Important Questions for Class 10 Science

Chapter 6 – Life Processes

Very Short Answer Questions (1 Mark)

1. Amoeba shows following kind of nutrition –

a. Autotrophic b. holozoic
b. Saprotrophic d. parasitic
Ans: (b) holozoic

2. The process by which blood is cleared of metabolic wastes in case of

kidney failure is called
a. artificial kidney
b. dialysis
c. transplantation
d. filtration
Ans: b) dialysis

3. Woody plants carry gaseous exchange through

a. root hair
b. stem hair
c. Lenticels
d. epidermal cells.
Ans: (c) Lenticels.

4. Where does digestion of starch begin in human body?

Ans: The digestion of starch begins in the human body in the mouth.

5. Give one example of each of saprophytic and parasitic nutrition.

Ans: One example each of saprophytic and parasitic nutrition is as follows:
Parasitic Nutrition – Plasmodium (Protozoa)
Saprophytic Nutrition – fungi.

6. Which of the following statements about the autographs is incorrect?

a. They store carbohydrates in the form of starch.
b. They constitute the first trophy level in food chains.
c. They convert CO2CO2 and water into carbohydrates in the absence
of sunlight
d. They synthesize carbohydrates from CO2CO2 and water in the
presence of sunlight & chlorophyll.
Ans: c) They convert CO2��2 and water into carbohydrates in the absence
of sunlight.

7. Which of these is not a part of the small intestine?

a. Duodenum
b. Jejunum
c. Ileum
d. Rectum
Ans: d) Rectum is not a part of the small intestine.

8. During contraction of the heart, what prevents backflow of blood?

a. Thin walls of atria
b. Thick muscular walls of ventricles
c. Valves in heart
d. All of the above
Ans: c) Valves in heart

9. Name excretory organs in amoeba and earthworm.

Ans: The excretory organ in amoeba and earthworms are as follows:
Amoeba – Cell membrane, Earthworm – Outer covering (skin)

10. Name the plant tissue through which water and minerals are
transported in plants.
Ans: The plant tissue through which water and minerals are transported in
plants is Xylem.

11. Trachea do not collapse when there is not much air because they are
–
a. thick and muscular
b. having cartilaginous rings
c. have valves
d. supported by the larynx.
Ans: b) having cartilaginous rings.

12. Which one of the following blood vessels contains only deoxygenated
blood?
a. pulmonary vein
b. pulmonary artery
c. capillaries
d. Aorta
Ans: b) Pulmonary artery

13. The autotrophic mode of nutrition requires –

a. Chlorophyll
b. Sunlight
c. Carbon – dioxide & water
d. All of the above
Ans: d) All of the above

14. Name the red pigment carrying oxygen in the blood.

Ans: The red pigment carrying oxygen in blood Haemoglobin.
15. Name the hormone which is responsible for the reabsorption of water
in nephrons.
Ans: The hormone which is responsible for reabsorption of water in nephrons
Antidiuretic – hormone (ADH) or vasopressin.

16. When air is blown from the mouth into a test tube containing
lime water, the lime water turned milky due to the presence of –
a) oxygen
b) nitrogen
c) water vapours
d) carbon – dioxide
Ans: d) carbon – dioxide

17. In which of the following group/ groups of animals, heart does not
pump oxygenated blood to different parts of the body?
a. Pisces only
b. Amphibians only
c. Amphibians and reptiles only
d. Pisces and amphibians
Ans: The following group/ groups of animals, in which the heart does not
pump oxygenated blood to different parts of the body a) Pisces only.

18. The filtration units of kidneys are called –

a. Ureter
b. Urethra
c. Neurons
d. Nephrons.
Ans: d) nephrons
19. What is the mode of nutrition in fungi and plasmodium?
Ans: The mode of nutrition in fungi and plasmodium are as following:
Fungi – Saprophytic
Plasmodium – parasitic.

20. Which of them contain less nitrogenous waste – renal vein or the
renal artery?
Ans: Renal veins contain less nitrogenous waste.

21. Amoeba captures food with the help of –

a. Teeth
b. cilia
c. pseudopodia
d. tentacles
Ans: c) pseudopodia.

22. Which of the following is most appropriate for aerobic respiration?

a. Glucose−→−−−−−−mitochondriapyruvate−→−−−−cytoplasmCO2+H2O+
EnergyGlucose→mitochondriapyruvate→cytoplasmCO2+H2O+Energy
b. Glucose−→−−−−cytoplasmpyruvate−→−−−−−−mitochondriaCO2+H2O+
EnergyGlucose→cytoplasm pyruvate→mitochondriaCO2+H2O+Energy
c. Glucose−→−−−−cytoplasmpyruvate+Energy−→−−−−−mitochondriaCO2
+H2OGlucose→cytoplasmpyruvate+Energy→mitochondriaCO2+H2O
d. Glucose−→−−−−cytoplasmpyruvate+Energy−→−−−−mitochondriaCO2+
H2O+EnergyGlucose→cytoplasmpyruvate+Energy→mitochondriaCO2+H2O
+Energy
Ans:
(b) Glucose−→−−−−cytoplasmpyruvate−→−−−−−−mitochondriaCO2+H2O+En
ergyGlucose→ cytoplasm pyruvate→mitochondriaCO2+H2O+Energy
23. Name the part of the alimentary canal that receives bile from the
liver.
a. Oesophagus
b. Stomach
c. Small intestine
d. Large intestine
Ans: The part of the alimentary canal that receives bile from the liver c) Small
Intestine.

