vkO;wg

ekWM;
~ y
w - VI
20 chtxf.kr-II

vkO;wg
fVIi.kh

19oha 'krkCnh ds e/; esa ,d fczfV'k xf.krK vkWFkZj dSys (1821–1895) us xf.kr dks ,d ubZ foèkk]
ftls vkO;wg (Matrices) dgk x;k] dks tUe fn;kA mlus ;qxir lehdj.kksa ds fudk;ksa dks
fu#fir djus esa vkO;wg dk mi;ksx fd;kA vkt vkO;wg ds fl)kUr xf.kr dk ,d egÙoiw.kZ vax
cu pqds gSaA [ksy&fl)kUr] O;; fu/kkZj.k] miksRiknu ds ctV cukus] vkfn esa vkO;wg mi;ksx esa
yk, tkrs gSaA vFkZ'kkL=h mudk mi;ksx lkekftd ys[kk fof/k] fuos'k&mRiknu lkjf.k;ksa rFkk
vUrZm|ksx vFkZ'kkL= ds v/;;u esa djrs gSaA ;qxir lehdj.k fudk;ksa ds gy djus esa vkO;wg
foLr`r :i ls mi;ksx esa yk;s tkrs gSaA jSf[kd izksxzkeu dk vk/kkj vkO;wg chtxf.kr esa gh gSA
vkO;wg ds vuqiz;ksx dsoy xf.kr esa gh ugha] cfYd vU; fo"k;ksa tSls HkkSfrd 'kkL=] jlk;u 'kkL=]
bUthfu;fjax] jSf[kd izksxzkeu] vkfn esa Hkh Hkjiwj feyrs gSaA
bl ikB esa ge vkO;wg ds fofHkUu izdkjksa rFkk vkO;wg ij chth; lafØ;kvksa ds fo"k; esa foLrkj
ls ppkZ djsaxsA

mís';
bl ikB ds v/;;u ds ckn vki fuEufyf[kr esa leFkZ gks tk,axs%
• vkO;wg dks ifjHkkf"kr djuk] mldk Øe crkuk rFkk mnkgj.k nsuk
• fofHkUu izdkj ds vkO;wg&tSls oxZ vkO;wg] vk;rkdkj] bdkbZ] 'kwU;] fod.kZ] iafDr] LraHk dks
ifjHkkf"kr djuk rFkk muds mnkgj.k nsuk
• nks vkO;wgksa ds leku gksus dk izfrcU/k crkuk
• ,d vkO;wg dk ifjorZ ifjHkkf"kr djuk
• lefer rFkk fo"ke lefer vkO;wgksa dks ifjHkkf"kr djuk rFkk mnkgj.k nsuk
• ,d gh Øe okys nks vkO;wgksa ds ;ksx rFkk vUrj Kkr djuk
• ,d vkO;wg dks vfn'k ls xq.kk djuk
• nks vkO;wgksa ds xq.ku ds fy, vko';d izfrcU/k crkuk
• tgka laHko gks] nks vkO;wgksa dks xq.kk djuk
• izkjafHkd lafØ;kvksa dk iz;ksx djuk
• izkjafHkd lafØ;kvksa dk iz;ksx dj vkO;wg dk izfrykse Kkr djuk

xf.kr 1
 vkO;wg
ekWM~;wy - VI iwoZ Kku
chtxf.kr-II
• la[;k fudk; dk Kku
• jSf[kd lehdj.kksa ds fudk; dk gy

20.1 vkO;wg rFkk mudk fu:i.k

eku yhft, fd ge ;g vfHkO;Dr djuk pkgrs gSa fd vfuy ds ikl 6 isafly gSAa ge bls [6]
fVIi.kh ;k (6) fy[kdj] bl le> ds lkFk fd [ ] vFkok ( ) ds vUnj fy[kh gqbZ la[;k vfuy ds ikl gksus
okyh isaflyksa dh la[;k dks n'kkZrh gS] vfHkO;Dr dj ldrs gSAa vxyh ckj eku yhft, fd ge
;g vfHkO;Dr djuk pkgrs gSa fd vfuy ds ikl 2 iqLrd rFkk 5 isafly gSAa ge bls [2, 5]
fy[kdj] bl le> ds lkFk fd [ ] ds vUnj izFke izfof"V vfuy ds ikl iqLrdksa dh la[;k dks
n'kkZrh gS] tcfd nwljh izfof"V isaflyksa dh la[;k crkrh gSa] izdV dj ldrs gSaA
vkb,] vc] nks fe=ksa ';ke rFkk bjQku dh fLFkfr ij fopkj djsaA ';ke ds ikl 2 iqLrds]a 4 dkfi;ka
rFkk 2 iSu gSa( rFkk bjQku ds ikl 3 iqLrds]a 5 dkfi;ka rFkk 3 iSu gSaA
bl tkudkjh dks izLrqr djus dk ,d lqfo/kktud <ax bls uhps nh x;h lkj.kh ds :i esa fy[kuk gSA
iqLrd dkfi;ka iSu
';ke 2 4 2

bjQku 3 5 3

bls ge la{ksi esa uhps nh x;h fof/k ls fy[k ldrs gSa%

izFke LraHk f}rh; LraHk r`rh; LraHk
↓ ↓ ↓
izFke iafDr LM 2 4 2 OP
f}rh; iafDr N 3
mijksDr fu:i.k fuEufyf[kr tkudkjh iznku djrk gS%
5 3 Q
(1) izFke rFkk f}rh; iafDr;ksa esa izfof"V;ka Øe'k% ';ke rFkk bjQku ds ikl oLrqvksa dh la[;k
¼iqLrd] dkfi;k¡] iSu½ n'kkZrh gSA
(2) izFke] f}rh; rFkk r`rh; LraHkksa esa izfof"V;ka Øe'k% iqLrdksa] dkfi;ksa rFkk iSuksa dh la[;k
n'kkZrh gSaA
bl izdkj] izFke iafDr rFkk r`rh; LraHk esa izfof"V ';ke ds ikl iSuksa dh la[;k dks n'kkZrh
gSA mi;qDZ r izn'kZu esa izR;sd izfof"V dh blh <ax ls O;k[;k dh tk ldrh gSA
mi;qZDr tkudkjh dks bl izdkj Hkh fu:fir fd;k tk ldrk gS%

2 xf.kr
 vkO;wg
';ke bjQku ekWM;
~ y
w - VI
chtxf.kr-II
iqLrd 2 3
dkfi;ka 4 5
iSu 2 3

bl dks rhu iafDr;ksa rFkk nks LraHkksa esa fuEu izdkj ls iznf'kZr fd;k tk ldrk gS%
LM2 3 OP fVIi.kh

MM42 5
PP
N 3 Q
Åij fn[kk;h x;h O;oLFkk dks vkO;wg dgk tkrk gSA izk;% vkO;wg dks ge vaxst
z h o.kZekyk ds
,d cM+s v{kj ;Fkk A, B, X vkfn ls fufnZ"V djrs gSaA bl izdkj Åij nh x;h tkudkjh dks
,d vkO;wg ds :i esa fu:fir djus ds fy, ge fy[krs gSa%
 2 3 F2 3I
A =  4 5
vFkok
GG 4 5JJ
 2 3 H2 3 K
fVIi.kh% vkO;wg dk ogqopu Hkh vkO;wg gSA
20.1.1 vkO;wg dh dksf V ¼Øe½
¼Øe½
fuEufyf[kr vkO;wgksa ¼la[;kvksa dh O;oLFkk½ dks /;kuiwod
Z nsf[k,A
LM 1 i OP LM1 0 −1 −2 OP
L2 −1OP
(a) M MM1 +i i 1+ i
P MM24 3 4 5
P
N3 4 Q (b)
N 1 PQ
(c)
N −1 −2 0 PQ
vkO;wg (a) esa nks iafDr;ka rFkk nks LraHk gaSA bls 2 − 2 vkO;wg vFkok 2 × 2 dksfV okyk vkO;wg dgk
tkrk gSA bls 2 × 2 vkO;wg fy[kk tkrk gSA vkO;wg (b) esa rhu iafDr;ka rFkk nks LraHk gSaA ;g ,d
3 − 2 vkO;wg vFkok 3 × 2 dksfV okyk vkO;wg gSA bls 3 × 2 vkO;wg fy[kk tkrk gSA vkO;wg
(c) 3 × 4 dksfV okyk vkO;wg gSA
/;ku nhft, fd ,d vkO;wg essa fdruh Hkh iafDr;ka rFkk fdrus Hkh LraHk gks ldrs gSaA ;fn vkO;wg
A esa m iafdr;ka rFkk n LraHk gS]a rks bl dh dksfV m × n gksxh rFkk bls m × n vkO;wg i<+k tk;sxkA
nks izO;;ksa ¼vuqwyXuks½a i rFkk j dk mi;ksx ,d vkO;wg ds fdlh fo'ks"k vo;o dk voyksdu djus esa
lgk;d gksrs k gSA mi;qDZ r m × n vkO;wg esa voFko aij , i oha iafDr rFkk j os LraHk esa vkrk gSA
 a11 a12 a13 L a1 j L a1n 
 
 a21 a22 a23 L a2 j L a2 n 
A =  a31 a32 a33 L a3 j L a3n 
 ai1 ai 2 ai 3 L aij L ain 
 
 am1 am 2 am 3 L amj L amn 

xf.kr 3
 vkO;wg
ekWM~;wy - VI m × n Øe okys ,d vkO;wg dks fuEufyf[kr :i esa Hkh fy[kk tk ldrk gS%
chtxf.kr-II A = [aij], i = 1, 2, ..., m; rFkk j = 1, 2, ..., n

mnkgj.k 20.1. fuEufyf[kr vkO;wgksa esa ls izR;sd dh dksfV fyf[k,%

LM3OP
LM2 3OP MM47PP LM1 2 3 OP
fVIi.kh
(i)
N4 5Q (ii)
NQ
(iii) 2 3 7 (iv)
N4 8 10 Q
gy% vkO;wg
(i) dh dksfV 2 × 2 gSA
(ii) dh dksfV 3 × 1 gSA
(iii) dh dksfV 1 × 3 gSA
(iv) dh dksfV 2 × 3 gSA

LM2 0 1 4 OP
mnkgj.k 20.2. vkO;wg MM3
A= 0
PP
3 2 5 ds fy,
N 2 3 6 Q
(i) A dh dksfV Kkr dhft,A
(ii) A ds dqy vo;oksa dh la[;k fyf[k,A
(iii) A ds vo;o a23, a32, a14 rFkk a34 fyf[k,A
(iv) A esa izR;sd vo;o '3' dks aij. ds :i esa fyf[k,A
gy% (i) D;ksafd A esa 3 iafDr;ka rFkk 4 LraHk gS]a bl fy, A dh dksfV 3 × 4 gSA
(ii) A esa dqy vo;oksa dh la[;k = 3 × 4 = 12
(iii) a23 = 2; a32 = 2; a14 = 4 rFkk a34 = 6
(iv) a22 , a31 rFkk a33

i+2j
mnkgj.k 20.3. ;fn ,d 2 × 3 vkO;wg A dh i oha iafDr rFkk j osa LraHk dk vo;o
2
gks] rks vkO;wg A fyf[k,A
i+2j
gy% ;gka aij = (fn;k gS)
2

1 + 2 ×1 3 1+ 2× 2 5 1+ 2× 3 7
a11 = = ; a12 = = ; a13 = =
2 2 2 2 2 2
2 + 2 ×1 2 + 2× 2 2 + 2×3
a21 = = 2; a22 = = 3; a23 = =4
2 2 2

