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The Impact of Technology on Sport II 1st Edition Franz
Konstantin Fuss (Editor) Digital Instant Download
Author(s): Franz Konstantin Fuss (Editor); Aleksandar Subic (Editor);
Sadayuki Ujihashi (Editor)
ISBN(s): 9781439828427, 1439828423
Edition: 1
File Details: PDF, 13.24 MB
Year: 2007
Language: english
The Impact of Technology on Sport II
BALKEMA – Proceedings and Monographs
in Engineering, Water and Earth Sciences
The Impact of Technology
on Sport II

Edited by

F.K. Fuss
School of Biomedical and Chemical Engineering, Nanyang Technological
University, Singapore

A. Subic
School of Aerospace, Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering,
RMIT University, Melbourne, Australia

S. Ujihashi
Graduate School of Information Science and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of
Technology, Tokyo, Japan

LONDON / LEIDEN / NEW YORK / PHILADELPHIA / SINGAPORE

Taylor & Francis
Taylor & Francis Group
6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300
Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742
© 2008 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
Taylor & Francis is an Informa business

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Version Date: 20131030

International Standard Book Number-13: 978-1-4398-2842-7 (eBook - PDF)

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 Contents

Preface xix
Contributors List xxi

1 Sports Technology and Engineering

Activation and Liability of Sports Engineering Activities Around
the World 3
S. Ujihashi

2 Life Cycle, Environmental Engineering and Eco-Design

Ecodesign of Alpine Skis and Other Sport Equipment – Considering
Environmental Issues in Product Design and Development 15
W. Wimmer & H. Ostad-Ahmad-Ghorabi

Integrating the Design for Environment Approach in Sports Products

Development 25
A. Subic & N. Paterson

Going Green: The Application of Life Cycle Assessment Tools to

the Indoor Sports Flooring Industry 37
A.W. Walker

3 Sports Medicine, Exercising and Clinical Biomechanics

Sports Technology in the Field of Sports Medicine 45
B. Tan

Biomechanical Factors in Mild Traumatic Brain Injuries Based on

American Football and Soccer Players 51
M. Ziejewski, Z. Kou & C. Doetkott

Evaluation of Non-Pharmacologic Intervention for Parkinson Patient

Using Gait Analysis: A Case Study 59
R. Ganason, S. Joseph, B.D. Wilson & V. Selvarajah

The Time-Course of Acute Changes in Achilles Tendon Morphology

Following Exercise 65
S.C. Wearing, J.E. Smeathers, S.R. Urry & S.L. Hooper
vi Contents

Development of Portable Equipment for Cardiorespiratory Fitness

Measurement through a Sub-Max Exercise 69
K.R. Chung, S.Y. Kim, G.S. Hong, J.H. Hyeong & C.H. Choi

Genetic Programming for Knowledge Extraction from Star Excursion

Balance Test 75
S.N. Omkar, K.M. Manoj, M. Dipti & K.J. Vinay

An Analysis of Sun Salutation 81

S.N. Omkar

Development of a Force Feedback System for Exercising 87

J.Y. Sim, A.C. Ritchie & F.K. Fuss

Formalised Requirements Documentation of a Novel Exercise System

Using Enterprise Modelling Concepts 93
A.A. West, J.D. Smith, R.P. Monfared & R. Harrison

4 General Motion Analysis

A Low Cost Self Contained Platform for Human Motion Analysis 101
N. Davey, A. Wixted, Y. Ohgi & D.A. James

An Efficient and Accurate Method for Constructing 3D Human Models

from Multiple Cameras 113
C.K. Quah, A. Gagalowicz & H.S. Seah

Marker-Less 3D Video Motion Capture in Cluttered Environments 121

C.K. Quah, A. Gagalowicz & H.S. Seah

5 Apparel and Sport Surfaces

Improving the Understanding of Grip 129
S.E. Tomlinson, R. Lewis & M.J. Carré

Ionised Sports Undergarments: A Physiological Evaluation 135

A.R. Gray, J. Santry, T.M. Waller & M.P. Caine

The Influence of Hues on the Cortical Activity – A Recipe for Selecting

Sportswear Colours 141
J. Tripathy, F.K. Fuss, V.V. Kulish & S. Yang

The Development and Environmental Applications of the Goingstick® 149

M.J.D. Dufour & C. Mumford
Contents vii

Analysis of the Influence of Shockpad Properties on the Energy

Absorption of Artificial Turf Surfaces 155
T. Allgeuer, S. Bensason, A. Chang, J. Martin & E. Torres

6 Gait, Running and Shoes

Development of a Novel Nordic-Walking Equipment Due to
a New Sporting Technique 163
A. Sabo, M. Eckelt & M. Reichel

Pattern Recognition in Gait Analysis 169

A.A. Bakar, S.M.N.A. Senanayake, R. Ganason & B.D. Wilson

Analysis of Three-Dimensional Plantar Pressure Distribution Using

Standing Balance Measurement System 175
Y. Hayashi, N. Tsujiuchi, T. Koizumi & A. Nishi

The Use of Micro-Electro-Mechanical-Systems Technology to

Assess Gait Characteristics 181
J.B. Lee, B. Burkett, R.B. Mellifont & D.A. James

Smart Floor Design for Human Gait Analysis 187

S.M.N.A. Senanayake, D. Looi, M. Liew, K. Wong & J.W. Hee

Effect of Rocker Heel Angle of Walking Shoe on Gait Mechanics

and Muscle Activity 193
S.Y. An & K.K. Lee

Kinematics of the Foot Segments During the Acceleration Phase of

Sprinting: A Comparison of Barefoot and Sprint Spike Conditions 199
B.J. Williams, D.T. Toon, M.P. Caine & N. Hopkinson

7 Ball Sport – Golf

Non-Linear Viscoelastic Properties of Golf Balls 207
F.K. Fuss

The Influence of Wind Upon 3-Dimensional Trajectory of Golf Ball

Under Various Initial Conditions 223
T. Naruo & T. Mizota

The Influence of Groove Profile; Ball Type and Surface Condition

On Golf Ball Backspin Magnitude 229
J.E.M. Cornish, S.R. Otto & M. Strangwood
viii Contents

Experimental and Finite-Element Analyses of a Golf Ball Colliding

with Simplified Clubheads 235
K. Tanaka, H. Oodaira, Y. Teranishi, F. Sato & S. Ujihashi

The Dynamic Characteristic of a Golf Club Shaft 241

M. Shinozaki, Y. Takenoshita, A. Ogawa, A. Ming, N. Hirose & S. Saitou

Advanced Materials in Golf Driver Head Design 247

H.G. Widmann, A. Davis, S.R. Otto & M. Strangwood

The Influence of Different Golf Club Designs on Swing Performance

in Skilled Golfers 253
N. Betzler, G. Shan & K. Witte

Skill Analysis of the Wrist Turn in a Golf Swing to Utilize Shaft Elasticity 259
S. Suzuki, Y. Hoshino, Y. Kobayashi & M. Kazahaya

Motion Analysis Supported by Data Acquisition During Golf Swing 265

A. Sabo, M. Baltl, G. Schrammel & M. Reichel

Automatic Diagnosis System of Golf Swing 271

M. Ueda, Y. Shirai, N. Shimada & M. Oonuki

Kinematic Analysis of Golf Putting for Elite and Novice Golfers 277
J.S. Choi, H.S. Kim, J.H. Yi, Y.T. Lim & G.R. Tack

Development of Wireless Putting Grip Sensor System 283

H.S. Kim, J.S. Choi, J.H. Yi, Y.T. Lim & G.R. Tack

Leadership Behavior as Perceived by Collegiate Golf Coaches and

Players in Taiwan and the Relationship to Basic Personality Traits 289
B.F. Chang, I.C. Ma & Y.J. Jong

8 Ball Sport – Cricket

Non-Linear Viscoelastic Properties and Construction of Cricket Balls 297
B. Vikram & F.K. Fuss

Non-Linear Viscoelastic Impact Modelling of Cricket Balls 303

B. Vikram & F.K. Fuss

Aerodynamics of Cricket Ball – An Understanding of Swing 311

F. Alam, R. La Brooy & A. Subic
Contents ix

Analysis of Cricket Shots Using Inertial Sensors 317

A. Busch & D.A. James

High Speed Video Evaluation of a Leg Spin Cricket Bowler 323

A.E.J. Cork, A.A. West & L.M. Justham

An Analysis of the Differences in Bowling Technique for Elite

Players During International Matches 331
L.M. Justham, A.A. West & A.E.J. Cork

Engineering a Device which Imparts Spin onto a Cricket Ball 337

L.M. Justham, A.A. West & A.E.J. Cork

9 Ball Sport – Baseball

The Effect of Wood Properties on the Performance of Baseball Bats 345
K.B. Blair, G. Williams & G. Vasquez

Describing the Plastic Deformation of Aluminum Softball Bats 351

E. Biesen & L.V. Smith

A Research About Performance of Metal Baseball Bats 357

Y. Goto, T. Watanabe, S. Hasuike, J. Hayasaka, M. Iwahara,
A. Nagamatsu, K. Arai, A. Kondo, Y. Teranishi & H. Nagao

Analysis of Baseball Bats Performance Using Field and

Non-Destructive Tests 363
R.W. Smith, T.H. Liu & T.Y. Shiang

Modelling Bounce of Sports Balls with Friction and Tangential

Compliance 371
K.A. Ismail & W.J. Stronge

Three-Dimensional Kinetic Analysis of Upper Limb Joints During the

Forward Swing of Baseball Tee Batting Using An Instrumented Bat 377
S. Koike, T. Kawamura, H. Iida & M. Ae

10 Ball Sport – Soccer

The Flight Trajectory of a Non-Spinning Soccer Ball 385
K. Seo, S. Barber, T. Asai, M. Carré & O. Kobayashi

A Study on Wake Structure of Soccer Ball 391

T. Asai, K. Seo, O. Kobayashi & R. Sakashita
x Contents

Experimental Investigation of the Effects of Surface Geometry

on the Flight of a Non-Spinning Soccer Ball 397
S. Barber, K. Seo, T. Asai & M.J. Carré

Influence of Foot Angle and Impact Point on Ball Behavior in

Side-Foot Soccer Kicking 403
H. Ishii & T. Maruyama

Intelligent Musculosoccer Simulator 409

S.M.N.A. Senanayake & T.K. Khoo

Intelligent System for Soccer Gait Pattern Recognition 415

A.A. Bakar & S.M.N.A. Senanayake

11 Ball Sport – Tennis and Badminton

Parallel Measurements of Forearm EMG (Electromyography) and
Racket Vibration in Tennis: Development of the System for
Measurements 423
A. Shionoya, A. Inoue, K. Ogata & S. Horiuchi

Parallel Measurements of Forearm EMG (Electro-Myogram) and

Tennis Racket Vibration in Backhand Volley 429
A. Shionoya, A. Inoue, K. Ogata & S. Horiuchi

An Experimental and Computational Study of Tennis Ball

Aerodynamics 437
F. Alam, W. Tio, A. Subic & S. Watkins

Testing of Badminton Shuttles with a Prototype Launcher 443

J.C.C. Tan, S.K. Foong, S. Veluri & S. Sachdeva

Trajectories of Plastic and Feather Shuttlecocks 449

S.K. Foong & J.C.C. Tan

Sports Technique Impartation Method Using Exoskeleton 455

H.B. Lim, T. Ivan, K.H. Hoon & K.H. Low

Badminton Singles Simulation from the Data Obtained in

Physical Education Class 461
K. Suda, T. Nagayama, T. Arai & M.Nozawa
Contents xi

12 Ball Sport – Basketball, Bowling, and Hockey

A Comparison Between Bank and Direct Basketball Field Shots
Using a Dynamic Model 467
H. Okubo & M. Hubbard

Performance Analysis with an Instrumented Bowling Ball 473

L.S.A. Khang & F.K. Fuss

Accelerometry in Motion Analysis 479

S.M.N.A. Senanayake, A.W.W. Yuen & B.D. Wilson

Human Perception of Different Aspects of Field Hockey Stick

Performance 485
M.J. Carré & M.A. McHutchon

A Biomechanical Analysis of the Straight Hit of Elite Women

Hockey Players 491
S. Joseph, R. Ganason, B.D. Wilson, T.H. Teong & C.R. Kumar

13 Aquatics – Boating and Fishing

Difference in Force Application Between Rowing on the Water
and Rowing Ergometers 501
A.C. Ritchie

Effect of Oar Design on the Efficiency of the Rowing Stroke 509

A.C. Ritchie

The Effect of Rowing Technique on Boat Velocity: A Comparison of

HW and LW Pairs of Equivalent Velocity 513
M.M. Doyle, A.D. Lyttle & B.C. Elliott

Oar Forces from Unobtrusive Optical Fibre Sensors 519

M. Davis & R. Luescher

Materials Modelling for Improving Kayak Paddle-Shaft Simulation

Performance 525
P. Ewart & J. Verbeek

Proximity Safety Device for Sportscraft 531

S.G. O’Keefe, B.A. Muller, M.K. Maggs & D.A. James
xii Contents

Analysis and Animation of Bar Float Response to Fish Bite for

Sea Fishing 537
S. Yamabe, H. Kumamoto & O. Nishihara

14 Aquatics – Swimming
Biomechanics of Front-Crawl Swimming: Buoyancy as a Measure of
Anthropometric Quantity or a Motion-Dependent Quantity? 547
T. Yanai