24. What is glycolysis?

Ans: Breakdown of Glucose into pyruvate is known as glycolysis.

25. Name the largest artery of the body.

Ans: The largest artery of the body is Aorta.

26. The kidneys in human beings are parts of the system for
a. nutrition
b. respiration
c. excretion
d. transpiration
Ans: The kidneys in human beings are parts of the system for (c) excretion.

27. The xylem in plants are responsible for

a. transport of water
b. transport of food
c. transport of amino acids
d. transport of oxygen
Ans: (a) transport of water.
28. The autotrophic mode of nutrition requires
a. carbon dioxide and water
b. chlorophyll
c. sunlight
d. all of the above
Ans: The autotrophic mode of nutrition requires (d) all of the above.

29. The breakdown of pyruvate to give carbon dioxide, water and energy
takes place in
a. cytoplasm
b. mitochondria
c. chloroplast
d. nucleus
Ans: The breakdown of pyruvate to give carbon dioxide, water and energy
takes place in (b) mitochondria.

30. Food moves down the gut by peristalsis. Which region of the brain
controls peristalsis.
Ans: Food moves down the gut by peristalsis and the region of brain which
controls peristalsis is the Medulla of the hindbrain.

31. Name the pigment present in plants, which can absorb solar energy.
Ans: The pigment present in plants, which can absorb solar energy is
Chlorophyll.

32. Which of the four chambers of the human heart has the thickest
muscular walls?
Ans: Right ventricle has the thickest muscular walls.
33. Which part of the visible spectrum is absorbed by chlorophyll
pigments?
Ans: Blue and Red light are absorbed by chlorophyll pigments.

34. Name the cartilaginous flap which closes the glottis to check the
entry of food into it during swallowing.
Ans: The cartilaginous flap which closes the glottis to check the entry of food
into it during swallowing is Epiglottis.

35. Which equipment is used to facilitate breathing during serious

breathing problems?
Ans: The equipment that is used to facilitate breathing during serious
breathing problems is Ventilator.

36. What do you mean by double circulation of blood?

Ans: Double circulation of blood means that blood passes through the heart
twice for each cycle of the body.

Short Answer Questions (2

Marks)

1. What is common for cuscuta, ticks and leeches?

Ans: Cuscuta, ticks, and leeches all feed in a parasitic manner, harming their
hosts in the process.

2. What advantage over an aquatic organism does a terrestrial organism

have with regard to obtaining oxygen for respiration?
 Ans: Terrestrial organisms have evolved to be more efficient at absorbing
oxygen from the air than watery organisms. –
i.Increased respiratory surface area.
ii.Very fine and delicate surface for easy exchange of oxygen and carbon –
dioxide.
iii.Placement of respiratory surface within the body for protection.
iv.The mechanism for transporting air into and out of the respiratory surface,
which absorbs oxygen.

3. Differentiate between single and double circulation found in

vertebrates.
Ans: The differences between single and double circulation found in
vertebrates are:

Single Circulation Double circulation

1. In this, blood passes only once

1. Blood passes only once through
through the heart in one complete
the heart in one complete cycle.
cycle.

2. Only deoxygenated blood flows via 2. The blood in the heart is both
the heart. oxygenated and deoxygenated.

3. It is ineffective. 3. It's more effective.

4. Name the substrates for the following enzymes.

a. trypsin
b. amylase
c. pepsin
d. lipase
Ans: The substrates for the following enzymes are as shown below
a) Protein
b) Starch
c) Protein
d) Lipids

5. What are the two stages in photosynthesis?

Ans: Two stages in photosynthesis are–
a. Light reaction – Photolysis of water is the process of breaking down
water molecules into hydrogen and oxygen using light energy.
b. Dark reaction – Carbon dioxide (CO2) is fixed and converted into
glucose, a simple carbohydrate.

6. What is the difference between arteries & veins?

Ans: The differences between arteries & veins are:

Arteries Veins

1. It is responsible for transporting blood 1. It transports blood to the

away from the heart. heart.

2. They have a sturdy wall

2. They have very thin walls.
around them.

3. They have narrow lumen. 3. They have a wide lumen.

4. Pressure is high. 4. Pressure is low.

5. It carries deoxygenated
5. It carries oxygenated blood.
blood.
7. What is villi? What are its functions?
Ans: Villi are projections in the small intestine's inner lining that resemble
fingers. They enhance the surface area available for digested meal absorption
in the small intestine.
8. What type of respiration takes place in human muscles during
vigorous exercise and why?
Ans: Anaerobic respiration occurs in human muscles during severe exercise.
During exercise, our energy requirement increases, so our striated muscles
start respiring anaerobically in the lack of oxygen and produce ATP
molecules.

9. How is opening and closing of stomata regulated?

Ans: Guard cells control the closure and opening of the stomata. The stomata
open when the guard cells enlarge or become turgid owing to water ingress.
Because of the loss of water, the guard cells shrink and the stomata close.

10. State two vital functions of the kidney.

Ans: Function of the kidney are –
1. It keeps the body's water balance in check.
2. It regulates calcium levels in the blood to keep bones healthy.

11. Differentiate between aerobic and anaerobic respiration.

Ans: The differences between aerobic and anaerobic respiration are:

Aerobic Respiration Anaerobic Respiration

1. In the presence of oxygen, it 1. It happens when oxygen isn't

occurs. present.

