LESSON 1: Republic Act 1425

Introduction to the Course: Why Study the Life and

Works of Rizal? A. Republic Act 1425 known as Rizal Law
 It is an Act to include in the curricula of all public and
A. History of the Rizal Law and Its Essential Provisions private schools, colleges and universities courses on
 Gen. Emilio Aguinaldo made Dec. 30 as the the life, works and writings of Jose Rizal, particularly
anniversary of Jose Rizal’s death his novels Noli Me Tangere and El Filibusterismo,
 Philippine National Hero in 1901 authorizing the printing and distribution thereof, and for
 On the recommendation of Trinidad Pardo de Tavera, other purposes.
the Taft Commission renamed the district of Morong
into the Province of Rizal B. Sections
 Rizal’s death anniversary was made an official holiday  included in the curricula of all schools, colleges and
 Act No. 243 was enacted on September 28, 1901 universities, public or private:
granting the right to use public land upon the Luneta in  obligatory on all schools, colleges and universities to
the City of Manila upon which to erect a statue of Jose keep in their libraries an adequate number of copies
Rizal.  The Board of National Education shall cause the
translation
To give ample time to prepare for the birth  prohibiting the discussion of religious doctrines
centenary of Jose Rizal in 1961, the Rizal National  P300,000.00 is hereby authorized to be appropriated
Centennial Commission was created and issued by Pres. out of any fund not otherwise appropriated in the
Ramon Magsaysay on August 10, 1954 to undertake the National Treasury to carry out the purposes of this Act.
construction of a National Cultural Shrine and other  This Act shall take effect upon its approval.
memorials to be dedicated to Jose Rizal. It became Rizal
Presidential Committee on 1 July 1962 during Diosdado C. Republic Act 1425 known as Rizal Law
Macapagal administration.  When the law was enacted in 1956, it is clearly
understood that the study of the life and works of Rizal
B. History of the Rizal Law calls the attention of the youth to fully live its objectives.
 Jose Rizal’s vast role in the attainment of the nation’s These are the following:
freedom led to the issuance of Republic Act 1425 on  To re-dedicate the youth to the ideals of freedom
June 12, 1956. Commonly known as the Rizal Act. and nationalism for which our heroes lived and
 It is Senator Claro M. Recto who authored the Rizal died
Bill. While Senator Jose P. Laurel, Sr., who was then  To pay tribute to the heroes particularly our
the Chairman of the Committee on Education, national hero for devoting his life and works in
sponsored the bill in the Senate. shaping the Filipino character;
 To gain inspiring source of patriotism thru the
C. Rizal Law and the Study of Life and Works of Rizal study of Rizal’s life, works and writings with which
 As mandated by Republic Act No. 1425, an act to the minds of the youth, especially during their
include in the curricula of all public and private formative and decisive years in school, should be
schools, colleges and universities courses on the life, suffused.
works and writings of Jose Rizal, particularly his
novels Noli Me Tangere and El Filibusterismo. D. THE GATES TO HEROISM: DEFINING A FILIPINO HERO
 According to Senator Jose P. Laurel, who sponsored THE CRITERIA IS COMPOSED OF 10 STANDARDS
the law, Rizal was the founder of Filipino nationality 1. The extent of a person’s sacrifices for the welfare of
and the architect of Filipino nation that there is a need the country.
to know more and imbibe the great ideals and 2. The motive and methods employed in the attainment
principles for which he died. As the Chairman of the of the ideal (was his ideal purely for the welfare of the
Committee on Education when the law was enacted, country and without any taint of self-interested
Laurel believed that by reading and studying Rizal’s motives, most of all the method of attainment should
life, teachings and writings, Filipino youth will be able be morally valid).
to gain incorruptible confidence, direction, 3. The moral character of the person concerned (the
courage and determination to move forward in our person should not have any immorality issue that
people’s journey towards an abundant life. affected his ideal).
 There are other reasons of teaching the Rizal course 4. The influenced of the person concerned of his age
in higher education institutions which are anchored on and or the succeeding age.
the patriotic policy statements of Rizal Law and the 5. That heroes are those who have a concept of nation
patriotic goals set by the then Board on National and thereafter aspire and struggle for the nation’s
Education. These are the following: freedom (they must have desired the country’s
 To recognize the relevance of Rizal’s ideals, freedom in any situation especially when there’s a
teachings as well as life values in relation to threat of invasion in any form).
present conditions and situations in the society; 6. That heroes are those who define and contribute to a
 To apply Rizal’s ideas in the solutions of social system of life of freedom and order for a nation (one
problems and issues in the contemporary; who helps in the orderliness and betterment of the
 To develop an appreciation and deeper country).
understanding of the qualities, behavior and 7. Those who contribute to the quality of life and destiny
character of Rizal; and of a nation.
 To foster the development of moral character of 8. A hero is part of the people’s expression (the citizen
the Filipino youth in all aspects of citizenship. must have recognized and acknowledged the person
as a hero).
LESSON 2:
 9. A hero thinks of the future, especially the future the principalia or the ruling class of native elites
generations, his concern for the generations must be composed of the gobernadorcillo, cabeza de
seen in his decisions and ideals). barangay, landowners, merchant and wealthy native
10. The choice of a hero involves not only the families.
recounting of an episode or events in history, but of  The level 3 or the lowest level is the Lower Class
the entire process that made this particular person a which placed only the native Filipinos known during
hero. that time as the indios.
 The social pyramid during Spanish colonial
government manifested the superiority complex, and
LESSON 3:
social tensions were prevalent as the lower class
The Philippines in the 19thCentury: Social and Political
were victimized by the Upper class. However, racial
Structure
discrimination came to be institutionalized which Rizal
even experienced it inside the schools he attended.
A. Glossary of Terms
Members of the middle and lower classes were
 Peninsulares – they were pure Spaniards who were
considered inferior by the upper class and unworthy of
born in Spain but/and lived in the Philippines
education and higher government positions. However,
 Insulares – also known as criollos in Spanish-held
in the next chapter of Philippine history, these two
country in South America. They were pure Spaniards
social ranks were those who criticized the government
who were born in the Philippines. Some historians
and church and worked for to claim freedom from
called them Filipinos
Spanish tyranny.
 Indio/s – refer to native Filipino
 Mestizos – were of mixed ancestry, example
D. Social Structure: Highest Class
Chinese-Filipino, Spanish- Filipino
 Highest class – the people that belong in this class
include the Spaniards, peninsulares and the friars.
B. The Filipino
They have the power and authority to rule over the
 The term Filipino was used only in 1898 or after the
Filipinos.
Spanish rule.
 The use of the term Filipino in this discussion is only  The Spanish officials
to refer the natives of the country in our context. But  The Peninsulares (Spaniards who were born in
then again, it was used only after the Spanish rule. Spain). They held the most important government
jobs, and made up the smallest number of the
population.
 The Friars are members of any of certain
religious orders of men, especially the four
mendicant orders (Augustinians, Carmelites,
Dominicans, and Franciscans).

E. Social Structure: Middle Class

 Middle Class – the people that belongs into this class
includes the natives, mestizos and the criollos
(Insulares was the specific term given to criollos, a full-
blooded Spaniards born in the colonies; Philippines or the
C. The Filipino Social Structure Marianas)
 The feudalism established by the Spanish colonial
 Natives – the pure Filipinos
government in the Philippines in the 19th century
 The Mestizos are the Filipinos of mixed
resulted to master-slave relationship by the
indigenous Filipino or European or Chinese
Spaniards. The Spanish government imposed and
ancestry.
collected all forms of taxes and tributes from the
native Filipinos and even required them to render
F. Social Structure: Lowest Class
polo y servicio or forced labor to the government and
 Lowest class – this class includes the Filipinos only.
the Catholic church. Lands were owned by the
wealthy Spanish officials, businessmen and even  The Indios are the poor people having pure
friars. The native Filipinos became tenants of their blood Filipino which ruled by the Spaniards
own land due to transfer of ownership.
 The photo above is the social pyramid (social G. On Education
structure image). The level 1 is the Upper Class  The social pyramid manifested also the privileges and
which enjoyed by the peninsulares or the Spaniards rights of the people according to their rank in the
born in Spain. They held the most important society. Thus, it affects their social relationship,
government jobs, and made up the smallest number economic development, and attainment of education.
of the population. Also in the upper class is the group  The first schools were the parochial schools opened by
of friars who were members of any of certain religious the missionaries in their parishes. In addition to
orders of men, especially the three mendicant orders religion, the Filipino native children in these schools
such as Augustinians (1565), Dominicans (1587), and were taught reading, writing, arithmetic and some
Franciscans (1577). Because of the union of Church vocational and practical arts subjects but most of the
and State, these people in the upper class have the time centered on the teaching of fear of God and
power and authority to rule over the native Filipinos. obedience to the friars.
 The level 2 is the Middle Class which include the  These schools were under the control of the friars up to
insulares or Spaniards born in the Philippines, the the middle of the 19th century. However, the primary
Spanish (or European) and Chinese mestizos, and education was not given attention despite the
 establishment of parochial schools in the towns of the  He was an ex-officio president of the Royal
provinces. Many of the Filipino native children attended Audiencia; the Supreme Court in the Philippines
these schools were not able to develop self-confidence during Spanish colonial period
in their ability to learn and only developed inferiority  He had legislative powers to make laws for the
complex. colony.
 The separate colleges for boys and girls were also  He had the power of cumplase or the power to
opened by the missionaries. These colleges were the decide which law or royal decree should be
equivalent of our high schools today. The subjects implemented or disregarded in the colony.
taught to the students included history, Latin,  He had the power to appoint and dismiss public
geography, mathematics and philosophy. Some of officials
these colleges offered degree which is equivalent to  Governed directly by the Spanish Crown thru
present degrees in colleges Ministry of Colonies (appointing Governor-
 Originally, these colleges were open only to the General)
Spaniards and those with Spanish blood or the  Policies were unitary
mestizos. It was only during the 19th century that these  Manila was the seat of government
colleges began accepting native Filipinos. The
university education was started in the Philippines
during the early part of the 17th century. By the end of
the 19th century, only the University of Santo Tomas
remained as the higher education institution in the
country.
 On 1853, the Educational Decree was implemented in
the country which required the establishment of one
elementary school for boys and one elementary school
for girls in each town of the Philippine provinces. The
decree also provided for the establishment of school
for the training of teachers mostly girls with a mastery
of the Spanish language as the medium of instruction
in all schools but under the direction of the Jesuits.
 The friars reacted negatively to the teaching of the
Spanish language to native Filipinos. For the friars, the
learning of Spanish language to Indios would lead to
their knowledge and development of political and social
awareness about the Spanish government. These friars
suppressed the opportunity to learn and thus wanted  The pacified provinces were known as the alcaldias
the Filipino natives or Indios to remain ignorant. and unpacified provinces or not yet fully under Spanish
control were known as corregimiento. The alcaldias
H. Political System (Administrative Organization) were headed by alcalde mayor who represented the
 Only the peninsulares or pure blooded Spaniards Spanish king and the governor general in their
could have a higher position in the government. respective provinces. They managed the day-to-day
Mostly, the positions were done by appointment. The operations of the provincial government, implemented
Philippines was governed by the Spanish Crown thru laws and supervised the collection of taxes and enjoyed
the Ministry of Colonies (1863-1898) in the 19th the indulto de comercio, a privilege to engage and
Century. The government was unitary as policies monopolize commercial matters.
implemented by colonial administrators to the entire
country emanated from Manila as the seat of the •The Residencia
central government. It was centralized colonial To ensure the government efficacy, a residencia was
government in the Philippines that was composed of a created. It was a special judicial court that investigates the
national government and the local governments that performance of a governor general who was about to be
administered provinces, cities, towns and replaced. The residencia, of which the incoming governor
municipalities with roles: general was usually a member, submitted a report of its
 Maintained peace and order findings to the King.
 Collected taxes
 Built schools and other •The Visita
 Public works The Council of the Indies in Spain (1565-1837) sent a
 Governed directly by the Spanish Crown thru Ministry government official called the Vistador General to observe
of Colonies (appointing Governor-General) conditions in the colony. He reported his findings directly to
 Policies were unitary the King.
 Manila was the seat of government
 Governor-General Head of the Spanish colonial •Union of the Church and State
government Friars were supervising representatives of the Spanish
 Head of the Spanish colonial government in the government for local affairs.
country; thus, he represented the Crown in all
governmental matters. •Guardia Civil
 He was the Vice Royal Patron over religious Organized in 1867 as a corps of native police
affairs; thus he could choose priests for
ecclesiastical administration of the parishes.
 He was the Commander-in-Chief of the colonial
army.
 common language, history, culture and desire for
independence (Jackson & Jackson, 2000).
 It is a condition of mind, a feeling and sentiment of
a group of people (cited by Agoncillo, 1990).

LESSON 4A:
The Philippines in the 19th Century:
Economic Development & The Rise of Nationalism B. Nationalism in the Philippines
 The birth of nationalism went rather slowly due to
A. Pre – Colonial Economic Activity  topography,
Trading relationship with:  language problems and
✓China  colonial policy.
✓India  Nationalism is not a product of a sudden outburst of
✓Indonesia sentiment. It is brought about by certain factors that
✓Malaysia gradually develop.
✓Borneo  According to John Schumacher, the development of
nationalist’s thoughts was due to the development of
B. Economic Development these social factors: economic, political and cultural.
 When the country was opened to foreign trade at the Economic growth brought changes as the middle
end of the 18th century, there were foreign firms class emerged that later became prominent and,
established in Manila which gave opportunity to the politically, became leaders in society. Lastly, the
Filipino natives engaged in business; basically, cultural development due to the spread of education,
agricultural produce such as sugar, rice, hemp and where liberal ideas and foreign nationalist thoughts
tobacco. These opportunities increased Filipino reached the curious minds of the middle class and
contacts with foreigners and peninsular Spaniards, even to the lower class.
gave knowledge about the privileges, freedom and C. Factors of the Rise of Nationalism
rights of people. 1. Opening of the Philippines to World Trade
 It was an economic development in the country where 2. Influx of liberal ideas
many of the natives engaged in agriculture, which 3. Secularization Movement
eventually enriched them. The rise of the Chinese- 4. Liberal regime of Carlos Ma. de la Torre
Filipino is also one of the results of this event. They 5. Cavite Mutiny
were able to send their sons to school in Manila and 6. Execution of GOMBURZA
some of them went for further studies in Europe, mostly
in Spain. These Filipinos, who were educated abroad, D. Opening of the Philippines to World Trade
were able to absorb the intellectual developments in  Rise of the middle class (intelligentsia or ilustrado)
Europe and later played significant roles in nation-
building.
 Increasing prosperity to the Filipino middle and
upper classes
 Agricultural products (rice)
 Those who controlled rice, sugar and abaca
growing lands in Central Luzon, Batangas, Bikol,
Negros and Panay profited much
 Development of inquilino of friar haciendas
Inquilino – tenant or a laborer indebted to a landlord who
Intelligentsia/ilustrado – status class of the educated
allows him to form a farm in parts of his property and who
people
in exchange works without pay for the landlord.
 In conclusion, because of this economic development E. Influx of Liberal Ideas
many of the natives engaged in agriculture which  The possibility of applying Western thoughts as a
enriched themselves. The rise of the Chinese-Filipino means to solve existing problems in the country.
also one of the results of this event. They were able to  The intellectuals of the country gained access to
send their sons to school in Manila and some of them western political thought from the books and
went further studies in Europe. The economic newspapers brought by foreign travelers --
development also resulted the intellectual development Ideologies of the French and American Revolution --
of the Filipinos during that time. Voltaire, Rousseau, Locke, Montesquieu, Jefferson