Effect of Buoyant Material Attached to Swimsuit on Swimming 561

M. Nakashima, Y. Motegi, S. Ito & Y. Ohgi

Analysis of the Optimal Arm Stoke in the Backstroke 569

S. Ito

Swimming Stroke Analysis Using Multiple Accelerometer Devices

and Tethered Systems 577
N.P. Davey & D.A. James

A Semi-Automatic Competition Analysis Tool for Swimming 583

X. Balius, V. Ferrer, A. Roig, R. Arellano, B. de la Fuente,
E. Morales, X. de Aymerich & J.A. Sánchez

Computational Fluid Dynamics – A Tool for Future Swimming

Technique Prescription 587
M. Keys & A. Lyttle

Swim Power – An Approach Using Optical Motion Analysis 593

A. Ong & M. Koh

15 Athletics and Jumping

Kinematic Analysis of the Best Throws of the World Elite Discus
Throwers and of the Olympic Winner in Decathlon 601
S. Vodičková

Enhancing Measurement Acuity in the Horizontal Jumps:

The Rieti’99 Experience 607
X. Balius, A. Roig, C. Turró, J. Escoda & J.C. Álvarez

Effect of Joint Strengthening on Vertical Jumping Performance 613

H.-C. Chen & K.B. Cheng
Contents xiii

Strength of Thigh Muscles and Ground Reaction Force on

Landing from Vertical Drop Jumps 619
C. Kim & J.C.C. Tan

Biomechanical Analysis of Landing from Different Heights with

Vision and without Vision 625
H.-S. Chung & W.-C. Chen

Optimal Viscoelastic Model to Estimate Vertical Ground Reaction

Force from Tibial Acceleration During Hopping 631
Y. Sakurai & T. Maruyama

A Portable Vertical Jump Analysis System 637

B.H. Khoo, S.M.N.A. Senanayake, D. Gouwanda & B.D. Wilson

The Effect of Shoe Bending Stiffness on Predictors of Sprint

Performance: A Pilot Study 643
D.T. Toon, N. Hopkinson & M.P. Caine

Three-Dimensional Analysis of Jump Motion Based on Multi-Body

Dynamics – The Contribution of Joint Torques of the Lower Limbs
to the Velocity of the Whole-Body Center of Gravity 649
S. Koike, H. Mori & M. Ae

The 3-D Kinematics of the Barbell During the Snatch Movement

for Elite Taiwan Weightlifters 655
H.T. Chiu, K.B. Cheng & C.H. Wang

16 Climbing and Mountaineering

Stress Distribution at the Finger Pulleys During Sport Climbing 663
M.A. Tan, F.K. Fuss & G. Niegl

Biomechanics of Free Climbing – A Mathematical Model for

Evaluation of Climbing Posture 671
N. Inou, Y. Otaki, K. Okunuki, M. Koseki & H. Kimura

The Fully Instrumented Climbing Wall: Performance Analysis,

Route Grading and Vector Diagrams – A Preliminary Study 677
F.K. Fuss & G. Niegl

Physiological Response to Different Parts of a Climbing Route 683

G. Balasekaran, F.K. Fuss & G. Niegl
xiv Contents

Effect of Acetazolamide on Physiological Variables During

High Altitude in 15-Year Olds 689
G. Balasekaran, S. Thompson, J. Grantham & V. Govindaswamy

Examination of the Time-Dependent Behavior of Climbing Ropes 695

I. Emri, M. Udovč, B. Zupančič, A. Nikonov, U. Florjančič,
S. Burnik & B.S. von Bernstorff

Development of a Sharp Edge Resistance Test for Mountaineering Ropes 701

M. Blümel, V. Senner & H. Baier

17 Martial Arts and Archery

Effective Bodily Motion on Punching Technique of Shorinji-Kempo 709
T. Hashimoto, H. Hasegawa, H. Doki & M. Hokari

The Optimum Driving Model of Jump Back Kick in Taekwondo 715

C.-L. Lee

Non-Linear Viscoelasticity of Karate Punching Shields 721

J.K.L. Tan & F.K. Fuss

Biomechanical Analysis of Tai Chi Difficulty Movement “Teng Kong

Zheng Ti Tui” 727
Y.K. Yang, W. Xie, D. Lim & J.H. Zhou

Archery Bow Stabiliser Modelling 733

I. Zanevskyy

Mathematical Model of the Aiming Trajectory 741

C.-K. Hwang, K.-B. Lin & Y.-H. Lin

Archery Performance Analysis Based on the Coefficients of AR2

Model of Aiming Trajectory 747
K.-B. Lin, C.-K. Hwang & Y.-H. Lin

18 Motor Sport and Cycling

Formula SAE: Student Engagement Towards World Class Performance 755
S. Watkins & G. Pearson

Service Strength of High Tech Bicycles 767

M. Blümel, V. Senner & H. Baier
Contents xv

Effects of Venting Geometry on Thermal Comfort and Aerodynamic

Efficiency of Bicycle Helmets 773
F. Alam, A. Subic, A. Akbarzadeh & S. Watkins

Design of Leisure Sports Equipment and Methods of Sports Science –

An Example from Cycling 781
M. Müller, G. Mecke, H. Böhm, M. Niessen & V. Senner

19 Disability Sport
Disability Sports in Singapore – Paralympic Movement and
Greater International Responsibility 789
K.G. Wong

Performance Analysis in Wheelchair Racing 795

A.P. Susanto, F.K. Fuss, K.G. Wong & M.S. Jaffa

20 Winter Sports
Skiing Equipment: What is Done Towards More Safety, Performance
and Ergonomics? 803
V. Senner & S. Lehner

Airfolied Design for Alpine Ski Boots 813

L. Oggiano, L. Agnese & L.R. Sætran

Ground Reaction Forces Measurement Based on Strain Gauges in

Alpine Skiing 819
S. Vodičková & F. Vaverka

Fusion Motion Capture: Can Technology Be Used to Optimise Alpine

Ski Racing Technique? 825
M. Brodie, A. Walmsley & W. Page

Study on the Optimization of a Snowboard 833

Q. Wu & S. Ganguly

Comparative Experiments for Snowboard Vibration Characteristics 839

S. Kajiwara, D. Taniguchi, A. Nagamatsu, M. Iwahara & A. Kondou

Automated Inertial Feedback for Half-Pipe Snowboard Competition

and the Community Perception 845
J.W. Harding, K. Toohey, D.T. Martin, C. Mackintosh,
A.M. Lindh & D.A. James
xvi Contents

Estimation of Dirt Attraction on Running Surfaces of Cross-Country Skis 851

L. Kuzmin & M. Tinnsten

Aerodynamic Forces Computation from High-Speed Video Image of

Ski Jumping Flight 857
M. Murakami, N. Hirai, K. Seo & Y. Ohgi

Approach for a Systematic Optimization of a Twoseater Bobsleigh 863

M. Müller & V. Senner

21 Youth Sports

The Design and Development of Electronic Playground Equipment to

Increase Fitness in Children 871
P.P. Hodgkins, S.J. Rothberg, P. Mallinson & M.P. Caine

The Testing of Electronic Playground Equipment to Increase

Fitness in Children 877
P.P. Hodgkins, S.J. Rothberg, P. Mallinson & M.P. Caine

Visualization of the Hazards Lurking in Playground Equipment

Based on Falling Simulations Using Children Multi-Body Models 883
Y. Miyazaki, S. Watanabe, M. Mochimaru, M. Kouchi,
Y. Nishida & S. Ujihashi

Personality Traits and their Relationship to Leisure Motivation and

Leisure Satisfaction in Southern Taiwan University Students 889
C.H. Chen

22 Coaching Technology and Sport Education

Video Technology and Coaching 897
B.D. Wilson, A. Pharmy & M. Nadzrin

How Can Voice-Enabled Technologies Help Athletes and Coaches to

Become More Efficient? 905
C. Stricker & P.H. Rey

The Singapore Sports School – Developing Elite Youth Athletes 911

G. Nair
Contents xvii

Measuring Sports Class Learning Climates – The Development

of the Sports Class Environment Scale 917
T. Dowdell, L.M. Tomson & M. Davies

Developing Multimedia Courseware in Teaching Exercise

Physiology for Physical Education Major 921
S. Sethu, A.S. Nageswaran, D. Shunmuganathan & M. Elango

Author Index 925

 Preface

Today, more people are participating in sports than ever before. With the increased interest
and participation in sports, and the extensive media coverage of sporting events worldwide,
sport has evolved into a global business worth around $600 billion in total. The world
sporting goods market is estimated at $120 billion retail, with footwear accounting for $30
billion, apparel $50 billion and equipment $40 billion. In addition, the sporting goods
industry has diversified over the years to accommodate the different interests and needs of
the athletes and consumers in general. It has also promoted and helped develop new sports
that have in turn served as a catalyst for new types of products.
Sport as we know it today can hardly be separated from technology. Transfer and inte-
gration of knowledge from a wide range of disciplines and industries has generated a rapid
technological change in sports in modern times. New technologies have made sports faster,
more powerful and enjoyable in many ways. Sports technologies have the capacity to
enhance performance, prevent injuries or in some cases even changed the type and pattern
of injury experienced by athletes. They can also make a sport more or less interesting to
the spectators. Therefore, research has focused over the years on understanding the conse-
quences of increasingly complex sports technologies from a systems perspective, and on
developing new technologies and techniques that can improve not only the performance
and enjoyment but also safety and overall wellbeing of athletes.
Technological change and its consequences have reinforced the need for a more pro-
active role of governing bodies and professional associations in sports. Rules governing the
development and use of sports technology are multifaceted and take into consideration not
only performance and safety but also broader social, economical and political issues. They
may be driven by the desire to maintain a particular sporting tradition or heritage, to main-
tain the existing capital infrastructure and avoid over-performance, or to promote interest
and appeal of the sport. In addition, as effects of global warming have become widely rec-
ognized in recent years, sustainability has become a much desired attribute in the develop-
ment of new sports technologies for the future.
Clearly, sport technology has to be seen from the holistic, as well as inter- and transdis-
ciplinary point of view. Product development requires close collaboration between engineers,
athletes, sports scientists, and business managers. It requires an in-depth understanding of
engineering disciplines, life and sport sciences, as well as economics. The Impact of
Technology on Sport II has in its core precisely this philosophy and approach. It aims to pro-
vide a deeper insight into the current status of sports technology and to present recent devel-
opments in this area from the perspective of different disciplines, industrial practice,
academia and athletes. This book brings together peer reviewed contributions from
researchers around the world, including Japan, Australia, New Zealand, Singapore, Malaysia,
Korea, Taiwan, India, United Kingdom, Germany, Austria, Czech Republic, Norway,
xx Preface

Sweden, Slovenia, Switzerland, Spain and USA. The book includes 135 refereed papers that
have been presented at the 3rd Asia-Pacific Congress on Sports Technology in Singapore in
September 2007. The Congress was jointly organised by the Nanyang Technological
University, RMIT University and the Japan Sports Engineering Association (JSEA). The
book has been edited and its contents divided into the following interrelated sections.
Sports Technology and Engineering; Life Cycle, Environmental Engineering and Eco-
Design; Sports Medicine, Exercising and Clinical Biomechanics; General Motion Analysis;
Apparel and Sport Surfaces; Gait, Running and Shoes; Ball Sport – Golf; Ball Sport –
Cricket; Ball Sport – Baseball; Ball Sport – Soccer; Ball Sport – Tennis and Badminton; Ball
sport – Basketball, Bowling, and Hockey; Aquatics – Boating and fishing; Aquatics –
Swimming; Athletics and Jumping; Climbing and Mountaineering; Martial Arts and
Archery; Motor Sport and Cycling; Disability Sport; Winter Sports; Youth Sports; Coaching
Technology and Sport Education.
We gratefully acknowledge the authors and the referees who have made this publication
possible with their research work and written contributions. We would also like to thank the
Singapore, Melbourne and Tokyo Secretariats for their hard work and continuous support.
Finally, we hope that a book on the transdisciplinary subject of sports technology, as diverse
in topics and approaches as this one, will be of interest to sports technology researchers,
practitioners and enthusiasts whatever their scientific background or persuasion.