2. It can be found in the cytoplasm

2. It's found in the cytoplasm.
and mitochondria.

3. Complete breakdown of glucose. 3. Incomplete breakdown of glucose.

 4. End products are CO2 and ethyl
4. End products are CO2 and H2O
alcohol or lactic acid.

12. Meat is easier to digest as compared to grass. Why?

Ans: Meat is easier to digest because our digestive juices contain enzymes that
can break down meat, but our bodies cannot break down cellulose, which is a
major component of grass.

13. Differentiate between transport of materials in

xylem & phloem.
Ans: The differences between transport of materials in xylem & phloem are:

Xylem Phloem

1. It transports water and

1. It transports food materials.
minerals.

2. Only upwards transport of 2. Substances are transported in both

substances is possible. upward and downward directions.

14. What is the role of the glomerulus in the kidney?

Ans: Glomerulus, like Bowman's Capsule, is a collection of capillaries found
in the cup. It gets blood from the renal artery, which is responsible for
transporting excretory wastes from the body to the kidney. It removes from
the liver water, salts, glucose, urea, nitrogen-containing protein end products,
and yellow bile components.

15. Why is it essential to match the blood groups of donors and receiver
person before arranging transfusion of blood?
Ans: Blood RBCs carry both antigen and antibodies. If the blood is not
matched before transfusion, the recipient's blood produces antibodies
against the donor blood and destroys blood cells, resulting in a blood
shortage and death.

16. Why is it necessary to separate oxygenated & deoxygenated blood in

mammals & birds?
Ans: The separation of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood allows the
organism to receive adequate oxygen. This mechanism is beneficial to
creatures who demand a lot of energy. Mammals and birds use oxygen to
obtain energy in order to maintain a consistent body temperature.

17. Why are the walls of the trachea supported by cartilaginous rings?
Ans: The trachea is held together by cartilaginous rings that keep it from
collapsing even when there isn't much air in it.
18. What are the raw materials for photosynthesis?
Ans: Raw materials for photosynthesis are –
a. Carbon – dioxide
b. Water
c. Chlorophyll and Sunlight
19. What is the role of the diaphragm during inhalation and exhalation?
Ans: During inhalation and exhalation, the diaphragm changes form,
increasing and decreasing the capacity of the thoracic cavity. This causes air
to enter and exit the lungs.
20. What is the advantage of four chambers of heart?
Ans: A septum separates the right and left halves of the heart, preventing
oxygenated and deoxygenated blood from mingling. This satisfies their
constant need for energy to keep their body temperature steady. Their
energy requirements are substantial, which are met effectively due to the
non-mixing of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood.
21. Why is diffusion insufficient to meet the oxygen requirements of
multicellular organisms like humans?
Ans: As all cells in multicellular animals are not in direct contact with the
environment, simple diffusion is insufficient to supply the needs of all body
cells.
22. What criteria do we use to decide whether something is alive?
Ans: To be considered alive, all living organisms must have movement at the
molecular level, as well as respiration and other life processes such as
nutrition, respiration, transportation, and excretion.

23. What is the function of digestive enzymes?

Ans: Enzymes break down food's different complicated components into
simple, soluble components that can be easily absorbed.

24. How are the lungs designed in human beings to maximize the area
for exchange of gases?
Ans: Bronchioles end in alveoli, which are balloon-like structures in the lungs.
Alveoli have a network of blood capillaries that increase the surface area
available for gas exchange.

25. What is the role of saliva in the digestion of food?

Ans: Salivary amylase is an enzyme found in the mouth that breaks down
starch, a complicated molecule, into glucose.

26. While eating you are advised not to talk. Why are you advised to do
so?
Ans: We are urged to do so because food particles may enter the windpipe
when eating, causing choking.
27. We say that movement is a characteristic of living organisms but we
always don’t see visible movements in plants. Comment.
Ans: Plants do not always show obvious movement. It doesn't necessarily
imply that they aren't living. In their bodies, molecular movements take place.

28. If a person is working on a treadmill in a gymnasium, will it affect his

rate of breathing? How?
Ans: Yes, it will have an impact on his breathing rate. To satisfy the increased
demand for energy, the rate of breathing will increase in order to supply more
oxygen.

29. If you compare your rate of breathing by feeling your chest

movement with the number of times a fish opens and closes its mouth.
Which will be higher and way?
Ans: As the amount of dissolved oxygen in water is relatively low compared
to the amount of oxygen in the air, the number of times a fish opens and
closes its mouth will be higher. As a result, aquatic organisms breathe at a
significantly higher rate than terrestrial organisms.

30. Mucus is not used for churning the food or digesting it. Then why is
it secreted in the stomach?
Ans: In order to protect the stomach's inner lining from being harmed by HCI,
mucus is released. Excessive HCI secretion can harm the lining of the stomach
and cause a peptic ulcer.

31. In the process of Photosynthesis food A is prepared which gets

converted into food B. What are A and B? Why is A converted to B?
Ans: Glucose is food A, whereas starch is food B. As B is an insoluble
carbohydrate, it is transformed to A. It is more compact, making it better for
storage.
32. When we are asleep we are not performing any activity while our life
processes are going on. Why?
Ans: “The maintenance functions of living organisms must go on even when
they are not doing anything particular.” That is why the life processes are
going on even while we are asleep or not performing any activity.

33. What will be the outcome if a farmer floods his field every day?
Ans: The oxygen contained in the interspaces of the soil will be replaced by
water, affecting plant respiration.

34. Name the respiratory organs of:

(i) fish
Ans: The respiratory organs of fish are gills.

