

r=x +y? +72

UNIT VECTOR:
S3. A vector A in any given direction and whose magnitude isunity CA=1) is called a unit
vector.
54. A unit vector only
specifies the direction of the given vector.
55. A unit vector can be obtained by dividing
the yector
by i.e.its magnitude

56. The vector A which has magnitude AisjustAtimesthe unit vector a:

Aa
$1. An important set of unit vectors are calledrectangular unit vector denoted by i. j and k.
Y

58. A vector A canbe written as;

A =Axi+Ayj +Azk
Its magnitudeis:
A Art Ay+ A
The null vectorhas zero magnitude and has no direction or it may have any direction.
MULTIPLICATION OFVECTORS:
59. The unit of vector does not change when it is multiplied by dimension less scalar.
60. The unit of the vector mA is totally different from that of If'm' is a dimensional scalar.
61. The product ofnumber m, anda vector A generates a new vector, say B
Ifmis positive then magnitude of B is \m| times of A and direction is same as that
of A.
ii) If m is negative then magnitude of B is Jm| times of A and direction is opposite
that of A.
62. The multiplication of a vector by one or more number (say m, n) is governed by the
following rules;
mA = Am (commutative law for multiplication)
m(nA) = (mn) A (associative law)
m+n) A = mA + nA (distributive law)
m(A+B) = mA + mB (distributive law)

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ADDITION OF VECTORS:
63. There are three laws of vector addition. (1i) Law of
) Law of Triangle (i) Law of Parallelogram
Polygon
Addition of vector by Rectangular Component method.
iv)
HEAD TO TAIL RULLE:
64. Decide on an appropriate scale. Record it on the diagram.
65. Pick a starting point.
66. Draw first vector with appropriate length and in the indicated direction.
67. Draw the second and remaining vectors with appropriate length and direction,beginning
at the arrowhead of the previous vector.
68. Draw the resultant from the tail of the first to head of the last.
69. Measure the length of the resultant; use the scale to convert to the magnitude ot the
resultant. to
70. Use a protractor to measure the vector's direction.
Use the accepted convention
express this (e.g., the CCW from East)

represented both
Triangle Law Of Vector Addition: If twoa vector be in the same order,
can
magnitude and direction by the two sidesof triangle taken
and direction
then their resultant is represented completely, bothin magnitude

(ii)
in magnitude and direction bythe sides of open polygon
then theirrr sultant is represented bythe clósing side
order.
By the third side of the triangle taken inthe opposite vector are represented both
Polvgon Law Of Vector Additton: Ifanumber of
taken in the same order,
of the polygon taken in
3
opposite order.
(ii) Parallelogram Law of Vectorboth Addition:
If two vectors can be represented in magnitude and direction by the two
from a common point, then their
adjacent sides of á parallelogram drawn and direction, by the
resultant is completely represented, both in magnitude
that point.
diagnol of the parallelograrm passing through
Analytical treatment ofthe paralelogram law ofvector addition:
to each other at an
Let thetwo vector A and B inclined
both in magnitude and direction
angle 6 be represented
0Q of the parallelogram
by the adjacent sides OP and
according to the parallelogram law of vector
OPSQ Then
B is represented both in
addition , the resultant of A and
OS of the
magnitude and direction by the diagonal
parallelogram.
R=yA2 + B2 + 2AB cos6
bstne
tan f A+Bcos6
with X-axis.
B angle ofresultant R
then their resultant is R=A+B; 0 = 0°
71. Ifvector are in same direction
resultant is;
72. If vectors are in opposite direction then their
R= A - B A>Be =180
R=B-A B>A

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 73. If vectors are perpendicular then:
= 90
R=VA2+B2

74. If vectors are of equal magnitude and their resultant is same as that of vectors then
6=120°
R=A=B
75. Law of parallelogram only takes place with the vector of same kind velocities wtn
velocities, acceleration with acceleration, force with force and so on.
PROPERTIES OF VECTOR ADDITION:
1)A+ B =
B+A(commutative law) (ii) (A+ B) +C=A+ (B4 C) (associative law)
76. The sum of vectors remains same irrespective of any orderor grouping ofvectors.