4 xf.kr
 vkO;wg
ekWM;
~ y
w - VI
a13  
3 5 7
 a11 a12
A= = 2 2 chtxf.kr-II
a23  
bl izdkj] 2
 a21 a22 
2 3 4
mnkgj.k 20.4. nks LVksj A rFkk B gSAa LVksj A esa 120 dehtsa] 100 iSVa as rFkk 50 dkfMZxu
gS(a rFkk LVksj B esa 200 dehtsa] 150 iSVa as rFkk 100 dkfMZxu gSAa bl tkudkjh
dks nks fHkUu rjhdksa ls lkj.kh :i esa rFkk vkO;wg :i esa Hkh O;Dr dhft,A

gy% lkj.kh :i 1 vkO;wg :i fVIi.kh

dehtsa iSVa sa dkfMZxu

LVksj A 120 100 50 120 100 50 
⇒  200 150 100 
LVksj B 200 150 100  

lkj.kh :i 2 vkO;wg :i
LVksj A LVksj B
dehtsa 120 200 LM120 200 OP
iSaVsa 100 150 ⇒
MM100 150
100PQ
P
dkfMZxu 50 100 N 50
ns[ksa vkius fdruk lh[kk 20-1
1. rhu ijh{kkvksa eas nks fo|kfFkZ;ksa A rFkk B }kjk ijh{kk 1 ijh{kk 2 ijh{kk 3
izkIr fd;s x;s vad lkFk okyh lkj.kh esa fn, x,
gSAa bl tkudkjh dks nks fHkUu rjhdksa esa vkO;wg A 56 65 71
ds :i esa iznf'kZr dhft,A B 29 37 57
2. rhu QeZ X, Y, Z fdlh Bsdsnkj dks Øe'k%
iRFkjksa ds 40, 35 rFkk 25 Vªd rFkk jsr ds 10, 5 rFkk 8 Vªdksa dh vkiwfrZ djrh gSaA nks
rjhdksa ls bl tkudkjh dks vkO;wg ds :i esa iznf'kZr dhft,A
3. ,d ifjokj P esa 4 iq#"k] 6 efgyk,a rFkk 3 cPps( rFkk ifjokj Q, esa 4 iq#"k] 3 efgyk,a
rFkk 5 cPps gSaA bl tkudkjh dks ,d 2 × 3 Øe okys vkO;wg }kjk iznf'kZr dhft,A
4. fdlh
(a) 2 × 3 vkO;wg (b) 3 × 4 vkO;wg (c) 4 × 2 vkO;wg
(d) 6 × 2 vkO;wg (e) a × b vkO;wg (f) m × n vkO;wg
esa fdrus&fdrus vo;o gSa\
5. fdlh vkO;wg ds dkSu&dkSu ls laHko Øe gksaxs ;fn blds dqy vo;oksa dks la[;k
(a) 8 (b) 5 (c) 12 (d) 16 gks\

xf.kr 5
 vkO;wg
ekWM~;wy - VI LM5 1 8 0 5 OP
A=M P
chtxf.kr-II 7 6 7 4 6
6. vkO;wg A esa
MM3 9 3 −3 9P
P
Kkr dhft;s%

N4 4 8 5 1Q
(a) iafDr;ksa dh la[;k (b) LraHkksa dh la[;k
(c) vkO;wg A dh dksfV (d) vkO;wg A ds dqy vo;oksa dh la[;k

fVIi.kh (e) vo;o a14 , a23 , a34 , a45 rFkk a33 A

7. ,d ,slk 3 × 3 dksfV okyk vkO;wg cukb, ftldh ioha iafDr rFkk josa LraHk dk laxr
vo;o gS%
i2 (i + 2 j ) 2
(a) i – j (b) (c) (d) 3 j − 2i
j 2
8. ,d ,slk 3 × 2 dksfV okyk vkO;wg cukb, ftldh ioha iafDr rFkk josa LraHk dk laxr
vo;o gS%
(a) i + 3 j (b) 5.i. j. (c) i j (d) i + j − 2

20.2 vkO;wgksa ds izdkj

iafDr vkO;wg% ,d vkO;wg] ftl esa dsoy ,d iafDr gks] iafDr vkO;wg dgykrk gSA blesa fdrus
Hkh LraHk gks ldrs gSa] tSls fd vkO;wg [1 6 0 1 2] ,d iafDr vkO;wg gSA iafDr vkO;wg dh
dksfV 1 × n gksrh gSA
LraH k vkO;wg% ,d vkO;wg dks LraHk vkO;wg dgk tkrk gS ;fn blesa dsoy ,d LraHk gks] fdUrq
LM 2 OP
blesa fdruh Hkh iafDr;ka gks ldrh gS]a ;Fkk vkO;wg MM 03 PP ,d LraHk vkO;wg gSA
MN 7 PQ
,d LraHk vkO;wg dh dksfV m × 1 gksrh gSA
oxZ vkO;wg% ,d vkO;wg] ftlesa iafDr;ksa dh la[;k mlds LraHkksa dh la[;k ds cjkcj gks] dks
oxZ vkO;wg dgk tkrk gS] tSls fd vkO;wg
LM1 2 3 OP
MM03 6 1
2 PQ
P
N 4
esa 3 iafDr;ka rFkk 3 LraHk gS]a blfy, ;g ,d oxZ vkO;wg gSA ,d oxZ vkO;wg dh dksfV n × n
vFkok dsoy n gksrh gSA ,d oxZ vkO;wg dk fod.kZ] tks pksVh ds lcls ck;sa vo;o ls vkjaHk gksdj
mldh ryh ds lcls nk;sa vo;o ij lekIr gksrk gS] vkO;wg dk eq[; fod.kZ dgk tkrk gSA
vkO;wg
LM 2 3 5 OP
ds eq[; fod.kZ ds vo;o 2, 1 rFkk 9 gSaA
MM 43 1 7
9 PQ
P
6
N 8
xf.kr
 vkO;wg
ekWM;
~ y
w - VI
fVIi.kh% ,d fn;s gq, m × n Øe okys vkO;wg A = [aij] esa eq[; fod.kZ ds vo;o
chtxf.kr-II
a11 , a 22 , a 33 ,..., a nn gSaA
vk;rkdkj vkO;wg% ,d vkO;wg] ftl esa mldh iafDr;ksa dh la[;k mlds LraHkksa dh la[;k ds
cjkcj u gks] dks ,d vk;rkdkj vkO;wg dgk tkrk gS] tSls fd vkO;wg

LM 2 3 4 5 OP
MM−11 2 3
P3P
0 fVIi.kh
N 2 1 Q
ftlesa 3 iafDr;k¡ rFkk 4 LraHk gSa] ,d vk;rkdkj vkO;wg gSA
bl ckr dks uksV dj yhft, fd Øe 1 × n (n ≠ 1) okyk iafDr vkO;wg rFkk Øe m × 1 (m ≠ 1)
okyk LraHk vkO;wg nksuksa gh vk;rkdkj vkO;wg gSaA
'kwU; vkO;wg% ,d vkO;wg] ftldk izR;sd vo;o 'kwU; gks] dks 'kwU; vkO;wg dgrs gsAa mnkgj.kkFkZ]
vkO;wgksa esa ls izR;sd ,d 'kwU; vkO;wg gSA 'kwU; vkO;wg dks O }kjk fufnZ"V fd;k tkrk gSA
fVIi.kh% ,d 'kwU; vkO;wg fdlh Hkh Øe m × n dk gks ldrk gSA
fod.kZ vkO;wg% ,d oxZ vkO;wg] ftlds eq[; fod.kZ dks NksM+dj 'ks"k lHkh vo;o 'kwU; gksa] dks
,d fod.kZ vkO;wg dgk tkrk gSA vFkkZr~ ;fn A = [ aij ] Øe m × n okyk ,d oxZ vkO;wg gS] rks
bls fod.kZ vkO;wg dgsaxs ;fn lHkh i ≠ j ds fy, aij = 0 gksA

LM3 0 0 OP7 LM 0 0 0 OP
mnkgj.k ds fy,
MM00 4 0 ,
0
PP
0
MM 3 0
0 1
0
0P
P fod.kZ vkO;wg gSasA
N 0 5 Q
0
MN 0 0 8Q
P
fVIi.kh% ,d fod.kZ vkO;wg A = [ aij ]n × n dks A = fod.kZ [a11 , a22 , a33 ,..., ann ] Hkh fy[kk tkrk gSA
vfn'k vkO;wg% ,d fod.kZ vkO;wg dks vfn'k vkO;wg dgk tkrk gS ;fn blds eq[; fod.kZ ds lHkh
LM − 3 0 0 OP
vo;o fdlh 'kwU;srj vpj ;Fkk k ds cjkcj gksa tSls fd vkO;wg MM 00 −3 0
P ,d vfn'k vkO;wg gSA
N 0 − 3 PQ

fVIi.kh% ,d oxZ 'kwU; vkO;wg ,d vfn'k vkO;wg ugha gksrkA

bdkbZ ;k rRled vkO;wg% ,d vfn'k vkO;wg dks ,d bdkbZ vFkok rRled vkO;wg dgk
tkrk gS ;fn mlds eq[; fod.kZ dk izR;sd vo;o 1 ¼,d½ gksA bls I n ls fufnZ"V fd;k tkrk gS
;fn bldk dksfV n gS] mnkgj.kkFkZ vkO;wg
LM1 0 0 OP
MM00 1 0
1 PQ
P
N 0

xf.kr 7
 vkO;wg
ekWM~;wy - VI dksfV 3 okyk ,d bdkbZ vkO;wg gSA
chtxf.kr-II
0, • • i ≠ j
fVIi.kh% ,d oxZ vkO;wg A = [ aij ] ,d bdkbZ vkO;wg gksrk gS] ;fn aij = 1, • • i = j gksA


leku vkO;w g% nks vkO;wg leku vkO;wg dgykrs gSa ;fn mudh dksfV leku gks rFkk muds laxr
vo;o cjkcj gksaA
fVIi.kh ;fn A ,d m × n Øe okyk vkO;wg gS rFkk B, p × r Øe okyk vkO;wg gS] rks A = B gksxk ;fn
(1) m = p; n = r; rFkk
(2) aij = bij lHkh i = 1, 2, 3,..., m rFkk j = 1, 2, 3, ..., n ds fy,

uhps fn;s x, nks vkO;wg X rFkk Y leku ugha gSa D;ksafd muds Øe fHkUu gSa tks Øe'k% 2
×3 rFkk 3 × 2 gSaA

L7
X =M
1 3 OP, Y = LM71 2 OP
N2 1 5Q MM3 1
5PQ
P
N
uhps fn, x, nks vkO;wg Hkh leku ugha gSa D;ksafd P ds dqN vo;o Q ds laxr vo;oksa ds cjkcj
ugha gSaA

P=
LM−1 3 7 OP
, Q=
LM
−1 3 6 OP
N0 1 2 Q 0 2 1 N Q
mnkgj.k 20.5. Kkr dhft, fd fuEufyf[kr vkO;wg leku gSa vFkok ugha(

A=
LM2 1OP, B = LM2 5OP
(i)
N5 6Q N1 6Q
L 0 1 7O
LM0 1 7OP
P=M
N2 3 5PQ, Q = MMN20 03 05PPQ
(ii)