(ii) mosquito
Ans: The respiratory organs of mosquitoes are Trachea (air tubes).

(iii) earthworm.
Ans: The respiratory organs of earthworms are moist skin.

35. Due to the availability of less water, how does the plant cope with
the lack of water in desert conditions?
Ans: To preserve moisture, they open their stomata at night and close them
during the day.

36. After a vigorous exercise, you may experience cramps in your leg
muscles. Why does this happen?
Ans: After vigorous exercise our muscle cells experience shortage of oxygen.
When there is lack of oxygen, Leg muscle cramps are produced by a sudden
build-up of lactic acid in our muscles following strenuous exercise.

37. What will happen if carbon monoxide combines with hemoglobin?

Ans: If haemoglobin binds firmly to carbon monoxide, oxygen will not be
transported by blood, resulting in the organism's death.

38. Chloroplasts are called energy convertors. Explain.

Ans: As chloroplasts catch solar energy and convert it to chemical energy,
they are known as energy converters.

39. Why is the rate of breathing much faster in aquatic organisms than
those in terrestrial organisms?
Ans: Aquatic species get their oxygen from dissolved oxygen in the water.
Water has a relatively low oxygen availability as compared to air. As a result,
aquatic organisms must breathe more quickly than terrestrial organisms.
40. Why are glomeruli considered as dialysis bags?
Ans: The glomeruli's major filtering function is selective filtration. Small
molecules comprising glucose, salts, urea, and liquid senim are filtered. Etc.
Proteins and other big molecules remain in the blood. As a result, the
glomeruli of the kidneys serve as dialysis bags.
41. Autotrophs synthesize food for the living world. Justify this
statement in one sentence only by interconnecting autotrophs and
heterotrophs.
Ans: The food producers are autotrophs, and all heterotrophs directly or
indirectly consume the food produced by the autotrophs.
42. Veins and arteries carry blood. Which of these carry blood?
a. Away from the heart?
Ans: Arteries carry blood away from the heart.

b. Back to the heart?

 Ans: Veins carry blood back to the heart.

43. Which of the organs perform the following functions in humans?

i.Absorption of food.
Ans: Absorption of food takes place in the small intestine.

ii. Absorption of water

Ans: Large intestine

44. Name the areas in a woody stem through which respiratory

exchange of gases take place.
Ans: In a woody stem, the bark has lenticels for gaseous exchange.

45. Why doesn’t the lungs collapse even after forceful expiration?
Ans: Even after forced expiration to maximum capacity, residual volume
refers to the amount of air that remains in the lungs following forceful
expiration. As a result, even after a strong expiration, the lungs do not
collapse.

46. “If there were no algae there would be no fish in the sea”. Comment.
Ans: Photosynthesis results in the production of O2 by algae. The oxygen
used by fish in the sea is used for breathing. There would have been no
oxygen created if algae had not existed. As a result, fish may have died.

47. Why is the process of diffusion insufficient to meet the oxygen

requirement of human beings?
Ans: For bigger multicellular creatures like humans, the diffusion method is
insufficient to transport O2 to all areas of the body. As a result, the respiratory
pigment haemoglobin absorbs oxygen from the air and transports it
throughout our bodies via blood.

Long Answer Questions (3

Marks)

1. What are the functions of lymph in our body?

Ans: Functions of lymph are-
a) It removes tissue fluid from the interstitial region and restores it to the
bloodstream.
b) Through tissue fluid, it gathers carbon dioxide, waste products, and
metabolites from tissues.
c) Lymph contains lymphocytes (WBCs), which aid in the body's immunity
and fight against invading invaders.

2. How is haemoglobin associated with respiration explained?

Ans: The respiratory pigment haemoglobin is responsible for transporting
oxygen and carbon dioxide. Haemoglobin is a crimson pigment with a strong
oxygen affinity. Oxyhemoglobin transports oxygen from the lungs to the cells
of the body. Carbon dioxide is carried to the lungs by carbamino –
haemoglobin from the bodily cells.

3. What are the modes of excretion in plants?

Ans: Modes of excretion in plants are –
a. The plants get rid of excess water by transpiration.
b. Plants' only primary gas excretory product is oxygen. Plants emit it into
the environment by diffusion. Organic wastes of plants are stored within dead
permanent tissues such as wood or within leaves or bark which are
periodically removed.
c. The plants also excrete some waste substances into the soil around
them.
 d.Plant waste products are accumulated in cellular vacuoles in large
quantities.

4. Give an experiment to prove the essentiality of light for

photosynthesis.
Ans: An experiment to prove the essentiality of light for photosynthesis is as
shown below:
a) Destarched the plant by leaving it in dart for 48 – 72 hours.
b) Now place strips of black paper or metal foil over destarched leaves and
expose them to light for several hours.

5. What is “translocation”? Why it is essential for plants.

Ans: The term "translocation" refers to the movement of organic solutes
within plants. It is required since all cells require sustenance to perform their
essential tasks. It affects the storage organs of roots, fruits, seeds, and
developing organs in both upward and downward directions.

6. How respiration takes place in plants?

Ans: There are three modes for the exchange of gases in plants –
a) Some little plants can exchange gaseous matter by simply diffusing it
throughout their entire surface.
b) Stomata on the leaves and green stems of large flowering plants exchange
gases.
c) Exchange occurs in woody stems through fractures in the bark or lenticels.