LESSON 4B: F. Secularization Movement

The Rise of Nationalism  Regular Priests and Secular Priests
 Regular priests belonged to religious orders.
A. Definition of Nationalism Their main task was to spread Christianity.
 belief,  Secular priests were trained to run the parishes
 creed or and were under the supervision of the bishops.
 political ideology that involves an individual
Conflict began when the bishops insisted on visiting the
identifying with, or becoming attached to one's
parishes that were being run by regular priests
nation.
Secular priests must fill in the vacancy left by the regular clergy
 Nationalism is a sense of loyalty or psychological
attachment members of a nation share, based on
G. Liberal Regime of Carlos Ma. de la Torre
  welcomed by both Filipinos and Spaniards -- June 23, C. Rizal’s Ancestry
 1869 Rizal came from a mixture of different races-
 practiced liberal and democratic principles Chinese, Filipino, Spanish and Japanese ancestry. Below
 abolished flogging, relaxed media censorship, and is the ancestry of Rizal both from his parents.
began limited secularization of education
 Developed a close relationship with the ilustrados
 The peaceful settlement of agrarian unrest in Cavite

H. Cavite Mutiny
 Gen. Carlos Maria de la Torre ended and replaced by
General Rafael Izquierdo - marked the end of liberal
policies 200 Filipino Soldiers (Cavite arsenal)
 abolition of exemption from polo y servicio and
payment of annual tribute
 January 20, 1872: the mutiny broke out under
the leadership of Sergeant La Madrid
 January 27, 1872: 41 mutineers were executed
Gen. Rafael Izquierdo – boasted that he ruled with a
crucifix in one hand and a sword in the other

I. Execution of Gomburza
February 17, 1872 -- executed by the Spanish
colonizers on charges of subversion (charged as
supporters of the Cavite Mutiny)
Father Mariano Gomez, Father Jose Burgos, Father  The Rizal genealogy started from Lam Co who became
Jacinto Zamora Domingo Lamco was a Chinese immigrant from
Changchow, China arrived in Manila about 1690. He
In conclusion, these events in Philippine history, the became a Christian and married a wealthy Chinese
characteristics of nationalism were felt and put into practice. mestiza, Ines dela Rosa in 1731.
 To avoid prejudices and by the order of the Spanish
government, he assumed a surname of Mercado. The
LESSON 5A: couple moved to Biñan ended as tenants of the Dominican
Rizal’s Family and Ancestry hacienda. Their son named Francisco Mercado married a
wealthy Chinese mestiza, Cirila Bernacha.
According to the psychologists, what a person is  Because of economic status of the family, Francisco
results from the interaction of nature and nurture. Therefore, Mercado became a gobernadorcillo of Biñan. One of their
to understand the life of Rizal, it is necessary to know the sons named Juan Mercado became a gobernadorcillo also
factors that influenced him during his childhood and his who married to a Chinese mestizo, Cirila Alejandro. The
formation into the greatest hero we have in the country. latest couple had thirteen children; the youngest was
Francisco Mercado, Jose Rizal’s father
A. Calamba at the Time of Rizal’s Birth  The Alonso genealogy started from Eugenio Ursua
Calamba (Laguna) at the time of Rizal’s birth was a believed to have a Japanese ancestry who married to a
hacienda town where people engaged in agricultural Filipina named Benigna. Their daughter, Regina Ursua
activities. Calamba was a progressive among the towns married a Chinese mestizo lawyer, Manuel de Quintos
of Laguna because of the massive production of sugar. from Lingayen, Pangasinan. One of their daughters named
Its fertile soil and favorable climate, people were able to Regina de Quintos married a Spanish-Filipino mestizo
raise and harvest different crops. But the lands were Lorenzo Alberto Alonso of Biñan. The latest couple had
almost owned by the Dominican friars, thus, as a friar five children, the second was Teodora Alonso, Jose Rizal’s
estate farmers rented the land and paid taxes. mother.
The tenants, however, were resilient despite
hardships and cruelties from the owners due to increase D. Rizal’s Family
of taxes and suppress production of their agricultural Rizal was raised in a middle class family which is
products. considered as principalia or ruling elite in the 19th
century. The family source of income was agriculture;
B. The Birth of Jose Rizal farming and stock-raising. From the Dominican hacienda,
 Taken from his memoirs as cited by Zaide, Rizal they rented the lands where they owned farms of rice,
was born on Wednesday night of June 19, 1861 in corn and sugarcane. The following are the evidences and
Calamba, Province of Laguna. the properties which made Rizal’s family as an affluent
 His mother almost lost her life during his birth family:
because of his big head but was believed being
 stone house of adobe and hardwood located in
relieved by the Virgin of Antipolo.
calle real
 After three days, he was baptized in Calamba
 a carriage which is a status symbol of the
Church by Fr. Rufino Collantes with Fr. Pedro
ilustrados
Casañas, a family friend as his godfather.
 a private library in their house with numerous
 The name Jose was chosen by his mother who was
volumes of books
a devotee to St. Joseph.
 sent their children to Manila for education
  presence of personal servants taking care of the  Being a hands-on mother and educated, was able
needs of the children to manage their farm to sustain the family’s well-to-
 private tutors to improve Spanish language and the do lifestyle and basic finances.
academics of the children  From agriculture, she branched out their business
 participated prominently in some social and to textile, and flour and sugar milling in the ground
religious affairs in the community floor of their home.
 Rizal’s father, Don Francisco Mercado was an  She was accused of poisoning her brother’s
educated man who studied Latin and Philosophy wife, and was incarcerated in Santa Cruz,
courses at the Colegio de San Jose in Manila. Rizal Laguna for two and a half years.
described him “a model of all fathers” because of
his honesty, frugality and industry that makes their III. Saturnina Rizal Mercado de Hidalgo
family more progressive than others. He was one of  Saturnina Rizal Mercado de Hidalgo, she was also
the reasons why Rizal studied and completed the known as Neneng, the eldest sister of Philippine
course on Philosophy. national hero Jose Rizal who was born on June 4,
 Rizal’s mother was also an educated woman who 1850.
completed education at the Colegio de Santa  She was married to Manuel T. Hidalgo, a native
Rosa , a prestigious college for girls in Manila. Rizal and one of the richest persons in Tanauan,
described her as “a woman of more than ordinary Batangas.
culture”, a dedicated wife and mother. She inspired  She died on September 14, 1913
Rizal in literature particularly in poetry.
 The family of Rizal kept Filipino tradition as close to IV. Paciano Alonso Mercado
one another. They were together in the practices of  The second older sibling of Jose Rizal.
the Angelus during sunset, attending mass during  Paciano Alonso Mercado was born in Calamba,
Sundays and Catholic holidays. According to Zaide, Laguna on May 7, 1851.
Rizal’s parents were strict and they trained the  He was also known as “Ciano” the older brother
children to love God, to behave well, to be and confidant of Jose Rizal.
obedient, and to respect the people especially the  He joined the Philippine Revolutionary and became
elderlies. a combat general, when he retired, he lived as a
gentleman farmer.
 He got married to Severina Rizal a father of
LESSON 5B:
Emiliana Rizal-Lopez and Baby Boy Decena Rizal.
Rizal’s Family Tree
 He was died on April 13, 1830 at the age of 79
RIZAL’S FAMILY
because of tuberculosis.
I. Francisco Mercado
 Father of the national hero Dr. Jose Rizal, was
V. Narcisa Alonso Rizal (Mercado)
born in Biñan, Laguna.
 Narcisa Alonso Rizal (Mercado) also known as
 He first attended a Latin school in his hometown,
Sisa.
and later was sent to study Philosophy and Latin at
 She was the third sibling of Jose Rizal.
the College of San Jose in Manila.
 She was a teacher and a musician by profession.
 He got married to Teodora Alonzo on June 28,
And she got married to Antonino Manapat Lopez.
1848 and had eleven children, including Jose
 She was the one who looked for and found the
Rizal.
unmarked grave of Dr. Jose Rizal at the Paco
 Francisco Mercado a young industrious and
cemetery after his martyrdom.
efficient farmer, was able to raise a family that was
financially comfortable.
VI. Olimpia Alonso Rizal (Mercado)
 Jose Rizal called him as “model of fathers”, who
 Fourth child in the Rizal Family
talk less and work more.
 Olimpia Alonso Rizal (Mercado) also known as
 Through his hard work he had increased his rented
Ypia.
landholdings from the Dominican state in Calamba.
 She was born on 1855 and was died on August
 He was respected by the towns people that he
1887
become cabeza de Brgy.
 She was married to Silvestre Ubaldo, a telegraph
 The name Mercado, was changed to Rizal after an
operator in Manila and a mother of Aristeo Rizal
order from Governor General Nariso Clveria that all
Ubaldo.
natives Filipino should adopt a distinctive Spanish
Surname.
VII. Lucia Alonso Rizal (Mercado) (1857 – 1919)
 She was the fifth child in the Rizal family and was
II. Teodora Alonso Realonda y Quintos
married and a mother of Delfina Rizal Herbosa,
 (8 November 1826 – 16 August 1911) she was born
José Rizal Herbosa, and Estanislao Herbosa.
in Santa Cruz, Manila.
 Her husband was Mariano Herbosa of Calamba,
 She was known for being a disciplinarian and
Laguna. He was charge of inciting the Calamba
hard-working mother and best known as the
townsfolk not to pay land rent and causing unrest,
mother of the Philippines’ national hero Jose
the couple was once ordered to be deported along
Rizal.
with some Rizal family members and was died
 At the age of 20, she got married to Francisco
during the cholera epidemic in May 1889.
Mercado, a native of Biñán, Laguna.
 He was refused a Catholic burial because he was
 The couple resided in Calamba Laguna and built a
the “brother-in-law of Rizal”.
business from agriculture.
VIII. Maria Alonso Mercado Rizal (1859 - 1945)
 Her nickname was “Biang”
  Sixth child in the Rizal Family. XII. Trinidad Rizal (1868-1951)
 She got married to Daniel Faustino Cruz of Bińan,  Also known as ‘Trining’ was the tenth child and
Laguna, and a mother of Petrona Rizal Cruz, the custodian of Rizal’s last and greatest poem.
Encarnacion Rizal Ban, Mauricio R. Cruz,  In March 1886, Jose wrote to Trining describing
Prudencio Rizal Cruz and three others. how the German women were serious in studying.
He thus advised her: “now that you are still young
IX. Jose Protasio Rizal Mercado y Alonso Realonda and you have time to learn, it is necessary that you
 (June 19, 1861 – December 30, 1896) study by reading and reading attentively.”
 was a Filipino nationalist and polymath during  Perhaps sensing that studying is not Trinidad’s
the tail end of the Spanish colonial period of the thing, Jose continued, “It is a pity that you allow
Philippines. yourself to be dominated by laziness when it takes
 He is tagged as the national hero (pambansang so little effort to shake it off. It is enough to form
bayani) of the Filipino people. only the habit of study and later everything goes by
 An ophthalmologist by profession, Rizal became itself.”
a writer and a key member of the Filipino  Four years later, Trining surprised Jose by writing
Propaganda Movement, which advocated political him, “Dearest Brother: I left the College two years,
reforms for the colony under Spain. one month and a half ago.”
 He was executed by the Spanish colonial  In August 1893, Trinidad, along with their mother,
government for the crime of rebellion after the joined Rizal in Dapitan and resided with him in his
Philippine Revolution, inspired in part by his casa cuadrada (square house).
writings, broke out. Though he was not actively  It is said that Trinidad had once planned Rizal’s
involved in its planning or conduct, he ultimately escape from his exile.
approved of its goals which eventually led to  In January 1896, Jose invited Trinidad to return to
Philippine independence. Dapitan. Jose though had one hesitation: “The
 He is widely considered one of the greatest difficulty is, whom are you going to marry here? The
heroes of the Philippines and has been town is lonely still, for there is almost no one.”
recommended to be so honored by an officially  Trining once wrote to Jose: “I have read your letter
empaneled National Heroes Committee. However, to our brother Paciano in which you asked how I'm
no law, executive order or proclamation has been getting along with Señora Panggoy. Thank God we
enacted or issued officially proclaiming any Filipino are getting along well and we live together
historical figure as a national hero. peacefully.”
 He was the author of the novels Noli Me Tángere  Never married, Trinidad and Josefa lived
and El filibusterismo, and a number of poems and together until their deaths.
essays.  Right before Jose’s execution, Trinidad and their
mother visited him in the Fort Santiago prison
X. Concepcion Rizal (1862-1865) cell. As they were leaving, Jose handed over to
 “The Hero's First Grief” Trining an alcohol cooking stove, a gift from the
 Also called ‘Concha’ by her siblings Pardo de Taveras, whispering to her in a language
 was the eight child of the Rizal family. which the guards could not understand, “There is
 She died at the age of three. something in it.” That ‘something’ was Rizal’s elegy
 One of his sisters, it is said that Pepe loved most now known as “Mi Ultimo Adios.”
the little Concha who was a year younger than him.  Like Josefa and two nieces, Trinidad joined the
 Jose played games and shared children stories with Katipunan after Rizal’s death.
her, and from her he felt the beauty of sisterly love.  In 1883, Trining was in bed for five months, from
 When Concha died of sickness in 1865, Jose April to August, being sick with intermittent fever—
mournfully wept at losing her. He later wrote in his that kind which rises and falls and then returns,
memoir, “When I was four years old, I lost my little occurring in diseases such as malaria.
sister Concha, and then for the first time I shed  Astonishingly however, she was the last of the
tears caused by love and grief.” family to die.
 From Concha’s life we could learn that not a few
children in those times died young. XIII. Soledad Rizal (1870 – 1929)
 If records are correct, more than ten of Rizal’s  Also called ‘Choleng’
nieces and nephews also died young, not to  was the eleventh and youngest child of the Rizal
mention that Jose’s child himself experienced the family.
same fate.  Being a teacher, she was arguably the best
educated among Rizal’s sisters.
XI. Josefa Rizal  In his long and meaty letter to Choleng dated June
 Josefa Rizal, or Panggoy, was the ninth child in 6, 1890, Jose told her sister that he was proud of
the family and she did not married. her for becoming a teacher.
 In Jose Rizal's letter to his sister, Jose praised her  He thus counseled her to be a model of virtues
for nearly mastering the English language. and good qualities “for the one who should teach
 Jose also wrote about the 20 pesos he sent, the 10 should be better than the persons who need her
pesos of the amount was supposed for a lottery learning.”
ticket. This indicates that Jose did not stop  Rizal nonetheless used the topic as leverage in
‘investing’ in lottery tickets despite winning 6, 200 somewhat rebuking her sister for getting married to
pesos in September the previous year. Pantaleon Quintero of Calamba without their
 After Jose’s death, the epileptic Josefa joined the parents’ consent. “Because of you,” he wrote, “the
Katipunan. peace of our family has been disturbed.”