Franz Konstantin Fuss, Aleksandar Subic and Sadayuki Ujihashi

Editors, September 2007
 Contributors List

Ae M.
Institute of Health and Sport Science, University of Tsukuba University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1
Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8574, Japan

Agnese L.
Politecnico di Torino, dipartimento di ingegneria aerospaziale.C.so Duca degli Abruzzi 24
10100 Torino. E-mail [email protected]

Akbarzadeh A.
School of Aerospace, Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, RMIT University; 264
Plenty Road, Bundoora, Melbourne, VIC 3083, Australia

Alam F.
School of Aerospace, Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, RMIT University; 264
Plenty Road, Bundoora, Melbourne, VIC 3083, Australia, E-mail: fi[email protected]

Allgeuer T.
Dow Europe GmbH, Bachtobelstr. 3, Horgen, 8810, Switzerland, E-mail:[email protected]

Álvarez J.C.
Real Federación Española de Atletismo (RFEA), Avenida de Valladolid, 81 esc. dcha.1º,
28008 Madrid, Spain

An S.Y.
Department of Sports Science Kookmin University, 86-1 Jungneung- dong, Sungbuk-gu,
Seoul, Korea

Arai K.
Hosei University, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Kajino-
cho Koganei city Tokyo 3-7-2, Japan

Arai T.
Graduate School of Decision Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology,
2-12-1 Ookayama, Meguro, Tokyo, 152-8552 Japan

Arellano R.
Facultad de Ciencias de la Actividad Física y del Deporte. C/Carretera de Alfacar, s/n.
18011 Granada, Andalucía, Spain, E-mail: [email protected]
xxii Contributors List

Asai T.
University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba 305-8573, Japan

Baier H.
Technische Universität München, Institute for Lightweight Structures, Bolzmanstraße 15,
85748 Garching, Germany

Bakar A.A.
Monash University Sunway Campus, No. 2, Jalan Universiti, 46150 Petaling Jaya,
Malaysia, E-mail: [email protected]

Balasekaran G.
Nanyang Technological University, National Institute of Education, Physical Education and
Sports Science, Singapore, E-mail: [email protected]

Balius X.
Olympic Training Centre (CAR) of Catalunya, Avinguda Alcalde Barnils, 3-5, 08034 Sant
Cugat del Vallès, Catalunya, Spain, E-mail: [email protected]

Baltl M.
Austrian Golf Association, Vienna, Austria

Barber S.
University of Sheffield, Mappin Street, Sheffield, S1 3J, UK

Bensason S.
Dow Europe GmbH, Bachtobelstr. 3, Horgen, 8810, Switzerland

Betzler N.
Napier University, School of Life Sciences, 10 Colinton Road, Edinburgh, EH10 5DT,
United Kingdom, E-Mail: [email protected]

Biesen E.
Washington State University, 201 Sloan, Spokane St, Pullman, WA 99164-2920 USA,
E-mail: [email protected]

Blair K.B.
Sports Innovation Group LLC, Arlington, MA USA, E-mail: [email protected]

Blümel M.
Technische Universität München, Institute for Sports Equipment and Materials, Connollystraße
32 80809 München, E-mail: [email protected]

Böhm H.
Department Sports Equipment and Materials, Technische Universität München, Munich,
Germany
Contributors List xxiii

Brodie M.
Institute of Food Nutrition and Human Health, Massey University, Box 756, Wellington,
New Zealand, E-mail: [email protected]

Burkett B.
Centre for Healthy Activities Sport and Exercise (CHASE), University of the Sunshine
Coast Queensland Australia,E-mail [email protected]

Burnik S.
Faculty of Sport, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenija

Busch A.
Centre for Wireless Monitoring and Applications, Griffith University, Brisbane, Australia,
E-mail: a.busch@griffith.edu.au

Caine M.P.
Sports Technology Research Group, Loughborough University, Loughborough,
Leicestershire, LE11 3TU, England

Carré M.J.
Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Sheffield, Mappin St, Sheffield, S1
3JD, UK, E-mail: [email protected]

Chang A.
The Dow Chemical Company, 2301 N Brazosport Blvd, Freeport, Texas, 77541, USA

Chang B.F.
Department of Physical Education, National Taichung University, Taiwan, E-mail:
[email protected]

Chen C.H.
Department of Sports & Recreation Management, Chang Jung Christian University,
Taiwan. No.396 Chang Jung Rd., Sec.1 Kway Jen, Tainan, 711, Taiwan, E-mail: chenphd@
mail.cjcu.edu.tw

Chen H.-C.
Institute of Physical Education, Health, and Leisure Studies, National Cheng Kung
University, Tainan, Taiwan

Chen W.-C.
Graduate Institute of Sports Science, National College of Physical Education and Sports,
Tau-Yuan, Taiwan, R.O.C. E-mail:[email protected]

Cheng K.B.
Institute of Physical Education, Health, and Leisure Studies, National Cheng Kung
University, Tainan, Taiwan, E-mail: [email protected]
xxiv Contributors List

Chiu H.T.
Institute of Physical Education, Health and Leisure Studies, Cheng-Kung University,
Tainan, Taiwan, Email: [email protected]

Choi C.H.
Fusion Technology Center, Korea Institute of Industrial Technology, 35-3, Hongcheon,
Ipjang, Cheonan, Chungnam, South Korea

Choi J.S.
Biomedical Engineering, Konkuk University, Chungju, Korea, E-mail:[email protected]

Chung H.-S.
Graduate Institute of Physical Education, National College of Physical Education and Sports,
Tau-Yuan, Taiwan, R.O.C. E-mail:[email protected] ; [email protected]

Chung K.R.
Fusion Technology Center, Korea Institute of Industrial Technology, 35-3, Hongcheon,
Ipjang, Cheonan, Chungnam, South Korea

Cork A.E.J.
Sports Technology Research Group, Wolfson School of Mechanical and Manufacturing
Engineering, Loughborough University, Loughborough, Leicestershire, LE11 3TU, England,
E-mail: [email protected]

Cornish J.E.M.
University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, UK, E-mail: [email protected]

Davey N.P.
Centre for Wireless Monitoring and Applications, Griffith School of Engineering, Griffith
University, Nathan Campus, Kessels Road, Nathan, QLD, Australia, 4111, E-mail:
N.Davey@griffith.edu.au; Centre of Excellence for Applied Sport Science Research,
Queensland Academy of Sport, Level 1 Queensland Sport and Athletics Centre (QSAC),
Kessels Road, Nathan QLD 4111

Davies M.
School of Education and Professional Studies, Griffith University, Brisbane, Australia

Davis A.
University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, UK

Davis M.
Australian Institute of Sport. Biomechanics Department. Leverrier Crescent Bruce ACT
Australia 2617, [email protected]

de Aymerich X.
Instituto Vasco de Educación Física (SHEE/IVEF). Carretera de Lasarte, s/n. 01007
Vitoria-Gasteiz, Navarra, Spain
Contributors List xxv

de la Fuente B.
Facultad de Ciencias de la Actividad Física y del Deporte. C/Carretera de Alfacar, s/n.
18011 Granada, Andalucía, Spain

Dipti M.
Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India

Doetkott C.
Research Analyst, Information Technology, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND
58105-5285

Doki H.
Faculty of Engineering and Resource Science, Akita University 1-1 Tegata gakuen-machi,
Akita-shi, Akita, 010-8502, Japan

Dowdell T.
School of Education and Professional Studies, Griffith University, Brisbane, Australia

Doyle M.M.
Western Australian Institute of Sport, Stephenson Avenue, Mt Claremont WA 6010,
Australia, E-mail: [email protected]

Dufour M.J.D.
Cranfield University, Cranfield, Bedford, MK43 0AL, UK, E-mail: m.dufour@cranfield.ac.uk

Eckelt M.
University of Applied Science, Technikum Wien, Sports-Equipment Technology, Vienna,
Austria

Elango M.
Dept. of Physical Education, The MDT Hindu College, Tirunelveli, TamilNadu, South
India, E-mail: [email protected]

Elliott B.C.
The University of Western Australia, School of Human Movement and Exercise Science,
Stirling Hwy, Crawley WA 6009, Australia

Emri I.
Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Center for Experimental Mechanics, University of
Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenija, E-Mail: [email protected]

Escoda J.
Olympic Training Centre (CAR) of Catalunya, Avinguda Alcalde Barnils, 3-5, 08034 Sant
Cugat del Vallès, Catalunya, Spain

Ewart P.
The Department of Engineering, Materials Division, The University of Waikato, Private
Bag 3105, Hamilton, New Zealand, E-mail: [email protected]
xxvi Contributors List

Ferrer V.
Olympic Training Centre (CAR) of Catalunya, Avinguda Alcalde Barnils, 3-5, 08034 Sant
Cugat del Vallès, Catalunya, Spain

Florjančič U.
Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Center for Experimental Mechanics, University of
Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenija

Foong S.K.
Natural Sciences and Science Education, National Institute of Education, Nanyang
Technological University, 1 Nanyang Walk, S637616, E-mail: [email protected]

Fuss F.K.
Sports Engineering Research Team, Division of Bioengineering, School of Biomedical and
Chemical Engineering, 70 Nanyang Drive, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
637457, E-mail: [email protected]

Gagalowicz A.
INRIA, Domaine de Voluceau, BP105 78153 Le Chesnay, France, Email:andre.gagalowicz@
inria.fr

Ganason R.
Human Performance Laboratory, Sports Biomechanics Centre, National Sports Institute of
Malaysia, E-Mail: [email protected]

Ganguly S.
Department of Mechanical Engineering & the Center for Nonlinear Dynamics and Control,
Villanova University, 800 Lancaster Avenue, Villanova, PA 19085, USA

Goto Y.
Hosei University, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Kajino-
cho Koganei city Tokyo 3-7-2, Japan, E-mail: [email protected]

Gouwanda D.
Monash University Sunway campus, No. 2, Jalan Universiti, 46150 Petaling Jaya, Malaysia

Govindaswamy V.
Computer Science and Engineering, University of Texas at Arlington, Texas, USA

Grantham J.
Nanyang Technological University, National Institute of Education, Physical Education and
Sports Science, Singapore; Sports Medicine Centre, Qatar National Olympic Committee,
Doha, Qatar

Gray A.R.
Progressive Sports Technologies Ltd., Innovation Centre, Loughborough University,
Loughborough, Leicestershire, LE11 3EH, UK, E-mail: [email protected]
Contributors List xxvii

Harding J.W.
Applied Sport Research Centre, Australian Institute of Sport, Australia; Centre for Wireless
Monitoring and Applications, Griffith University, Australia; Olympic Winter Institute of
Australia, Australia

Harrison R.
Wolfson School of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Loughborough University,
Loughborough, Leicestershire, LE11 3TU, England

Hasegawa H.
Faculty of Engineering and Resource Science, Akita University 1-1 Tegata gakuen-machi,
Akita-shi, Akita, 010-8502, Japan, E-mail: [email protected]

Hashimoto T.
Graduate School of Engineering and Resource Science, Akita University 1-1 Tegata
gakuen-machi, Akita-shi, Akita, 010-8502, Japan

Hasuike S.
Hosei University, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Kajino-
cho Koganei city Tokyo 3-7-2, Japan

Hayasaka J.
Hosei University, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Kajino-
cho Koganei city Tokyo 3-7-2, Japan

Hayashi Y.
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Doshisha University, Kyotanabe, Kyoto, 610-
0321, Japan

Hee J.W.
Monash University Sunway campus, No. 2, Jalan Universiti, 46150 Petaling Jaya,
Malaysia, E-mail: [email protected]

Hirai N.
Graduate School of Systems and Information Engineering, University of Tsukuba, Japan.

Hirose N.
Mamiya-OP Co., Ltd., 3-5-1 Bijyogi, Toda-shi, Saitama, Japan

Hodgkins P.P.
Sports Technology Research Group, Loughborough University, Loughborough, Leicestershire,
LE11 3TU, England, E-mail: [email protected]

Hokari M.
Faculty of Engineering and Resource Science, Akita University 1-1 Tegata gakuen-machi,
Akita-shi, Akita, 010-8502, Japan
xxviii Contributors List

Hong G.S.
Fusion Technology Center, Korea Institute of Industrial Technology, 35-3, Hongcheon,
Ipjang, Cheonan, Chungnam, South Korea

Hoon K.H.
School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Nanyang Technological University,
50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore 639798, E-mail: [email protected]

Hooper S.L.
Centre of Excellence for Applied Sports Science Research, Queensland Academy of Sport,
PO Box 956, Brisbane, 4109, Australia, E-mail: [email protected]

Hopkinson N.
Wolfson School of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Loughborough
University, Leicestershire, LE11 3TU, UK

Horiuchi S.
Asia University, Musashi-sakai, Musashino, Tokyo, Japan, E-mail: [email protected]

Hoshino Y.
Graduate school of Engineering, Hokkaido University,kita13Nishi8, Sapporo, 060-8628,
Japan, E-mail: [email protected]

Hubbard M.
University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA, E-mail: [email protected]

Hwang C.-K.
Department of Electrical Engineering, Chung Hua University, Hsin-Chu, Taiwan 300,
ROC, E-mail: [email protected], [email protected]

Hyeong J.H.
Fusion Technology Center, Korea Institute of Industrial Technology, 35-3, Hongcheon,
Ipjang, Cheonan, Chungnam, South Korea

Iida H.
Polytechnic University, 4-1-1 Hashimotodai, Sagamihara-City, Kanagawa, Japan

Inou N.
Tokyo Institute of Technology, Department of Mechanical and Control Engineering, I3-12,
2-12-1, O-okayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8552, JAPAN, E-mail: [email protected]

Inoue A.
Nagaoka University of Technology, 1603-1 Kamitomioka, Nagaoka, Niigata, Japan

Ishii H.
Graduate School of Decision Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, W9-4,
2-12-1, O-okayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 152-8552, Japan, E-mail: [email protected]
Contributors List xxix

Ismail K.A.
Department of Engineering, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 1PZ, UK, E-mail:
[email protected]

Ito S.
Department of Mechanical Engineering, National Defense Academy, 1-10-20 Hashirimizu,
Yokosuka, Kanagawa 239-8686, Japan, E-mail: [email protected]