7. How is transpiration pull responsible for upward movement of water?

Ans: Transpiration is the process through which leaves lose water in the form
of water vapours through stomata. Continuous transpiration causes a
suction in the xylem elements' water column, which reaches the roots. This
is known as transpiration pull. The water column of the plant is drawn up
from the bottom to the top due to transpiration.

8. Discuss the major steps involved in the process of nutrition in human

beings.
Ans: Major steps involved in human nutrition are –
a) Ingestion – Food is taken in through the mouth. Humans have a holozoic
feeding mode. Solid particles are swallowed by them.
b) Digestion – In the alimentary canal, mechanical and chemical processes
are used to break down complex dietary materials into simpler ones.
c) Absorption – The little finger-like projections, or villi, of the small intestine
absorb digested food.
d) Assimilation – Food is absorbed and transported to all cells via
blood, where it is used for energy, growth, and development.
e) Excretion – Food from the small intestine passes through to the big
intestine, where it is ejected out by Anus.

9. Discuss the mode of nutrition in amoeba.

Ans: The steps of Nutrition in amoeba are–
a) Formation of pseudopodia – When an amoeba comes into contact
with a food particle, it creates pseudopodia that encase the food
particle.
b) Ingestion – Ingestion occurs when the terminals of pseudopodia
merge with one other, forming a food vacuole with a variable amount of
food particles and water.
c) Digestion – The vacuoles are encircled by lysosomes, which fuse with
the vacuole and consume the food particles inside.
d) Exocytosis – The food vacuole passes the soluble products of digestion into
the appropriate cytoplasm. Exocytosis is the process through which the
remaining undigested items are passed out of the body.
 10. With the help of a labelled diagram, discuss the structure of the cross–
section of leaf.
Ans: Leaf has two parts:
i.Epidermis – The epidermis is the cell's outermost layer. Stomata are tiny
pores that connect cells in the lower epidermis.
ii.Mesophyll – Mesophyll refers to the chloroplast-containing parenchyma
cells. Palisade and spongy parenchyma are the two types.

11. What do you mean by ‘lymph’? Mention its function.

Ans: Lymph- Tissue fluid, or lymph, is the fluid that fills the gaps between the
cells in the tissues.
Functions of lymph:
i.It returns tissue fluid from the interstitial spaces into the blood.
ii.Lacteals, which are lymph capillaries found in intestinal villi, aid in fat
absorption.
iii.Through tissue fluid, it gathers carbon dioxide, waste products, and
metabolites from tissues.

12. How are lungs designed in human beings to maximize the area of
exchange of gases?
Ans: Lungs have evolved various characteristics to allow for effective gas
exchange. The modifications are as follows:
a. Increased surface area
b.Very fine and delicate surface for easy exchange of oxygen and carbon
dioxide
c. The mechanism for transporting air into and out of the respiratory
surface, which absorbs oxygen.

13. Dark reactions of photosynthesis do not need light. Do plants

undergo dark reactions at night?
Ans: The term "dark reaction" does not refer to a reaction that occurs in the
absence of light, such as at night. In fact, these reactions are independent of
light energy and occur at the same time as light reactions.

14. Differentiate inhalation and exhalation.

Ans: The differences between inhalation and exhalation are:

Inhalation Exhalation

1. It is taking in of air from the 1. It is expelling out of the air from the
atmosphere lungs.

2. Diaphragm contract & 2. Diaphragm relaxes and becomes

flattens. dome shaped.

3. Ribs movement is forward & 3. Ribs movement is downward &

outward. inward

4. Volume of thoracic cavity

4. Volume of thoracic cavity decreases
increases

5. Pressure of thoracic cavity

5. Pressure of thoracic cavity increases
decreases

15. With the help of a diagram, show pulmonary circulation in man.

Ans: With the help of a diagram, pulmonary circulation in man can be
represented as shown below:
16. What are the functions of the human respiratory system?
Ans: The functions of the human respiratory system are:
(i). The cellular respiration function requires gaseous exchange.
(ii). The vocal cords produce sound.
(iii). Abdominal compression assists with urination, face passing, and birthing.
(iv). Laughing and sneezing to clean the respiratory surface on their own.

17. What is the role of skin, lungs and intestine in the process of excretion
in man?
Ans: The role of skin, lungs and intestine in the process of excretion in man
are:
Skin – Skin excrete excess salts and water in the form of sweat.
Lungs – Exhalation causes carbon dioxide to be expelled from the lungs.
Intestine – Intestine throw out undigested food in the form of faeces through
the anus

18. Explain the structure of chloroplast.

Ans: The structure of chloroplast can be explained using the diagram as shown
below:

19. Why and how does water enter continuously into the root xylem of
plants?
Ans: Water and minerals are transported to the plant body via xylem. Root
hairs are hairs that grow on a plant's roots. The root hairs come into close
touch with the water film that forms between soil particles. Diffusion allows
water and minerals to penetrate the root hair. The water and minerals are
taken by the root hair from the soil move via the epidermis, root cortex,
endodermis, and root xylem by osmosis from cell to cell. The plant's xylem
vessels in the root are connected to the xylem vessels in the stem. As a result,
dissolved mineral-containing water passes through the root xylem vessels and
into the stem xylem vessels. The stem's xylem vessels branch out into the
plant's leaves. As a result, the water and minerals supplied by the xylem
vessels in the stem reach the leaves via the branched xylem vessels that enter
each area of the leaf from the petiole. As a result, water and minerals from the
earth reach the plants' leaves via the root and stem. The suction created by
the evaporation of water molecules from the cells of a leaf pulls water from
the xylem cells of roots. Transpiration is the loss of water from the aerial
portions of plants in the form of vapour.
20. What is the role of following in human digestive system –
a. mucous
Ans: Mucus – It shields the stomach's inner life from HCl.
b. Bicarbonate
Ans: Bicarbonate – It alkalizes the acidic meal so that pancreatic enzymes
may work on it.
c. Trypsin
Ans: Trypsin – It digest proteins into amino acids.