LM 2 1 3OP LM 2 1 3OP
(iii)
MM 7 1 0PP MM 7 1 0PP
X = −1 0 6 , Y = −1 0 6
N Q N Q
gy% (i) vkO;wg A rFkk B dk ,d gh Øe 2 × 2 gSA fdUrq muds dqN laxr vo;o cjkcj
ugha gSAa vr,o] A ≠ B
(ii) vkO;wg P rFkk Q ds Øe fHkUu gSAa blfy, P ≠ Q
(iii) vkO;wg X rFkk Y dk ,d gh Øe 3 × 3 gS]a rFkk muds laxr vo;o Hkh cjkcj gSaA
blfy, X = Y
8 xf.kr
 vkO;wg
mnkgj.k 20.6. x rFkk y ds eku fu/kkZfjr dhft,] ;fn ekWM;
~ y
w - VI

x 5 = 2 5
LM xOP = LM4 OP LM x 2OP LM OP
=
1 2 chtxf.kr-II
(i) (ii)
N 3Q N y Q (iii)
N3 −yQ N Q
3 5
gy% D;ksafd nks vkO;wg leku gSa] muds laxr vo;o cjkcj gksus pkfg;saA
(i) x=2
(ii) x = 4, y = 3
(iii) x = 1, y = –5 fVIi.kh

mnkgj.k 20.7. a, b, c, d, ds fdu ekuksa ds fy, uhps fn, x, vkO;wg leku gksx
a s\

(i) A=
LMa −2 2bOP, B = LM1 −2 4OP
N6 3 d Q N6 5c 2Q
LM a b − 2d OP LM 5 1OP
(ii) MMa + c 27b PP, Q = MM−43 76PP
P = −3
N Q N Q
gy% (i) fn;s x;s vkO;wg A rFkk B leku gksx
a s] dsoy ;fn muds laxr vo;o cjkcj gks]a vFkkZr~
;fn
a = 1, 2b = 4, 3 = 5c, rFkk d = 2 gksA
3
⇒ a = 1, b = 2, c = rFkk d = 2 gksA
5
3
bl izdkj a = 1, b = 2, c = rFkk d = 2 ds fy, vkO;wg A rFkk B leku gksx
a sA
5
(ii) fn;s x;s vkO;wg P rFkk Q leku gksx
a s] ;fn muds laxr vo;o cjkcj gksa] vFkkZr~ ;fn

a = 5, b − 2d = 1, 2b = 6 rFkk a + c = 4
⇒ a = 5, b = 3, c = − 1 rFkk d = 1

bl izdkj a = 5, b = 3, c = − 1 rFkk d = 1, ds fy, P rFkk Q leku gksx

a sA

ns[ksa vkius fdruk lh[kk 20-2

1. fuEufyf[kr vkO;wgksa esa ls dkSu&dkSu ls vkO;wg
(a) iafDr vkO;wg gSa\ (b) LraHk vkO;wg gSa\ (c) oxZ vkO;wg gSa\ (d) fod.kZ vkO;wg gSa\
(e) vfn'k vkO;wg gSa\ (f) leku vkO;wg gSa\ (g) 'kwU; vkO;wg gSa\

xf.kr 9
 vkO;wg
ekWM~;wy - VI
LM4 0 0 OP LM27OP L0 OP L 2 0O
LM1 2 4 OP
0 , B = M P, C = M
chtxf.kr-II 0 0
MM0 P M8 P N0 D=M P
N Q MMN1 0 2 PPQ
A= 0 5
0Q ;
,E= 3 9 8 ,
6PQ
0
N 0 MN0PQ 0 2

LM1 0 0 OP L2 3 7 OP, I = LM 23 −1 OP
8, H =M
MM0 0
F= 0 1
1PQ
P
0 G= 3 4 10
N1 4 9Q MM−1 2
0 PQ
P
fVIi.kh
N N
2. a, b, c rFkk d ds eku Kkr dhft,] ;fn
LM b 2c OP = LM10 12OP LMa + 2 4 OP = LM4 2cOP
(a)
Nb + d c − 2a Q N 8 2 Q (b)
Nb + 3 25Q N6 5d Q
LM2a bOP = LM 3 −2OP
(c)
N−4 6Q Nd 3c Q
3. D;k ,d 1 × 2 Øe okyk vkO;wg Øe 2 × 1 okys vkO;wg ds leku gks ldrk gS\
4. D;k ,d Øe 2 × 3 okyk vkO;wg Øe 3 × 3 okys vkO;wg ds leku gks ldrk gS\
20.3 ,d vkO;wg dk ifjorZ
izR;sd fn;s gq, vkO;wg dk ,d lg;ksxh vkO;wg gksrk gS ftls mldk ifjorZ dgrs gSAa ,d fn;s
gq, vkO;wg A dk ifjorZ bldh iafDr;ksa rFkk LraHkksa dks ijLij cnyus ls izkIr gksrk gS rFkk
bl A′ }kjk fufnZ"V fd;k tkrk gSA mnkgj.kkFkZ] ;fn
LM1 2 −3 OP LM 1 4 7 OP
MM7
A= 4 0 3 ,
1 PQ
P rc A′ = M 2
MN−3
0 6
1PQ
P
N 6 3

lk/kkj.kr%] ;fn A = [aij] ,d m × n vkO;wg gS] rks A dk ifjorZ A′, n × m vkO;wg gksxk rFkk
A dk (aij) ok¡ vo;o A′ ds (aji) osa vo;o ds cjkcj gksxkA

20.3.1 lefer vkO;wg ,d oxZ vkO;wg ,d lefer vkO;wg dgykrk gS ;fn A′ = A

gks A
mnkgj.kkFkZ]
2
A =  3i
3i 1− i
2 i 
LM 2 3i 1 − i OP
;fn
1 − i
4

,rks A′ = MM13−i i 4 2i
5 PQ
P
2i 5
N 2i
D;ksafd A′ = A , rks A ,d lefer vkO;wg gSA
10 xf.kr
 vkO;wg
fVIi.kh% (1) ,d lefer vkO;wg A = [aij]n × n , es]a lHkh i rFkk j ds fy, aij = aji gksxkA ekWM;
~ y
w - VI
(2) ,d vk;rkdkj vkO;wg dHkh lefer ugha gks ldrkA chtxf.kr-II

20.3.2 fo"ke lefer vkO;wg

,d oxZ vkO;wg A dks fo"ke lefer vkO;wg dgk tkrk gS ;fn A′ = − A, vFkkZr~ lHkh i rFkk
j ds fy, aij = –aji gksA
LM 0 c d OP LM 0 −c −d OP fVIi.kh
mnkgj.kkFkZ] ;fn MM−d
A = −c 0 f
0 PQ
P gS] rks MMd
A′ = c 0 −f
0 PQ
P
N −f N f

LM 0 −c −d OP
fdUrq − A = M c 0
P
− f , tks A′ ds leku gS vFkkZr A′ = –A
MNd f 0 PQ
v,ro] A ,d fo"ke lefer vkO;wg gSA
fVIi.kh% ,d fo"ke lefer vkO;wg A =  aij  n×n esa i = j ds fy, aij= 0 gksrk gS vFkkZr~ ,d
fo"ke lefer vkO;wg ds eq[; fod.kZ esa lHkh vo;o 'kwU; gksrs gSaA

20.4 ,d vkO;wg dk vfn'k xq.ku

vkb, fuEufyf[kr ifjfLFkfr ij fopkj djsaA
rhu fo|kfFkZ;ksa }kjk vaxst
z h] fgUnh rFkk xf.kr esa izkIr fd, x, vad uhps fn, x, gSa%
va x zs t h fgUnh xf.kr
,fytkcs F k 20 10 15
Å"kk 22 25 27
'kcue 17 25 21
;g Hkh fn;k gqvk gS fd izR;sd n'kk esa iw.kk±d 30 gSaA
vkO;wg ds :i esa mi;qZDr tkudkjh dks fuEufyf[kr :i esa fy[kk tk ldrk gS%
LM20 10 15 OP
MM1722 25 27
21PQ
P
N 25
¼;g le>k tkrk gS fd iafDr;k¡ ukeksa ds laxr rFkk LraHk fo"k;ksa ds laxr gSaA½
;fn izR;sd n'kk esa iw.kk±d dks nqxquk dj fn;k tk,] rks yM+fd;ksa }kjk izkIrkad Hkh nqxqus gks
tk;saxsA vkO;wg ds :i esa u;s vadksa dks fuEufyf[kr rjhds ls iznf'kZr fd;k tk;sxk%
LM2 × 20 2 × 10 2 × 15 OP LM40 20 30 OP
MM22 ×× 1722 2 × 25 2 × 27
2 × 21PQ
P tks MM4434 50
P
54 ds cjkcj gSA
42PQ
N 2 × 25 N 50

xf.kr 11
 vkO;wg
ekWM~;wy - VI blfy, ge fy[krs gS fd
chtxf.kr-II LM20 OP LM2 × 20 2 × 10 2 × 15OP LM40
10 15 20 30 OP
MM17
2 × 22
P M
25 27 = 2 × 22 2 × 25 2 × 27 = 44
P M
25 21PQ MN 2 × 17 2 × 25 2 × 21PQ MN34
50 54
42PQ
P
N 50

LM 3 2OP
vc ,d vU; vkO;wg A = M−2 0P ij fopkj dhft;sA
fVIi.kh MN 1 6PQ
vkb, ns[ksa fd tc ge vkO;wg A dks 5 ls xq.kk djrs gSa] rks D;k gksrk gSA

LM3 2 OP LM 5 × 3 5 × 2OP LM 15 10 OP
vFkkZr~ MM1 6 PP MM5 × 1 5 × 6 PP MM 5 30PP
5 × A = 5 A = 5 × −2 0 = 5 × (−2 ) 5 × 0 = −10 0

N Q N Q N Q
tc ,d vfn'k ls fdlh vkO;wg dks xq.kk fd;k tkrk gS] rks mlds izR;sd vo;o
dks ml vfn'k ls xq.kk fd;k tkrk gSA
mnkgj.kkFkZ

;fn A =
LM2 −1OP gks] rks kA =
LMk × 2 k × (−1)OP = LM2k −k OP
N6 3 Q N k × 6 k × 3 Q N6k 3k Q
tc k = –1 gksxk] rks kA = (–1)A = M
L−2 1 OP gksxkA
N−6 −3Q
blfy, (–1)A = –A

bl izdkj] ;fn A =
LM2 −1OP gks] rks − A = LM−2 1 OP gksxkA
N6 3 Q N−6 −3Q
mnkgj.k
L−2 3 4OP gks , rks fuEu Kkr dhft,%
20.8. ;fn A = M
N −1 0 1 Q
1 2
(i) 2A (ii)
A (iii) − A (iv) A
2 3

gy% ;gka (i) ;gka 2 A = 2 ×

LM
−2 3 4
=
OP LM
2 × ( −2 ) 2 × 3 2 × 4
=
−4 6 8 OP LM OP
N
−1 0 1 Q N
2 × ( −1) 2 × 0 2 × 1 −2 0 2 Q N Q
OP LMM OP LM OP
1 1 1 3
1 1 − 2 3 LM
4 × ( −2 ) ×3 ×4 −1
PP MM
2
1P
A= × = 2 2 2 = 2
(ii)
2 2 −1 0 1 N 1
2
× ( − 1) Q MN 1
2
×0
1
2
×1 −
Q
1
2 N 0
2Q
P
12 xf.kr
 vkO;wg

− A = ( −1) ×
LM−2 3 4 OP LM
=
2 −3 − 4 OP ekWM;
~ y
w - VI
(iii)
N −1 0 1 Q N
1 0 −1 Q chtxf.kr-II

LM L4
4O M− 3 2
8 OP
2 2 −2 3
1PQ MM− 2 PP
A= × = 3
(iv) 3 3 −1 0 N N 3 0
2
3 Q
ns[ksa vkius fdruk lh[kk 20.3 fVIi.kh

1. ;fn A =
LM7 2OP gks] rks Kkr dhft,%
N2 3Q
1 3
(a) 4A (b) −A (c) A (d) − A
2 2

;fn A = 3
LM0 −1 2 OP
gks] rks Kkr dhft,A
2.
N 1 4 Q
1 1
(a) 5A (b) −3A (c) A (d) − A
3 2
 −1 0 
 2 
3. ;fnIf A =  4 gks] rks (–7) A Kkr dhft,A
0 −1

LM 3 0 1 OP
4. ;fn X = M 4 − 2 0 P gks] rks Kkr dhft,A
MN−1 0 5 PQ
_ 1 1
(a) 5X (b) 4X (c) X (d) − X
3 2
5. A′ ( A dk ifjorZ) Kkr dhft,%

A=
LM2 −1OP A=
LM4 10 9 OP
(a)
N4 3 Q (b)
N6 8 7 Q
LM 1 −2OP LM1 0 0 OP
(c) MM−6 9 PP
A = 4 −1 (d)
A= 0
MM0 1 0
1PQ
P
N Q N 0
6. fdlh vkO;wg] A ds fy,] fl) dhft, fd ( A′) ′ = A

xf.kr 13
 vkO;wg
ekWM~;wy - VI 7. fn[kkb, fd fuEufyf[kr vkO;wgksa esa ls izR;sd ,d lefer vkO;wg gS%
chtxf.kr-II LM 1 −1 2 OP
LM2 −4 OP MM−21 −23 −43PP
(a)
N−4 3 Q (b)
N Q
LMa b c OP LM1 0 0OP
(c) MMbc d e
f PQ
P (d) MM00 10 00PP
fVIi.kh N e N Q
8. fn[kkb, fd fuEufyf[kr vkO;wgksa esa ls izR;sd ,d fo"ke lefer vkO;wg gS%
LM 0 i 4 OP
LM OP
0 −3
MM−−4i 0 2−i
P
(a)
N Q
3 0
(b)
N −2 + i 0 PQ
LM0 −2 0OP LM 0 −1 7 OP
(c) MM20 −04 40PP (d) MM−17 0 5
0PQ
P
N Q N −5