Ivan T.
School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Nanyang Technological University,
50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore 639798, E-mail: [email protected]

Iwahara M.
Hosei University, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Kajino-
cho Koganei City Tokyo 3-7-2, Japan

Jaffa M.S.
Singapore Disability Sports Council, National Stadium (West Entrance), 15 Stadium Road,
Singapore 397718, E-mail: [email protected]

James D.A.
Centre for Wireless Technology Griffith University, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia, E-mail:
d.james@griffith.edu.au; Centre of Excellence for Applied Sport Science Research,
Queensland Academy of Sport, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia

Jong Y.J.
Department of Physical Education, National Chiayi University, Taiwan. E-mail:
[email protected]

Joseph S.
Human Performance Laboratory, Sports Biomechanics Centre, National Sports Institute of
Malaysia, E-mail: [email protected]

Justham L.M.
Sports Technology Research Group, Wolfson School of Mechanical and Manufacturing
Engineering, Loughborough University, Loughborough, Leicestershire, LE11 3TU, England,
E-mail: [email protected], [email protected], [email protected]

Kajiwara S.
Hosei University, Graduate School in Mechanical Engineering

Kawamura T.
Institute of Health and Sport Science, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba,
Ibaraki, 305-8574, Japan

Kazahaya M.
Faculty of Engineering, Kitami Institute of Technology , 165 Koen-cho, Kitami, 090-8507,
Japan
xxx Contributors List

Keys M.
Western Australian Institute of Sport, Challenge Stadium, Mt Claremont, WA 6010,
Australia. E-mail: [email protected]; Department of Human Movement and Exercise
Science/Department of Civil Engineering, The University of Western Australia., Crawley,
WA 6907, Australia

Khang L.S.A.
Sports Engineering Research Team, Division of Bioengineering, School of Biomedical and
Chemical Engineering, 70 Nanyang Drive, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
637457

Khoo B.H.
Monash University Sunway Campus, No. 2, Jalan Universiti, 46150 Petaling Jaya, Malaysia

Khoo T.K.
Monash University Sunway Campus, No. 2, Jalan Universiti, 46150 Petaling Jaya, Malaysia

Kim C.
Physical Education and Sports Science, National Institute of Education, Nanyang
Technological University, 1 Nanyang Walk, 637616, Singapore , E-mail: [email protected]

Kim H.S.
Biomedical Engineering, Konkuk University, Chungju, Korea

Kim S.Y.
Fusion Technology Center, Korea Institute of Industrial Technology , 35-3, Hongcheon, Ipjang,
Cheonan, Chungnam, South Korea, E-mail: [email protected], [email protected]

Kimura H.
Tokyo Institute of Technology, Department of Mechanical and Control Engineering, I3-12,
2-12-1, O-okayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8552, Japan

Kobayashi O.
Tokai University, 1117 Kita-Kaname, Hiratsuka 259-1292, Japan

Kobayashi Y.
Graduate school of Engineering, Hokkaido University, kita13Nishi8, Sapporo, 060-8628,
Japan, E-mail: [email protected]

Koh M.
Republic Polytechnic, Singapore, Republic Polytechnic, 9 Woodlands, Ave 9, Singapore
738964, Email: [email protected]

Koike S.
Institute of Health and Sport Science, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba,
Ibaraki, 305-8574, Japan, E-mail:[email protected]
Contributors List xxxi

Koizumi T.
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Doshisha University, Kyotanabe, Kyoto, 610-
0321, Japan E-mail: tkoizumi@ mail.doshisha.ac.jp

Kondo A.
Hosei University, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Kajino-
cho Koganei city Tokyo 3-7-2, Japan

Kondou A.
Hosei University, Graduate School in Mechanical Engineering

Koseki M.
Tokyo Institute of Technology, Department of Mechanical and Control Engineering, I3-12,
2-12-1, O-okayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8552, Japan

Kou Z.
Department of Radiology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201

Kouchi M.
National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, 2-41-6, Aomi, Koutou-ku,
Tokyo, Japan

Kulish V.V.
School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Nanyang Technological University,
50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore 639798

Kumamoto H.
Kyoto University, Yoshida Honmachi, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan, E-mail: yamabe@
sys.i.kyoto-u.ac.jp, [email protected]

Kumar C.R.
National Women Hockey Coach, Malaysia

Kuzmin L.
Department of Engineering, Physics and Mathematics, Mid Sweden University, Teknikhuset
(Q), Plan 3, Akademigatan 1, SE-831 25 Östersund, Sweden, E-mail: [email protected]

La Brooy R.
School of Aerospace, Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, RMIT University; 264
Plenty Road, Bundoora, Melbourne, VIC 3083, Australia

Lee C.-L.
National Taiwan Normal University, 2F, No. 233, NongAn St., Taipei 140 Taiwan, E-mail:
[email protected]

Lee J.B.
Centre for Healthy Activities Sport and Exercise (CHASE), University of the Sunshine
Coast Queensland Australia, E-mail [email protected]
xxxii Contributors List

Lee K.K.
Department of Sports Science Kookmin University, 86-1 Jungneung- dong, Sungbuk-gu,
Seoul, Korea, E-mail: [email protected]

Lehner S.
Technical University Munich, Department of Sport Equipment and Materials, Connollystr.
32, 80809 Munich, Germany

Lewis R.
Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Sheffield, Mappin Street, Sheffield,
S1 3JD, UK

Liew M.
Monash University Sunway Campus, No. 2, Jalan Universiti, 46150 Petaling Jaya, Malaysia

Lim D.
Biomechanics Department, Singapore Sports Council, Singapore

Lim H.B.
School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Nanyang Technological University,
50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore 639798, E-mail: [email protected]

Lim Y.T.
Sports Science, Konkuk University, Chungju, Korea, E-mail: [email protected]

Lin K.-B.
Yuanpei University of Science and Technology, Hsin-Chu, Taiwan, ROC, E-mail:
[email protected]

Lin Y.-H.
Department of Electrical Engineering, Chung Hua University, Hsin-Chu, Taiwan 300,
ROC, E-mail: [email protected], [email protected]

Lindh A.M.
Applied Sport Research Centre, Australian Institute of Sport, Australia

Liu T.H.
Institute of Sports Equipment Technology, Taipei Physical Education College, Taiwan

Looi D.
Monash University Sunway Campus, No. 2, Jalan Universiti, 46150 Petaling Jaya, Malaysia

Low K.H.
School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50
Nanyang Avenue, Singapore 639798, E-mail: [email protected]
Contributors List xxxiii

Luescher R.
Australian Institute of Sport. Physiology Department. Leverrier Crescent Bruce ACT
Australia 2617, [email protected]

Lyttle A.D.
Western Australian Institute of Sport, Stephenson Avenue, Mt Claremont WA 6010, Australia

Ma I.C.
Office of Physical Education, Chung Shan Medical University, Taiwan, E-mail: maichieh@
yahoo.com.tw

Mackintosh C.
Applied Sport Research Centre, Australian Institute of Sport, Australia

Maggs M.K.
Centre for Wireless Monitoring and Applications. Griffith University, Nathan, Brisbane
QLD 4111, Australia

Mallinson P.
PlayDale Playgrounds Ltd, Haverthwaite, Ulverston, Cumbria, LA12 8AE, England,
E-mail: [email protected]

Manoj K.M.
Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India

Martin D.T.
Applied Sport Research Centre, Australian Institute of Sport, Australia

Martin J.
The Dow Chemical Company, 2301 N Brazosport Blvd, Freeport, Texas, 77541, USA

Maruyama T.
Department of Human System Science, Tokyo Institute of Technology, W9-4, 2-12-1
O-okayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 152-8552, Japan, E-mail: [email protected]

McHutchon M.A.
Department of Mechancial Engineering, University of Sheffield, Mappin St, Sheffield, S1
3JD, UK

Mecke G.
Department Sports Equipment and Materials, Technische Universität München, Munich,
Germany

Mellifont R.B.
Centre for Healthy Activities Sport and Exercise (CHASE), University of the Sunshine
Coast Queensland Australia
xxxiv Contributors List

Ming A.
The University of Electro-Communications, 1-5-1 Chofugaoka, Chofu-shi, Tokyo, Japan,
E-mail: [email protected]

Miyazaki Y.
Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, Japan, E-mail: y-miyazaki@
t.kanazawa-u.ac.jp

Mizota T.
Fukuoka Institute of Technology, 3-30-1, Wajiro-Higashi, Higashi-Ku, Fukuoka, Japan,
E-mail: mizota@fit.ac.jp

Mochimaru M.
National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, 2-41-6, Aomi, Koutou-ku,
Tokyo, Japan

Monfared R.P.
Wolfson School of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Loughborough University,
Loughborough, Leicestershire, LE11 3TU, England

Morales E.
Facultad de Ciencias de la Actividad Física y del Deporte. C/Carretera de Alfacar, s/n.
18011 Granada, Andalucía, Spain

Mori H.
Master’s Program in Health and Physical Education, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1
Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8574, Japan, E-mail: [email protected]

Motegi Y.
Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1-W8-2 Ookayama, Meguro, Tokyo 152-8552, Japan

Muller B.A.
Centre for Wireless Monitoring and Applications. Griffith University, Nathan, Brisbane
QLD 4111, Australia

Müller M.
Department Sports Equipment and Materials, Technische Universität München, Munich,
Germany

Mumford C.
New Zealand Sports Turf Institute, 163 Old West Road, PO Box 347, Palmerston North
4440, New Zealand

Murakami M.
Graduate School of Systems and Information Engineering, University of Tsukuba, Japan
Contributors List xxxv

Nadzrin M.
Centre for Biomechanics, National Sports Institute, Bukit Jalil, 57000, Kuala Lumpur,
Malaysia

Nagamatsu A.
Hosei University, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Kajino-
cho Koganei city Tokyo 3-7-2, Japan

Nagao H.
Mizuno Co. Ltd.,1-12-35 South Kouhoku, Suminoe-ku Osaka, Japan

Nagayama T.
Graduate School of Decision Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology,
2-12-1 Ookayama, Meguro, Tokyo, 152-8552 Japan, E-mail: [email protected]

Nageswaran A.S.
Department of Physical Education, H. H. The Rajah’s College, Pudukottai, TamilNadu,
South India, E-mail: [email protected]

Nair G.
Sports Science Academy, Singapore Sports School, Singapore; E-mail: gobinathan@sports-
school.edu.sg

Nakashima M.
Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1-W8-2 Ookayama, Meguro, Tokyo 152-8552, Japan

Naruo T.
Mizuno Corporation, 1-12-35, Nanko-Kita, Suminoe-Ku, Osaka, Japan, E-mail:
[email protected]

Niegl G.
Department of Anthropology, University of Vienna, Austria, E-mail: guenther.niegl@
univie.ac.at, and MedClimb, OEAV/ÖGV (Austrian Mountaineering Federation), Vienna,
Austria

Niessen M.
Department Performance Diagnostics, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany

Nikonov A.
Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Center for Experimental Mechanics, University of
Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenija

Nishi A.
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Doshisha University, Kyotanabe, Kyoto, 610-0321,
Japan
xxxvi Contributors List

Nishida Y.
National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, 2-41-6, Aomi, Koutou-ku,
Tokyo, Japan

Nishihara O.
Kyoto University, Yoshida Honmachi, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan, E-mail:
[email protected]

Nozawa M.
Graduate School of Decision Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology,
2-12-1 Ookayama, Meguro, Tokyo, 152-8552 Japan

O’Keefe S.G.
Centre for Wireless Monitoring and Applications. Griffith University, Nathan, Brisbane
QLD 4111, Australia, E-mail: s.okeefe@griffith.edu.au

Ogata K.
Nagaoka University of Technology, 1603-1 Kamitomioka, Nagaoka, Niigata, Japan

Ogawa A.
The University of Electro-Communications, 1-5-1 Chofugaoka, Chofu-shi, Tokyo, Japan

Oggiano L.
Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Engineering Science and
Technology N-7491 Trondheim, Norway, E-mail: [email protected]

Ohgi Y.
Graduate School of Media and Governance, Keio University, 5322 Endo, Fujisawa,
Kanagawa 252-8520, Japan, E-mail: [email protected]

Okubo H.
Chiba Institute of Technology, 2-17-1 Tsudanuma Narashino, 2750016, Japan, E-mail:
[email protected]

Okunuki K.
Tokyo Institute of Technology, Department of Mechanical and Control Engineering, I3-12,
2-12-1, O-okayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8552, Japan

Omkar S.N.
Department of Aerospace Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India, E-mail:
[email protected]

Ong A.
Republic Polytechnic, Singapore, Republic Polytechnic, 9 Woodlands, Ave 9, Singapore
738964, Email: [email protected]
Contributors List xxxvii

Oodaira H.
Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1-W8-14, Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8552,
Japan

Oonuki M.
SRI R&D Ltd 1-1-2, Tsutsui-cho, Chou-ku Kobe Hyogo 651-0071, Japan

Ostad-Ahmad-Ghorabi H.
Vienna University of Technology, Institute for Engineering Design, Getreidemarkt 9, E307,
1060 Wien Austria, E-mail: [email protected]

Otaki Y.
Tokyo Institute of Technology, Department of Mechanical and Control Engineering, I3-12,
2-12-1, O-okayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8552, Japan