21. What are outside raw materials used for by an organism?

Ans: The following are examples of external raw materials used by an
organism:
a. Food
b.Water
c. Oxygen

22. What processes would you consider essential for maintaining life?
Ans: The processes essential for maintaining life are:
a. Nutrition
b. Respiration
c. Transportation
d. Excretion

23. What is the difference between autotrophic and heterotrophic

nutrition?
Ans: The difference between autotrophic and heterotrophic nutrition is:

Autotrophic Nutrition Heterotrophic Nutrition

1. The form of nutrition in which an 1. The mode of nutrition in which an

organism uses sunlight energy to organism is unable to produce food
 produce its own food from simple from simple inorganic components
inorganic components such as such as carbon dioxide and water
carbon dioxide and water found in and must rely on food from other
the environment. All green plants. species. All non-green plants.

24. Where do plants get each of the raw materials required for
photosynthesis?
Ans: Plants do get each of the raw materials required for photosynthesis from:
a) Carbon dioxide from the atmosphere.
b) Light from Sun
c) Water from Soil
d) Chlorophyll from chloroplast of green plants.

25. What is the role of acids in our stomach?

Ans: HCl plays the following role in our stomach:
a. Make the medium acidic to allow the pepsin enzyme to work.
b. Kills the harmful bacteria present in food
c. Prevents fermentation of food

26. How is small intestine designed to absorb digested?

Ans: The villi, which are finger-like projections on the inner lining of the small
intestine, enhance the surface area available for absorption. The villi are
densely packed with blood arteries that convey the absorbed food to all of
the body's cells. It is used to obtain energy and repair damaged tissues.

27. What advantage over an aquatic organism does a terrestrial

organism have with regard to obtaining oxygen for respiration?
Ans: In comparison to aquatic organisms, terrestrial organisms breathe at a
slower rate. This is owing to the fact that there is less oxygen in water than
there is in air, thus aquatic species breathe at a faster rate.

28. What are different ways in which glucose is oxidized to provide

energy in various organisms?
Ans: The pathways of break-down of glucose in various organisms are as
below:

29. How is oxygen and carbon dioxide transported in human beings?

Ans: In humans, the pigment haemoglobin is found in RBC and has a high
affinity for oxygen. It absorbs oxygen from the air in the lungs and transports
it to tissues that are oxygen-deficient. In blood plasma, some oxygen is
carried in a dissolved condition. Because carbon dioxide is more soluble in
water than oxygen, it is usually carried through human blood as a dissolved
form.

30. What are the components of the transport system in human

beings? What are the functions of these components?
Ans: The components of the human transport system include:
a. Heart- receives and pumps the blood.
b. Arteries- carry oxygenated blood away from the heart to various organs:
c. Veins- Bring back blood to the heart.
d. Capillaries- exchange of various materials and gases between blood and
tissues.
31. Why is it necessary to separate oxygenated and deoxygenated
blood in mammals and birds?
Ans: The right and left sides of the heart are separated to prevent
oxygenated and deoxygenated blood from mingling. This separation allows
for a very effective oxygen supply to the organism. This is important in
creatures with high energy needs, such as birds and mammals, that use
energy to maintain their body temperature all of the time.

32. What are the components of the transport system in highly

organized plants?
Ans: The xylem and phloem transport systems are found in higher plants.
Water and minerals are transported from the root to different parts of the
plant via vessels and tracheids in xylems. Food is transported from leaves to
storage organs and other sections of the plant by phloem, which is made up
of sieve tubes and companion cells.

33. How are water and minerals transported in plants?

Ans: Plants transport water and minerals through the xylem, which is made
up of tracheids and vessels. Osmosis transports water and minerals received
by root hairs to the xylem tissues of the root. Water travels from the root
xylem to the stem xylem and then to the leaves.

34. How is food transported in plants?

Ans: Plants carry food via the phloem, which is made up of sieve tubes, sieve
cells, and companion cells. Food is prepared in leaves and transferred to the
phloem of the leaves in a soluble form. Food is actively transported to all
other areas of the plant.
 35. What are the methods used by plants to get rid of excretory products?
Ans: The methods used by plants to get rid of excretory products are:
(i) During respiration, plants produce carbon dioxide as a waste product, and
photosynthesis produces oxygen as a waste product.
ii. Excess water is removed through transpiration.
ii. Some waste products like gums and resins are stored in older xylem
tissue.

36. How is the amount of urine produced regulated?

Ans: The amount of urine produced is determined by the amount of excess
water in the body and the amount of water-soluble waste to be expelled.
When the amount of water and dissolved waste in a body is high, the amount
of urine generated is high, and when the amount of wastes is low, the
amount of urine produced is low.