  Some timeless lessons in ethics and good manners His brother Paciano, instilled in his mind the love
can be learned from the letter. For instance, it of freedom and justice. From his sisters, he learned to
reveals that Jose was very much against women be courteous and kind to women. And the fairy tales
who allow themselves to be courted outside their told by his “aya” during his childhood awakened his
homes. He said to Choleng, “If you have a interest in folklore and legends. His Tio Jose Alberto
sweetheart, behave towards him nobly and with who had studied for eleven years in British School in
dignity, instead of resorting to secret meetings and Calcuta, India and had traveled in Europe inspired him to
conversations which do nothing but lower a develop his artistic ability. So, let’s take a look at the
woman's worth in the eyes of a man. You should artistic young Jose.
value more, esteem more your honor and you will At the age of five, he began to sketches with his
be more esteemed and valued.” (wrote by Jensen pencil and mould in clay and wax objects which attracted
DG. Mañebog) his fancy. One day, upon the request of the town mayor, he
painted in oil colors a new banner that delighted the towns
A. Favorable Influences on the Hero’s Boyhood folks because it was better than the original one.
 We might ask who are the ancestors of Dr. Jose Rizal Tio Manuel – a husky and athletic man, encourage him to
to whom he inherited his unique characteristics. develop his frail body by means of physical exercises,
 According to the book of Zaide (Jose Rizal: The Life including horse riding, walking, and wrestling.
and Work and Writing of a Genius Writer, Scientist Tio Gregorio – who was a book lover intensified his
and Ntional Hero p18) voracious reading of good books.
Fr. Leoncio Lopez, the old and learned parish priest of
B. Hereditary Influence Calamba, fostered the young Jose love for scholarship
 Jose Rizal inherited his love of freedom, his innate and intellectual honesty.
desire to travel, and indomitable courage to his Moreover, are events may contribute in shaping our
Malayan ancestors. behavior. There are events which are beyond our control.
 In his Chinese ancestors, he inherited his serious Some events are good and attractive, and some events
nature, frugality, patience and love for children. my hurts us, but thinking it positively, it strengthen us.
 From his Spanish ancestors, he got his elegance in According to Stoics idea of determinism that there are
bearing, sensitivity to insult, and gallantry to ladies. events beyond our control, but the only things within our
 Being profound sense of self-respect, the love for control is our attitudes. Moreover, according to Victor
work, and the habit of independent of thinking which Frankl that the meaning of life is found in every
can be trace from his father. And being religious in moment of living; life never ceases to have meaning,
nature, the spirit of self-sacrifice and the passion for even in suffering and death.
arts and literature was inherited from his mother. To continue, the first sorrow, of his family was the
death of his younger sister Concepcion who was died at
C. Environmental Influence the age of three. She was his playmate and he learned
 In addition, according to psychologist, not only genes sisterly love from her. He was very fond of her and cried
affect the nature of person but also our environment. bitterly at losing her.
So, we have to consider both physical or natural Second, the imprisonment of his mother from a
environment and social environment. malicious charge that his mother and Tio Jose Alberto tried
 Natural environment includes scenic panoramas, to poison the wife of the latter. The death of his sister
verdant fields, the trees, the garden such environment concha and the imprisonment of his mother strengthen his
and the breeze from the lake provides the right character enabling him to resist blows of adversities in
temperature that give human being physically and later years.
psychologically comfortable The Spanish abuses and cruelties such as the
 Behind their house was a big garden of tropical fruits brutal acts of the Lieutenant of the guardia civil and the
such as atis, balimbing, chico, macopa, papaya, alcalde and the execution of the three priests awakened
santol, tampoy and etc. that provides fresh air. his spirit of patriotism and inspired him to consecrate his
life and talents to redeem the oppressed Filipino people.
The people that surrounds the young Jose the To recall, Jose Rizal experienced the first brutality
stimulates his innate artistic and literary talents. Both on dark night during the summer vacation of 1878, while
parents and all his siblings were educated except he was walking on the street, it was dimmed and he failed
conception who died early. His parents trained them to to salute or courteously said “Good Evening”. The vague
love God, to behave well, to be obedient, and to respect figure was the Lieutenant of the Guadia Civil who turned
people especially the old folks. Their parents love their upon Jose and whipped his sword and brutally slashed
children but they never spoiled their children, evidently, Jose’s back.
they believed in the maxim, “Spare the rod and spoil the
child”. Every day the family heard mass particularly on D. The Execution of Gomburza
Sundays and Christian holidays. They pray together at Late in the night of the 15th of February 1872, a
home - the Agelus at sunset and the rosary before retiring Spanish court martial found three secular priests, Jose
to bed at night. After the prayers, all children kissed the Burgos, Mariano Gomez and Jacinto Zamora, guilty of
hands of their parents as a form of respect. These treason as the instigators of a mutiny in the Cavite navy-
religious atmosphere at his home fortified his religious yard a month before, and sentenced them to death. The
nature. judgement of the court martial was read to the priests in
At the age of three the young Jose take part in the Fort Santiago early in the next morning and they were told
family prayers, and at the age of five he was able to read it would be executed the following day… Upon hearing the
haltingly the Spanish family Bible. He loved to go to church sentence, Burgos broke into sobs, Zamora lost his mind
to pray, to take part in the novenas, and to join the and never recovered it, and only Gomez listened
processions. impassively, an old man accustomed to the thought of
death.
 the town priest of Calamba. Thus, Rizal had frequent
When dawn broke on the 17th of February there attendance in the church to listen to his opinions on
were almost forty thousand of Filipinos (who came from as current events and philosophy in life.
far as Bulakan, Pampanga, Cavite and Laguna)  Not only good memories Rizal had during his
surrounding the four platforms where the three priests and childhood because he observed and witnessed
the man whose testimony had convicted them, a former violence acts against some people of Calamba by
artilleryman called Francico Saldua and was executed the Guardia Civil and the Gobernadorcillo.
before the three priests. Burgos ‘weeping like a child’,  Another sad memory he had was the death of his
Zamora with vacant eyes, and Gomez head held high, younger sister Concepcion. Little Concha as he
blessing the Filipinos who knelt at his feet, heads bared fondly called, died in sickness in 1865 when she
and praying. He was next to die. When his confessor, a was only three years old. On his diary, he said;
Recollect friar , exhorted him loudly to accept his fate, he When I was four, I lost my little sister Concha,
replied: “Father, I know that not a leaf falls to the ground and then for the time I shed tears caused by love
but by the will of God. Since He wills that I should die here, and grief.” Her death brought him his first sorrow.
His holy will be done.”  Another unforgettable memory Rizal had was his
first trip across the Laguna de Bay. He and his
The death of the three priests mourned by many father left Calamba on June 6, 1868 for a pilgrimage
patriotic like Rizal. Paciano was enrage by the execution in order to fulfil his mother’s vow as a gratitude to the
of his beloved friend, teacher, and housemate and told this Virgin of Antipolo for his birth. After the pilgrimage,
heroic story to his younger brother. And this inspired the they visited Saturnina in Manila who was a boarding
young Jose Rizal to fight the evils of Spanish tyranny and student at La Concordia College in Santa Ana. It was
redeemed his oppressed people. the first time Rizal saw Manila. On his diary, he said;
Writing many years later of this experience, with what
The aid of the Divine Providence may be
pleasure I saw the sunrise; for the first time I saw how
considered as the great factor in our life, especially
the luminous rays shone, producing a brilliant effect
shaping and attaining our destiny. Even if a person have
on the ruffled surface of the wide lake”.
everything in life - the intelligence, wealth, power good
health but the aid of the divine providence he cannot attain
B. Influences
greatness in the annals of the nation. God endowed him
 It is important to note that Rizal was shaped because
with versatile gifts of genius, the vibrant spirit of a
of his environment. The places, associates and events
nationalist, and the valiant heart to sacrifice for a noble
greatly affected him.
cause. For he was providentially destined to be the pride
 His characters were formed at home with parents and
and glory of his nation.
siblings who are educated, disciplined, religious and
His artistic talent started at the age of five. He hardworking.
began to make sketches with his pencil and mould clay  His philosophy, ideals, talents, the love of country and
and wax objects which attracted his fancy. One day his travels to learn are not innate to Rizal but because of
sister was laughed at him for spending so much time in his association to people, interpretation of events and
making images other than playing with them. But as they personal experiences. Later in his life, it had an
we’re departing, he told them: Alright right laugh at me impact on the shaping of his political and social ideas.
now! Someday when I die, people will make monuments
and images of me!” C. Story of the Moth
 It was Doña Teodora who influenced Rizal on the
love of stories that made him a writer in his later life.
LESSON 6: One story that turned out as having the same fate to
Rizal’s Childhood Memories and Influences Story of the Moth Rizal was the Story of the Moth.
 The story left a deep impression on Rizal. As a child,
A. Childhood Memories Rizal interpreted the death of the young moth as a
 With hardworking parents, Rizal had a happy and victim of its illusion in search for the light. Then, he
comfortable life. came to realize that dying in search for the light is
 Because of his poor health, an old woman was noble and worthwhile. In the later part of Rizal’s life,
employed as nanny to take care of him while his he was like a moth that attracted to a light even
parents manage family business. Though the old though warned by his mother. The light that being
woman, Rizal was fascinated with tales, legends, meant here is what Rizal attracted the most; truth,
folklores and fables. freedom and justice. And just like the moth, he was
 His nocturnal walks in the moonlight by the river fated to die as a martyr for his noble ideal.
greatly fascinated him.
 As mentioned by Zaide, Rizal recounted this D. How did the Story of the Moth affect Rizal’s life?
childhood experience in his student memoirs, he  The tragic fate of the young moth, which died a martyr
wrote; “Thus my heart fed on sombre and melancholic to its illusions, left a deep impress on Rizal’s mind. He
thoughts so that even while still a child, I already justified such noble death, asserting that “to sacrifice
wandered on wings of fantasy in the high regions of one’s life for it,” meaning for an ideal, is “worthwhile”.
the unknown”. And, like that young moth, he was fated to die as a
 At the age of three, he knew to lead family prayers. martyr for a noble ideal.
He was five when he was able to read the Bible in
Spanish. These, because of his mother who patiently
taught him everything about Catholic faith and LESSON 7:
traditions. From Calamba to Binan: Early Education
What is your purpose in coming to school or having an education?
 At the young age, he appreciated Father Leoncio
Complete the phrase “I am here to __________.”
Lopez, one of the esteemed and respected men and
 Calamba. He recounted; In the moonlight, I
A. Education during the time of Rizal remembered my home town, my adored mother, and
 The friars controlled the educational system in the my solicitous sisters. How sweet to me was Calamba,
Philippines and they were able to own different my own town, in spite of the fact, that it was not as
schools comprising from the primary level to the wealthy as Biñan.
tertiary levels of education.
 The people who took charge in teaching, E. Formal Education in Biñan
implementation of the rules and regulations and the  The next morning, Paciano brought the young Jose to
monitoring of students were assigned to the the village school under the charge of Maestro
missionaries during that time. Justiniano Cruz. He was also the teacher of Paciano
 The teachings of the Catholic religion were before. After introducing Rizal to the teacher, Paciano
emphasized to the levels of education in the schools returned to Calamba leaving the young and small
owned by the friars. Jose.
 In the primary level, they were taught of the Christian  The first day of school was not worth celebrated for
Doctrines, how to read Spanish books and a little of Rizal as he felt different and even experienced violent
the native’s language. clash with some of his classmates. He was given a
 In the universities, Science and Mathematics were not permanent seat by his teacher and asked if he can
very much introduced to the students. Instead of speak Latin and Spanish. His knowledge of the two
Spanish, students were taught how to speak and languages was only light and not well fluent. He
understand Latin. responded this to his teacher which led Pedro (the
 Education under the Spanish administration was teacher’s son) made fun of him and caused other
privileged only to Spanish students. classmates to do the same.
 Filipinos were only able to attend school in the late
19th century. Some schools also limited their lodging F. Best Student in School
to the sons of wealthy Filipino families.  Rizal was involved in numerous schools brawls which
 Most of the schools were exclusively for Spanish he was always required to lie down on the bench to
boys. receive blows from his teacher.
 He was not quarrelsome though but he never run from
B. A Good and Middle Class Family a fight, such bravery he exposed to the surprise of the
 The Rizal family belonged to the principalia, a bigger boys
town aristocracy in Spanish Philippines.  He was the best student surpassing all his classmates
 The Rizal Family is one of the distinguished families in in Spanish, Latin and all subjects.
Calamba.  His good reputation as best student in many subjects
 Rizal’s parents were illustrados. This means that the was quite different to his teacher for he always
family was able to send their children in school in received punishment from him.
Manila.  His classmates who were jealous of his intellectual
 On his diary, he said, “My mother taught me how to superiority did everything to destroy him by reporting
read and to say haltingly the humble prayers which I to their teacher when he had a fight outside the
raised fervently to God.” school. He once said, “in spite of the reputation I had
 Dona Teodora considered as the first teacher of of being a good boy, the day was unusual when I was
Jose Rizal. not laid out on a bench and given five or six blows.”