Otto S.R.
R & A Rules Ltd, St Andrews, Fife, UK, E-mail: [email protected]

Page W.
Institute of Food Nutrition and Human Health, Massey University, Box 756, Wellington,
New Zealand

Paterson N.
School of Aerospace, Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, RMIT University, Cnr
Plenty Rd and McKimmies Lane, Bundoora, Melbourne, Victoria 3083, Australia

Pearson G.
School of Aerospace, Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, RMIT University, Cnr
Plenty Rd and McKimmies Lane, Bundoora, Melbourne, Victoria 3083, Australia

Pharmy A.
Centre for Biomechanics, National Sports Institute, Bukit Jalil, 57000, Kuala Lumpur,
Malaysia

Quah C.K.
Nanyang Technological University, School of Computer Engineering, Singapore, E-mail:
[email protected]

Reichel M.
University of Applied Science, Technikum Wien, Sports-Equipment Technology, Vienna,
Austria

Rey P.H.
AISTS – International Academy of Sports Science and Technology, PSE-C, CH-1015
Lausanne, Switzerland; HES-SO Valais – University of Applied Sciences Western
Switzerland, Valais, CH-3960 Sierre, Switzerland, E-mail: [email protected]
xxxviii Contributors List

Ritchie A.C.
School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Nanyang Technological University,
50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore 639798, E-mail: [email protected]

Roig A.
Olympic Training Centre (CAR) of Catalunya, Avinguda Alcalde Barnils, 3-5, 08034 Sant
Cugat del Vallès, Catalunya, Spain

Rothberg S.J.
Sports Technology Research Group, Loughborough University, Loughborough, Leicestershire,
LE11 3TU, England

Sabo A.
University of Applied Science, Technikum Wien, Sports-Equipment Technology, Vienna,
Austria, E-mail: [email protected]

Sætran L.R.
Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Engineering Science and
Technology N-7491 Trondheim, Norway, E-mail: [email protected]

Saitou S.
Mamiya-OP Co., Ltd., 3-5-1 Bijyogi, Toda-shi, Saitama, Japan

Sakashita R.
Kumamoto University, Kurokami, 2-40-1, Kumamoto, 860-8555, Japan

Sakurai Y.
Department of Human System Science, Tokyo Institute of Technology, W9-4, 2-12-1
O-okayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 152-8552, Japan, E-mail: [email protected]

Sánchez J.A.
Instituto Nacional de Educación Física de Galicia. Avda. Del Che Guevara 121, 15179
Bastiagueiro-Oleiros (A Coruña), Galicia, Spain. E-mail: [email protected]

Santry J.
Progressive Sports Technologies Ltd., Innovation Centre, Loughborough University,
Loughborough, Leicestershire, LE11 3EH, UK

Sato F.
Mizuno Corporation, 1-12-35, Nanko-Kita, Suminoe-ku, Osaka 559-8510, Japan

Schrammel G.
University of Applied Science, Technikum Wien, Sports-Equipment Technology, Vienna,
Austria

Seah H.S.
Nanyang Technological University, School of Computer Engineering, Singapore, E-mail:
[email protected]
Contributors List xxxix

Selvarajah V.
Baton Adventures, Malaysia, E-Mail: [email protected]

Senanayake S.M.N.A.
Monash University Sunway campus, No. 2, Jalan Universiti, 46150 Petaling Jaya,
Malaysia, E-mail: [email protected]

Senner V.
Technical University Munich, Department of Sport Equipment and Materials, Connollystr.
32, 80809 Munich, Germany, E-mail: [email protected]

Seo K.
Faculty of Education, Art and Science, Yamagata University, 1-4-12 Kojirakawa,
Yamagata990-8560, Japan, E-mail: [email protected]

Sethu S.
Dr. Sivanthi Aditanar College of Physical Education, Tiruchendur, TamilNadu, South India,
E-mail: [email protected]

Shan G.
University of Lethbridge, Department of Kinesiology, 4401 University Drive, Lethbridge,
AB, T1K 3M4, E-mail: [email protected]

Shiang T.Y.
Institute of Sports Equipment Technology, Taipei Physical Education College, Taiwan

Shimada N.
Ritsumeikan University 1-1-1 Nojihigashi, Kusatsu, Shiga, 525-8577 Japan

Shinozaki M.
Setagayaizumi High School, 9-22-1 Kitakarasuyama, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo, Japan, E-mail:
[email protected]

Shionoya A.
Nagaoka University of Technology, 1603-1 Kamitomioka, Nagaoka, Niigata, Japan, E-mail:
[email protected]

Shirai Y.
Ritsumeikan University 1-1-1 Nojihigashi, Kusatsu, Shiga, 525-8577 Japan

Shunmuganathan D.
Department of Physical Education, Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Tirunelveli,
TamilNadu, South India, E-mail: [email protected]

Sim J.Y.
Sports Engineering Research Team, Division of Bioengineering, School of Biomedical and
Chemical Engineering, 70 Nanyang Drive, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
637457
xl Contributors List

Smeathers J.E.
Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Cnr
Blamey Street & Musk Avenue, Brisbane, 4059, Australia

Smith J.D.
Wolfson School of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Loughborough University,
Loughborough, Leicestershire, LE11 3TU, England

Smith L.V.
Washington State University, 201 Sloan, Spokane St, Pullman, WA 99164-2920 USA,
E-mail: [email protected]

Smith R.W.
Institute of Sports Equipment Technology, Taipei Physical Education College, Taiwan,
E-mail: [email protected]

Strangwood M.
University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, UK, E-mail: [email protected]

Stricker C.
AISTS – International Academy of Sports Science and Technology, PSE-C, CH-1015
Lausanne, Switzerland; HES-SO Valais – University of Applied Sciences Western
Switzerland, Valais, CH-3960 Sierre, Switzerland, E-mail: [email protected]

Stronge W.J.
Department of Engineering, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 1PZ, UK

Subic A.
School of Aerospace, Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, RMIT University, Cnr
Plenty Rd and McKimmies Lane, Bundoora, Melbourne, Victoria 3083, Australia, E-mail:
[email protected]

Suda K.
Graduate School of Decision Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology,
2-12-1 Ookayama, Meguro, Tokyo, 152-8552 Japan, E-mail: [email protected]

Susanto A.P.
Sports Engineering Research Team, Division of Bioengineering, School of Biomedical and
Chemical Engineering, 70 Nanyang Drive, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
637457

Suzuki S.
Faculty of Engineering, Kitami Institute of Technology , 165 Koen-cho, Kitami, 090-8507,
Japan, E-mail: [email protected]

Tack G.R.
Biomedical Engineering, Konkuk University, Chungju, Korea, E-mail: [email protected],
[email protected], [email protected], [email protected]
Contributors List xli

Takenoshita Y.
The University of Electro-Communications, 1-5-1 Chofugaoka, Chofu-shi, Tokyo, Japan

Tan B.
Changi Sports Medicine Centre, Changi General Hospital, 2 Simei Street 3, Singapore
529889, E-mail: [email protected]

Tan J.C.C.
Physical Education and Sports Science, National Institute of Education, Nanyang
Technological University, 1 Nanyang Walk, 637616, Singapore, E-mail: [email protected]

Tan J.K.L.
Sports Engineering Research Team, Division of Bioengineering, School of Biomedical and
Chemical Engineering, 70 Nanyang Drive, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
637457

Tan M.A.
Sports Engineering Research Team, Division of Bioengineering, School of Biomedical and
Chemical Engineering, 70 Nanyang Drive, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
637457

Tanaka K.
Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1-W8-14, Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8552,
Japan, E-mail: [email protected]

Taniguchi D.
Hosei University, Graduate School in Mechanical Engineering, E-mail: daiki.taniguchi.
[email protected]

Teong T.H.
Sports Centre, University of Malaya

Teranishi Y.
Mizuno Corporation, 1-12-35 South Kouhoku, Nanko-Kita, Suminoe-ku, Osaka 559-8510,
Japan

Thompson S.
Nanyang Technological University, National Institute of Education, Physical Education and
Sports Science, Singapore

Tinnsten M.
Department of Engineering, Physics and Mathematics, Mid Sweden University, Teknikhuset
(Q), Plan 3, Akademigatan 1, SE-831 25 Östersund, Sweden, E-mail: [email protected]

Tio W.
School of Aerospace, Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, RMIT University; 264
Plenty Road, Bundoora, Melbourne, VIC 3083, Australia
xlii Contributors List

Tomlinson S.E.
Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Sheffield, Mappin Street, Sheffield,
S1 3JD, UK, E-mail: s.tomlinson@sheffield.ac.uk

Tomson L.M.
School of Education and Professional Studies, Griffith University, Brisbane, Australia

Toohey K.
Department of Tourism, Leisure, Hotel & Sport Management, Griffith University, Australia

Toon D.T.
Wolfson School of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Loughborough
University, Leicestershire LE11 3TU, England, E-mail: [email protected]

Torres E.
Dow Europe GmbH, Bachtobelstr. 3, Horgen, 8810, Switzerland

Tripathy J.
Sports Engineering Research Team, Division of Bioengineering, School of Biomedical and
Chemical Engineering, 70 Nanyang Drive, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
637457

Tsujiuchi N.
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Doshisha University, Kyotanabe, Kyoto, 610-
0321, Japan, E-mail: ntsujiuc@ mail.doshisha.ac.jp

Turró C.
Olympic Training Centre (CAR) of Catalunya, Avinguda Alcalde Barnils, 3-5, 08034 Sant
Cugat del Vallès, Catalunya, Spain

Udovč M.
Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Center for Experimental Mechanics, University of
Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenija

Ueda M.
SRI R&D Ltd 1-1-2, Tsutsui-cho, Chou-ku Kobe Hyogo 651-0071, Japan

Ujihashi S.
Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1, Oh-okayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, Japan, E-mail:
[email protected]

Urry S.R.
Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Cnr
Blamey Street & Musk Avenue, Brisbane, 4059, Australia

Vasquez G.
Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge MA, USA, E-mail: [email protected]
Contributors List xliii

Vaverka F.
Palacky University, Faculty of Physical Culture, Olomouc, Czech Republic

Verbeek J.
The Department of Engineering, Materials Division, The University of Waikato, Private
Bag 3105, Hamilton, New Zealand

Vikram B.
Sports Engineering Research Team, Division of Bioengineering, School of Biomedical and
Chemical Engineering, 70 Nanyang Drive, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
637457

Vinay K.J.
Indian Institute of Technology (Madras), Chennai, India

Vodičková S.
Technical University of Liberec, Faculty of Education, Department of Physical Education,
Hálkova 6, 46008 Liberec, Czech Republic, E-mail: [email protected]

von Bernstorff B.S.

BASF Aktiengesellschaft, Ludwigshafen, Germany

Walker A.W.
The Louis Laybourne Smith School of Architecture and Design, The University of South
Australia, Adelaide, Australia, E-Mail: [email protected]

Waller T.M.
Progressive Sports Technologies Ltd., Innovation Centre, Loughborough University,
Loughborough, Leicestershire, LE11 3EH, UK

Walmsley A.
Institute of Food Nutrition and Human Health, Massey University, Box 756, Wellington,
New Zealand

Wang C.H.
Institute of Physical Education, Health and Leisure Studies, Cheng-Kung University,
Tainan, Taiwan

Watanabe S.
Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1, O-Okayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, Japan

Watanabe T.
Hosei University, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Kajino-
cho Koganei city Tokyo 3-7-2, Japan
xliv Contributors List

Watkins S.
School of Aerospace, Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, RMIT University, Cnr
Plenty Rd and McKimmies Lane, Bundoora, Melbourne, Victoria 3083, Australia, E-mail:
[email protected]

Wearing S.C.
Centre of Excellence for Applied Sports Science Research, Queensland Academy of Sport,
PO Box 956, Brisbane, 4109, Australia; Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation,
Queensland University of Technology, Cnr Blamey Street & Musk Avenue, Brisbane, 4059,
Australia, E-mail: [email protected]

West A.A.
Sports Technology Research Group, Wolfson School of Mechanical and Manufacturing
Engineering, Loughborough University, Loughborough, Leicestershire, LE11 3TU,
England, E-mail: [email protected]

Widmann H.G.
University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, UK

Williams B.J.
Wolfson School of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Loughborough
University, Leicestershire, LE11 3TU, UK, Email: [email protected]

Williams G.
Rawlings Sporting Goods, St. Louis, MO, USA, E-mail: [email protected]

Wilson B.D.
National Sports Institute, Center of Biomechanics, Bukit Jalil, Sri Petaling, 57000, Kuala
Lumpur, Malaysia Email: [email protected]

Wimmer W.
ECODESIGN company – engineering & management consultancy GmbH, Neubaugasse
25/2/3, 1070 Vienna, Austria, E-mail: [email protected]

Witte K.
University of Magdeburg, Institute of Sport Science, Postfach 4120, 39106 Magdeburg,
Germany, E-Mail: [email protected]

Wixted A.
Centre for Wireless Technology Griffith University, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia

Wong K.
Monash University Sunway Campus, No. 2, Jalan Universiti, 46150 Petaling Jaya, Malaysia