37. How are fats digested in our bodies? Where does this process take
place?
Ans: The small intestine is where lipids are digested. The fats that enter the
intestine take the form of big globules. These huge globules are broken down
into smaller globules by bile juice. Following that, the fat-digesting enzyme
lipase, which is found in pancreatic and intestinal juice, turns it into fatty acids
and glycerol.
38. What are the necessary conditions for autotrophic nutrition and
what are its by-products?
Ans: Conditions necessary for autotrophic nutrition are:
i.Light
ii.Chlorophyll
iii.Water and
iv.Carbon dioxide
By-products are:

i.Oxygen and
ii.Water
39. What are the differences between aerobic and anaerobic
respiration? Name some organisms that use anaerobic mode of
respiration.
Ans: The differences between aerobic and anaerobic respiration are:
Aerobic Respiration Anaerobic Respiration

1. In the presence of oxygen, it 1. It happens when oxygen isn't

occurs. present.

2. It can be found in the cytoplasm

2. It's found in the cytoplasm.
and mitochondria.

3. Incomplete breakdown of
3. Complete breakdown of glucose.
glucose.

4. End products are CO2 and ethyl

4. End products are CO2 and H2O
alcohol or lactic acid.

Yeast, bacteria, and some internal parasites, such as tapeworms, use

anaerobic respiration.

40. How are the alveoli designed to maximize the exchange of gases?
Ans: The nostril, larynx, nasal chamber, pharynx, trachea, epiglottis, alveoli,
bronchioles, bronchi, and lungs make up the human respiratory tract. Through
millions of small sacs known as alveoli, oxygen is exchanged for carbon dioxide
waste within the lungs. Inhaled oxygen diffuses into the lungs' capillaries,
binds to haemoglobin, and is pumped into the bloodstream. Exhalation allows
the carbon dioxide from the blood to diffuse through the alveoli and be
evacuated. To promote the exchange of gases between blood and the air-filled
alveoli, the alveoli have thin walls and are richly supplied with a network of
blood veins. They have a balloon-like shape to maximise gas exchange surface
area. The alveolar walls are folded and have a significant surface area. It has a
large network of blood arteries that serve as a surface for gas exchange.
41. What would be the consequence of a deficiency of haemoglobin in our
bodies?
Ans: Haemoglobin is a pigment found in red blood cells. It has a strong
preference for oxygen. It transports oxygen from the lungs to other tissues
that are oxygen-deficient. The presence of less haemoglobin reduces the
oxygen supply to tissues. A person with low haemoglobin levels will become
exhausted quickly and seem pale.

42. What are the differences between the transport of materials in xylem
and phloem?
Ans: The differences between the transport of materials in xylem and phloem
are:

Xylem Phloem

1. It transports water and 1. It transport food materials from

minerals from roots to leaves. leaves to root and storage organs

2. Only upwards transport of 2. Substances are transported in both

substances is possible. upward and downward directions.

3. It consists of tracheids and 3. It consists of sieve tubes and

vessels. companion cells.

43. Compare the functioning of alveoli in the lungs and nephron in

the kidneys with respect to their structure and functioning.
Ans: Comparison between alveoli and nephron:

Alveoli Nephron

1. They have thin-walled balloon-like 1. Nephron is a cluster of very thin-

structures. The alveoli provide a walled blood capillaries found in
surface extensively supplied with the kidney, Each capillary’s cluster
 body capillaries for the exchange of remains associated with the cup-
gases in the lungs. Carbon dioxide is shaped end of a tube called
released in the cavity of alveoli and Bowman’s capsule that collects the
oxygen is taken by haemoglobin filtered urine, at the same time the
present in the RBC of blood. useful substances are reabsorbed.

44. Leaves of a healthy potted plant were coated with petroleum jelly.
How will it affect the plant? State two reasons.
Ans: The plant will not remain healthy for long due to the following reasons:
1. There will be no transpiration.
2. There will be no exchange of gases which will affect the rate of
photosynthesis.

45. How does respiration in plants differ from that in animals?

Ans: In plants, all portions such as the root, stem, and leaves do individual
respiration, but in animals, either the general body surface or particular
organs such as the skin, gills, and lungs perform respiration. Plants have a
significantly slower rate of respiration than animals. Gases are not transported
from one section of the plant to another way they are in animals.

46. How does respiration in plants differ from that in animals?

Ans: After eating sugary food (chocolates and sweets), acid is generated in
the mouth. The pH of the mouth is lowered by this acid. When the pH of the
acid generated in the mouth falls below, tooth decay begins. This is because
the acid develops strong enough to attack and damage the enamel of our
teeth.

47. Name the cartilaginous flap which closes the glottis to check the
entry of food into it during swallowing.
 Ans: It's possible that the tissue that became clogged was the xylem. Water
and minerals taken by roots from the soil are carried to the leaves and other
parts of the plant via the xylem. As a result, if the xylem is obstructed, the
leaves will be deprived of nutrients and will wilt.

48. How does respiration in plants differ from that in animals?

Ans: In plants, all portions such as the root, stem, and leaves do individual
respiration, but in animals, either the general body surface or particular
organs such as the skin, gills, and lungs perform respiration. Plants have a
significantly slower rate of respiration than animals. Gases are not transported
from one section of the plant to another way they are in animals.

49. Write one feature which is common to each of the

following pairs of the term/organs.
i.glycogen and starch
Ans: The feature that is common to the following pair is Carbohydrate (food).
ii. chlorophyll and haemoglobin
Ans: The feature that is common to the following pair is Pigments.
iii. gills and lungs
Ans: The feature that is common to the following pair is Respiratory organs.
iv. arteries and veins.
Ans: The feature that is common to the following pair is Blood vessels.