C. Home Education in Calamba G. End of Binan Schooling

 On his diary, he said, “My mother taught me how to  Rizal received a letter from Saturnina informing him
read and to say haltingly the humble prayers which I the arrival of the steamer Talim which would take him
raised fervently to God.” from Biñan to Calamba. Afterwards, he took a last visit
 Dona Teodora considered as the first teacher of Jose to the town church, collected some pebbles in the
Rizal. Doña Teodora, despite managing family river for souvenir and bade farewell to his teacher and
business did not fail as a mother and a teacher to classmates.
young Rizal. With her patience, diligence, and  After one and a half year in Biñan, he will return home
understanding, the young Rizal was able to learn the to reunite with his parents and siblings. He was
Roman alphabets and prayers even at the age of thrilled to take the passage on the steamer because
three. It was Doña Teodora who discovered the ability for the first time he was going home by himself. He
of Rizal in poetry. In fact, she even asked him to write left Biñan on Saturday afternoon, December 17, 1870.
poems.
Conclusion:
D. Moves to Biñan Despite discrimination of the friars to the native
 On Sunday afternoon of June 1869, Rizal kissed the Filipino students, Rizal was privilege to study in the school
hands of his parents, bid goodbye to them and to his they controlled. Thanks to his parents who were ilustrados.
sisters for his travel to Biñan. He was accompanied by The educated Filipinos were called as ilustrados
his older brother Paciano on his trip on board a and they began movements directed towards change in the
carromata. It was already midnight when they arrived government of the Philippines. They wanted to be the same
in the place and proceeded to their aunt’s house level with the proud Spaniards. Jose Rizal was able to
where Jose will stay while attending school in Biñan. achieved this perception while studying in Ateneo and in
 On the same night, he was invited by his cousin UST.
Leandro to have a walk around the town so he could The growing number of ilustrados in the Philippines is
familiarize the place. Instead of enjoying the stroll considered as one of the major effects of education by the
around the town, he felt homesick as he remembered Spaniards in the Philippines.
his parents especially his mother, his sisters and
Assignment: Read and understand the meaning of Rizal’s and religious instruction. The students were required to
poems hear Mass in the morning before the beginning of the
1. Through Education Our Motherland daily classes. The classes were usually began and
Receives Light ended with prayers.
2. The Intimate Alliance between Religion  Ateneo, at that time, offered a six-year program that
and Good Education entitled their student to the academic title, Bachiller de
Artes. This academic program exposed students to five
learning areas, namely;
LESSON 8:
 Christian doctrine,
From Ateneo to UST: Higher Education
 Languages (Spanish, Latin, Greek and French),
 He had not yet celebrated his eleventh birthday when he
 History and Geography (World Geography and
was accompanied by his brother to Manila to take the
History, History of Spain and the Philippines),
entrance examination.
 Mathematics and Sciences (arithmetic, geometry,
 It was four months after the execution of GOMBURZA, the
trigonometry, mineralogy, chemistry, physics,
Jesuits priests he liked. He was unhappy of leaving again
botany, and zoology)
Calamba and while his mother was still in prison who was
 Classical disciplines (poetry, rhetoric and
accused of poisoning her sister-in-law. On his memoirs he
philosophy). The school also offered vocational
said, “Our mother was unjustly snatched away from us and
courses in agriculture, commerce, mechanics and
by whom? By some men who had been or friends and
surveying.
whom we treated as honored guests. We learned later that
 To stimulate the spirit of competition among the students
our mother got sick, far from us and as an advanced age.
for excellence in academics, Atenean teachers enforced
“.
a program of dividing a class into two competing
 Don Francisco Mercado decided not to send him in the
empires: the Romans and the Carthaginians.
Colegio de San Jose because of the sad experiences of
 Students who belonged to the Roman Empire were the
Paciano in the said school where Fr. Burgos was his
boarding students at Ateneo (the internos), while those
mentor.
at the Carthaginian Empire were non-boarding students.
 Ateneo was formerly known as Escuela Pia, a school
Both empires had their ranks and dignitaries, namely;
for boys in Manila which was established in 1817. On
emperor as the best scholar, followed by a:
1859, Jesuits administered the school after they returned
 tribune,
to the Philippines from their expulsion in the country in
 decurion,
1768. The school became Ateneo Municipal which later
 centurion and the
became the Ateneo de Manila. During Rizal’s time, Ateneo
 standard bearer
was the most prestigious college for boys because of their
excellent teachers.
C. Academic Performance at Ateneo
 Rizal studied at Ateneo from 1872-1877. Despite his
A. Enrollment at Ateneo
loneliness due to the arrest of his mother, his first year
 Rizal took the entrance examination in Colegio de San
in Ateneo was commendable but only placed second
Juan de Letran on June 10, 1872.
in the class.
 Paciano accompanied Rizal when he took the exam
 He graduated the degree, Bachiller en Artes with the
which covered on Christian doctrine, arithmetic and
highest academic honors. From the foregoing
reading. During this time, all the entrance exams for
scholastic records of Rizal, it is evident that he
the incoming freshmen in the different colleges were
excelled in his academic studies during the entire
administered at the Colegio de San Juan de Letran
duration of his stay at Ateneo. Rizal’s academic
because the Dominicans exercised power of inspection
triumph at Ateneo can be attributed to three factors;
and regulation over Ateneo (Guerrero, 1998).
racial pride, monastic discipline, and seclusion of
 After passing the qualifying examination, again,
boarding school life (Guerrero, 1998).
accompanied by Paciano, Rizal sought admission at
the Ateneo Municipal. Jesuit-run Ateneo as the second
D. Extracurricular Activities at Ateneo
option was the bitter rival of Dominican-owned Colegio
 Rizal did not only devote his time to academic
de San Juan de Letran. At first, he was rejected to
excellence, he became actively involved in extra-
enroll by the college registrar, Fr. Magin Fernando for
curricular activities.
two reasons:
 Rizal became a member and eventually an officer in
 he was late for registration
the religious confraternities at Ateneo-Sodality of Our
 he looked very frail and undersized for his age.
lady, and the Apostleship of Prayer. These religious
 Upon the intervention of Manuel Burgos, nephew of Fr.
confraternities were opened only to students who
Jose Burgos and an acquaintance of Paciano, Rizal was
demonstrated the highest degree of scholarship and
finally admitted.
leadership
 Jose was the first to adopt the surname Rizal when he
was finally as regular student in Ateneo. It was also a
E. Literary Works at Ateneo
decision of Don Francisco that he will no longer use the
 Mi Primera Inspiracion (My First Inspiration)
surname Mercado because it became under suspicion
- which was dedicated to his mother on her birthday.
of Spanish authorities since it was the surname used by
 Un Recuerdo a Mi Pueblo (A Memory of My Town)
his brother Paciano while studying in Colegio de San
- It was written in 1876 of his way of paying homage
Jose.
to his birthplace, Calamba.
 Por la Educacion Recibe Lustre la Patria (Through
B. Jesuit System of Education
Education Our Motherland Receives Light)
 Compared with other colleges in Manila, Ateneo was
- significant role which education lays in the progress
known for best secondary education for boys. They
and welfare of a nation.
trained the character of every student by rigid discipline
  La Alianza Intima Sobre Religion y la Buena
Educacion, showed the importance of religion in
education LESSON 9:
Rizal as a Lover
F. Enrollment at the University of Santo Tomas Family, Country, Education
 Rizal’s completion of the Bachiller en Artes at Ateneo I. Jose Rizal
Municipal entitled h for admission to higher studies at  His life has been highly documented, the most
a university. Although Doña Teodora was opposed to documented, in fact, of all the heroes in Asia
Rizal’s pursuit of higher education for fear of what  Rizal is known for his nationalistic ideas, bravery, and
might happen to him due to the martyrdom of as a national hero in the Philippines
GOMBURZA  Rizal has his duty towards his family and the country.
 For Doña Teodora, Rizal’s Ateneo education was  Rizal focused on uniting Filipinos, building networks
already knows enough. Rizal was surprised why his through connections, creating links with the
mother who was a woman of education and culture Propaganda Movement.
should object his desire for a university education.
 Don Francisco decided him to send him to UST, II. Jose Rizal: Love of Education
the Pontifical Catholic university in the Philippines  Through Education Our Motherland Receives Light
managed by the Dominicans.  The demand for sacrifices to obtain an education
 Uncertain of what to take up, at the age of sixteen,  Education is the most precious gift and treasure that
Rizal enrolled the course Philosophy and Letters Motherland can give to us
during his first year in the university (1877-1878). The  A nation where educated people out-numbers
course was his father’s choice for him to pursue. He uncivilized ones, excavates treasures more cherished
wanted also to solicit advice of Father Ramon Pablo, than any stones of the earth.
but the rector of Ateneo was then in Mindanao that  Education is portrayed as a torch lighting darkness
time.  Rival offered that the power or light of education is
 Rizal also took one year vocation course in Ateneo endless
which is land surveying.
 On his second year at UST, Rizal received the advice III. Jose Rizal: Love of Country
from Father Pablo to pursue medicine and enrolled in  To the Filipino Youth
the said course. Rizal also wanted the course due to  The poem’s theme, Grow, O timid Flower. Shows
the failing eyesight of his mother persuasion
 He advocated for rising and waking up
G. Academic Performance at UST  Pen as mightier than a sword
 Rizal did not show commendable academic  Rizal wants to communicate the means of making
performance in UST because he was not happy in the peaceful process
university (Zaide & Zaide, 1998). His unhappiness at  Filipino youth, must maximize their knowledge and
UST can be traced to three factors, namely; the skills in chosen their fields.
Dominican professors were hostile to him, racial
discrimination against Filipino students, and the IV. Jose Rizal: Love of Family
method and instruction was obsolete and repressive.  My First Inspiration
 Rizal’ scholastic records was obviously not good  It was his mothers’ birthday
enough for him in a medical course. His academic  His mother was freed from prison
performance was affected because he was attributed  The environment was rich during Rizal’s time
to many distractions such as joining parties with  A return of a love one is very important
Filipino students and attending fights against the  We should honor our parents
Spanish students.  Let your parents be a role model or inspiration in your
life
H. Literary Works at UST  We need to value God’s wonderful creation
 A la Juventud Filipina. Written when Rizal was 18
years old, an inspiring poem which beseeched the
Filipino youth to rise from lethargy, to let their genius LESSON 10:
fly swifter than the wind and descend with art and Life Abroad (PART I)
science to break the chains that have long bound the  Rizal decided to leave the country not just to complete his
spirit of the people. medical studies in Europe. There were hidden purpose for
 El Consejo de los Dioses (The Council of the Gods). his departure:
Rizal joined the competitions to prove one thing-that  to make a name for himself in the realm of
the Filipinos can equal and even surpass the journalism;
Spaniards in literary prowess.  to observe and study European society; and
 to prepare himself for the task of liberating the
I. Decision to go to Europe Filipinos from Spanish tyranny.
 There were hidden purposes for his voyage to a new Impelled by these purposes, Rizal left the country to
world. It can be inferred from Paciano’s letter to Rizal pursue his mission.
that the following were the real purposes of Rizal’s
voyage to Europe: A. Rizal’s Secret Departure (1882)
 to make a name for himself in the realm of  On May 3, Rizal departed on board Spanish steamer
journalism Salvadora bound for Singapore.
 to observe and study European society; and
 to prepare himself for the task of liberating the
Filipinos from Spanish tyranny.
  On May 9, Salvadora docked at Singapore. On May E. Heidelberg, Germany (Spring of 1886)
11, Rizal transferred to another ship Djemnah which  moved to Heidelberg and worked at the University
shall ferry him to France. Eye Hospital under the direction of Dr. Otto Becker, a
 From his boarding point, the ship had its stopover at German ophthalmologist
Point Galle in Ceylon, Aden, and in Port Said at Suez  He attended lectures of Dr. Becker and Dr. Wilhelm
Canal. Kuene at the university. He was a member of the law
 The steamer reached Naples on June 11, 1882. students’ Chess Players’ Club of Heidelberg after he
 From Naples, the steamer reached and docked at was recommended by his board mates.
Marseilles, France on June 12.  While at Heidelberg, Rizal wrote letters to his sisters
 From Marseilles, he took the train for Barcelona. He Maria and Trinidad about the Germany a country of
reached Barcelona on June 16, 1882 order and obedience. He described the German
students as affectionate, respectful, modest and not
B. Barcelona boastful. On German women, he described them as
 Rizal was welcomed by the Filipinos in Barcelona, serious, studious, simple, industrious, not afraid of
most of who were his former schoolmates at Ateneo men and concerned about education.
Municipal.
 He took time writing to his family, relatives and friends
in the Philippines. In fact, he did not forget one of his
missions-that of making a name for himself in the field
of writing. F. Wilhelmsfeld, Germany (Summer of 1886)
 It was in Barcelona that Rizal wrote El Amor Patrio  spent summer in Wilhemsfeld, a mountainous region
(Love of Country) under the pseudonym Laong Laan. of Heidelberg at the house of a protestant Pastor, Dr.
 He was just 21 years old. It came out on August 20, Karl Ulmer
1882 in the Diariong Tagalog in Manila.  His sojourn on the village was quite memorable for
him because of the hospitality he received from the
C. Madrid Ulmers and the kindness of the people. He
 On November 3, 1882, Rizal enrolled in Universidad appreciated much the religious tolerance the people
Central de Madrid in two courses-Medicine and practice in the community.
Philosophy and Letters.
 Studied painting and sculpture in the Academy of fine G. Leipzig, Germany
Arts of San Fernando, took private lessons in French,  In August 1886, Rizal attended lectures on history and
German and English under private instructors, psychology in the University of Leipzig.
practiced fencing and shooting in the Hall of Arms of  On his stay in the city, he was able to translate the
Sanz y Carbonell. Schiller’s William Tell from German to Tagalog so that
 Awarded the degree of Licentiate in Medicine. Filipinos might know the story of the champion of
 He took time to associate with the Filipinos Swiss independence.
expatriates in Madrid.  He also translated into Tagalog the fairy tales of Hans
 Joined with fellow expatriates had formed the Circulo Christian Andersen for his nephews and nieces.
Hispano-Filipino  While at Leipzig, he worked as a proofreader in a
 exposed to liberal ideas, stressing the value of publishing company to augment his allowance. He
individual freedom of action on matters of religion and was fortunate to be accepted because of his
expression. knowledge of European languages particular in
 Imbued with the vitality of youth and idealism, he German.
became fascinated with the manner by which Spanish
masons in Madrid discussed political issues fearlessly. H. Berlin, Germany
 overwhelmed by their progressive ideas on  He went to Berlin due to the following reasons: to
government, politics and religion. further enhance his knowledge of ophthalmology, to
 joined the Masonry for two probable reasons: supplement his studies of languages and sciences, to
(1) the abuses committed by the friars against the study and observe the political and economic
Filipino, and conditions of Germany, to join the circle famous
(2) the possible assistance the masons can extend German scientists and scholars and to complete and
him in his struggle against Spanish tyranny and publish his novel, Noli Me Tangere.
oppression.  He met Dr. Feodor Jagor, the author of the book
 had speech of salute to Luna and Hidalgo who were “Travels in the Philippines”, the book Rizal admired
winners in the 1884 Madrid Exposition (Lunas was while he was still student at UST. The book stated the
awarded a gold medal for his painting, the Spoliarium author’s prediction on the collapse of the Spanish
while Hidalgo a silver medal for his entry, Christian regime in the Philippines and its prophecy on the
Virgins Exposed to the Populace) coming of the Americans into the Philippines.
 One important event on Rizal’s life while in Berlin was
D. Paris, France on March 21, 1877 when Noli Me Tangere came off
 In November 1885, Rizal who was then 24 years old the press with the financial assistance of Maximo
was living in Paris where he sojourned for about three Viola.
months.
 He worked as an assistant to Dr. Louis de Weckert, I. Grand Tour in Europe with Maximo Viola (May 1887)
French ophthalmologist from November 1885 to Dresden, Germany
February 1886. It was on this time, that Rizal became  Rizal and Viola visited the regional flora exposition
closely associated with the Pardo de Taveras, Felix where they met Dr. Adolph Meyer. They also met Dr.
Hidalgo and Juan Luna who lived in Paris. Jagor who advised them to wire Dr. Ferdinand
Blumentritt of their coming to Leitmeritz
 ferried him from Singapore in 1882. He arrived in
J. Leitmeritz, Czechoslovakia Manila in August 5, 1887.
 Rizal and Viola arrived at Leitmeritz on May 13, 1887. On  His homecoming lasted only from August 8, 1887 to
the train station they welcomed by Dr. Blumentritt. The February 3, 1888 as it was his last option to secure the
two assisted by Blumentritt to get a room at Hotel Krebs. safety of his family, relative and friends. During his
 While at Leitmeritz, Rizal gave his host lessons in homecoming, he received harassed and persecution
Tagalog language. In a meeting with Tourists’ Club of by the friars to his novel, the Noli, and his involvement
Leitmeritz, with Calamba agrarian problem as he spoke in behalf
 Rizal extemporaneously talked in German language of the oppressed Calamba tenants and farmers.
about the pleasant and relaxing scenes of Austria and
its hospitable, nature-loving and noble people. All of B. Hongkong
them were very much impressed on Rizal’s fluency  Rizal arrived in the British colony of Hong Kong on
and eloquence on their language. February 8,1888.
 In Hong Kong, he wrote on his diary about the friars of
K. Prague, Czechoslovakia the Dominican Order as the richest religious order in
 To facilitate their visit into the different historic spots in Hong Kong, had million of dollars deposited in various
Prague, Blumentritt gave Rizal and Viola letters of banks earning very high interests.
recommendations to Dr. Welkomm, a history  Visited Macau for 2 days
professor at the University of Prague. The professor
welcomed them and accompanied in visiting the
historic places and spots in Prague.
L. Vienna, Austria C. Japan
 Rizal and Viola arrived at Vienna on May 20, 1887.  Rizal arrived in Japan on February 28, 1888 and
They spent four days visiting the beautiful buildings stayed at Tokyo Hotel for a few days.
and examining holy images and statues. They were  While at Japan, he learned and studied the Niponggo
impressed with the songs and beautiful stories of the and Japanese arts and culture.
city. They visited, art galleries, museums, public parks  He had a short romance with Seiko Usui or O-Sei-
and recreation centers. San.
 Rizal felt that he had other duties to fulfill for his
M. Switzerland country. So, he left Japan.
 While at Geneva, Rizal received the news from his  On the eve of his departure, he wrote on his diary
friends in Madrid of the deplorable conditions of the about his affection to Japan
primitive Igorots who were exhibited in the Madrid
Exposition. Rizal learned that some of the Igorots died D. United States of America
and their indigenous materials were became objects  arrived in the United States on April 28, 1888 but was
of mockery by the Spanish press and the Spaniards. only allowed to disembark until May 4 due to the
Rizal celebrated his 26th birthday in Geneva with quarantine protocols which he felt dismayed.
Viola.  Stayed for two days in San Francisco and boarded a
train for week bound for Albany, New York.
N. Italy
 Rizal continued his lone travel and visited some cities E. Rizal’s Impressions to United States of America (from
of Italy. In Rome, the Eternal City, attracted him so his letter to Mariano Ponce July 27, 1888 trans. G. Zaide)
much. The grandeur of Rome was something that  The material progress of the country as shown in the
Rizal did not fail to appreciate, in his sojourn to Italy. great cities, huge farms, flourishing industries and
 He was very much amazed with the Coliseum and the busy factories
Roman Forum.  The drive and energy of the American people
 He spent long hours reminiscing the past and  The natural beauty of the land
recreating life to the ruins. After a week of travel in  The high standard of living
Rome, Rizal prepared for his homecoming to the  The opportunities for better life offered to poor
Philippines. immigrants
 Lack of racial equality
O. Rizal, Germany and Blumentritt
 Among the countries Rizal visited, it was Germany F. London
that he appreciated much. These might be because of  Rizal arrived in London on May 25, 1888, and stayed
the following reasons: as a guest at the residence of Dr. Antonio Ma.
 Rizal’s appreciation of the qualities possessed by Regidor, a practicing lawyer in London and an exile of
the Germans, sober earnest, industrious, 1872 event. Later, Rizal boarded of the Beckett
progressive and prosperous. Family.
 Rizal became interested to Blumentritt because  In London, Rizal was acquainted with Dr. Reinhold
the latter had written about 250 essays and Rost the librarian of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs who
articles on Philippine ethnography allowed him to undertake research in the British
Museum.
LESSON 11:  While in London, he had a short romance with
Life Abroad (Part II) 1888-92 Getrude Beckett but he suppressed his emotions
towards her.
A. First Homecoming 1887 – 1888
 Some of his notable works while in London were the
 After five years of being away from home, Rizal left
following; annotation of de Morga’s Sucesos de las
Rome by train headed for Marseilles, France on July 3,
Islas Filipinas, and became member of the
1887. He boarded the Djemnah the same vessel that
Asociacion la Solidaridad, and the letter upon the
 request of Marcelo H. del Pilar, the Letters to Young  While in Hong Kong, Rizal practiced as ophthalmic
Women of Malolos. surgeon while continue writing essays.