Wong K.G.
Executive Director, Singapore Disability Sports Council, National Stadium (West Entrance),
15 Stadium Road, Singapore 397718, E-mail: [email protected]
Discovering Diverse Content Through
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epithet, the “semper-august” character of Virgil, and innumerable
other things of the kind, disturb us not. Scaliger’s idol has spoken
Scaliger’s doom in Qui Bavium non odit—not, of course, that Hero
and Leander is itself by any means Bavian, but that it is so in
comparison with Homer. Nearly a hundred pages are given up to this
main comparison of Homer and Virgil. The others are shorter, but
always result in the same dogged maintenance of the superiority of
Latins to Greeks—that is to say, the same involuntary confession of
Scaliger’s preference of Rhetoric to Poetry. It is interesting, however,
to find him conducting his comparisons in a way in which, as in most
other cases, posterity for two centuries thronged to follow him—the
assemblage, that is to say, of passages on the same subject from
different poets.
Still less can we abstract the curious and invaluable survey of the
Hypercriticus. Not a little of it is actual review of actual
contemporaries or very recent predecessors, and review of the
ancients takes the same form, reinforced constantly by discussed
quotations. Sometimes, as in the case of Juvenal, these are
arranged into a little anthology of “jewels five words long,” strung
together with acute et hoc, illud valde festivum, and the like
appreciative interjections. His preference of Juvenal to Horace is
seasoned with a characteristic fling at Erasmus (p. 876).
Book VII.: Lastly comes an Epinomis or Codicil, which is
Epinomis. divided into two parts, and takes up some of the
special points of poetical or dramatic criticism then most interesting
—the relative importance of action and character, the parts of
tragedy, the Chorus, the metres most appropriate to the stage, and
the like, ending with a sort of “gratillity” or bonus in the shape of an
examination of a codex of Terence, which we could spare, at least in
this place. More piquant, at least, are the diatribes de negligentia aut
inscitia professorum, directed (with a show of respect) against
Erasmus once more; the occasional flights, such as “Variety is the
tirewoman of poetry”[103] (p. 906); the amusing references to mea
poemata, which in some parts of the book he has obligingly, and
once more with a fearlessness drawing nigh to rashness, exposed to
the arrows; and other things which are perhaps here all the more
numerous because the Book is an avowed Appendix, and, as it
were, omnium gatherum. They are, however, plentiful everywhere;
and if it were possible to revive the old periodical Literary
Miscellanies of commonplace-book character—a thing which will
have to be done sooner or later, if the accumulations of the last few
centuries are not to became mere Nineveh-mounds, as yet
unexplored—I should like to compose a florilegium of memorabilia
out of Scaliger.
For in this great space, occupied with equal method and erudition,
it could not be but that remarkable pronouncements on the more
general questions of literary criticism, whether given obiter or in
definite reference to argued questions, should emerge. Scaliger is,
General ideas indeed, less set than most of his predecessors in
on Unity and Italian criticism, and than some at least of his
the like. successors, on these general pronouncements.
“The disinterested and philosophic treatment of æsthetic problems
wholly aside from all practical considerations,” as the tendency of
Italian criticism has been rather unguardedly characterised,[104] does
not seem to have had the first attraction for him. Yet he could not, in
the wide sweep of his net, have avoided such questions if he would;
and, with his fearless temper and eager literary interests, there is no
reason to suppose that he would have avoided them if he could. He
did not explicitly enjoin the Three Unities,[105] but he did more than
any other man had done to inculcate that unfortunate notion of
“verisimilitude”[106] from which, much more than from Aristotle, they
were deduced. Not many words need be wasted (especially as the
point will recur only too often during the volume) on the absurdity of
this wresting of Incredulus odi. The whole arrangements of the
theatre are invraisemblables, no matter whether you have electric
light or cross-shaped laths with candles on them, marquises sitting
on the stage or millionaires in stage-boxes, elaborate scenery or
directions to the audience, “Here is Thebes.” You do not murder, or
(if you can help it) make love, in real life, before a miscellaneous
audience who have paid to see you do it; in real life you do not talk in
any regular stage lingo that has hitherto been invented, whether the
outward form of it be senarii, or fourteeners, or complicated rhymed
stanzas, or doggerel, or couplet, or blank verse, or stage prose. The
sixteenth century Globe, and the twentieth century Lyceum, are alike
unlike any place in which one habitually performs any action of life
from birth, through marriage, to death. That there is a stage
verisimilitude, which it is dangerous or fatal to break, need not be
denied. But neither Scaliger nor any of his successors in purism has
proved that we are, or ought to be, any more shocked by Æschylus
when he shifts from Delphi to Athens than by Thackeray when he
transports us from Flanders to Chelsea.
We may venture indeed to suspect that Scaliger “had more wit
than to be here.” One may frequently differ with him; but he seldom
runs mad on mere theory. It is he, for instance, who, while, as we
have seen, he lays down uncompromisingly that the material of
poetry is verse, instances the Æthiopica as a perfect epic. Instead of
confusing poetry and learning, as some have done, he holds the
much more sensible position that learning is useful to a poet. He
takes the hard-and-fast ethical view of the ends both of tragedy and
of all poetry, and he believes firmly in the type. But he does not
bemuse himself, as some had done and more were to do, in the
explanation of katharsis, and the definition of the tragic hero.
His greatest and also his most pervading critical fault is that
“deification of Virgil,” whereof, though by no means the inventor, he
was the chief prophet to the best part of three centuries. Let it be
His Virgil- admitted (with every possible emphasis on the fact
worship. that it is no mere extorted admission but a genuine
and spontaneous opinion) that anybody is free to admire Virgil or any
one else as much as he likes. “She that is fair to him” is so, and
there’s an end on’t. But if any one proceed, not merely to intimate
indifference to other fair ones, but to find positive fault with them
because they are not like her, then he becomes at once uncritical:
still more so if he erect her qualities, features, style, into abstract
virtues and positive truths, all opposites to which are sin and
vileness. He may call “Simula Silene, nervosa et lignea Dorcas,” to
take two only out of the famous list in the classic place of this matter.
But he must not declare that a girl who has a straight Grecian nose
is therefore ugly, or that softness and plumpness are not excellent
things in woman. Scaliger does this. For him Virgil is, at once, the
standard of excellence and the infallible touchstone of defect. Nay,
he is actually a better Nature; a wiser but more perfect Creation,
whereby you may save yourself the trouble of outside imitation,
inasmuch as everything worth imitating is there better done than by
Nature herself. It is impossible to exaggerate or caricature Scaliger’s
Maronolatry: as the Highfliers did in the case of Defoe’s Shortest
Way, he would cheerfully accept and indorse the most outrageous
statement of it.
Grave, however, as is this fault, and seriously as it vitiates
Scaliger’s attitude as a critic, there is no doubt that it served in itself
as the backbone of that attitude, and gave it the stiffness which
enabled it to resist at once argument and time. A cause of disquiet to
some critics themselves, and a rallying-cry to most enemies of
criticism, has been constantly found in the apparently floating and
uncertain character of the completest critical orthodoxy. Longinus
himself, perhaps the best exponent of that orthodoxy, has been and
is charged with vagueness; and all those who follow him must lay
their account with the same accusation. In the last resort we often
cannot give a clear, definite, cut-and-dried reason for the faith that is
in us, and we still oftener had better not try to do so. Scaliger and
Scaligerism are in no such plight. Their Sortes Virgilianæ are ex
hypothesi decisive, and of universal application. What is found in
Virgil is good, is the best; what is different from Virgil is bad or
mediocre; what is like Virgil is good in direct proportion to the
likeness. This of itself gives confidence both to the critic and to his
disciples.
Again, Scaliger, though he has no more right to arrogate Reason
and Nature as on his side than the rest of his school, possesses, like
all of the best of them, a certain sturdy prima facie common-sense. It
His solid is this which dictates his theory of dramatic
merits. verisimilitude; this which palliates some of his
Homeric and other blasphemies. Though uncompromisingly moral,
and by no means illogical (when you have once granted his bundle
of postulates), he is not in the least metaphysical. The wayfaring
man, with tolerable intelligence and a very little trouble, can
understand him perfectly.
Still more unmixed praise can be given to him from other points of
view. To any scholar his scholarship is singularly refreshing in its
thoroughness and range; he really neglects nothing proper to his
subject, though he may define that subject with a somewhat arbitrary
hand. Agree with him or differ with him as we may, it is an infinite
comfort to be brought thus in contact and confrontation with the
actual texts—to exchange the paper symbols of “the poet,” “the
dramatist,” “the satirist” in the abstract, for sound ringing coin of
actual poetry, drama, satire, told down on the counter, and tested by
file and acid if required. The literary atlas of the Hypercriticus is, as
has been said, the first attempt at a complete thing of the kind since
Quintilian, and of necessity far more complete than his. In fact,
Scaliger taught the school opposed to him—the school which after
many a generation of desultory fighting at last worsted his own—the
way to conquer. History and Comparison—the twin lights of criticism,
the only road-makers across the abyss—are resorted to by him
fearlessly. That he loses the best of their light, and twists the road in
the wrong direction, by following Will-o'-the-wisps like his Virgil-
worship, matters in detail but not in principle. He has practically
come back to the safe way which Aristotle entered, but was
precluded from treading far enough, which Quintilian and Longinus
trod, but on which most of the ancients would not set foot. He has
not found the last secret—the secret of submitting to History and to
Comparison; he still looks upon both as instruments to be used
merely under the direction of, and in subordination to, the purposes
of a priori theory. His neglect of the vernaculars is not only wrong,
but by his time absurd. His minor prejudices (as against Erasmus)
are sometimes contemptible. His actual taste, as has been said, was
probably neither delicate nor versatile. But he has learning, logic,
lucidity within his range, laborious industry, and love of literature. The
multitude which followed him followed him partly to do evil; but it
would have been a surprise, and almost a shame, had so bold and
capable a leader lacked a multitude of followers.
As has been said, Lilius Giraldus also refers to Lodovico
Castelvetro, who at least resembled Scaliger in the characteristic
Castelvetro. Ishmaelitism of the Renaissance critic. His quarrel
with Caro, also already referred to, was unluckily, we
must not say distinguished, but marked, by unfair play on the part of
his adversary, who “delated” him to the Inquisition for heresy; and
Castelvetro had to fly the country. His most important work appeared
late, the famous edition and translation, with commentary, of the
Poetics[107] not being published till a year before his death. “He was
of his nature choleric,” says his biographer; and he bestowed a good
deal of this choler not merely upon Caro, but upon the majestic
Bembo and others. Yet Castelvetro was a very remarkable critic, and
perhaps deserved the ascription of actual critical genius better than
any man who has yet been mentioned in this volume. It is but for
chequered righteousness that his practically certain formulation of
the Three Unities can be counted to him; but, as we shall see, he
has other claims, from which it is not necessary to write off anything.
His impartial attachment to both classical and vulgar tongues
ranks him, of itself, in a higher sphere than that of Scaliger; and a
certain impetuous, incalculable, prime-sautier genius puts him higher
still. Even contemporaries seem to have recognised this in him,
though they sometimes shook their heads over its pronouncements.
[108]
It may, indeed, sometimes seem that these pronouncements are,
if not inconsistent, difficult to connect by any central tie-beam of
critical theory. But this is almost inevitable in the case of a critic
whose work takes the form, not of regular treatises on large subjects,
nor even of connected essays on separate authors and books, but of
commentaries and adversaria, where the passage immediately
under consideration is uppermost in the writer’s mind, and may—not
illegitimately in a fashion—induce him to display a facet of his
thought which does not seem logically connected with other facets.
This peculiarity is perhaps the only excuse for the depreciation of
Dacier, who, reinforcing his native dulness with the superciliousness
of a Frenchman in the later years of Louis XIV., accused Castelvetro
of ignorance, and even of contradiction of Aristotle. The fact is, that
Castelvetro is first of all an independent critic, and that, though there
are few less common, there are no more valuable critical qualities
than independence, even when it is sometimes pushed to the verge
of eccentricity, providing only that it is sincere, and not ill-informed. It
seems to me uncharitable, if not flagrantly unjust, to deny
Castelvetro sincerity, and either impudent or ignorant to deny him
information.
But he had also acuteness and taste. I do not know a better
example in little of the latter quality at the time than his short and
scornful description[109] of a preposterous comparison by another
critic, Bartolommeo Riccio, between the “Sparrow” of Catullus and a
pretty but commonplace poem of Navagero on a dog. One may sigh
The Opere over the ruling passion, not to say the original sin, of
Varie. critical man, on passing from this to a tangle of
recrimination and “that’s my thunder” which follows with reference to
Riccio and Pigna and Cinthio. But this passes again into a solid
discussion on the material and form of poetry, and on the office of
the Muses. Many of these animadversions are, as we should expect,
purely verbal, sometimes not beyond the powers of the
grammaticuccio, of whom Castelvetro himself not unfrequently talks
with piquant scorn. But the comfort of finding annotations on Virgil
alternating with discourses on Dante, like that of placing a quarto on
Petrarch side by side with one on Aristotle, more than atones for any
occasional hair-splitting. We are at last in the Jerusalem of general
Literature which is the mother of us all, which is free and universal;
not in this or that separatist Samaria or exclusive Hebron. The
Platonic annotations, which are numerous, are important, because
they show just the other side of Castelvetro’s talent from the merely
verbal one—almost the whole of them being devoted to the
exposition and illustration of meaning. It is a great pity that he did not
work his notes[110] on the Gorgias (which he regards expressly as
Plato’s Rhetoric) into a regular treatise of contrast and comparison
on this subject between Aristotle and Plato. But all these notes show
us the qualification of the commentator to deal with so difficult a
subject as the Poetics.
The stout post quarto, with its vignette of an exceedingly
determined-looking owl standing on a prostrate pitcher and hooting
The Poetica. Kekrika, is dedicated to Maximilian II. It is arranged
on a system equally simple and thorough. First
comes a section of the Greek Text; then a short Italian summary of
its contents; then the Italian translation; and then the spositione—the
Commentary—which may be long or short as circumstances require.
Often, on a Greek text of a few lines, it will run to as many quarto
pages, full-packed with small print. Not the least advantageous part
of this quadripartite arrangement is that the summaries—being,
though very brief, to the point—are capable of being put together as
a table of contents. This, however, but partially applies to
Castelvetro’s commentary, which is often not a little discursive from
the text. The defect was, however, supplied in the second edition by
an elaborate index specially devoted to the Spositioni, and
consisting, not of mere words or names with page references, but of
reasoned descriptions of the subjects, as thus—
"Allegrezza.