20.5 vkO;wgksa dk ;ksx

nks Nk= A rFkk B nks ijh{kkvksa esa xf.kr] HkkSfrdh rFkk vaxst
z h esa izkIr vius vadksa dh rqyuk djrs
gSAa izR;sd fo"k; ds iw.kk±d 50 gSAa muds }kjk izkIrkad uhps fn;s x, gSaA
izFke ijh{kk f}rh; ijh{kk
xf.kr HkkSfrdh vaxszth xf.kr HkkSfrdh vaxzsth
A LM50 38 33 OP A LM45 32 30 OP
B N47 40 36 Q B N42 30 39 Q

nksuksa ijh{kkvksa esa dqy feykdj izR;sd fo"k; esa muds }kjk izkIr fd, x;s vad ge dSls Kkr
djsaxs\
/;ku ls nsf[k, fd nksuksa vkO;wgksa dh la;qDr tkudkjh dks iznku djus okyk u;k vkO;wg gS%
LM
xf.kr HkkSfrdh vaxzsth
OP LM
xf.kr HkkSfrdh vaxzsth
OP
A
B
N 50+45
47+42
38+32
40+30
33+30 Q
36+39
A
B
N9589 70
70
63 Q
75

;g u;k vkO;wg fn;s gq, vkO;wgksa dk ;ksx dgykrk gSA

;fn A rFkk B ,d gh Øe ds nks vkO;wg fn;s x;s gksa] rks mudk ;ksx ,d vkO;wg C
ftl ds Øeokj vo;o vkO;wgksa A rFkk B ds laxr vo;oksa ds ;ksxQy gksa] }kjk
ifjHkkf"kr fd;k tkrk gS rFkk bls C = A + B ds :i esa fy[krs gSaA

14 xf.kr
 vkO;wg
fVIi.kh% 1. vkO;wg C dk Øe Hkh ogh gksxk tks fd A rFkk B dk ekWM;
~ y
w - VI
2. nks fHkUu Øe okys vkO;wgksa dk ;ksx djuk laHko ugha gSA chtxf.kr-II
LM1 3OP rFkk B = L5 2O gks] rks
mnkgj.k 20.9. ;fn A =
N4 2 Q MN1 0PQ A + B Kkr dhft,A

gy% D;ksafd fn;s x, vkO;wg A rFkk B leku Øe 2 × 2 ds gSa] ge mudk ;ksx dj

ldrs gSaA blfy,
L1 + 5 3 + 2OP = LM6 5OP
A+ B = M
fVIi.kh

N 4 + 1 2 + 0Q N 5 2 Q
mnkgj.k 20.10. ;fn A = M
L0 1 −1OP rFkk B = LM3 0 4 OP gks] rks A + B Kkr
N2 3 0 Q N1 2 1Q
dhft,A
gy% D;ksafd fn;s x;s vkO;wg leku Øe vFkkZr~ 2 × 3 ds gaSa] ge mudk ;ksx dj
ldrs gSaA blfy,

A+ B =
LM0 + 3 1 + 0 −1 + 4 OP LM
3 1 3 OP
N2 + 1 3+ 2 0+1
=
Q N
3 5 1 Q
20.5.1 ;ksx ds xq.k

Lej.k dhft, fd la[;kvksa esa geus izkIr fd;k gS%

(i) x + y = y + x , vFkkZr~ ;ksx Øe fofues; gSA
(ii) x + ( y + z) = ( x + y ) + z, vFkkZr~ ;ksx lgpkjh gSA
(iii) x + 0 = x , ;ksx ds rRled vo;o dk vfLrRo gSA
(iv) x + ( − x ) = 0 , vFkkZr~ ;ksT;&O;qRØe dk vfLrRo gSA

vkb,] vc [kkst djsa fd ;s xq.k vkO;wgksa esa Hkh lgh Bgjrs gSa vFkok ughaA

eku yhft,
LM 1 2OP rFkk B = LM0 −2OP , rc
A=
N −1 3 Q N1 3 Q
L 1 + 0 2 − 2OP = LM1 0OP
A+ B = M
N − 1 + 1 3 + 3 Q N 0 6Q
rFkk
L 0 + 1 −2 + 2OP = LM1 0OP
B+ A = M
N1 + (−1) 3 + 3 Q N0 6Q
ge ns[krs gSa fd A + B rFkk B + A ,d gh vkO;wg dks fufnZ"V djrs gSaA
,d gh Øe okys nks vkO;wgksa A rFkk B ds fy,] A + B = B + A
vFkkZr~ vkO;wgksa dk ;ksx Øe fofues; gksrk gSA
xf.kr 15
 vkO;wg
ekWM~;wy - VI LM 0 3OP , B = L1 −4O rFkk C = LM1 0OP . rc
chtxf.kr-II eku yhft, A=
N−2 1Q MN0 2 PQ N2 3Q
A + ( B + C) = M
L 0 3OP + LM 1 + 1 −4 + 0OP = LM 0 3OP + LM2 −4OP
N−2 1Q N0 + 2 2 + 3 Q N−2 1Q N2 5 Q
L 0 + 2 3 + (−4)OP = LM2 −1OP
= M
N −2 + 2 1 + 5 Q N 0 6 Q
fVIi.kh
rFkk ( A + B) + C = M
L 0 + 1 3 + (−4)OP + LM1 0OP = LM 1 −1OP + LM1 0OP
N−2 + 0 1 + 2 Q N2 3Q N−2 3 Q N2 3Q
= M
L 1 + 1 −1 + 0OP = LM2 −1OP
N −2 + 2 3 + 3 Q N 0 6 Q
ge ns[krs gSa fd A + (B + C) rFkk (A + B) + C ,d gh vkO;wg dks fufnZ"V djrs gSaA bl izdkj]
O;kid :i esa
,d gh Øe ds rhu vkO;wgksa A, B rFkk C ds fy,
A + (B + C) = (A + B) + C gksr k gS vFkkZr ~ vkO;wgksa dk ;ksx lgpkjh gksr k gSA
Lej.k dhft, fd geus 'kwU; vkO;wg ds fo"k; esa ckr dh gSA ,d 'kwU; vkO;wg og vkO;wg gS ftlds
lHkh vo;o 'kwU; gksrs gSaA ;g fdlh Hkh Øe dk gks ldrk gSA

eku yhft,] A = 4
LM2 −2OP rFkk O = LM0 0OP rc
N 5Q N0 0Q
A+O = M
L2 + 0 −2 + 0OP = LM2 −2OP = A
N 4 + 0 5 + 0 Q N4 5 Q
rFkk
L0 + 2 0 − 2OP = LM2 −2OP = A
O+ A = M
N 0 + 4 0 + 5 Q N4 5 Q
ge ns[krs gSa fd A + O rFkk O + A mlh vkO;wg A dks fufnZ"V djrs gSAa bl izdkj ge ikrs gSa fd
A + O = A = O + A, tgka O ,d 'kwU; vkO;wg gSA
vkO;wg O, tks 'kwU; vkO;wg gS] dks ;ksx dk rRled vkO;wg dgk tkrk gSA
;ksx dk rRled vkO;wg ,d 'kwU; vkO;wg gksrk gS ftls fn, gq, vkO;wg esa tksM+us ij
ogh vkO;wg izkIr gksrk gS] vFkkZr~ A + O = A = O + A.

mnkgj.k ;fn A =
LM2 0OP, B = LM−3 1OP rFkk C=
LM−1 0OP gks,
20.11.
N1 3Q N 1 2Q N 0 3Q
rks (a) A + B (b) B + C (c) (A + B) + C (d) A + (B + C)
Kkr dhft,A

16 xf.kr
 vkO;wg

gy% ekWM;
~ y
w - VI

(a) A+ B = M
L2 0OP + LM−3 1OP = LM2 + (−3) 0 + 1OP = LM−1 1OP chtxf.kr-II

N1 3Q N 1 2Q N 1 + 1 3 + 2Q N 2 5Q
(b) B+C = M
L−3 1OP + LM−1 0OP = LM(−3) + (−1) 1 + 0 OP = LM−4 1OP
N 1 2Q N 0 3Q N 1 + 0 2 + 3Q N 1 5Q
(c) ( A + B) + C = M
L−1 1OP + LM−1 0OP = LM(−1) + (−1) 1 + 0OP = LM−2 1OP fVIi.kh
N 2 5Q N 0 3Q N 2 + 0 5 + 3Q N 2 8Q
(d)
L2 0OP + LM−4 1 OP = LM2 + (−4) 0 + 1OP = LM−2 1OP
A + ( B + C) = M
N1 3 Q N 1 5Q N 1 + 1 3 + 5Q N 2 8Q
mnkgj.k 20.12. ;fn A = M
L−2 3 5OP rFkk O = L0 0 0O
N 1 −1 0Q MN0 0 0PQ
(a) A + O (b) O + A Kkr dhft,A vki D;k ns[krs gSa\

gy% (a) A+O =

LM−2
OP + LM0 0 0OP
3 5
N1
−1 0Q N0 0 0Q

L−2 + 0 3 + 0 5 + 0OP = LM−2 3 5OP

= M
N 1 + 0 − 1 + 0 0 + 0Q N 1 − 1 0Q
O+A= M
L0 0 0OP + LM−2 3 5OP
(b)
N 0 0 0Q N 1 − 1 0Q
=M
L0 + (−2) 0 + 3 0 + 5OP = LM−2 3 5OP
N 0 + 1 0 + (−1) 0 + 0Q N 1 −1 0Q
(a) rFkk (b), ls ge ns[krs gSa fd
A+O=O+A=A

20.6 vkO;wgksa dk O;odyu

eku yhft, fd A rFkk B ,d gh Øe ds nks vkO;wg gSaA rc vkO;wg A_B dks A ls B ds O;odyu
_
ds :i esa ifjHkkf"kr fd;k tkrk gSA A ds vo;oksa esa ls B ds laxr vo;o ?kVkus ls A B izkIr
gksrk gSA ge fy[k ldrs gSa%
_ _
A B = A + ( B)

fVIi.kh% A_B rFkk B_A ,d gh vkO;wg dks fufnZ"V ugha djrs tc rd fd A= B u gksA
L 1 0O
;fn A = M2 −1P rFkk
L
B =M
3 2O
mnkgj.k 20.13.
_
N _Q N1 4PQ gks] rks
(a) A B (b) B A Kkr dhft,A
xf.kr 17
 vkO;wg
ekWM~;wy - VI gy% (a) ge tkurs gSa fd
chtxf.kr-II _ _
A B = A+ ( B) (i)

L 3 2O L−3 −2O
D;ksafd B = M1 4 P , ge izkIr djrs gSa B = M− 1 −4 P
_
N Q N Q
bls (i) esa izfrLFkkfir djus ij] ge izkIr djrs gSa%

fVIi.kh _ LM1 0 OP + LM−3 −2OP = LM1 + (−3) 0 + ( − 2)OP LM−2 −2 OP

A B=
N2 −1Q N−1 −4Q N2 + (−1) Q N
( −1) + ( − 4)
=
1 −5 Q
(b) blh izdkj]
_ _
B A = B + ( A)

3 2LM OP L O LM
−1 0 3 + ( −1) 2+0 OP LM
2 2 OP
N1 4Q MN−2 1PQ N1 + (−2)
_
B A= + = =
4 +1 Q N
−1 5 Q
fVIi.kh% A_B izkIr djus ds fy, ge A ds vo;oksa esa ls B ds laxr vo;o lh/ks ?kVk ldrs gSaA
_ LM1 − 3 0−2 OP LM
−2 −2 OP
A B=
N2 − 1 −1 − 4Q N
=
1 −5 Q
L3 − 1
B A= M
2 − 0 O L 2 2O
4 − ( −1) PQ MN−1 5PQ
_
rFkk
N1 − 2 =

mnkgj.k 20.14.
L 2 3OP ; B = LMa b OP rFkk A+B =O, gks rks B Kkr dhft,A
;fn A = M
N −1 4 Q N c d Q
gy% ;gka ;g fn;k x;k gS fd A+B = O