50. A certain tissue in a green plant somehow gets blocked and the
leaves wilted. What was the tissue that got blocked?
Ans: It's possible that the tissue that became clogged was the xylem. Water
and minerals taken by roots from the soil are carried to the leaves and other
parts of the plant via the xylem. As a result, if the xylem is obstructed, the
leaves will be deprived of nutrients and will wilt.
51. Write the functions of the following in the digestive process:
i.Bile
 Ans: Bile: It is secreted by the gallbladder and it emulsifies fats into the
smaller globules for their easy digestion and provides an alkaline medium
which is needed for the action of pancreatic enzymes of different food
components for their digestion.
ii. Pancreatic amylase.
Ans: Pancreatic amylase enzyme digests starch and changes it into glucose.

52. The two openings of the pharynx, one leading to the trachea and
the other leading to oesophagus, lie very close to each other. Yet food
we swallow normally does not enter into our trachea. Why?
Ans: The food does not enter the trachea because the aperture leading to the
trachea (glottis) is covered by a cartilaginous flap termed the epiglottis during
swallowing, leaving the food with no other option except to go down the
oesophagus.

53. How would it affect the digestion of proteins and carbohydrates in

the small intestine (duodenum) of man if there is a blockade in the
pancreatic duct?
Ans: The pancreatic juice is secreted by the pancreas and enters the
beginning part of small intestine. Pancreatic amylase and trypsin are
enzymes that aid in the digestion of carbohydrates and proteins. As a result,
if there is a blockade, carbohydrate and protein digestion is impaired.

Long Answer Questions (5 Marks)

1. What is ‘clotting of blood?’ Draw the structure of heart and label

major blood vessels connected to the 4 chambers of heart.

Ans: Formation of a clot at the site of injury to stop bleeding is known as

‘clotting of blood.’ Steps for clotting of blood
2. With the help of a labelled diagram of the human excretory
system, Mention its important part and explain them.

Ans: A labelled diagram of the human excretory system mentioning its

important part with a proper explanation is as displayed below:

1) Kidney – It is the excretory system's functional unit. About a million small

coiled channels called nephrons make up each kidney. The basic filtration
unit in the kidneys is the nephron. The glomerulus, Bowman's capsule, and
convoluted tubule are the components.
2) Ureter – Wastes come out of the kidney into the ureter.

3) Urinary Bladder – The ureter pours its contents into a muscular sac called
the urinary bladder.

4) Urethra – Urine flows from the bladder to the outside through the urethra.

3.

(i) Draw a well-labelled diagram of the human digestive system

Ans: A well labelled diagram of the human digestive system is as shown below:

(ii) Describe the role of following in digestion.

a. Bile

Ans: Bile – emulsification of fats

b. Salivary amylase

Ans: Salivary amylase – digest starch in the mouth

c. HCl

Ans: HCl – Activate pepsin by making medium acidic in stomach.

4. With the help of a labelled diagram, Discuss the mechanism of

respiration in human beings.

Ans: Mechanism of Respiration – It occurs in the following steps

a. Breathing – Taking in oxygen and expelling carbon – dioxide out is
called breathing. It involves the following steps –

1. Inhalation – It is consuming oxygen. It happens when the

muscles linked to the ribcage contract. The ribs are lifted and
the diaphragm is flattened, increasing the volume of the
thoracic cavity. As a result, the pressure inside the thoracic
cavity drops, allowing air to flow into the lungs.

2. Exhalation – It is the process of releasing carbon dioxide. It

happens when the muscles linked to the ribs relax and the
diaphragm is formed. This reduces the volume of the thoracic
cavity, lowers air pressure, and expels air from the lungs.

b) Exchange of Gases – It takes place between the alveoli of the lungs

and surrounding blood capillaries.
 c) Transport of Gases in Blood – Haemoglobin is a protein that transports
oxygen throughout the body. In the form of any haemoglobin, oxygen is
transported from the lungs to the bodily cells.

d) Oxidation of Food – Break down of glucose molecules that produce

energy. It occurs in mitochondria.

5. Describe an experiment to prove that carbon – dioxide is essential

for the process of photosynthesis.

Ans: Experiment showing that carbon dioxide is essential for photosynthesis.

1. Take a potted plant with elongated leaves

2. Take an empty bottle and put a little amount of potassium hydroxide

(KOH) in it.
3. Now cut the cork of the bottle into two parts and place it on one of the
leaves of the potted plant in between the two parts of the cork.

4. Now put the bottle in the presence of sunlight for 72 – 96 hours.

5. Now test the leaf for the presence of starch.

6. Describe the structure and functioning of nephron.

Ans: Each nephron is a collection of blood capillaries with very thin walls.
Each glomerulus (capillary cluster) in the kidney is linked to the cup-shaped
Bowman's capsule, which collects the filtered urine. The blood is filtered by
the nephron to eliminate nitrogenous waste.

They also absorb some vital substances from the filtrate, including glucose,
amino acids, minerals, and a significant amount of water.
7. Describe double circulation in human beings. Why is it necessary?

Ans: During each cycle, blood passes through the heart twice in mammals and
birds. Double circulation is the term for this situation.
Blood that has been deoxygenated enters the right auricle and then enters the
right ventricle, where it is pushed to the lungs for oxygenation. It travels from
the lungs to the left auricle, where it is oxygenated, and then to the left
ventricle, where it is pumped to various regions of the body.
Such a circulatory system prevents the mixing of oxygenated and
deoxygenated blood, allowing for an effective supply of oxygen to the body