“Come nasca dalla tristitia, che si sente del male del giusto, e del
bene del malvagio.
oblica, che si prende dalla miseria, o dalla felicita altrui qual sia,”
&c. &c.

This is a great help in tackling Castelvetro’s text, the book containing

some seven hundred pages, of perhaps as many words each.
No analysis of a book of such a size, so necessarily parasitic or
satellitic on another in general run, and yet branching and winding
with such a self-willed originality of its own, is possible. One might
On Dramatic easily write a folio on Castelvetro’s quarto. Here we
conditions. can only, as in most other cases now, except those
of books or parts of books at once epoch-making in character and
moderate in bulk, give an idea of the author’s most important views
on general and particular points. It was necessary, since Castelvetro
is revolving round Aristotle, that the greater part of his treatise should
deal with the drama: and perhaps nowhere is that originality which
has been praised more visible than here, whether it lead him wrong
or right. He has undoubtedly made a step, from the mathematical
towards the æsthetic view of literature, in conditioning, as he does,
his view of the Drama by a consideration of the stage. To literary a-
priorists this is of course horrible; to those who take the facts of
literature, as they take the facts of life, it is a welcome and
reconciling discovery. The conditions of the Greek stage were
admittedly such as can never be naturally reproduced, and therefore,
however great and perfect the Greek Tragedy may be in its own way,
it cannot usurp the position of “best in all ways”; and can still less
pretend to dictate to other kinds that they shall not be good at all in
ways different from its own.
 If the details of Castelvetro’s theory do not always correspond in
excellence to the sense and novelty of the general view, this is
because he adulterates his notion of stage requirements with that
unlucky “verisimilitude” misunderstood, which is the curse of all the
neo-classic critics, and which comes from neglect of the Aristotelian
preference of the probable-impossible to the improbable-possible.
On the Three The huge Mysteries of the Middle Ages, which
Unities. ranged from Heaven to Hell, which took weeks to
act, and covered millennia in their action, did at least this good to the
English and some other theatres—that they familiarised the mind
with the neglect of this verisimilitude. But Castelvetro would have
none of such neglect. His play must be adjusted, not merely in
Action, but in Space and Time, as nearly as possible to the actual
capacity of the stage, the actual duration of the performance.[111] And
so the Fatal Three, the Weird Sisters of dramatic criticism, the
vampires that sucked the blood out of nearly all European tragedy,
save in England and Spain, for three centuries, make their
appearance. They “enter the critical literature of Europe,” as Mr
Spingarn has very truly laid it down,[112] “from the time of
Castelvetro.”
But to balance this enslaving of the Drama (in which he far
exceeds Aristotle), Castelvetro frees the Epic from Aristotelian
On the restrictions in an almost equally important manner.
freedom of From his references in the Opere Varie to Cinthio
Epic. and Pigna, it would appear that he claimed, if not
priority, an even portion with them in the consideration of the subject
of Epic Poetry. And though not agreeing with them altogether, he
certainly agrees with them in enlarging the domains of the Epic.
Poetry, he says in effect,[113] may do anything that History can do;
and, like the latter, it may deal, not only with one action of one man,
but with his life-actions, or with many actions of many men.
With Castelvetro, however,—and it is probably the cause why
pedants like Dacier undervalue him,—both the character of his
compositions, and probably also the character of his mind, draw him
much more to independent, though by no means always or often
isolated, critical aperçus and judgments, than to theoretical
discourses, with or without illustration. To put it differently, while there
His eccentric is usually a theory at the back of his appreciations,
acuteness. the appreciation generally stands in front of the
theory. But however this may be, that quality of “unexpectedness,” in
which some æsthetic theorists have found such a charm, belongs to
him as it does to few critics. One might, for instance, give half-a-
dozen guesses to a tolerably ingenious person without his hitting on
Castelvetro’s objection to the story of Ricciardetto and Fiordispina in
the Orlando.[114] That objection is not moral: not on the ground of
what is ordinarily called decorum: not on that of digression, on that of
improbability generally, on any other that is likely to occur. It is, if you
please, that as Fiordispina was a Mahometan, and Ricciardetto a
Christian, and as Christians and Mahometans do not believe in the
same kind of Fauns and Fairies, as, further, Fauns do not eat ladies
or goddesses, whether alive or dead, Ricciardetto’s explanation of
his alleged transformation of sex is not credible. In a modern writer
this would look like an absolute absence of humour, or like a clumsy
attempt at it; and I am not prepared to say that humour was a strong
point with these Italian critics as a rule. But Castelvetro strikes me as
being by no means exceptionally unprovided with it: and such a
glaring lapse as this is probably due to the intense seriousness with
which these critical questions, new as they were, presented
themselves to him and to his class.
They get, as was once said, “into logical coaches”; and are
perfectly content to be driven over no matter what minor precipices,
and into no matter what sloughs of despond, so long as they are not
actually thrown out. Yet Castelvetro at least is never dull. At one
time[115] he compares the “somnolent indecorum,” the
sconvenevolezza sonnachiosa, of Homer to the practice of German
innkeepers (whether observed by himself in his exile, or taken from
Erasmus, one cannot say) in putting the worst wines and viands on
the table first, and the best later. Elsewhere[116] he gives a very
curious reason against that other sconvenevolezza (this sonorous
word is a great favourite with him) which he too saw in the use of
prose for tragedy—namely, that in reciting verse the speaker
naturally raises his voice, and so makes it more audible to the
audience. He has been blamed for adopting the notion of rank being
necessary to tragic characters, but on this see ante (p. 61).
 His irreverent independence in regard to Virgil is noticeable in a
critic of his time, and of course especially so if one comes to him
Examples: Homer’s straight from Scaliger. It would not be fair
nodding, prose in to represent him as a “Virgiliomastix,” but
tragedy, Virgil, minor his finer critical sense enables him to
poetry.
perceive the superiority of Homer, in
respect of whom he goes so far[117] as to say that Virgil “is not a
poet.” But this—per se, of course, excessive—had been provoked by
the extravagance of Maronolatry from Vida downwards: and
Castelvetro does not scruple to praise the Mantuan for his grasp, his
variety of phrase, and other good things. He has an extremely
sensible passage—not novel to us, but by no means a truism to his
contemporaries or to a good many poets still—on what he who
publishes miscellaneous poetry has to expect. By the publication,
says this other Messer Lodovico, of a thing which nobody asked him
for (cosa non richiesta) without any necessity, he publishes at the
same time his confidence in himself, and affirms that the thing is
good. “Which thing,” goes on Castelvetro in his pitiless critical
manner, “if it be found to be faulty (rea) and blameworthy, it convicts
him who publishes it either of malice or of folly.” Alas! for the minor
bard.
His attitude[118] to the everlastingly vexed question of the
connection of verse and poetry is very sensible, and practically
anticipates, with less reluctant circumlocution, that of Coleridge, who
in more things than one comes close to Castelvetro, and who
The medium probably knew him. He does not here contradict
and end of Aristotle by denying that verse is un-essential to
Poetry. poetry. But he insists—and points out the undoubted
truth that Aristotle’s practice, whatever his theory may do, admits this
—that Verse is a kind of inseparable accident of poetry,—that it is the
appropriate garb and uniform thereof, which cannot be abandoned
without impropriety. And he takes up this attitude still more
emphatically in regard to the closely connected, and still more
important, question of the end of Poetry. Here, as we have seen, the
Uncompromisi great Master of Criticism temporised. He did not
ng doubt that this end was Delight: but in deference to
idols, partly of the Cavern, partly of the Market-
championship place, he yokes and hampers this end with moral
of Delight. improvement, with Imitation, itself for itself, and so
on. Castelvetro is much more uncompromising. One shudders,
almost as much as one rejoices, at the audacity of a critic who in
mid-sixteenth-century calmly says, “What do beginning, middle, and
end matter in a poem, provided it delights?”[119] Nay, Castelvetro has
reached a point of view which has since been attained by very few
critics, and which some who thought they had gained this peak in
Darien first may be mildly chagrined to find occupied by him—the
view that there are different qualities of poetry, suited to delight
different qualities of persons and of mind.
How seldom this view has been taken all critics ought to know, if
they do not. Even now he who climbs the peak must lay his account
with stone-throwing from the garrisons of other points. That Burns
administers, and has a right to administer, one delight to one class of
mind, Shelley another to another; that Béranger is not to be denied
the wine of poetry because his vintage is not the vintage of Hugo:
that Longfellow, and Cowper, and George Herbert are not to be
sneered at because their delight is the delight of cheering but not of
intoxication; that Keble is not intrinsically the less a poet because he
is not Beddoes, or Charles Wesley because he is not Charles
Baudelaire—or vice versa in all the cases—these are propositions
which not every critic—which perhaps not very many critics—will
admit even in the abstract, and which in practice almost every critic
falsifies and renounces at some time or other.[120] But they are
propositions which follow fairly, and indeed inevitably, from
Castelvetro’s theory of the necessary end, Delight, and the varying
adjustment of the delighting agent to the patient’s faculty of being
delighted.
He is perhaps less sound in his absolute condemnation of
“knowledge” as material for poetry. He is right in black-marking
Fracastoro from this point of view: but he is certainly not right in
extending the black mark to Lucretius. The fact is, that even he could
not wrench himself sufficiently free from the trammels of old time to
see that in the treatment lies the faculty of delighting, and that
therefore, on his own scheme, the treatment is the poetry.
 There are few writers to be dealt with in this volume—none, I think,
already dealt with—to whom it would be more satisfactory to devote
His the minutest handling than to Castelvetro. He has
exceptional been called by Mr Spingarn “revolutionary.” The
interest and term, in an American mouth, probably has no
importance.
unfavourable connotation; but waiving that
connotation altogether, I should be inclined to demur to it. Even the
Vehmgericht (if one may rely on the leading case of Vgr. v. Philipson,
reported by Sir Walter Scott) acquitted of High Treason those who
had spoken evil of it in countries where its authority was not
acknowledged, and indeed its name hardly known. Now, Castelvetro
was dealing—as we must, for his honour as well as for our
comprehension of him, remember that he dealt—with modern as well
as with ancient literature at once, and instead of adopting the
injudicious though natural separation of Minturno, or the one-sided
treatment of Scaliger, was constantly exploring, and always more or
less keeping in view, territories not merely in which Aristotle’s writ did
not run, but which in Aristotle’s time were No Man’s Land and terra
incognita. He can no more be regarded as a revolutionary or a rebel,
in framing new laws for the new facts, than a man could be regarded
in either light for disregarding the Curfew Law at the North Pole, or
for disobeying sumptuary regulations as to the use of woollen in the
tropics. His ethos is really that of the self-reliant, resourceful, and
adventurous explorer, as he has been called—of the experimenter in
new material and under new conditions. That the paths he strikes out
sometimes lead to culs-de-sac—that the experiments he makes
sometimes fail, is nothing more than is natural, than is inevitable in
the circumstances.
More generally his value is great, and we may forgive him
(especially since he did us little or no harm) the binding of the Unities
on the necks of Frenchmen and Italians, in consideration of the
inestimable service which he did in standing up for Epic—that is,
Romantic—Unity of a different kind, and in formulating, in a “No
Surrender” fashion, the doctrine of Delight as the Poetic Criterion. By
doing this he not merely fought for the freedom of the long narrative
poem (which, as it happens, has been a matter of minor importance,
save at rare intervals, since his time), but he unknowingly
safeguarded the freedom of the long narrative prose romance or
novel, which was to be the most important new contribution of
modern times to literature. Nor may it be amiss once more to draw
attention to a more general merit still, the inestimable indifference
with which he continually handles ancient and modern examples.
Only by this—the wisest “indifference of the wise”—can true criticism
be reached. It is an indifference which neglects no change of
condition, which takes count of all features and circumstances, but
which, for that very reason, declines to allow ancient literature to
prescribe unconditionally to modern, or modern to ancient, or either
to mediæval. As to this last, Castelvetro has, and could be expected
to have, nothing to say: as to the others, he is more eloquent in
practice than in express theory. But his practice speaks his
conviction, and it is the practice by which, and by which alone, the
serene temples of the really Higher Criticism can be reached.
The last third of the century provides only one author who
deserves (though he has seldom received) at least equal attention
with Scaliger and Castelvetro: but it has, like the second, a crowd of
Tasso and the minor critics who must not be wholly passed over.
controversies Moreover, it boasts—if such a thing be a subject of
over the boasting—one equally famous and weary
Gerusalemme.
controversy, that over the Gerusalemme. This,
which expects the critical historian as its prey, and will test his
powers to the utmost if haply he may wrestle free of it at once
without inadequacy and without tedium, we may dare first: may take