LM 2 3OP + LMa b OP = LM0 0OP

∴
N−1 4Q Nc d Q N0 0Q
⇒
LM 2 + a 3 + b OP = LM0 0OP
N − 1 + c 4 + d Q N 0 0Q
⇒ 2+a=0 ; 3+b=0
_1 + c = 0 ; 4+d=0
⇒ _ _
a = 2; b = 3; c = 1 rFkk d = _ 4

LMa bOP = LM−2 − 3OP

∴ B=
Nc d Q N 1 − 2 Q
fVIi.kh% mnkgj.k 20.15 esa B ds vo;o A ds laxr vo;oksa ds ;ksT;&O;qRØe gSaA blfy, ge
vkO;wg B dks vkO;wg A dk ;ksT;&O;qRØe dgrs gSaA lkFk gh]

18 xf.kr
 vkO;wg

L −2
B= M
−3 OP_
LM 2 3 OP = (_1) A = _A ekWM;
~ y
w - VI
N1 −4 Q
= ( 1) ×
N−1 4Q × chtxf.kr-II

O;kid :i esa ge dg ldrs gSa fd ;fn ,d vkO;wg A fn;k gks] vkSj ,d ,sls vU; vkO;wg
B = (_ 1) A dk vfLrRo gks rkfd A + B= O gks] rks ,sls vkO;wg B dks vkO;wg A dk
;ksT;&O;qRØe dgk tkrk gSA

ns[ksa vkius fdruk lh[kk 20.4 fVIi.kh

;fn A = 5
LM3 −1OP rFkk B= LM0 −1OP gks] rks
1.
N 2Q N3 2 Q
(a) A+B (b) 2A+B (c) A+3B (d) 2A+3B Kkr dhft,A
LM 2 5 3 OP LM1 2 − 3OP
2. ;fn P= −1 4 0 rFkk Q =
_
N Q
4 1 −5
_
gks] rks
N_ Q _
(a) P Q (b) Q P (c) P 2Q (d) 2 Q 3 P Kkr dhft,A

LM1 −2 3 OP LM−1 −4 0 OP
3. ;fn A = M4 −1
P0P MM 2
2 rFkk B = 1 6
P7P
1 gks] rks
MN4 5 Q N 0 Q
_ _
(a) A+B (b) A B (c) A+B (d) 3A+2B Kkr dhft,A
LM 0 1 OP
4. ;fn A = M 0 P
−1 gks] rks 'kwU; vkO;wg O, tks A+O = A
MN−1 1 PQ
dks lUrq"V djrk gks] Kkr dhft;sA
LM−2 −1 0 OP
5. ;fn A = M 1 2
P
3 gks] rks
MN−4 0 1PQ
_ _ _
(a) A (b) A + ( A) (c) ( A)+A Kkr dhft,A
LM1 9OP
;fn A = 3 2 rFkk B = 7 9 gks] rks
LM5 1OP
6.
N Q N Q
Kkr dhft,%
(a) 2A (b) 3B (c) 2A+3B (d) ;fn 2 A + 3 B + 5 X = O gks, rks X D;k gksxk?

;fn A = 4 3
LM2 0 −1 OP rFkk B= LM−1 0 1OP gks] rks
7.
N 2Q N2 −4 0Q
(a) A′ (b) B′ (c) A+B (d) (A+B)′ (e) A′+B′ Kkr dhft;s!

xf.kr 19
 vkO;wg
ekWM~;wy - VI vki D;k ns[krs gSa\
chtxf.kr-II LM 1 4OP
;fn A = −2 1 , B = 3 −1 rFkk C = 3
LM1 2 OP LM2 −1OP gks] rks
8.
N Q N Q N 2Q
Kkr dhft,%
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
(a) A B (b) B C (c) A C (d) 3B 2C (e) A B C (f) 2A B 3C

20.7 vkO;wgksa dk xq. ku

fVIi.kh
lSyhuk rFkk jk[kh nks fe= gSaA lSyhuk 17 fdxzk- xsgw¡ ] 3 fdxzk- nkysa rFkk 250 xzk- ?kh [kjhnuk pkgrh
gSa\ tcfd jk[kh 15 fdxzk- xsgw¡ ] 2 fdxzk- nkysa rFkk 500 xzk- ?kh [kjhnuk pkgrh gSA xsgw¡ ] nkyksa rFkk
?kh ds izfr fdxzk- ewY; Øe'k% 8.00 #-] 27.00 #- rFkk 90.00 #- gSA muesa ls izR;sd fdruh /ku
jkf'k O;; djsxh\ Li"Vr%] lSyhuk rFkk jk[kh dks ftruh /ku jkf'k dh vko';drk gksaxh mls uhps
fn;k x;k gS%
lSy huk 17 fdxzk- xsgw¡ dk ewY; ⇒ 17 × 8 #- = 136.00 #-
3 fdxzk- nkyksa dk ewY; ⇒ 03 × 27 #- = 81.00 #-

250 xzk- ?kh dk ewY; ⇒ 14 × 90 #- = 22.50 #-

;ksx = 239.50 #-

jk[kh 15 fdxzk- xsgw¡ dk ewY; ⇒ 15 × 8 #- = 120.00 #-

2 fdxzk- nkyksa dk ewY; ⇒ 2 × 27 #- = 54.00 #-
1
500 xzk- ?kh dk ewY; ⇒ 2 ×
90 #- = 45.00 #-
;ksx = 219.00 #-
vkO;wg ds :i esa mi;qZDr tkudkjh dks fuEufyf[kr <ax ls iznf'kZr fd;k tk ldrk gS%
vko';drk,a ewY; vko';d /ku jkf'k
• • • • •• • ••• 
  LM278 OP L17 × 8 + 3 × 27 + 0.250 × 90 O L239.50O
17 3 0.250 
15
 2 0.500  MN90PQ = NM15 × 8 + 2 × 27 + 0.500 × 90QP = NM219.00QP
mlh cLrh esa ,d vU; nqdku ij fuEufyf[kr ewY; fy[ks x, gSa%
xsgw¡ ] : 9 #- izfr fdxzk-( nkysa % 26 #- izfr fdxzk- ?kh % 100 izfr fdxzk-
lkSyhuk rFkk jk[kh dks bl nqdku ls viuh okafNr oLrqvksa dh ek=k [knhnus ds fy, fuEufyf[kr
/ku jkf'k dh vko';drk gksxhA
lSyhuk 17 fdxzk- xsgw¡ ] ⇒ 17 × 9 #- = 153.00 #-
3 fdxzk- nkysa ⇒ 3 × 26 #- = 78.00 #-
1
250 xzk- ?kh ⇒ 4 ×
100 #- = 25.00 #-

dqy = 256.00 #-
20 xf.kr
 vkO;wg
jk[kh 15 fdxzk- xsgw¡ ] ⇒ 15 × 9 #- = 135.00 #- ekWM;
~ y
w - VI
02 fdxzk- nkysa ⇒ 2 × 26 #- = 52.00 #- chtxf.kr-II
1
500 xzk- ?kh ⇒ 100 #- = 50.00 #-
2 ×
dqy = 237.00 #-

vkO;wg ds :i esa mijksDr tkudkjh dks fuEufyf[kr <ax ls iznf'kZr fd;k tk ldrk gSA
vko';drk,a ewY; vko';d /ku jkf'k ¼#- esa½
fVIi.kh
LM17 3 0.250 9.00 O L17 × 9.00 + 3 × 26.00 + 0.250 × 100 O L256.00O
OP LM 26.00
N15 2 0.500 Q MN100.00 PPQ = MN15 × 900 + 2 × 26.00 + 0.500 × 100 PQ = MN237.00PQ
,d rqyukRed v/;;u ds fy,] nksuksa tkudkfj;ksa dks fuEufyf[kr <ax ls ,df=r fd;k tk ldrk gS%
LM 8.00 9.00 OP 239.50
LM
17 3 0.250 OP M27.00 26.00 = L
P M219.00 256.00 OP
N
15 2 0.500 Q MN90.00 100.00PQ N
237.00 Q
vkb, ns[ksa fd dSls vkSj dc ge bl xq.kuQy dks fy[krs gSa%
(i) izFke vkO;wg dh igyh iafDr ds rhu vo;oksa dks nwljs vkO;wg ds izFke LraHk ds laxr vo;oksa
ls xq.kk fd;k tkrk gS rFkk mudk ;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA ;g ;ksxQy xq.kuQy&vkO;wg dh izFke
iafDr rFkk izFke LrEe dk vo;o gksrk gSA mlh <ax ls igys vkO;wg dh nwljh iafDr ds vo;oksa
dks nwljs vkO;wg ds izFke LraHk ds laxr vo;oksa ls xq.kk djds tksM+k tkrk gSA ;g ;ksxQy
xq.kuQy&vkO;wg dh nwljh iafDr rFkk izFke LraHk dk vo;o gksrk gS( rFkk blh izdkj xq.kuQy
vkO;wg ds vU; vo;o izkIr fd;s tkrs gSaA
(ii) igys vkO;wg ds LraHkksa dh la[;k nwljs vkO;wg dks iafDr;ksa dh la[;k ds cjkcj gS rkfd izFke
vkO;wg nwljs vkO;wg }kjk xq.kk fd;s tkus ds vuqdwy gSA
LMa b c OP LMα β OP 1 1

;fn A = Ma b c P rFkk B = Mα β P
1 1 1
bl izdkj]
MNα β PQ
2 2

N Q 2 2 2
3 3

LMa b c OP LMα β OP L a α + b α + c α
1 1
OP
a 1β1 + b1β 2 + c1β 3
rc] A × B = M a b c P × Mα β P = Ma α + b α + c α
1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 3

Q MNα β PQ N a β +b β +c β Q
2 2

N 2 2 2
3 3
2 1 2 2 2 3 2 1 2 2 2 3

ifjHkk"kk% ;fn A rFkk B nks vkO;wg Øe'k% m × p rFkk p × n Øe okys gksa] rks mudk xq.kuQy
,d m × n Øe okyk vkO;wg C gksxk( rFkk ;fn aij, bij rFkk cij Øe'k% A, B rFkk C vkO;wgksa dks
ioha iafDr rFkk josa LraHk ds vo;o gksa] rks
p
c ij = ∑ aik bkj
k =1

xf.kr 21
 vkO;wg
ekWM~;wy - VI LM−2OP
chtxf.kr-II mnkgj.k 20.15. ;fn A= 1 −1 2
MM 2 PP
rFkk B = 0 gks] rks
N Q
Kkr dhft,% (a) AB (b) BA D;k AB= BA gS\
gy% A dk Øe 1 × 3 gSA
B dk Øe 3 × 1 gSA
fVIi.kh ∴ A ds LraHkksa dh la[;k = B dh iafDr;ksa dh la[;k
∴ AB dk vfLrRo gSA
LM−2OP
vc] AB = 1 −1 MM 2 PP
2 0 = 1 × ( − 2) + ( − 1) × 0 + 2 × 2 = −2 + 0 + 4 = 2
N Q
bl izdkj AB = 2 , 1 × 1 Øe dk vkO;wg
iqu%] B ds LraHkksa dh la[;k = A dh iafDr;ksa dh la[;k
∴ BA dk vfLro gSA
LM−2OP LM−2 × 1 (−2) × (−1) (−2) × 2 OP L−2 2 −4 OP
=M 0
MN 2 PQ M
vc] BA = M 0 P 1 −1 2 = 0 × 1 0 × (−1) 0×2
MN2 × 1 2 × (−1) 2 × 2 PQ N P MM 2 0
−2
0
4 PQ
P
LM−2 2 −4OP
bl izdkj] BA = M 0 0 0 P , 3 × 3 Øe dk vkO;wg
MN 2 −2 4 PQ
Åij dh lHkh ppkZ ls ge ikrs gSa fd AB ≠ BAA
mnkgj.k 20.16. vkO;wgksa A rFkk B ds fy,] ;fn laHko gks] AB rFkk BA Kkr dhft, tcfd
L 2 0O LM−1OP
A= M
N0 1PQ ; MM 3 PP
B= 2
N Q
gy% ;gka A ds LraHkksa dh la[;k ≠ B dh iafDr;ksa dh la[;k
∴ AB dk vfLrRo ugha gSA
iqu%] B ds LraHkksa dh la[;k ≠ Α dh iafDr;ksa dh la[;k
∴ BA dk vfLrRo ugha gSA

mnkgj.k 20.17.
LM 1 2OP LM2 1OP
;fn A= −1 0 rFkk B = 2 2 gks] rks
N Q N Q
AB rFkk BA Kkr dhft,A ;g Hkh Kkr dhft, fd AB = BA gS
vFkok ughaA
22 xf.kr
 vkO;wg
gy% ;gka] A ds LraHkksa dh la[;k = B dks iafDr;ksa dh la[;k ekWM;
~ y
w - VI
∴ AB dk vfLrRo gSA chtxf.kr-II
B ds LraHkksa dh la[;k = A dks iafDr;ksa dh la[;k
∴ BA dk vfLrRo gSA