RESOLUTION OFA VECTOR:

77. The splitting of a vector into its components is called resolution ofavector.
78. Generally there are two components of a vector. {
79. These two components are perpendicularon each other and are called rectangular
components.
80. The component parallel to x- axis is çalled horizontalcomponent.
81. The component parallel to y - axis is called vertical component.
82. In plane there are two components.
83. In space there are three components.
84. A vector parallel to x - axis has no y-component.
85. A vector parallel to y - axis has no x - component.

cose =4 Y
A
A

And
At=Acos6 Ay
sine =Y Ax

:
= Asin6

COMPOSITION OF A VECTOR:
its components are known as composition of a
86 We can obtain the original vector once
vector. of the vector and its direction from the knowledge of its
87. We can obtain the magnitude
components.
A= Ax2 + Ay2

cose A
7
Ax
of avector provide an analytical tool for addition of an
88. The resolution and composition
numbers of vectors in a given co-ordinate system. The method is called "Addition of
rectangular component method.
vectors by

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PRODUCTOF TWO VECTORS:
89. Vectors product are of two types
1. Dot product OR Scalar Product
2. Cross product OR Vector Product

1. DOT PRODUCT:
scalar quantity then the product is called Sealar
90. If
two vectors are multiply and result is a
product or Dot product.
between them is
9.
Product of the magnitudes of the vectors and the cosine ofthe angle
called Dot product.
92. Product of the magnitude of the 1st vector and projection of 2nd vectofonto thedirecion
of 1st vector.
EXAMPLE:
Work is the dot product offorce and displacement. W = F.d Fdcost.
) Power is the dot product of force and velocity. P = FV,P=FV.cos
,0 EAAcost
(11) Electric flux is the dot product of intensity and area vector.g =E.AA =

93. In general if A and B are vectors and "6" is the angle between then:

C
A
A BA
direction of vector A.
BA Projection of vector Bonto the
direction of vector B.
Ap Projection of vector Aonto
= the

94. Dot product is commutative

A .B = BA
95. Dot product is distributive
A. (B+C)A.BtAC
PROPERTIESOF DOT PRODUCT:
96. If A and B are paralleli.e.
6 0. Then A .B =AB =

and A| |B| then A .B

= A* or B2.
97. If Aand B are parallel
=

98. If |A+0,B#0 and A. B =o then cos6 O

= or 6 =90°.
99. 1.i = i 1

ke 1
100. i.j=j.i=j.k=O

101. (A+B). (A+B) =|A+B| VA2 + 2 A. B+ B2

=

(A+B).(A -

B) =A2 -

Ba
102.
103. A A =A*2
+ Z2 K then A .B XX2+ yiy2+ Z1+Za
If A Xi + y1j + kand B Xai yal
=
+ =

104 =

105. A+B [A B| then 6=of 90° between two vectors we use:

-

106. For the determination angle

A .B ABcos 6

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 2. CROSS PRODUCT:
107. When two vectors are multiplied and result is a vector quantity then the product
is called Cross product or Vector product.

108. In general ifA and B are two vectors and 0 be a angle between them then there
cross product is:

=AxB =[ABsin6] úà
109. The new vector Cis perpendicular to both the vectors A and Band its direction is
determined by the right hand rule.
110 AB sine is the magnitude of vector C and û is the unit vector of vector Cand its
perpendicular to both the vectors A and B.
111 Torque is the cross product of position vector r andforce F
112. Angular momentum is a cross product of position
vectorr andlinear momentum
P.
i= fxF= (TFsin@)ü
F = I ( x
)

i= ix= (TPsine)
PROPERTIES OF CROSS PRODUCT:
i.
ii.
AxB = BxA

ixi = 0,
Gi) CA +B) xC (AxCH(BC)
kxk = o.
ii) A x(B +C) = (A xB)+(A XC)
jx j = 0,
iii. ixj =j x i =k, jxk = - k i = i kx i =-i xk = j
iv. IfA 0, B+0 and AxB =0then vectors are parallel and 0 O
V. IfA =Ai.Ai Agk and B Bi. Bj. B,k
Then;
AxB =A Aa A
B Ba B3|
And;

BxA=B, B2 B3
A A A
113 IfAand B are two vectors and adjacent sides then area of parallelogram = |Ax B
114 IfAand Bare two vectors then area of triangle =AxB

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