G. Paris Exposition of 1889

LESSON 12:
 founded the Kidlat Club on March 19, 1889 upon his
Rizal’s Life: Exile in Dapitan
arrival in Paris. The only aim of the club was their
A. Arrival in Dapitan
camaraderie while enjoying their stay in Paris during
 Pastells informed Father Obach that Rizal could live
the entire duration of the exposition
at the parish convent on the following conditions:
 Witnessed the opening of the Eiffel Tower on May 6,
1. That Rizal publicly retract his errors concerning
1889
religion, and make statement that were clearly
 Participated in the painting competition
pro-Spanish and against revolution.
 Founded Indios Bravos (replacement of Kidlat),
2. That he performs the church rites and make a
member pledged to excel in intellectual and physical
general confession of his past life.
powers
3. That henceforth be conduct himself in an
exemplary manner as a Spanish subject and a
H. Brussels, Belgium, 1890
man of religion.
 Rizal moved to Brussels from Paris on January 28,
1890. In Brussels, he was busy writing his second
B. Career and Contributions
novel while contributing articles in La Solidaridad.
 Rizal had maximized his stay in Dapitan by devoting
 Lived in the house managed by Jacoby sisters
much of his time
 While in Brussels, he criticized Filipinos in Madrid for
 Engaging in business activities and writing letters to
gambling.
his friends in Europe to Ferdinand Bluementritt and
 He received letters informing him the bad condition of
Reinhold Rost
the Calamba farmers including his family
 Improving his artistic and literary skills and doing
agricultural and civic projects
I. Madrid, Spain 1890-1891
 His careers and achievements in different fields
 In August of 1890, he returned to Madrid and tried the
best he could to seek justice for his family and the
C. As a physician
Calamba tenants.
 Rizal provided free medicine to his patients, most of
 His family were persecuted in Calamba, Paciano and
them were underprivileged.
his two brothers-in-law (husband of Narcisa and
 He had also wealthy patients who paid him well for his
Olimpia) were deported to Mindoro while Saturnina’s
excellent surgical skills
husband was banished in Bohol.
 August 1893, when his mother, Dońa Teodora Alonzo,
 His returned in Madrid were all disappointments
was placed under opthalmic surgery for the third time.
because of the following; failed to get justice for his
 However, Alonzo, ignored her son’s instructions and
family, his friend Jose Ma. Panganiban died, he had
removed the bandages in her eyes which lead to
conflict with Antonio Luna because of Nelly Boustead,
irritation and infection.
and the consistence attack of Wenceslao Retana
against him and his family.
D. As an engineer
 Rizal applied his knowledge through the waterworks
J. Biarritz
system he constructed in Dapitan
 Rizal arrived in the French Riviera of Biarritz and
 From his knowledge as agrimensor, he widened his
was welcomed by the Boustead Family.
knowledge by reading engineering – related books.
 On his one month vacation, he had a short romance
 He successfully provided a good water system in the
with Nelly Boustead whom he found her to be a real
province.
Filipina.
 He even proposed a marriage to her but never
E. As an educator
realized because he need to give up his Catholic faith
 Rizal established a school in Dapitan which was
because Nelly’s family was protestant, also Nelly’s
attended by 16 young boys.
mother did not like Rizal.
 Instead of charging them for the matriculations, he
 While in Biarritz, the El Filibusterismo was already
made the students do community projects for him like
finished, and he stopped writing for la Solidaridad.
maintaining his garden and field.
 He taught them reading, writing in English and
K. Ghent
Spanish, geography, history, mathematics, industrial
 Rizal moved to Ghent and lived in an affordable
work, nature study, morals, and gymnastics.
boarding house with Jose Alejandro as room mate.
 The El Filibusterismo came off the press September
F. As an Agriculturist
18, 1891.
 Rizal devoted time in planting important crops and
 A friend Valentin Ventura of Paris financially helped
fruit- bearing tress From the United States, he
Rizal published the Fili.
imported agricultural machinery and introduced to the
native farmers of Dapitan the modern agricultural
L. Hong Kong, 1891-92
methods Rizal also visualized of having an agricultural
 Rizal arrived in Hong Kong on November 20, 1891.
colony in Sitio Ponot, within the Sindañgan Bay.
He was welcomed by the Filipino residents, especially
his old friend, Jose Ma. Basa.
G. As a Businessman
 On December, Rizal was reunited with his family.
 In 1992, Rizal, with his partner,Ramon Carreon, tried
Together in celebrating Christmas were his parents,
his luck in the fishing,hemp and copra industries.
Paciano, sisters Lucia, Josefa and Trinidad and
Olimpia’s husband Silvestre Ubaldo.
  In 2004, To teach each the fisher folks of the new B. Rizal Sails to Spain for Cuba
fishing methods, using a big net called pukutan.  boarded the steamer Isla de Panay bound for
 In 2015, But the industry in which Rizal became more Barcelona, Spain (September 3, 1896)
successful was in hemp, shipping the said product to  the captain of Isla de Panay informed Rizal that he
a foreign firm in Manila received an order through a telegram from the
Minister of War that the former has to be arrested and
H. As an Inventor detained in captain’s cabin
 According to Rizal, the wooden lighter’s mechanism  arrived in Barcelona (Oct. 3, 1896) but only to be
was based on the principle of compressed air. informed he will ship back to the Philippines
 He invented a special type of lighter called sulpukan,  the steamer arrived in Manila (Nov. 3, 1896) under
which he sent to Blumentritt as a gift. tight security
 Another one of his inventions was the wooden  Rizal was brought and incarcerated at Fort Santiago
brickmaker can manufacture about 6,000 bricks a  the Spanish authorities commenced their expedition
day. of fishing all evidence that can be used against Rizal
 The arrival of the steamer Colon in Manila brought too
I. As an Artist much jubilation on the part of the friars and the
 he had contributed his talent in the Sisters of Charity Spaniards, as the leader of the revolution could now
who were preparing for the arrival of the image of the be made to answer for a crime he committed against
Holy Virgin the Spanish government. Under heavy guard, Rizal
 Rizal was actually the person who modeled the was brought to Fort Santiago pending the persecution
image's right foot of his case. He was held incommunicado for almost
 He also conceptualize its curtain, which was oil four weeks in his detention cell.
painted by a Sister under his instruction  In the meantime, the Spanish authorities were very
 He also sculptured the statuette called “The Mother's much preoccupied with the gathering and fabrication
Revenge” which represented his dog, Syria, avenging of evidences to be used against him
her puppy to a crocodile which killed it.
C. The Preliminary Investigation
J. As a Linguist  Col. Francisco Olive, the Judge Advocate of the
 Rizal was interested in the languages used in Dapitan Spanish military tribunal summoned Rizal to appear
 He studied and made comparisons of the Bisayan and before him (Nov. 20, 1896)
Malayan languages existing in the region.  Two kinds of evidences presented by Olive to Rizal;
 Rizal had knowledge in 22 languages: Tagalog, documentary and testimonial
Ilocano, Bisayan, Subanun, Spanish, Latin, Greek,  Documentary, includes the letters of Antonio Luna,
English, French, German, Arabic, Malayan, Hebrew, MH del Pilar, the poems, transcripts speeches of
Sanskrit, Dutch, Catalan, Italian, Chinese, Japanes, Emilio Jacinto and Jose Santiago
Portuguese, Swedish and Russian.  Testimonial, includes oral statements of people who
had been associated with him
K. As a Scientist
 They explored the jungles and searched for D. The Arraignment of Rizal
specimens which he sent to museums in Europe,  Rizal chose Luis Taviel de Andrade, the brother of
particularly in Dressed Museum Jose taviel de Andrade who was his bodyguard during
 In return, scientific books and surgical instruments his six-month stay in Calamba four years ago (1892)
were delivered to him from the European scientists.  He was accused of the complex crime of rebellion as
 He also made a bulk of other researches and studies he was the principal organizer and the living soul of
in the fields of ethnography, archaeology, geology, the insurrection, the founder of societies, periodicals
anthropology and geography and books dedicated to the fomenting and
 Rizal's most significant contribution in the scientific propagating the ideas of rebellion
world was his discovery of three species: Draco rizali
– flying dragon, Apogonia rizali – small beetle, and E. The Trial
Rhacophorus rizali – rare frog.  Rizal’s case was turned over to Capt. Rafael
 Rizal also Partakes in civic works in Dapitan Dominguez (Special Judge Advocate) on December
 He also provided lighting system – coconut oil lamps 19, 1896 for prosecution
posted in dark streets  Dominguez urged the court to give a verdict of
 He beautified Dapitan by re-modelling the town plaza, death penalty to the accused
with the aid of his Jesuit teacher, Fr. Francisco  For Taviel de Andrade Rizal was not guilty as the
Sanchez, and created a relief map of Mindanao right following conditions were not existed; ocular
in front the church. inspection, confession of the accused, credible
witnesses, official documents or conclusive
evidences
LESSON 13A:
Rizal’s Trial
F. Rizal’s Defense
A. After Exile in Dapitan
1. I am not guilty of rebellion as I even advised Dr. Pio
 received a confirmation on being a volunteer doctor to
Valenzuela in Dapitan not to rise in revolution
Cuba
2. The revolutionists used my name without my
 left Dapitan on July 31, 1896
knowledge. If I were guilty, I could have escaped from
 arrived in Manila on August 6, 1896
Singapore.
 stayed in steamer Castilla for almost a month while
3. If I had a hand in the Katipunan revolution, I could
waiting for a vessel bound for Spain
have escaped Dapitan and should have not built a
house there.
 4. If I were the chief of the revolution, why did they not  Steamer Espaῆa – brought Rizal, Josephine, Narcisa
consult me on their plans? and Agelica (daughter of Narcisa) his 3 nephews and
5. I was not the founder of La Solidaridad and the six pupils.
Association Hispano- Filipino  Dumaguete (Capital of Negros Oriental) – was their
6. I had nothing to do with the introduction of masonry in first stopover (Saturday, August 1, 1896)
the Philippines. Serrano had a higher degree than I  Herero Regidor – was the judge of the province,
had. If I were the head, since when does an officer was a former Rizal’s friend and classmate. Rizal
permit himself to be promoted to a captain general? visited him and including the Periquet and rzufina
7. The La Liga did not live long. It died a natural death family.
after my banishment to Dapitan.  Cebu – was their 2nd stopover, they left Dumaguete
8. If the La Liga was re-organized nine month later, I at 1:00 PM and arrived at Cebu on the next morning.
was totally unaware of it.  Rizal considered Cebu as “Beautiful”
9. It was true that I wrote statutes of the La Liga. The La  He visited the house of Atty. Mateos where he
Liga, however, is a civic association whose purposes met the old couple whom he had known in
are unity and development of commerce and industry. Madrid.
10. While it was true that there were some bitter  In his diary he wrote “I made 2 operations in
statements in my letters, it was because they were stereotomy, one in the ears and second was
written when my family was being persecuted, being tumor.
dispossessed of their houses and lands; and my  Iloilo – they left Cebu in August 3, and reach Iloilo on
brother and brother-in-law were rusticated without due the next morning.
process of law.  Rizal went in shopping in the city and visited Molo
11. It was not true that the revolution was inspired in one Church which he describes as pretty outside and
of my speeches at the houses of Doroteo Ongjungco, interior was not bad considering that it was
as alleged by the witnesses whom I would like to painted by a lad. And the painting was mostly
confront. My friends knew very well about my copied at biblical scenes of Gustave Dore.
vehement opposition to an armed rebellion.  From Iloilo the made a short stopover at Capiz
12. Why did the Katipunan send an emissary to me in and proceeded to Manila via Romblon.
Dapitan, who was a total stranger to me? Because
those who knew me were cognizant that I would B. Rizal Misses The Ship Going To Spain
never sanction any violent movement.  Mail ship Isla de Luzon
13. My life in Dapitan had been exemplary, as evidenced – Rizal was not able to catch this ship bound to Spain
by my productive activities for the welfare of the for it was departed previous day before they arrived
people. Even the politico- military commanders and Thursday morning August 6, 1896. He was greatly
missionary priests could attest to this disappointed and worried about his stayed in Manila
 The verdict of the military court was submitted to that might bring him troubles.
Governor Polavieja  Castilla
 The verdict stated the found Rizal guilty beyond – a Spanish cruiser where Rizal was transferred from
reasonable doubt and therefore should be condemned to steamer Spaña. To wait for the next steamer bound to
death by firing squad Spain as by order by Gov. Gen. Ramon Blanco.
– Rizal stayed almost a month waiting for the next
G. Rizal’s Trial steamer which was schedule to sail for Spain on the
 Rizal’s trial was a clear case of mistrial-a very clear following month.
confirmation of the injustice of the Spanish Regime – Enrique Sanatlo – the gallant captain of the ship and
(Zaide&Zaide). It was a deliberate effort to condemned had given him a good accommodation not a prisoner
Rizal to death for the following reasons: but a guest detained onboard I order to avoid
1. Rizal was a civilian but was tried by a military tribunal difficulties from friends and enemies.
2. Rizal was already condemned guilty even before the  Andes Bonifacio
trial – and the rest of the Katipuneros attempt to save Rizal
3. All allegations against Rizal were accepted by the court from the cruiser Castilla.
but not the arguments and evidence in his favor; – They tried to persuade Rizal to escape but Rizal
4. Rizal was not allowed to confront witnesses against politely refused, as a man of principle he was ready to
him nor his counsel to cross-examine then; and face the consequences of his decision.
5. Evidence to convict Rizal didn’t have any bearing on – And his Katipunan followers had already proclaimed
his alleged commission of the complex crime of their defiance of the Spanish gov’t by tearing their
rebellion. cedula certificates during the famous historical “Cry of
the Balintawak”.
H. Rizal’s Trial According to Guerrero
 Rizal was neither guilty nor innocent The Cry of Pugad Lawin or Cry of Balintawak -
 Evidences used by the military court were not sufficient w/c proclaimed their defiance to the Spanish gov’t, the
to warrant the finding of guilty and the concomitant Katipuneros tore their cedulas personales (certificates).
imposition of death penalty Bonifacio stop all the talking “There is no other Way” and told
 Rizal was really innocent of the accusation that he was them “enough is enough” and angrily tore his cedula and
the moving spirit behind the revolution started by they shouted “Long Live Philippines”, Long Live the
Bonifacio and the Katipunan. Katipunan”.