L 1 2 O L2 1 O L 1 × 2 + 2 × 2 1×1+ 2 × 2 OP
vc] AB = M
N−1 0PQ MN2 2PQ = MN−1 × 2 + 0 × 2 − 1 × 1 + 0 × 2Q
fVIi.kh

=M
L 2 + 4 1+ 4 O =  6 5

N−2 + 0 −1 + 0PQ −2 −1 


2× 2

L 2 1O L 1 2O L2 × 1 + 1 × (−1) 2 × 2 +1× 0 OP
rFkk
N2 2PQ MN−1 0PQ = MN2 × 1 + 2 × (−1)
BA = M
2 × 2 + 2 × 0Q

=M
L 2 − 1 4 + 0OP = L1 4 O
N2 − 2 4 + 0Q NM 0 4 QP 2×2

bl izdkj] AB ≠ BA
fVIi.kh% ge ns[krs gSa fd AB rFkk BA ,d gh Øe 2 × 2, okys gSa] fQj Hkh AB ≠ BA gSA

mnkgj.k 20.18. ;fn

LM2 0OP rFkk B = LM4 0 OP gks] rks
A=
N0 3Q N0 −1Q
AB rFkk BA Kkr dhft,A D;k AB =BA gS\

gy% ;gka nksuksa A rFkk B dk Øe 2 × 2 gSA bl fy, nksuksa AB rFkk BA ds vfLrRo gSaA vc]
LM2 0OP LM4 0 OP = L8 + 0 0 + 0O = LM8 0 OP
AB =
N0 3Q N0 −1Q MN0 + 0 0 − 3PQ N0 − 3Q
2× 2 2× 2 2× 2
rFkk

L 4 0 O L2 0O L8 + 0 0 + 0O L8 0 O
N0 −1PQ MN0 3PQ = MN0 + 0 0 − 3PQ = MN0 − 3PQ
BA = M
2× 2

;gka] nksuksa AB rFkk BA ,d gh Øe ds gSa rFkk AB = BA Hkh gSaA

vr,o] ;fn nks vkO;wgksa A rFkk B dks xq.kk fd;k tk,] rks fuEufyf[kr ikap fLFkfr;ka mRiUu gksrh gS(a
(i) nksuksa AB rFkk BA ds vfLrRo gksrs gSa] fdUrq muds Øe fHkUu gksrs gSa
(ii) dsoy ,d xq.kuQy AB vFkok BA dk vfLrRo gksrk gSA
(iii) AB rFkk BA esa ls fdlh dk Hkh vfLrRo ugha gksrkA
(iv) nksuksa AB rFkk BA ds vfLrRo gksrs gSa rFkk muds Øe Hkh ,d gh gksrs gSa] fdUrq AB≠ BA gksrk gSA
(v) nksuksa AB rFkk BA ds vfLrRo gksrs gSa rFkk muds Øe Hkh ,d gh gksrs gSaA lkFk gh AB= BA
gksrk gSA
xf.kr 23
 vkO;wg
ekWM~;wy - VI LM3 0OP LM1 0OP
mnkgj.k 20.19. ;fn A= 0 3 rFkk I = 0 1 gks] rks lR;kfir dhft, fd A _2A_3I=O
N Q N Q
2
chtxf.kr-II

L3 0O L3 0O L9 + 0 0 + 0O L9 0O
gy% ;gka] A = AA = M0 3P M0 3P = M0 + 0 0 + 9P = M0 9P
N QN Q N Q N Q
2

L3 0OP = LM6 0OP rFkk 3I = 3L1 0 O = L3 0O

fVIi.kh
2A = 2 M
N0 3Q N0 6Q MN0 1PQ MN0 3PQ
L 9 0O L6 0O L3 0O L9 0O RL6 0O L3 0O U
N Q N Q N Q N Q TMN0 6PQ MN0 3PQVW
= M _S
_2
A 2A 3I_
0 9 P _
M 0 6P _
M 0 3P = M
0 9 P +

=M
L 9 0 O L 9 0 O L 9 − 9 0 − 0 O L 0 0O
N Q MN0 9PQ = MN0 − 0 9 − 9PQ = MN0 0PQ = O
P _
0 9
vr,o] lR;kfir gqvkA

mnkgj.k 20.22. vkO;wg lehdj.k 1 1

LM2 −3OP LMxOP = LM1OP gy dhft,A
N Q NyQ N3Q
gy% ;gka
L 2 −3O L x O L2 x − 3y O
ck;ka i{k = M1 1 P M y P = M x + y P
N QNQ N Q
⇒M
L2x − 3yOP = LM1OP ⇒ 2x − 3y = 1; x + y = 3
N x + y Q N3Q
bu lehdj.kksa dks gy djus ij ge izkIr djrs gSa%
x= 2 rFkk y = 1

LM1 1OP LM−1 1 OP

mnkgj.k 20.21. ;fn A= 1 1 vkSj B = 1 −1 , rks AB Kkr dhft;sA
N Q N Q
L1 1O L−1 1 O 1× ( −1) + 1×11×1 + 1× ( −1) 
gy% ;gka] AB = M1 1P M 1 −1P = 1× ( −1) + 1×11×1 + 1× ( −1) 
N Q N Q  
L−1 + 1 1 − 1OP = LM0 0OP = O
= M
N−1 + 1 1 − 1Q N0 0Q
fVIi.kh% mnkgj.k 3.23ls gesa Kkr gksrk gS fd nks 'kwU;srj vkO;wgksa dk xq.kuQy ,d 'kwU;
vkO;wg gks ldrk gS] vFkkZr~ A≠O rFkk B ≠ O rc Hkh AB = O gks ldrk gSA
vr,o] ge fu"d"kZ fudkyrs gSa fd nks 'kwU;srj vkO;wgksa dk xq.kuQy ,d 'kwU; vkO;wg gks
ldrk gS] tcfd la[;kvksa eas nks 'kwU;ksrj la[;kvksa dk xq.kuQy lnk 'kwU;srj gksrk gSA
24 xf.kr
 vkO;wg

mnkgj.k
LM1 −2OP , B = LM 4 0OP rFkk C = LM−1 0OP ekWM;
~ y
w - VI
20.22. A=
N 3 5 Q N −1 2 Q N 0 3Q chtxf.kr-II
ds fy, (a) (AB)C (b) A(BC) Kkr dhft;s
D;k (AB) C = A (BC) gS\
RSL1 −2OL 4 0OUV L−1 0O L 4 + 2 0 − 4 O L−1 0O
gy% (a) (AB)C =
TMN3 5 PQMN−1 2PQW MN 0 3PQ = MN12 − 5 0 + 10PQ MN 0 3PQ fVIi.kh

= M
L6 −4OP LM−1 0OP = LM−6 + 0 0 − 12OP = LM−6 −12OP
N7 10 Q N 0 3Q N−7 + 0 0 + 30Q N−7 30 Q
A(BC) = M
L1 −2OP RSLM 4 0OPLM−1 0OPUV = LM1 −2OP LM−4 + 0 0 + 0OP
(b)
N3 5 Q TN−1 2QN 0 3QW N3 5 Q N 1 + 0 0 + 6Q
= M
L1 −2OP LM−4 0OP = LM −4 − 2 0 − 12OP = LM−6 −12OP
N3 5 Q N 1 6Q N−12 + 5 0 + 30Q N−7 30 Q
(a) rFkk (b) ls ge ikrs gSa fd (AB)C = A(BC), vFkkZr~ vkO;wg xq.ku lgpkjh gksrk gSA

ns[ksa vkius fdruk lh[kk 20.5

LM 0 OP
1. ;fn A = 2 3 0 rFkk B = M−2P gks] rks AB rFkk BA Kkr dhft,A D;k AB=BA gS\
NM 1 PQ
LM2 3 OP
L 0 2 −2 O
;fn A= M−1 3 0 P rFkk B = M1 −1P gks] rks AB rFkk BA
2.
N Q MN0 −2PQ
Kkr dhft,A D;k AB = BA gS\
LMa OP
;fn A = b rFkk B= x y z gks] rks AB rFkk BA esa ls
3.
NQ
ftl dk Hkh vfLrRo gks] mls Kkr dhft,A
LM−1OP rFkk B = LM2 0 OP gks] rks BA Kkr dhft,A D;k AB dk vfLrRo gS\
4. ;fn A =
N 0Q N1 −3Q
L 2 3O
LM 0 OP
;fn A= M
N0 1PQ
5. rFkk B = M−1P gks] rks
MN 2 PQ
(a) D;k AB dk vfLrRo gS\ D;ksa\ (b) D;k BA dk vfLrRo gS\ D;ksa\

xf.kr 25
 vkO;wg
ekWM~;wy - VI LM2 1OP
;fn A = 0 3 rFkk B = 2
LM−1 0OP gks] rks AB rFkk BA Kkr dhft,A D;k AB=BA gS\
chtxf.kr-II 6.
N Q N 5Q
LM 1 2 0
OP 2 −3 1
LM OP
7. ;fn A = M
M −3 5 4 PP
rFkk B =
1 0 3 MM
gks] rks
PP
MN 5 3 1
PQ 1 2 3
MN PQ
AB rFkk BA Kkr dhft,A D;k AB=BA gS\
fVIi.kh
L 2 0O L 5 0O
;fn A= M0 −1P rFkk B = M0 1P gks rks] AB rFkk BA Kkr dhft,A D;k AB=BA gS\
8.
N Q N Q
9. x rFkk y ds eku Kkr dhft, ;fn

LM1 1OP LMxOP = LM2OP (b) LM2 3 OP LMxOP = LM 4 OP gksA

(a)
N4 5Q NyQ N7Q N1 −1Q NyQ N−3Q
L2 0O L0 0 O
;fn A= M1 0P rFkk B= M3 4 P gks] rks lR;kfir dhft, fd AB=O gSA
10.
N Q N Q
L2 5OP ds fy, lR;kfir dhft, fd
A= M
11.
N1 3Q
A2_5A+I = O, tgka I ,d nks Øe okyk bdkbZ vkO;wg gSA

LM1 3OP LM 2 2OP

;fn A = 2 1 , B= −1 1 rFkk C = −2
LM 4 OP
−3
gks] rks fuEu Kkr dhft,%
12.
N Q N Q N 3 Q
(a) A(BC) (b) (AB)C (c) (A+B)C
(d) AC+BC (e) A 2 − B2 (f) (A_B) (A+B)

;fn A = 3
LM2 −1OP , B= LM3 −2 OP
rFkk
1 2 LM OP
gks] rks (a) AC (b) BC
13.
N 1 Q N2 2 Q C=
1 2 N Q
Kkr dhft,A
D;k AC = BC gS\ vki D;k fu"d"kZ fudkyrs gSa\
LM −1 0 OP
L1
;fn A = MM1 − 2 PP , B = M2
−1 OP 3 8 LM OP
14.
N Q N 0
rFkk
Q C=
7 −1 N Q
gks] rks Kkr dhft,%

(a) B+C (b) A (B+C) (c) AB (d) AC (e) AB+AC

/;ku iwoZd ns[kus ls vki D;k ikrs gSa\
LM2 −1OP rFkk B = LM 2 −3OP ds fy, lR;kfir dhft, fd ( AB ) ' = B ' A '
vkO;wgksa A = 3
15.
N 4Q N −1 0 Q
26 xf.kr
 vkO;wg

L
A= M
−1 2 O L 3O ekWM;
~ y
w - VI
16. ;fn
N 2 −1PQ rFkk B = M P gks] rks ,slk vkO;wg X Kkr dhft, fd AX = B
N3Q chtxf.kr-II
gks A
LMa bOP LM1 0OP
;fn A= c d rFkk I= 1 0 gks] rks fn[kkb, fd A2_(a+d) A = (bc_ad) I
17.
N Q N Q
;fn A= M
L0 1OP rFkk B = LM0 1OP gks] rks D;k] ;g lR; gS fd fVIi.kh
18
N2 1Q N1 1Q
(a) (A+B)2 = A2+B2+2AB? (b) (A_B)2 =A2+B2_2AB?
(c) (A+B) (A_B) = A2_B2?