the interesting single figure of Patrizzi or Patrici second, and then
may sweep the rest into a conclusion, which will itself leave not a
little summarising to be done in the Interchapter succeeding this
Book.
Torquato Tasso was, in more ways than one, fated to the ordeal of
controversy. His work would, in the already unfolded state and
temper of Italian criticism on the subject of the “heroic poem,” have
invited it in any case; but he had, in a manner, inherited the
adventure. His father, Bernardo, as has been briefly recorded above,
had himself taken much interest in critical questions; and after being
at first a classicist, had come round to the position of Cinthio. It was
Torquato’s object, by argument and example alike, to reconcile the
combatants. His Discorsi did not appear till late in 1587;[121] but they
are said to have been written some twenty years earlier, after the
appearance of Minturno’s Italian book. His plan is as simply obvious
—shall we say as obviously defective?—as that of the immortal
contributor to the Eatanswill Gazette. He, too, “combined his
information.” Some kind of Unity is to be imposed on the Romantic
Variety; and though this Unity cannot possibly be the Aristotelian, it
need not be quite such a different kind as that of Castelvetro. It is to
be organic, but may permit itself the organs of a complex animal
system.
Nor did Tasso stick to generalities; nor did he shrink from giving
hostages to fortune, and his enemies, by embodying his ideas in
practice. These ideas we have already seen floating in various
critical minds from Fracastorius to Castelvetro. The “heroic poem”—
for his theory and his example alike consecrated that word for use,
instead of either “epic” or “romance,” for nearly two centuries—must
not be pure invention, but must avail itself of the authority of history.
It must be animated by religion, true religion—that is to say,
Christianity. It must have the supernatural. The hero must be a pious
and moral, if not necessarily faultless, character. It must not be too
dogmatic—that the poet may be free. It must deal with ancient or
modern history so as to be neither absolutely unfamiliar, nor too
familiar in its atmosphere and manners. The persons, things, and
scenes must be noble and stately. It will probably strike every one
that this is an admirable receipt for a historical novel; and thus do we
constantly find blind strivings at things that cannot yet get
themselves born. But whether it is an equally good receipt for a
poem may be doubted. Some of us, at least, have no doubt that the
Gerusalemme, which is faithfully constructed in accordance with it, is
not nearly so good a poem as the Orlando, for the graceless graces
of which it was expressly devised to substitute something more
orderly and decent.
The extensive and execrable controversy which followed did not,
however, turn wholly, though it very largely turned, on the actual
case of Ariosto v. Tasso. But, as usually happens, the partisans of
the latter provoked it by unadvised laudations of him, and worse-
advised attacks on his great predecessor. The Florentines had not,
as such, any special reason for championing the “turnip-eating”
Ariosto; but Tasso had offended the coteries of the Della Crusca, and
a Della Cruscan chief, the Salviati already mentioned, took the field
against the author of the Gerusalemme. He sallied forth in turn; and
the bickering became universal. Five mortal volumes of the standard
edition of Tasso appear to be occupied with an incomplete collection
of the documents on the subject—a collection which I have not read
and do not intend to read, but which whosoever rejoices in such
things may, if he likes, supplement with all the Histories of Italian
Literature from Tiraboschi downwards, and all the Lives of Tasso,
especially those of Serassi in the eighteenth century and Solerti in
the nineteenth.
The most important upshot of the controversy is not itself in
dispute. The impregnable historical position of Cinthio was strangely
neglected by both sides (except by Ishmaelite outsiders like Bruno
and Patrizzi); nor was even the modified Aristotelianism and
“Unitarianism” of Castelvetro, as a rule, attempted. Both sides swore
fealty to Aristotle, and all debated what Aristotle meant—what Unity
was. And, in spite of the exceptions, this was the condition in which
the question was left to the next century.
The controversy, like that between Caro and Castelvetro, and (I
fear it must be said) like literary controversies in general, did not
pass off without a muddying of the waters. Salviati, Tasso’s chief
adversary, and author of the dialogue L’Infarinato against him, had at
first been a great admirer and almost flatterer of the Gerusalemme,
had offered the author his friendship, had praised his scheme, and
had actually proposed to celebrate it in that very commentary on the
Poetics which Mr Spingarn (who has read it in MS.) describes as
actually devoted to “undermining Tasso’s pretensions.” Exactly by
what personal, or cliquish, or patriotic offences he was induced to
take the opposite line, belongs to the obscure, dull, and disgusting
history of these literary squabbles generally, and we need not
concern ourselves with it. The points “for us” in the whole matter are,
first, that the controversy shows the strong hold which a certain
conception of criticism (whether the right one or not) had obtained of
the Italian mind; and, secondly, that the main question on which it
turned—“What sort of Unity heroic poems must have?”—“In what
manner must the precepts of Aristotle be interpreted and
adjusted?”—shows more than the shadow of coming Neo-
Classicism. The path of safety and truth which Giraldi and Pigna had
opened up many years earlier, and which even Castelvetro,
Unitarian as he was, had been careful to leave open—the path
starting, that is to say, from the positions that Aristotle had not all
literature before him, and that the kinds of literature which he had not
before him could not, therefore, be subject to his dicta—was now
ignored or barred. Apparent diræ facies, the faces of the Unities, and
there is nothing left to do, in the general opinion, but to wrangle
about their exact lineaments.
The critical work of Tasso is far from inconsiderable, and only a
sense of duty prevents the consideration of it here at greater length.
Tasso’s It consists[122] of the Discorsi which, as noted above,
Critical appeared at Venice (with divers Lettere Poetiche) in
writings one of the thin small parchment-covered quartos for
which the student of this literature begins, after a time, to feel a
distinct affection. The much longer and later Discorsi del Poema
Epico partly repeat, partly correct, partly expand, the earlier work;
and sometimes stand in a curious relation to it.[123] But this by no
means exhausts the tale. Tasso, nothing if not conscientious,
appears to have taken his art in general, and his work in particular,
very seriously indeed. He makes extracts from Castelvetro; writes on
the Allegory of his own Gerusalemme, an Apology for it in dialogue,
a formal Reply to the strictures of the Della Cruscans, a tractate in
answer to Patrizzi’s defence of Ariosto, another on Poetical
Differences, a long “Judgment of the Conquistata,” a discourse on
the Art of the Dialogue. Also he has some curious considerations on
three Canzoni of Pigna’s entitled Le Tre Sorelle, written in honour of
Lucrezia Bendidio, and dealing with Sacred and Profane Love.
These considerations have the additional interest of being addressed
to Leonora d’Este, and of breathing a peculiar blend of that half-
sensual, half-Platonic Renaissance rapture of which the great locus
is the discourse assigned to Bembo at the end of Castiglione’s
Courtier, with the religiosity which we more specially think of in
Tasso. He has an elaborate lecture on a single sonnet of La Casa,—
a great favourite of Tasso’s, and deservedly so as far as his serious
poetry goes,—and some minor matter of the kind.
To the writing of this not inconsiderable corpus of criticism Tasso
brought, besides his own genius and the interesting association of
his creative power, really wide reading, and, as has been said, an
and position. indefatigable interest in the subject. He exercised a
good deal of influence in the time to come—both
Milton and Dryden, for instance (the latter again and again), refer to
his critical work. Yet it may perhaps be said without presumption that
this criticism is rather more interesting to a student of Tasso, or to
one who wishes to obtain at famous hands some knowledge of the
Italian sixteenth century ethos in this kind without going any further,
than to the student of criticism itself. Tasso is very fairly
representative of it in its combination of Plato and Aristotle, in its
anxiety to get general notions of poetry and poetic kinds, in its
respect for the ancients, in its ethical turn. But he is rather more
representative than original or distinct; and his criticism is not
perhaps improved by the very natural fact that sometimes avowedly,
and probably in most cases really, it is less a disinterested
consideration of Poetry in general than an apologetic of the poetry of
Torquato Tasso. And as that poetry itself, beautiful as it often is, is
notoriously something of a compromise between the Romantic and
the Classical, so the criticism which is connected with it is
compromising and compromised likewise. Tasso has many
interesting observations, intelligent aperçus, just remarks: he is a
link, and a very early link, in the apostolic succession of those who
have held and taught the great doctrine that poetry makes the
familiar unfamiliar, the accustomed strange and new.[124] But he has
not shaken himself free enough to gain the standpoint of his friendly
antagonist Patrizzi, and to recognise, even imperfectly, that the
secret of poetry is treatment poeticamente, and that only the historic
method unfettered by rules will tell you what poeticamente has been
and is, even thus leaving unknown what it will be.
At about the same time, however, a last, and the most vigorous, if
not altogether the best informed, attempt was made to put the matter
Patrizzi: his on this true historical basis. A year (1586) before the
Poetica. publication of Tasso’s Discorsi, and of his Apologia,
though long after the writing of the first, and not without reference to
himself and the dispute between his partisans and those of Ariosto,
there had been printed at Ferrara, in two parts, one of the most
important and original of the numerous treatises which appeared
during this half-century or more, under the title of Della Poetica. It
was the work of Francesco Patrizzi (as he is generally cited in books,
though both in the title-pages of this work, and in the signature of his
Dedication, it is spelt Patrici). The inspiration of the book was, at
least partly, due to the violent anti-Peripateticism of which Patrizzi
was at this time the twin champion with Bruno;[125] and while we must
no doubt thank this party spirit for being in great part the cause of the
volume, there may be room for objecting that it somewhat obscures
the pure critical value of the treatises. That value, however, remains
great, and would be great even if there were nothing in the book but
an ill-carried-out idea. For its idea is the basing of the inquiry into
poetry, not on a priori discussion of the nature of the thing, and of its
exponent the poet,—not on previous authority as to these questions,
—but on a historical examination of extant poetical composition. It is,
of course, true that an examination of the kind was ready at hand in
Scaliger’s book. But nothing was further from Scaliger’s mind than to
base his inquiry on this: on the contrary, it comes late, and is merely
intended to supply illustration and texts for verbal criticism.
Patrizzi’s plan is quite different. His book consists of two parts or
“decades”—La Deca Istoriale and La Deca Disputata; and though in
some copies (my own is an instance) the cart is perversely put
before the horse, this is evidently a mere stupidity of the binder, due
to the fact that both books, which are separately paged and title-
paged, are of the same year (1586), and perhaps to the other fact
that the Dedication of the Disputata to Don Ferrando Gonzaga,
Signor di Guastalla, is dated, while that of the Istoriale to Lucrezia
d’Este, Duchess of Urbino, is not. But the very first line of the
Disputata makes references to the other as already done.
That the “History of Poetry” of il gran Patricio, as his
commendatory sonneteers love to call him, should be either
completely exhaustive or impeccably methodical, it would be
The Deca unreasonable to expect. There are indeed some
Istoriale. surprising touches,[126] both of knowledge and of
liberality, in his admissions of the Architrenius and the
Anticlaudianus, of Marbod and Bede. But for the most part he
confines himself to classic and scriptural authors; and his notices are
rather those of a classical dictionary maker, or hand-list man, than of
a critical historian in the best sense. Still, all things must have
beginnings; and it is a very great beginning indeed to find the actual
documents of the matter produced and arranged in any orderly
fashion, even if we do begin a little in the air with Giubale and
Giafeto, and end a little in the dark with Gaufredo and Guntero.
Only when he has spent 150 pages on this arrangement does
Patrizzi pass to his Second Book, in which (once more in the true
logical order) he arranges the productions of his poets in kinds, of
which he is a generous and careful distributor. The much shorter
Third deals with the kinds of verses; and the Fourth with the festivals
and spectacles at which poetry was produced, the Fifth continuing
this with special reference to Games and Contests. The Sixth deals
with the singing of ancient poetry; the Seventh with its accompanying
Music; the Eighth with Rhythm; the Ninth with the Chorus; and the
Tenth with the persons who produced ancient poetry—rhapsodists,
priests, actors, &c.
It is, of course, to be observed that all this is strictly limited to
Ancient Poetry; indeed Patrizzi repeats the very words religiously in
The Deca the title of every Book. To support his examination
Disputata. with a further one of modern or even Italian “vulgar”
poetry does not seem to have occurred to him. Perhaps, indeed—
since he refers, as has been said, in the very first line of his second
part to la lunga e faticosa istoria delle cose a poeti, a poemi, e a
poetica spettanti as “condetta a fine” with a sort of sigh of relief—he
may have thought that his readers would not stand it. But it is
noteworthy that in this Decade he constantly cites Italian writers, and
that the last forty pages of his Tenth Book consist of a Trimerone of
controversy with Tasso himself, amicable (they were actually
friends), but by no means unanimated.
The First Book of the Disputata is given up to the cause of poetry,
which Patrizzi, again in accordance with Bruno, decides to be
Enthusiasm (Furori[127]), relying much on Plato, especially on the
Tynnichus passage (v. supra, vol. i. p. 20), and even a little on