 Fray Mariano Gil

LESSON 13B:
– was an Augustinian cura of Tondo who discovered
Readings for Arrest and Trial of Rizal
evidences about the Katipunan plot.
A. The Last Trip Abroad
 – with the Spanish witnesses found out the evidence in were brutally tortured. Paciano was arrested and
the printing shop of Diario de Manila and rushed to cruelly tortured. He suffered all pains from Spanish
denounced the revolutionary plot of the Katipunan. Diabolic torturers but he never signed any damaging
 Teodoro Patiῆo statement incriminating his younger brother.
– a member of the Katipunan and an employee of the  Colonel Francisco Oliver Garcia
Diario de Manila w/ the advice of the mother portress of – Judge Advocate whom Rizal appeared during the
Mandaluyong Orphanage and his sister Honoria Patiῆo preliminary investigation on Nov. 20, 1896.
went to the convent of Tondo and revealed the secrets – And Rizal was subjected for 5 days of very tiring and
of the Katipunan to Fr. Mariano Gil. severe investigation for Rizal was accused of the crimes
 Governor-General Ramon Blanco – gave Rizal a letter of rebellion, sedition and forming illegal association.
of introduction for the Minister of War and the Minister of – He transmitted the result of the preliminary
Colonies. investigation to Gov.-Gen Ramon Blanco for appropriate
 General Marcelo de Azcarraga action.
– the minister of war  Captain Rafael Dominguez
– During his four years as exile in Dapitan had been – appointed by Gov-Gen. Blanco as Judge Advocate to
exemplary and no way involve in the chimerical (unreal evaluate the case. And subsequently made the
or imaginary) attempt we are now deploring, neither in corresponding decision against Rizal.
the conspiracy nor in any of the secret societies that  Judge Advocate General Nicolas dela Peña
have been formed. – received the summary of charges against Rizal from
 Isla de Panay Dominguez for legal opinion and adjudication.
– steamer bound to Spain before going to Cuba on
Sept. 30 1896.
– During this time Revolution had begun in nearby
provinces around Manila. Recommendations;
– While cruising the Mediterranean Sea, Rizal was 1. The accused be brought to trial without delay.
informed by the captain of the ship about the telegraph 2. The accused be incarcerated in prison
order from the minister of war to arrest and confined him 3. The accused should be defended in the court by
in his cabin. the army officer.
 Governor-General Despujol  Lieutenant Luis Taviel de Andrade
– deported Rizal in Dapitan who in – charge of Mont – Rizal chose this name from the list of names given by
Juich Prison are now came and informed Rizal that he the Spanish
would be sent back to Manila. – Authorities to be his defender, because Rizal was
 S.S. Colon denied for experienced civilian lawyer.
– was a warship carrying Spanish troops to the – The name seemed familiar to Rizal because he was
Philippines. It was also the ship carried Rizal from the brother of Jose Taviel Andrade who was assigned to
Barcelona to Manila via Singapore. surveillance Rizal during his homecoming in Calamba.
 Some charges were read in the presence of his
C. Unsuccessful Rescue In Singapore
defender and other persons in the court and were
 Dr. Antonio Ma. Regidor and Sixto Lopez
refuted by Rizal to wit.
– sent a telegram to an English lawyer to rescue Rizal
1. Since his deportation to Dapitan within a period of
when the Spanish steamer reached in Singapore.
4 years, he had not engaged in any political
 Atty. Hugh Fort
activities.
– try to rescue Rizal by means of habeas corpus file at
2. The declarations of the witnesses against Rizal
Singapore Court to remove Rizal in the ship upon
were fabricated and not true.
arriving in Singapore.
 Governor Camilo de Polavieja
– His contention state that Rizal was illegally detained in
– replaced Gov-Gen Blanco
the ship
– The case of Rizal was referred to him on Dec.13, 1896
 Chief Justice Lionel Cox
– By virtue of the authority granted on him by the
– denied the writ on the ground that Colon was a
Spanish authorities, he orders the creation of the Court
warship of a foreign power w/c under international law
Martial consisting of a military personnel who could try
and beyond their jurisdiction.
the accused.
 Dec. 15 1896
Arrival in Manila
– Rizal wrote a public declaration appealed to the
 Governor-General Blanco
Filipinos to stop shedding of blood and to achieve their
– wired back the most ominous warning for Rizal.
freedoms through education and hard work.
– Prosecutor request Rizal to be returned as prisoner
– In addition, the country is in need of individuals not
under his disposal, because Rizal had a serious charge
only have a sense of vision and purpose and the most
filed against him for causing insurrection.
important is men of conscience.
 Fort Santiago
– Declaration was written in his prison cell in Fort
– Rizal was detained after the steamer reached back in
Santiago.
Manila (Nov. 20 1896).
 Ordinary Martial Court was constituted on Dec.24,
– He was held incommunicado while Spanish authorities
1896 with seven members
were busy looking for evidences against him.
1. Colonel Jose Tagores Arjona – cavalry
 Filipinos who sympathized Rizal
2. Ricardo Muños Arias - Captain, Artillery
– were arbitrarily harassed and some were even
3. Manuel Reguera – Captain Cavalry
tortured.
4. Santiago Osorio – Captain, Rangers
 Among the Filipino patriots were: Deodato Arellano, Dr.
5. Manuel Escribano – Captain, Engineer
Pio Valenzuela, Moises Salvador, Domingo Franco,
6. Fermin Rodriguez – Captain, General Ordinance
Jose Dizon, Temoteo Paez, and Pedro Serrano Laktaw,
 7. Enrique de Alcocer – assistant judge advocate – Rizal was a civilian but he was tried I in the military
general and appointed as prosecutor. tribunal composed of military officials and this is already
 Hall of Banners of Cuartel del España a prejudged in the absence of a due process.
– the name of the court room – Rizal was not given the right to face the accusers and
– There were other persons in the courtroom aside from the witnesses against him in an open court.
the seven Spanish army officers.  Rizal concluded that “he never sought liberty to rebel
1. Capt. Rafael Dominguez – the Judge Advocate but only political liberties”. His last message to the court
2. Lieutenant Enrique de Alcocer – Prosecuting was attached to the brief for the defense as ordered by
Attorney the president of the Military Court.
3. Dr. Jose Rizal – the accused  Military Tribunal
4. Lieutenant Taviel de Andrade – went to into secret session (after Rizal concluded his
5. Josephine Bracken defense) to deliberate and render its decision.
6. Sister of Rizal – The presiding officer made its deliberation to resolve
7. Filipino and foreign newspaperman the charges and unanimously voted of the extreme
8. His defender and other spectators death penalty.
 Dominguez opened the trial by reading the charges  December 26, 1896
against Rizal (rebellion, sedition and illegal – Innocence Day
association). – The Military court submitted their verdict on the
 Atty. Alcocer giving his remarks by giving the charges against Rizal to Gov-Gen Polavieja who
summary of the charges against Rizal and urged affirmed the death sentence and decreed that the
the members of the military tribunal to decide by accused Dr. Jose Rizal should be executed before a
imposing death penalty to the accused. firing squad at 7 am on Dec. 30 1896 on the field of
 Taviel de Andrade presented his eloquent defense Bagumbayan (now Rizal Park).
characterized by forceful and appropriate  December 29, 1896 – Rizal was advised about the
expression. judgment, he signed in witness that it had been made
 Rizal presented his own brief-memorandum of known to him.
points of facts after he was asking by the military  Wenceslao Retana
court in addition to his confidence. – writes on Rizal signature
– “it was written in a very steady, clear and beautiful
1. I could not be guilty of rebellion, for I even advised Dr. hand, every stroke denoting the most complete self-
Pio Valenzuela in Dapitan not to rise in revolution. possession; the most beautiful signature of Rizal I have
2. The revolutionists used my name without my across”.
knowledge, if I were guilty, I could have escaped from  The trial
Singapore. – was a sham, ridiculous and utter display of power,
3. If I had a hand in the revolution, I could have escaped in arrogance and total mockery of the law.
a Moro vinta and would not build a house and bought  Rizal personified a lesson that cannot be reversed by
lands in Dapitan. time and circumstances and be remained steadfast and
4. If I were the chief of the revolution, why was I not firm in his faith and conviction.
consulted by the revolutionists?  Most admirable in Rizal’s Life – his complete self-
5. The La Liga Filipina did not live long, for after the first denial and his complete abandonment of his personal
meeting, I was deported to Dapitan and it died out. interests in order to think only of those of his country.
6. If the La Liga Filipina was recognized nine months later,
I did not know about it. D. The execution of the National Hero
7. It was true I wrote the constitution and By-Laws of the  Dr. Jose Rizal
La Liga Filipina, but this is only civic association not a – was detained in Fort Santiago
revolutionary society. – He formally noticed the sentence 24 hours before the
8. While it was true that there were some bitter statements exact time of the execution.
in my letters, it was because they were written when my – He received a number of visitors from his prison cell.
family was being persecuted, being disposed of their 1. Fr. Father Miguel Saderra Mata – rector of Ateneo
houses and lands; and my brother and my brother-in- 2. Fr. Antonio Ruosell
law were deported without due process. 3. Fr. Luis Viza
9. It was not true that the revolution was inspired by one of 4. Fr. Jose Vilaclara
my speeches at the house of Doroteo Onjunco, as 5. Fr. Federico Faura
alleged by witnesses whom I would like to confront. My 6. Fr. Vicente Balaguer.
friends knew very well about my vehement opposition to 7. Don Santiago Mataix – correspondent of the
an armed rebellion. Why did the Katipunan send an Heraldo de Madrid
emissary to Dapitan who was a stranger to me? Be 8. Lieutenant Taviel de Andrada
10. cause those who knew me were aware that I would 9. Doña Teodora Alonzo
never sanction any violent movement. 10. Josephine Bracken
11. My life in Dapitan had been exemplary as evidenced by 11. Trinidad – he gave his alcohol cooking stove, inside
my productive activities for the welfare of the people; the w/c he had written his Ultimo Adios
politico-military commanders and missionary priest
could attest to these.  Before his family left the prison cell, Rizal kissed his
mother’s hand with a soft and emotional voice “I know I
 The so-called trial caused you pain and moments of unhappiness, please
– was a virtual pantomime because no prosecution forgive me”
witness was allowed to testify so the defense could not  Josephine Bracken – a tender kiss as if to say
ask question on cross-examination. “goodbye my dear and unhappy wife.”
E. The Retraction Taviel de Andrade and two priest while a platoon of
 His retraction in Catholic Faith continues to intrigue Spanish guards marched behind.
historians and academicians because Rizal’s life has  Spectators lined along the street as the participants of the
become public death march pass from Fort Santiago to plaza del Palacio
– he has little or no private life. References showed in front Manila Cathedral, then to Malecon street (now
that Rizal was multi–talented, liberal–minded, self– Bonifacio Drive) until they reached to Bagumbayan Field.
denying, and reformist intellectual w/ emotional  Dr. Jose Rizal bade farewell to his defender, the two
sensitivity, a man of strong character and conviction priests who blessed him.
and even at his last breath, he did not embrace back  Josephine Bracken
to Catholic faith. – farewell, sweet foreigner, my darling, my delight.
 A draft of retraction was made by:  Dr. Felipe Castillo
 Archbishop Bernardo Nozaleda – examined Rizal and was surprised that the pulse was
– Rizal did not like it because it too wordy and too perfectly normal.
long.  Rizal was quite pale, his lips shaded by thin moustache
 Father Pio Pi smiled at the world as if he wanted to bid goodbye to
– prepared a draft of retraction and it was presented all.
to Rizal by Fr. Balaguer, Rizal like it however  Rizal died at exactly 7:03 am after the guns of firing
wanted some portions be changed. squad rang out.
 Finally, Rizal relented and wrote a letter of retraction  “Viva España (Long Live Spain! Death to the traitors”)
to Catholic and denounced Masonry w/c was filled the air as Rizal lifeless on the ground.
published in the Spanish newspaper.  Howard Q. Bray – eye witness of the execution of the
The renunciation of Masonry and returning national hero.
back to Catholicism made Rizal even a greater Wrote: “Never while life last, shall I forget the awful
man because it takes moral courage for any morning no the thrilling sensation I felt when the riffles
man to recognize his errors and misconceptions cracked and his mangled body fell on the public
and to rectify what was conceived bad and promenade amid the jeers of the Spaniards and the
immoral. monks, thus consummating on of the most cold-
blooded crimes registered in history since the tragedy
Dec. 30, 1896 of Golgota.”
– he woke up early in the morning and  Paco cementery
recited the morning prayer taught by his – the remains of the great hero were buried.
mother when he was young boy  Dec.30 1912
He heard the holy mass, and confessed before – the remains was transferred to the base of the
Father Balaguer during the mass. present Rizal monument at the Luneta
He also read the Acts of Faith, Hope and Charity  Ultimo Adios (Last Farewell, Huling Paalam)
from the prayer book entitled Aceptacion dela – the famous and the longest untitled poem wrote by
Muerte (Acceptance of Death) and Imitacion de Rizal on Dec. 29, 1896 eve of his execution in his
Cristo (The Imitation of Christ) by Thomas A prison cell at Fort Santiago
Kempis. – It was full of beautiful and sublime thoughts
 Josephine and Trinidad came after Rizal made his characterized/ a sense of lofty ideals, love of country
last breakfast. and his countrymen.
 Rizal requested Fr. Balaguer to solemnize a canonical – Full of emotions filled w/ sadness and nostalgic
marriage with Josephine Bracken before His death. memories because he was leaving his loved ones and
his beloved country, and this poem was translated in
F. Rizal’s Last Letter to his Father different languages
Dear Papa,  Charles E. Derbyshire
Forgive me for all the pains and sorrows that I had – translated the poem from Spanish to English.
caused you to repay you for your sacrifices for my  Jose Gatmaitan
education. – translated the poem to Tagalog.
Goodbye, Father.  Biographer Wenceslao Retana, Rafel Palma, and
Pepe Leon Ma. Guerrero recounted Rizal’s gift of genius,
methodical lifestyle and productive hours all of w/c
G. Rizal’s Last Letter to Blumentritt would negate the logic Rizal had waited until Dec. 29 to
My dear friend, fill his remaining few hours with the most important
I shall be dead by the time you receive my letter. decisions and testament of his agony.
Tomorrow, I shall be shot by a firing squad at 7am at  Lieutenant Adrade
Bagumbayan Field (now Rizal Park). – learned that the maximum penalty of death could not
I am innocent of the charges against me and I die be evade because the gov’t. has arranged even the
with a clear conscience. Goodbye. most inclusive and flimsy evidence against Rizal
Jose Rizal
I. Rizal’s Remains
H. The Death March begins  Luis R. Sioson
 The trumpet w/ its deafening tone sounded out that the – a member of the Historical Commission, shows that
death march begins at about 6:30 am on Dec. 30, 1896 Rizal request that his mother would took his corps was
at Fort Santiago. denied by the Spanish authorities.
 The Spanish soldiers w/ drawn bayonets ostentatiously  Manuel Luengo
displayed their gala uniforms. – manila mayor who allow Doña Teodora to claim the
 Rizal wore a black suit and vest w/ black hat arms were body of Rizal but she found none.
tied behind his back and walk calmly w/ Lieutenant
  Rizal’s family searches the dead body of Rizal for the – portrayed the brutalities of the America-slave
whole day after they found out that it was not therein owner and the pathetic conditions of the unfortunate
Bagumbayan. Negro slaves.
 Narcisa  Was pacifist, choosing peaceful reforms through
– went from one cemetery to another in the city and education of the youth.
beyond search for her brother body brought small  Rizal political ideal was to bring enlightenment to
marble slab which family wanted to place in the grave. his country in general and to its educated youth in
 Paco cemetery particular making them see for themselves as they
– Narcisa saw several Guardia civil and there she really were – a people under the tyranny and
found the unmarked grave of his brother. And Narcisa misrule of the colonial masters.
placed the marble slab on the grave.  He also wish that the Spaniards can see for
 R.P.J. themselves as they were – the oppressor;
– initial for Jose Protacio Rizal intentionally reverse by thereafter leaving it to events to take their course.
the family so that the authorities would not notice.  Rizal believed that Philippines were not ready to
 Doroteo Onjungco stand on its own feet and still need an assistance
– the one who design the marble slab. and support from Spain.
 August 17, 1898  He only yearned that the rights of the Filipinos not
– the family led by Narcisa, Agelica and several be trampled and were respected.
sculptor-friend had Rizal’s body exhumed almost 2  That freedom due them was duly granted and the
years after his death. policy of the government was carried out judiciously
– Rizal was buried w/o coffin which shoes and clothes w/o treachery or deceit.
still identified by his family.  Noli did not advocate for full independence but
– Narcisa kept the vertebra (the bullet scared bone) in hoped to bring about an improvement in the relation
a glass covered w/ silver cap in her house and she also b/n the rulers and the ruled.
bring the rest of the bones in their house.  He emphatically advocate that “there would no
 Higinio Franciso & Romualdo Teodoro de Jesus tyrants if there were no slaves”, and the tyranny of
– was the bones of Rizal w/ reverence. some was possible only through cowardice and
negligence of others.
 He believed that the YOUTH was the HOPE of the
 Romualdo Teodoro de Jesus Fatherland.
– made an urn serves as receptacle of Rizal’s remains, II. El Filibusterismo
and by the turn of the century became the center of  political novel, dramatized, bitterness hatred pain,
frequent public display of respect as Filipinos began violence, sorrow, greed and vengeance.