20-8 O;qRØe.kh; vkO;wg

ifjHkk"kk% 'A' ,d n Øe dk oxZ vkO;wg O;qRØe.kh; gksrk gS ;fn 'B' nwljk mlh Øe (n)
dk vkO;wg] bl rjg gS fd
AB = In = BA, tgk¡ In rRled (n dksfV dk½ vkO;wg gksA
bl rjg ds volj ij] A dk O;qRØe B gksrk gS rFkk A–1 = B fy[krs gSaA
izes; 1 : izR;sd O;qRØe.kh; vkO;wg dk ,d vf}rh; O;qRØe gksrk gSA
miifÙk % ekuk A ,d n Øe dk O;qRØe.kh; vkO;wg gSA
ekuk B, rFkk C vkO;wg A ds nks O;qRØe gSaA
rc AB = BA = In ...(i)
rFkk AC = CA = In ...(ii)
vc AB = In
⇒ C(AB) = C In ['C' ls igys xq.kk djus ij]
⇒ (CA) B = C In [lkgp;Z xq.k }kjk]
⇒ In B = C In (Q CA = In lehdj.k (ii) ls]
⇒ B=C [Q In B = B, C In = C]
vr% ,d O;qRØe.kh; vkO;wg dk ,d fo'ks"k ¼vf}rh;½ O;qRØe gksrk gSA
miizes; % ;fn A O;qRØe.kh; vkO;wg gks] rks (A–1)–1 = A
miifÙk % ge tkurs gSa fd A A–1 = I = A–1A
⇒ A, A–1 dk O;qRØe gqvk
vr% A = (A–1)–1
izes; 2% ,d oxZ vkO;wg rHkh O;qRØe.kh; gksxk tc og vO;qRØe.kh; ugha gSA
miifÙk% ekuk A ,d O;qRØe.kh; vkO;wg gSA rc B vkO;wg bl rjg gS fd AB = In = BA
⇒ |AB| = |In| ⇒ |A| |B| = 1 ⇒ |A| ≠ 0
⇒ A ,d O;qRØe.kh; vkO;wg gSA
xf.kr 27
 vkO;wg
ekWM~;wy - VI foykser % ekuk A, n dksfV dk ,d O;qRØe.kh; oxZ vkO;wg gSA
chtxf.kr-II rc
 1   1   1 
⇒ A adj A = In =  adj A A Q | A |≠ 0 ∴ dk eku gksxk 
|A|  |A|   |A| 
1
⇒ A –1 = adj A [O;qRØe dh ifjHkk"kk]
|A|
vr% A ,d O;qRØe.kh; vkO;wg gksxkA
fVIi.kh
fVIi.kh% ;g izes; O;qRØe.kh; oxZ vkO;wg dk O;qRØe tkuus ds fy, mi;ksxh gSA
A dk O;qRØe
1
A–1 = adj A
|A|

20-9 ,d vkO;wg ij izkjfEHkd :ikarj.k vFkok izkjfEHkd lafØ;k,¡

fuEu rhu lafØ;kvksa dk fdlh vkO;wg dh iafDr;ksa ¼LraHk½ ij iz;ksx izkjfEHkd iafDr ¼LraHk½
:ikarj.k dgykrk gSA
(i) nks iafDr;kssa ¼LraHkksa½ dks ijLij cnyuk
fdlh vkO;wg esa 'i' oha iafDr ¼LraHk½ dks 'j ' oha iafDr ¼LrEHk½ ls ijLij cnyus dks
Ri ↔ Rj (Ci ↔ Cj) ls fufnZ"V djrs gSaA
 2 1 3
mnkgj.kkFkZ] A =  −1 2 1  , rc R2 ↔ R3 dk fu:i.k djus ij
 3 2 4 
gesa B vkO;wg feyrk gS&
 2 1 3
B =  3 2 4 
 −1 2 1
(ii) fdlh vkO;wg ds fdlh iafDr ¼LraHk½ ds lHkh vo;oksa dks ,d 'kwU;sÙkj vfn'k ls xq.kk djus ij %
;fn 'i' oha iafDr ¼LraHk½ ds vo;oksa dks ,d 'kwU;srj vfn'k k, ls xq.kk fd;k tk, rks
mls Ri → k Ri [Ci → k Ci] ls fufnZ"V djrs gSa
mnkgj.kkFkZ %
 3 2 −1
;fn A =  0 1 2  , rc R1 → 2R1 ds fu:i.k djus ij fuEu B feyrk gSA
 −1 2 −3
 6 4 −2 
B =  0 1 2 
 −1 2 −3
28 xf.kr
 vkO;wg
(iii) fdlh iafDr ¼LraHk½ ds vo;oksa dks fdlh vU; iafDr ¼LraHk½ ds laxr vo;oksa dks fdlh ekWM;
~ y
w - VI
vfn'k ls xq.kk djds tksM+uk&bls Ri → Ri + kRj (Ci → Ci + k Cj) ls fu:i.k djrs chtxf.kr-II
gSaA

 2 1 3 1

;fn A = −1 −1 0 2  , ij R3 → R3 + 2R1 fu:fir djrs gSa rks gesa vkO;wg B feyrk gS
 
 0 1 3 1
 2 1 3 1
 −1 − 1 0 2
fVIi.kh
B=  
 4 3 9 3

20-10 izkjfEHkd lafØ;kvksa }kjk ,d vkO;wg dk O;qRØe

izkjfEHkd iafDr lafØ;kvksa ;k LraHk lafØ;kvksa] ijUrq nksuksa ,d lkFk ugha] iz;ksx djrs gq, ,d
vkO;wg dk O;qRØe izkIr dj ldrs gSa tcfd mldk vfLrRo gksA
ekuk 'A' n dksfV dk ,d O;qRØe.kh; oxZ vkO;wg gSA
;fn ge izkjfEHkd lafØ;kvksa }kjk A–1 izkIr djuk pkgrs gSa rks
A = In A fy[krs gSa ...(i)
,d izkfjEHkd iafDr lafØ;k esa nks vkO;wg ds xq.ku dks mlh izkjfEHkd iafDr lafØ;k ds
vfxze xq.ku[k.M ls izHkkfor fd;k tk ldrk gSA
ge izkjfEHkd iafDr lafØ;kvksa iz;ksx lehdj.k (i) ij rc rd djrs gSa tc rd ck;k¡
i{k In rFkk nk;k¡ i{k esa ¼laxr izkjfEHkd iafDr lafØ;kvksa dk iz;ksx In ds vfxze ¼iwoZ½ xq.ku
djus ds ckn½
ge ikrs gSa In = BA ...(ii)
bldk rkRi;Z vkO;wg A rFkk vkO;wg B ,d nwljs ds O;qRØe gSaA vr% A–1 = B
blh rjg ;fn ge pkgrs gSa A–1, izkjfEHkd LraHk lafØ;kvksa ds iz;ksx }kjk rks ge fy[krs gSa
a A = A In ...(iii)
vc (iii) ij izkjfEHkd LraHk lafØ;kvksa dk iz;ksx tc rd djrs gSa tc rd ck;k¡ i{k
In ugha gks tkrk nk;k¡ i{k ¼laxr izkjfEHkd LraHk lafØ;kvksa dk iz;ksx i'p xq.ku (post factor)
Inij djus ds ckn½ nk;k¡ i{k bl rjg gks tkrk gS
In = AB
rc A–1 = B
bl fof/k dks fuEu mnkgj.k }kjk le>k;k x;k gSA
mnkgj.k 20-23- izkjfEHkd LraHk lafØ;kvksa }kjk vkO;wg A dk O;qRØe Kkr dhft,A tgk¡
 2 −6 
A=  
 1 −2 
 2 −6   1 0
gy % A = A I2 ⇒   = A 0 1
 1 −2   
xf.kr 29
 vkO;wg
ekWM~;wy - VI 2 0  1 3
⇒  1 1 = A  0 1 C2 → C2 + 3C1 fu:fir djus ij
chtxf.kr-II    
 1 0 1 
⇒ 1  = A  2 3 C1 →
1
C fu:fir djus ij
 1   2 1
2   0 1

 −1 3
 1 0   1
fVIi.kh ⇒ 0 1 = A  1  C1 → C1 – 2 C2 fu:fir djus ij
  − 1
 2 
 −1 3 
⇒ I2 = AB, tgk¡ B =  1 
− 1
 2 
 −1 3 
 
vr% A–1 =  − 1 1
 2 
mnkgj.k 20-24- izkjfEHkd iafDr lafØ;kvksa }kjk vkO;wg A dk O;qRØe Kkr dhft,] tgk¡
 10 −2 
A= 
 −5 1
 10 −2   1 0 
gy % A = I2A ⇒  −5 = A
 1  0 1

 1  1 
 1 − 5  = 10 0  A 1
    R1 → R fu:fir djus ij
 −5 1  0 1 10 1

R2 → R2 + 5 R1 fu:fir djus ij]

1 
 1  0
 1 − 5  = 10 A
   1
0 0 1
 2 
tSlk fd vkO;wg ds ck;sa i{k esa ,d iafDr ds lHkh vo;o '0' gSaA vr% bl vkO;wg dk
O;qRØe ugha gks ldrk] D;ksafd ck;sa i{k ds vkO;wg dks rRled vkO;wg esa ugha cnyk tk
ldrkA
fVIi.kh% D;ksafd |A| = 0, vkO;wg vO;qRØe.kh; gSA
mnkgj.k 20-25- izkjfEHkd lafØ;kvksa }kjk vkO;wg A dk O;qRØe Kkr dhft, tgk¡
 3 −1 −2 
 
A =  2 0 −1
 3 −5 0 
30 xf.kr
 vkO;wg
 3 −1 −2   1 0 0  ekWM;
~ y
w - VI
gy : A= IA ;k  2 0 −1 = 0 1 0  A chtxf.kr-II
 3 −5 0  0 0 1
 1 −1 −1  1 −1 0 
⇒  2 0 −1 =  0 1 0  A , R1 → R1 – R2 fu:fir djus ij
   
 3 −5 0   0 0 1
 1 −1 −1  1 −1 0 
⇒  0 2 1 =  −2 3 0  A , R2 → R2 – 2R1, R3 → R3 – 3R1 fVIi.kh
    fu:fir djus ij
 0 −2 3  −3 3 1
 1 −1 −1
  1 −1 0 
1 
⇒ 0 1  = −1 3 2 0  A , R2 → ½R2 fu:fir djus ij
 2   
0 −2 3  −3 3 1
 
 1
 1 0 −  0 1 
2  2 0
  R1 → R1 + R2, R3 → R3 + 2R2
⇒ 0 1 1 2  =  −1 3 2 0  A ,
    fu:fir djus ij
0 0 
4  −5 6 1
 
 