to know the Rizal’s heroism.  Dedicated to the three-martyr priest (Mariano
 Dec. 29, 1912 Gomez, Jose Burgos & Jacinto Zamora) who were
– the ivory urn w/ Rizal’s remain was carried in a executed in Bagumbayan Field on Feb. 28, 1872.
procession to the Ayuntamiento in Intramuros a symbol  Was a novel that bore an irresistible urge to
of the mighty Spanish rule. Mounted on a splendid revolution, while promising nothing from it.
catafalque adorned w/ flowers, became the object of  It achieved a dual purpose: an excitement to
patriotic and civic groups’ vigil the whole day. revolution or dreadful warning against revolution,
– Later it was transferred to Luneta on “artillery caisson w/c appeared very realistic.
drawn by six horses.”  It was a description of revolt, with all the urgency of
 Rizal’s remains were placed in the midst of a its demands and w/ all the shortcomings in their
foundation over which the Rizal monument has to rise fulfillment.
almost 90 years later he had fallen in that ground.  To Spain it was a last warning.
Rizal’s parents did not live long to see that monument
offered by a grateful nation to their martyred son. III. Synopsis of Noli
 A classic novel that described the true socio-
J. Noli and Fili political conditions during the last decades of the
 Rizal consecrated his God-given talents and even Spanish rule.
sacrificed his own life for the redemption of his  Capitan Tiago
countrymen. His entire political life, both in the thought – made a dinner in honor of honor of the young
and action, applied morality in politics, the wealthy Filipino who had just return after his
fundamental belief that “violence breeds violence” and successful study I Europe.
no good could come of it.  Crisostomo Ibarra
 He believed that his life and death were for a purpose – the name of that young man.
and God desired him to act as he did.  Don Rafael Ibarra
– father of Crisostomo
I. Noli Me Tangere  Maria Clara
 is a Latin phrase w/c means “touch Me Not” – fiancé of Crisostomo
 Is a classical novel, definitive adhering to an  The guest of the occasion were:
established set of artistic standard, punctuated w/  Padre Damaso (Franciscan Parish Priest of San
humor and wit and of sustained interest, quality and Diego)
style, vigorous and elegant, full of profound ideas  Padre Sibilya (Dominican Priest)
and sublime thoughts, something worthy of its kind  Señor Guevara (lieutenant of the GuardiaCivil)
and worth remembering.  Don Tiburcio (pseudo Spanish Physician lame
 Uncle Tom’s Cabin by Harriet Beecher Stowe and with physically deformity) henpecked and
husband of Doña Victoria.
 The guest were all impressed by the gentle  Meantime, the Jesuits came back to see Rizal to
manners and winsome personality as Crisostomo was convince him to retract his alleged religious errors and
introduced, and became the center piece of the conversation return to the fold of Catholicism
especially the young ladies.
Padre Damaso seemed not interested at all and B. The Execution
was sulking like a child because he was displeased with the  Woke up early and took time to write two letters; for
bony neck of chicken tinola as dinner was served. his family and the other one for Paciano
Ibarra learned the sad story about the death of his Excerpt from National Heroes Commission, 1964
father told by Lieutenant Guevara. His father was died in jail To My Family,
after accidentally killed the tax collector upon defending the I ask your forgiveness for the pain I cause you, but
boy pushed by the said collector. someday I shall have to die and it is better that I die now
Crisostomo was looking for the body of his father. in the plenitude of my conscience.
Padre Damaso the one who ordered the sepulterero that the Dear parents, brother, and sisters give thanks to
corpse be buried in the Chinese Cemetery. Due to bad God that I may preserve my tranquility before my death. I
weather (heavy rains, gusty winds, and lightning and die resigned, hoping that my death you will be left in
thunder) and the heavy corpse, the sepulterero (grave- peace. Ah! It is better to die than to live suffering.
digger) threw it in the lake. Console yourselves.
Ibarra Crisostomo became furious because of what I enjoin you to forgive one another the little
he learned about the corpse of his father. On his way he met meanness of life and try to live united in peace and good
Fr. Salvi and tol him about the corpse of his father, the pries harmony. Treat your old parents, as you would like to be
said that he had nothing to do with it because it was Fr. treated by your children. Love them very much in my
Damaso the parish priest at that time. memory.
One Sunday morning Ibarra and friends gave picnic Bury me in the ground. Place a stone and a cross
to the family of Capitan Tiago (Maria Clara and few close over it-my name, the date of my birth, and of my death.
friends). While they enjoy the serenity of the lake, their big Nothing more. If later you wish to surround my grave with
banca was almost capsized because of the huge wave fence, you can do so. No anniversaries. I prefer Paang
created by a big crocodile. Bundok. Have pity on poor Josephine.
Elias – the boatman bravely grappled with the
ferocious crocodile. Ibarra sensing that the life of Elias was
in danger, he immediately jumped into the water and with his
dagger he gave a hard thrash on the crocodile’s belly and
the reptile was dead. Excerpt from National Heroes Commission, 1964
Meanwhile the people were busy preparing the Dear brother,
celebration of the annual fiesta. The highlight of the It has been four and a half years that we have not
celebration was the lying the cornerstone of the construction seen each other or have addressed one another in
of the school building. Ibarra was one among the huge writing or orally. I do not believe this is due to lack of
crowd, but when he went down into the trench when all of affection either on my part or yours, but because knowing
the sudden a mysterious man attacked and attempted to each other so well, we had no need of words to
killed him. Fortunately, Elias was and save his life. understand each other.
The hearing was actually a kind of moro-moro – a Now I am going to die, it is to you I dedicate my last
planned trial wherein Rizal, before hearing his verdict, had words to tell you how much I regret to leave you alone in
already been prejudged. Unlike other accused, Rizal had not life bearing all the weight of the family and of our old
been allowed to know the people who witnessed against parents.
him. I think of how you have worked to enable me to
have a career. I believe that I have tried not to waste my
time. My brother, if the fruit has been bitter, it is not my
LESSON 14: fault, it is the fault of circumstances. I know that you have
Rizal’s Execution and Death suffered much because of me. I am sorry.
A. Rizal’s Last Remaining Hours I assure you brother, that I die innocent of this crime
 The verdict of death sentence was read to Rizal on of rebellion. If my former writings had been able to
December 29, 1896. Rizal refused to sign it owing to contribute towards it, I should not deny absolutely, but
his innocence and objection to his being labeled as a then I believe I expiated my past with my exile.
Chinese mestizo, later he affixed his signature as law Tell our father that I remember him, but how? I
required it. remember my whole childhood, his tenderness and his
 The last 24 hours spent on writing and love. Ask him to forgive me for the pain I cause him
accommodating visitors especially his family unwillingly.
 Rizal asked Doña Teodora to secure the permission of
the authorities for his family to bury his dead body  Rizal gave Josephine Bracken the book of Thomas
 He gave a wicker chair to Narcisa Kemphis’ Imitation of Christ
 He gave handkerchief to her niece, Angelica  Rizal’s last letter for his father
 He gave the alcohol burner to Trinidad (contained a Excerpt from National Heroes Commission, 1964
copy of a poem, the Mi Ultimo Adios) My Beloved Father,
 Knowing that his message and poem could be kept Pardon me for the pain I repay you for sorrows and
for posterity, Rizal then rested, feeling that his mission sacrifices for my education. I did not want or prefer it.
was over. One by one, his memory of the distant and
immediate past flashes back to him. His tranquility, C. The Last Walk
however, was disturbed by the footsteps and voices  Rizal sported a black suit and vest with a black hat
outside his prison cell.  His arms were tied behind his back
  Accompanied by Lt. Taviel de Andrade, Fr. March, Fr. 2. Correct what has been distorted and falsified about the
Villaclara and the platoon of Spanish soldiers Philippines prior to Spanish conquest; and
 A crowd of Filipinos and foreigners was able to inch to 3. Prove that the Filipinos were civilized, even before the
the cordon formed by the Spanish soldiers to take a coming of the Spaniards.
last glimpse of Rizal
 Rizal requested the commander of the cavalry that he  Prior to his annotation of the Sucesos, Rizal
be shot facing his executioners considering that he painstakingly read historical accounts about the
was not a traitor, the request was denied Philippines as written by Pigafetta, Chirino and other
 As the commander shouted fuego, the guns of the Spanish chroniclers and historians.
firing squad rang out in a row  He even went to the extent of searching for historical
 Rizal slowly turned his back to the firing squad, faced materials as the Bibliotheque National in Paris.
the sea and fell to the ground Nonetheless, it was Morga’s Sucesos that appealed to
 The military band played the Marcha de Cadiz, Rizal since according to him, it was the best account
Spain’s national hymn and muerte a los traidores of the 16th century culture of the Filipinos.
(death to the traitors) was heard all over the place.  Rizal spent 4 months for research and writing and 1
 Rizal died, in the morning of Dec. 30, 1896 year to have his manuscript printed. Ferdinand
Blumentritt wrote the preface of the annotation.
Rizal had died but he lives in the hearts of the people,
as a martyr to Filipino freedom (Capino et.al, 1977). His The salient points emphasized by Blumentritt were the
leadership being direct, enlightened, liberal, democratic, following:
progressive, compassionate and peaceful- was the crowning  That the Spaniards have to correct their erroneous
glory of his service to the Filipino people. This kind of conception of the Filipinos as children of limited
leadership that he manifested can be gleaned from his intelligence:
writings and personal examples. Here lies his excellence as  That Rizal’s comments on Spanish government were
an individual, a man with a purpose and conscience unique as they were given from the point of view of the
victims of colonialism;
D. Rizal’s Mi Ultimo Adios  That there existed 3 kinds of Spanish delusions about the
 This poem was the longest and untitled Philippines:
 According to Coates (1968), this poem is remarkable 1. that the Filipinos were an inferior race;
for it achieves 4 separate purposes: 2. that the Filipinos were not ready for parliamentary
1. It is a poem of farewell representation and other reforms; and
2. It is an appeal to the Filipinos, not forget him 3. that denial of equal rights can be compensated by
3. It is Rizal’s last will and testament strict dispensation of justice
4. It is Rizal’s autobiography  That Spain had to learn Philippine realities from Rizal’s
 When it was published in La Independencia, the title new edition of Morga’s Sucesos; and
was made as Mi Ultimo Adios  That if Spanish authorities will not listen to the Filipinos,
 For Osias (1972), the poem depicts Rizal, the supreme the Philippines will be lost through their own fault.
patriot
 An epic poem expressive of idealism, morality and  Has 8 chapters about the events in the Philippines
spirituality Islands
 1st to 7th chapters tells about the political events of the
country during the colonial period from 11 Governor-
LESSON 15:
Generals started from Miguel Lopez de Lagaspi (1565-
Annotation of Antonio de Morga’s Sucesos de las Islas
1572) to Pedro Bravo de Acuña (1602-1606)
Filipinas: Rizal’s View of Philippine History and
 The 8th chapter focused on customs and usages of the
Historiography
Filipinos Published in Mexico (1609)
 His notes were of 3 categories, namely;
A. Sucesos de las Islas Filipinas
1. Anti-clerical
 Rizal, on his travels, familiarized himself with each
2. Sociological
country's history, customs, ways of life and language.
3. Historical
 He held the common sense belief that learning a
 There were 3 main propositions in Rizal’s new edition of
people's language "will open the treasures of a
Morga’s Sucesos
country, that is, the knowledge, the learning" and "its
1. That the people of the Philippines had a culture of
own way of thinking.
their own before the coming of the Spaniards;
 based on personal experiences
2. That the Filipinos were decimated, demoralized,
 documentation from eye-witnesses of the events
exploited and ruined by Spanish colonization;
described
3. The present state of the Philippines was not
 work of an honest observer
necessarily superior to its past.
 first history of the Spanish Philippines to be written by
a layman
With the new edition of Morga’s Sucesos, Rizal was
 praised, quoted, and plagiarized, by contemporaries
able to produce the first history book of the Philippines,
or successors
written for the Filipinos.
 Filipinos have found it a useful account of the state of
Rizal's intent was not only to provide the Filipino
their native culture
people their early history, a pre-Spanish history, but to
present to them their own authentic culture and identity.
Three purposes for Rizal’s annotation of the Sucesos
 For Rizal, de Morga’s Sucesos was;
1. Awaken the consciousness of the Filipinos of their glorious
 the best of the many histories of the Philippines
or dignified ways of the past;
written by the early Spanish writer,
 being accurate in the narrations of events,
  unbiased in judgment and unmarred by childish disputes, measure justice, implement
fantasies policies if he didn’t even live in the
community?
B. Dr. Antonio de Morga
 Spanish lawyer and historian Tradition and Lifestyle…
 Written while serving the country as lieutenant a. Morga – Dress worn by natives of Luzon Men;
governor (1593) based on his observation, clothes made of cangan fabric without
documentary research and personal experiences collar, sewn in front with short sleeves
extending down to beyond the waist,
C. Rizal’s View on Philippine History some blue and some black, while the
Rizal proved that the Filipinos were already civilized headmen used red called chininas and a
before the advent of Spain. colored blanket wrapped around the waist
Rizal offered the annotated Sucesos to the Filipinos and between the legs, in order to cover
with the wise counsel that “To foretell the destiny of a their private parts.
nation, it is necessary to open a book that tells of her – In the middle of the waist they wore
past. bahaque the legs being bare and feet
also bare, the head uncovered with a
narrow kerchief tied around it tightly over
LESSON 16: the forehead and temples called potong.
Annotation of Antonio de Morga’s Sucesos de las Islas – Both men and women dyed their hair with
Filipinas: Filipino Culture and Civilization black and they shampoo it with the
boiled bark of the tree called gogo.
A. Sucesos de las Islas Filipinas
b. Rizal – A wrong phonetic translation had been
In this historical work, Rizal proved that the Filipinos
made
were civilized before the advent of Spain. They had
 Clothes
of chinina the word tinina (from tina) which
 Government in Tagalog means dyed.
 Laws – Bahag which is “rich colored cloth and
 Writings white often with gold stripes” is the cloth
 Literature among the chiefs.
 Religion – Rather than the bark, it is the body itself of a
 Arts shrub that is crushed but not cooked. It
 Science
mentioned that gogo is use in mines and
 Commerce with neighboring Asian countries
washing clothes and not its common use
(Rizal and Morga’s View in Filipino Culture)
which is for washing the hair.
Geography….
a. Morga – Philippines was deserted and
Religion…
uninhabited.
a. Morga
b. Rizal - The Philippines was not deserted and was
b. Rizal – Catholicism didn’t only free the poor class
actually habitable.
from the tyranny of oppressor but with its coming
to the Philippines it increased the number of
Tribes…
tyrants.
a. Morga – Violent and not safe.
– Fascinated with the social organization of
Superstitious belief/s…
the natives. He described origins,
a. Morga – They made prayers and offered
differences, privilege of social classes,
ceremonies to their idols in behalf of their sick
upward and downward mobility,
people; believed in omens and superstitions
inheritance of possessions and titles
which the devil inspired them to do, so they could
b. Rizal – They will always choose violence until the
tell whether their sick persons would live or die.
government enters because of their in
b. Rizal – (Colin) ordinary and are rich people and
humane ways as answers to those who do
well dressed and adorned with jewels, but they
not submit to the friars.
were not honored or esteemed because they
– Emphasized that native women unlike their
considered them loafers who lived by the sweat of
European counterparts never lost their
their fellowmen.
noble titles. In marriage, it was the groom
who gave the bride’s parents a dowry
Rizal’s annotation is to clarify some perspectives of
because they were losing a precious
the Spaniards to the early Filipinos and to change it into
daughter.
more acceptable to the Filipinos during his time.
(Rizal and Morga’s View in Pre-colonial Filipino Culture)
Rizal’s clarification on de Morga’s Sucesos
Government…
a. Morga – Critical of the system of government Sucesos For Rizal
Filipinos eat salty fish It is bagoong, a way of
“existed because there were no powerful
that rots and has a preservation.
figure that ruled over myriad
foul odor.
communities, most of them coastal, each
with its own set of leaders The Roman Catholic Not all inhabitants of the
b. Rizal – “Why should the communities be beholden is a Christian religion. country are Roman Catholic,
to one leader who didn’t even live among there are tribe in Mindanao
them and was not familiar with their needs which Spain did not
and problems? How could he have solved successfully colonized.
 Sucesos de las Islas Filipinas To the Filipino Youth.
Thus, Rizal blasted the historical heresies of the This winning poem of Rizal is a classic in Philippine
Spanish writers who claimed that the early Filipinos were literature for 2 reasons:
savages and were of low mentality. 1. It was the first great poem in Spanish written by a Filipino
whose merit was recognized by Spanish literary
authorities.
2. It expressed for the first time the nationalistic concept that
the Filipinos and not the foreigners arethehopeof
themotherland.

Love of Country.
Written under his pen-name Laong Laanin
Barcelona, Spain. Translated into Tagalog by Marcelo H. del
Pilar and published in Diariong Tagalog.
On this poem, he urged his fellow Filipinos abroad
to love their motherland. “…of all loves, the love of country is
what produced the greatest, the most heroic, the most
disinterested”.

Rizal’s Nationalism based from his novels.

Noli Me Tangere.
Dedicated to his motherland, the Philippines.
Getting attention of both Filipinos and Spaniards to see the
deplorable conditions of the Filipino people from the Spanish
tyranny. It was a way of exposing corrupt Spaniards (officials
and friars) who enriched themselves while living in the
country.
*See also the characters of the Noli and the irrepresentation in the
society.
On this novel, Rizal shown preparation of how
Filipinos can be step out from darkness. And it is through
education.
 Crisostomo failed to build school in the community for
not supported by Spanish officials and was supposed to
-------------------------FINAL COVERAGE----------------------------- be killed during the planning of the location of the.
LESSON 17: school community.
Rizal’s Nationalism and Patriotism  A school teacher was reprimanded by friar of teaching
(based from his novels) students to farming. For the friars, only religious
doctrines should be developed in the life of the students.
Nationalism and Patriotism sometimes interchanged since *See also the characters of the Noli and their representation in the society.
they both show their love to their nation.
Rizal distinguished the true religion from the false, from
According to Hans Kohn…. the superstitious, from that which traffics with the Sacred
 Nationalism is an ideology based on the premise that Word to extract money, to make us believe in foolishness
the individual’s loyalty and devotion to the nation-state which Catholicism would blush at if it had knowledge of it.
surpass other individual or group interests. Moreover, he unveiled what lay hidden behind the deceptive
 Nationalism desires unity by their way of a cultural and brilliant words of our government. Rizal did not let his
background, including language and heritage. fellowmen off the hook, though. He had also told our
 Patriotism shows love country and willingness to fellowmen of our faults, our vices, our culpable and shameful
sacrifice for it by their values and beliefs. apathy with regards to these miseries. It may be noted that
the facts Rizal had related are all true and real. Therefore,
According to George Orwell… the Noli Me Tangere is not merely an attack on the Spanish
 Nationalism is more on that one’s country is superior to colonial regime. It is a charter of nationalism. It calls on the
another. Filipino to recover his self-confidence, to appreciate his own
 Patriotism is simply a feeling of admiration for a way of worth, to return to the heritage of his ancestors, to assert
life. himself as the equal of the Spaniard.

Rizal’s Nationalism as felt on his poems/essays/speeches. El Filibusterismo.

A political novel which exposes a kind of Spanish
Through Education Our Motherland Receives Light. government to the society. A novel which could interpret in
Proved that he valued education so much that may asking REFORMS.
give the power of the country to survive for many forces in  Dedicated to GOMBURZA
the struggles of societal FREEDOM. Through education, it  A sequel of the Noli
creates the virtue of power to human race. This gives At the time that Simoun had worked out his plan of
SECURITY and PEACE to the mother land as the Filipinos fomenting revolution, Filipino students like Basilio and his
would learn the sciences and arts as the bases to calm down friends pressed for assimilation, the spread of the Spanish
the life of the society. language and the appeals for loyalty and confidence in the
colonial government. Simoun reacted vehemently to this rewards proportionate to the difference in skills and
program of Hispanization that young students were abilities.
advocating. For Simoun, Hispanization is:
“My countrymen, I have given proofs that I am most anxious for
 Death of the people
liberties for our country, and I am still desirous of them. But I
 Destruction of national identity place as a prior condition the education of the people, that by
 Institutionalization of tyranny means of instruction and industry our country may have an
individuality of its own and make itself worthy of these liberties.
Rizal’s Patriotism based from his novels I have recommended in my writings the study of the civic
Noli Me Tangere. virtues without which there is no redemption. I have written
The character of Elias shown the willingness of likewise (and I repeat my words) that reform, to be beneficial,
sacrificing himself for the benefits of the many. Protecting must come from above, that those which come from below are
irregularly gained and uncertain.”- Jose Rizal
Crisostomo for many times. This might had been due to his
beliefs that the redemption of the country depends on the B. Historical View
ilustrados. Annotation of Antonio de Morga’ Sucesos de las
 Elías discovers plots against Ibarra and does Islas Filipinas…
everything he can to thwart them.  provided the seeds of the idea of how the Filipinos
 Elias helps Crisostomo escape from the Guardia should view themselves amidst a growing nationalism
Civil. that eventually led to the formation of a nation
 proved that the Filipinos were already civilized before
“I die without seeing the dawn brighten over my the advent of Spain
native land! You who have it to see, welcome it and The Philippines Within a Century
forget not those who have fallen during the night!”  expressed his views on the Spanish colonization in
-Elias to Basilio (Noli Me Tangere) the Philippines and predicted with accuracy the tragic
end of Spain’s sovereignty in Asia
El Filibusterismo.  portrayed the glorious past of the Filipinos and
Rizal advocated a revolution in effecting reforms in described their economic stagnation under Spanish
Filipino society through Simoun. rule
 warned Spain of what would happen to her colonial
empire in Asia if she would not adopt a more liberal
and enlightened policy toward the Philippines

C. Economic Ideas
He took active part in business in Dapitan, aside from
fishing industry, he also engaged in buying and selling
copra and hemp. Rizal imported modern-stripping
machine from Manila, thereby increasing Dapitan's
production of hemp fibers.

LESSON 18:  lamented that the business and commerce in his

Rizal: The Political, Historical, Economic and native land were in the hands of foreigners. He stated
Sociological Thought that
A. Political Ideas "Everybody engages in business in our country
 industrial democrat and, strictly in a legal and political except ourselves.”
sense
 Organized the Cooperative Association of Dapitan
 ananti-cleric
Farmers to break the Chinese monopoly
 thought of the liberation of his country as a gradual
process, one chiefly of education “Study nations that have indeed prospered and do
 freedom without the knowledge of how to use it meant what they are doing…And why are they prospering?”
absolutely nothing (referring to the rich nations)
-Simoun, El Filibusterismo
“If the Philippines must remain under the control of Spain it
will necessarily have to be transformed in a political sense, for
the course of its history and the needs of its inhabitants D. Social Ideas
require the change— «transformation will be violent and fatal  frowned on immorality and always advocated a high
if it proceeds from the ranks of the people, but powerful and standard of living
fruitful if it emanates from the upper classes.”- Jose Rizal  tells the Filipinos to strive for education, raise the level
of morality and culture, to learn self-dependence, to
 political reforms
think for themselves, and to become more united
1. Representation of the country in the Spanish Cortes
 believed that change should come from within as a
2. Secularization of the priesthood
result of understanding, and not from without as a
3. Reform administration in all its branches
result of coercion
4. Divide civil appointments equally between Spaniard
 worked for the union of all Filipinos and for reforms
and Filipinos
(La Liga Filipina)
5. Cleanse the administration of justice. Spain’s courts
 sought to adapt the best things he found abroad to the
of justice were the foulest blot on her colonial
conditions of his country
administration.
 had the background and judgment to weigh and
6. That the government should encourage individual
consider authoratively his country’s intellectual and
incentive and striving in all fields. It should
social development
guarantee liberty, opportunity and strictly limited
concentration of power. There should be different
  felt that there was such a thing as universality of 6. The member who does not help another member in
culture and that the Philippines should preserve the the case of need or danger, although able to do so,
best of what they already possessed shall be punished, and at least the same penalty
 wished to see his countrymen enjoy all the fruits of suffered by the other shall be imposed on him.
happy domestic existence and to know the fullest 7. Each member, on affiliation, shall adopt a new name
enjoyment of the nobler emotions engendered therein of his own choice, and shall not be able to change the
 believed in education and industry same unless he become a Provincial Chief.
 believed in education as an important aspect of social 8. He shall bring to each Council a service [trabajo;
relations evidently a service done for the organization], an
observation, a study, or a new candidate. 9. He shall
“Without education and liberty, which are the soil and not submit to any humiliation or treat anyone with
the sun of man, no reform is possible, no measure contempt.
can give the result desired.” – Jose Rizal
E. Notable Members
Supreme head of the Katipunan,
LESSON 19: Andres Bonifacio who uttered the first warcry against
tyranny, August 24, 1896
Rizal and the La Liga Filipina
Seconded, in Nueva Ecija, the
Mamerto Natividad movement of Andres Bonifacio,
A. Background of La Liga Filipina
August 28, 1896; shot.
 While in Hong Kong, Rizal laid down the basis of the Supreme head of the Liga Filipina;
La Liga Filipina Domingo Franco
shot.
 Rizal drafted the constitution with the assistance of Venerable master of the respected
Moises Salvador
Jose Ma. Basa lodge, Balagtas; shot.
 founded and inaugurated the La Liga Filipina at the First guard of the respected lodge,
Numeriano Adriano
Balagtas; shot.
house of Doroteo Ongjunco in Tondo, Manila (July 3, Venerable master of the respected
1892) Jose A. Dizon
lodge, Taliba; shot.
 It was formed not for the purpose of independence, Apolinario Mabini Legislator; arrested
but for mutual aid and protection of its members, and Ambrosio Rianzares
First patriot of ’68; arrested
the fostering of a more united spirit among Filipinos. Bautista
Initiator of the manifestation for the
Its constitution declared the ends, form, duties of
Timoteo Lanuza expulsion of the friars in 1888;
members and officials, rights of members and arrested.
officials, the investment of funds, and general rules. Arbitrator and protector of La
Marcelino de Santos Solidaridad, the Filipino organ in
B. Aims of the La Liga Filipina Madrid; arrested.
 To unite the whole archipelago into one compact, Venerable master of the respected
Paulino Zamora
lodge, Lusong; deported
vigorous, and homogeneous body. Member of the respected lodge,
 Mutual protection in every want and necessity. Juan Zulueta
Lusong; owner of the house.
 Defense against all violence and injustice. Member of the respected lodge,
Doroteo Ongjungco
 Encouragement of instruction, agriculture, and Balagtas; arrested.
commerce. Timoteo Paez arrested
 Study and application of reforms.
Motto of the La Liga Filipina
Unus instar omnium [one like all.]
F. End of La Liga Filipina
C. Going over the aims of the La Liga, it could be seen  July 6, 1892 Rizal went to Malacañang as invited by
that they were national in scope. the governor
 The governor asked him about the pillows and the
Which jurisdiction over the whole country. mats in his luggage
Supreme Council
President – Secretary – Treasurer -  Governor Despujol ordered to arrest Rizal and
Fiscal incarcerate him at Fort Santiago
Provincial Council (in every Province)  July 7, 1892, Governor Despujol ordered a decree for
the deportation of Rizal
Popular Council (in every Town)
 Rizal was detained in Fort Santiago for 9 days
 On July 15, 1892 he left Manila for Dapitan
D. Duties of the Members  The Liga died its natural death
1. They shall pay monthly dues of ten centimos.  It split into 2 branches
2. They shall obey blindly and promptly every order 1. Cuerpos de Compromisarios (the rightest)
emanating from a Council or a Chief. 2. the leftists, later known as the Katipunan of KKK
3. They shall inform the Fiscal of their Council of
whatever they note or hear that has reference to the
Liga Filipina.
4. They shall preserve the most absolute secrecy in G.
regard to the decisions of the Council.
5. In all walks of life, preference shall be given to the
members. Nothing shall be bought except in the shop
of a member, or whenever anything is sold to a
member, he shall have a rebate. Circumstances being
equal, the member shall always be favored. Every
infraction of this article shall be severely punished.