 1 
1 0 − 2  0
1 0
2 
  
⇒ 0 1 1  = −1 3 0 A , R3 → ¼R3 fu:fir djus ij
 2 
 2   −5
 3 1
0 0 1  4 2

4
 −5 5 1 
 1 0 0  8 4 8 R1 → R1 + ½R3, R2 → R2 – ½R3
0 1 0  =  −3 3 −1  A ,
⇒    8 4 8 fu:fir djus ij
0 0 1  −5 3 1 
 4 2 4 
 −5 5 1 
 8 4 8
vr% A–1 =  −3 8 3 −1 
 4 8
 −5 3 1 
 4 2 4 

ns[ksa vkius fdruk lh[kk 20-6

1. fuEufyf[kr vkO;wgksa dk izkjfEHkd lafØ;kvksa }kjk O;qRØe Kkr dhft, %
7 1  1 6 5 10 
(a)  4 −3  (b)   (c)  
   −3 5 3 6 
xf.kr 31
 vkO;wg
ekWM~;wy - VI  1 3 −2   3 0 −1
 −3 0 −1
chtxf.kr-II (d)   (e)  2 3 0 
 2 1 0   0 4 1

C
1A
% +
vkb;s nksgjk,¡
• iafDr;ksa rFkk LraHkksa ds :i esa O;ofLFkr la[;kvksa ds ,d vk;rkdkj foU;kl dks vkO;wg dgk
tkrk gSA izR;sd la[;k dks vkO;wg dk ,d vo;o dgk tkrk gSA
fVIi.kh
• ,d ‘m’ iafDr;ksa rFkk ‘n’ LraHkksa okys vkO;wg dk Øe m × n gksrk gSA
• ;fn fdlh vkO;wg dh iafDr;kas dh la[;k mlds LraHkksa dh la[;k ds cjkcj gks] rks mls oxZ
vkO;wg dgk tkrk gSA
• ,d fod.kZ vkO;wg ,slk oxZ vkO;wg gksrk gS ftl esa fod.kZ ds vo;oksa dks NksM+ dj 'ks"k lHkh
vo;o 'kwU; gksrs gSaA
• fdlh Hkh Øe dk ,d bdkbZ vkO;wg mlh Øe dk ,d fod.kZ vkO;wg gksrk gS ftlesa izR;sd
fod.kZ dk vo;o 1 gksrk gSA
• 'kwU; vkO;wg ,d ,slk vkO;wg gksrk gS ftlds lHkh vo;o 'kwU; gksrs gSaA
• nks vkO;wgksa dks leku vkO;wg] dgk tkrk gS ;fn mudk Øe ,d gh gks rFkk muds laxr
vo;o cjkcj gksaA
• fdlh vkO;wg dk ifjorZ mldh iafDr;ksa rFkk blds LraHkksa dks ijLij cnyus ls izkIr gksrk gSA
• ,d vkO;wg A dks lefer vkO;wg dgrs gSa ;fn A′ = A gks] rFkk bls fo"ke lefer dgrs gSa
;fn A′ = _A gksA
• fdlh vkO;wg dh vfn'k ls xq.kk] mlds izR;sd vo;o dks vfn'k ls xq.kk djds izkIr dh tkrh
gSA
• nks vkO;wgksa ¼,d gh Øe okys½ dk ;ksx muds laxr vo;oksa dks tksM+us ls izkIr vkO;wg gksrk
gSA
• nks vkO;wgksa A rFkk B dk vUrj vkO;wg A rFkk vkO;wg B ds _.kkRed vkO;wg ds ;ksxQy ds
cjkcj gksrk gSA
• nks vkO;wgksa] m × n Øe ds vkO;wg A rFkk n × p Øe ds vkO;wg B dks xq.kuQy m × p, Øe
okyk ,d ,slk vkO;wg gksxk ftlds vo;oksa dks A dh iafDr;ksa ds vo;oksa dks B ds LraHkksa ds
laxr vo;oksa ls xq.kk djds tksM+us ij izkIr fd;k tkrk gSA

lgk;d osclkbV
• http://www.math.odu.edu/~bogacki/cgi-bin/lat.cgi?c=sys
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lsOsce_7gK8
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lYEdR8-u9qo
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sX6iWfQhM4w
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=slgM3nAEozM
32 xf.kr
 vkO;wg
ekWM;
~ y
w - VI
vkb, vH;kl djsa chtxf.kr-II
1. fuEufyf[kr Øe okys vkO;wgksa esa ls izR;sd ds vo;oksa dh la[;k Kkr dhft,%
(a) 2 × 1 (b) 3 × 2 (c) 3 × 3 (d) 3 × 4

2. ,d 3 × 2 Øe okys vkO;wg dk fuekZ.k dhft, ftlds vo;o aij fuEufyf[kr :i esa fn;s x;s
gSa%
3 fVIi.kh
(a) aij = i_2j (b) aij = 3i_j (c) aij = i+ j
2
3. vkO;wg dk Øe D;k gS\
LM 2 OP
A=M P
(a)
3 (b) B= 2 3 5
MN−1PQ
LM 2 3 OP
C= M
−1 0
P LM2 −1 5 OP
(c)
MN 0 1PQ
(d) D=
N7 6 1 Q
4. x, y rFkk z ds eku Kkr dhft,] ;fn

LM OP
x yL1 2O L x+y z O L6 5 O
(b) M
(a)
N Q = M
z 2N3 2PQ N6 x − y PQ = MN6 4PQ
LMx − 2 3 OP = LM 1 zOP (d) LM x + y y − zOP = LM3 −4OP
(c)
N 0 y + 5Q Ny + z 2Q Nz − 2x y − xQ N1 −1Q
L 1 −2 O L 2 4O
;fn A = M4 2 P rFkk B= M−1 4P gks] rks Kkr dhft,%
5.
N Q N Q _
(a) A+B (b) 2A (c) 2A B
6. vkO;wg X Kkr dhft, ;fn
LM 4 5OP + X = LM10 −2OP
(a)
N−3 6Q N 1 4 Q
LM1 −3 2OP + LM2 −1 1 OP + X = LM0 0 0 OP
(b)
N2 0 2Q N1 0 −1Q N0 0 0 Q
7. a rFkk b ds eku Kkr dhft, ftlls

LM3 −2 OP + La − b 2 − 2 O = LM6 0 0 OP
−1Q M N 4 a bPQ N5 2a + b 5Q
2
N1 0

xf.kr 33
 vkO;wg
ekWM~;wy - VI LM1 3 OP LM2 1 OP LM5 6 OP
chtxf.kr-II 8. vkO;wgksa A = MM05 7PQ
P MM3
2 ,B= 1 4
7PQ
P rFkk C= M
7
MN4
1
1PQ
P
N N
ds fy, lR;kfir dhft, fd A+(B+C) = (A+B)+C
1 3
 −1 1 2 2 4 
9. ;fn A =  rFkk B =  gks] rks AB rFkk BA Kkr dhft,A D;k
fVIi.kh  2 3 5  6 5 
AB = BA gS\

1 2 0 −2 
10. ;fn A =   rFkk B=  gks] rks AB rFkk BA Kkr dhft,A D;k
0 0 0 1
AB = BA gS\

 1 −3 −4 
 −1 3 4 
11. ;fn A =  gks] rks A2 Kkr dhft,A
 1 −3 −4 

1
12. ;fn A= 
2 LM
3 −1 0 OP rFkk C=
LM−2 0 3 OP
gks] rks
3 −1
,B=
0 1 2N Q N4 0 −3 Q
A (B+C) Kkr dhft,A

13. ;fn A =
LM1 −1OP rFkk LMx 1 OP gks] rks
N2 −1Q B=
Ny −1Q
rFkk (A+B)2 = A2 + B2 gks] rks x rFkk y ds eku Kkr dhft,A

14. fn[kkb, fd vkO;wg A =

LM−8 5OP
N 2 4Q
lehdj.k A2 + 4A_2I = O dks lUrq"V djrk gSA
Find intverse of the following matrces using elementary transformations:

0 1 2 
5 2  2 5  3 10   −3 5   
15.   16.   17.   18.   19. 1 2 3 
2 1  1 3 2 7   2 4  3 1 1 
2 0 1 2 3 1
   
20.  5 1 0  21.  2 4 1 
 0 1 3  3 7 2 
34 xf.kr
 vkO;wg
ekWM;
~ y
w - VI
mÙkjekyk chtxf.kr-II
ns[ksa vkius fdruk lh[kk 20.1

71O M65
L56 29 OP L40 25 O M
L 40 10 OP
LM56 65 2. M
35
1.
N29 37 57 PQ MM
;
37
57 PQ
P N10 P
8Q M
;M
35 5
8 PQ
P
N71 5
N25 fVIi.kh
LM4 6 3OP
3.
N4 3 5Q
4. (a) 6 (b) 12 (c) 8 (d) 12 (e) ab (f) mn
5. (a) 1 × 8; 2 × 4; 4 × 2; 8 × 1 (b) 1 × 5; 5 × 1
(c) 1 × 12; 2 × 6; 3 × 4 ; 4 × 3; 6 × 2; 12 × 1
(d) 1 × 16; 2 × 8; 4 × 4; 8 × 2; 16 × 1
6. (a) 4 (b) 5 (c) 4 × 5 (d) 20
_
(e) a14 = 0; a23= 7; a34 = 3; a 45 = 1 rFkk a33 = 3

LM1 1 1 OP  9 25 49 
LM0 −1 −2O M 2 3
4P
2 2 2 1 4LM 7 OP
0 −1P (b) M4 2 3 P (c) 8
 
(a) M P M P MM P
1 18 32  −1 2 5
7. (d)
MN2 1 0 PQ MM9 9 3 PP  252 492 81 
 −3 0 N 3PQ
N 2 Q 2 

LM4 7O L 5 10 O L 1 1O L 0 1O
8P (b) M10 20P (c) M2 4P
8. (a) M
5
MN6 P9P MM15 30PP MM3 9PP (d) MMM21 23PPP
Q N Q N Q N Q
ns[ksa vkius fdruk lh[kk 20.2
1. (a) G (b) B (c) A, D, E rFkk F (d) A, D rFkk F
(e) D rFkk F (f) F (g) C
_
2. (a) a = 2, b =10, c = 6, d= 2
(b) a = 2, b =3, c = 2, d=5

3 _ _
(c) a = , b = 2, c = 2, d = 4
2
3. ugha 4. ugha

xf.kr 35
 vkO;wg
ekWM~;wy - VI ns[ksa vkius fdruk lh[kk 20.3
chtxf.kr-II LM 7 1 OP LM −21 −3 OP
(a) M
L28 8 OP (b) LM−7 −2OP (c) M 2 3 P (d) M 2 −9 P
1.
N 8 12Q N−2 −3Q MN 1 2 PQ MN −3 2 PQ
L 0 −5 10OP (b) LM 0 3 −6 OP
(a) M
fVIi.kh
2.
N15 5 20Q N−9 −3 −12Q
LM0 −1 2 OP LM 0 1 −1OP LM 7 0 OP
(c) M
MN1 13 43 PPQ (d) M −3 −1
MN 2 2 −2PPQ MM−028 −714PP
3 3 2
3.
N Q
LM15 0 5 OP LM−12 0 −4 OP
(a) M P (b) M
MN 4 0 −20PPQ
4.
20 −10 0 −16 8 0
MN−5 0 25PQ
LM1 0 13 OP LM −3 0 −1OP
MM 4 −2 0PP M −2 1 0 P
2 2
(c) M 3 3
P (d) M 1 −5 P
MN −31 0 53 PQ M
N 2 2 PQ
0

LM 4 6OP LM1 0 0OP

(a) M
L OP (b) M10 8P (c) LM
2 4 1 4 − 6OP (d) M0 1 0P
5.
N−1 3Q MN 9 7PQ N−2 −1 9 Q MN0 0 1PQ
ns[ksa vkius fdruk lh[kk 20.4
L
(a) M
3 −2 O L 6 −3O L 3 −4 O L 6 −5O
1.
N8 4 PQ (b) MN13 6 PQ (c) MN14 8 PQ (d) MN19 10PQ
L 1 3 6OP (b) LM−1 −3 −6OP (c) LM 0 1 9 OP
(a) M
2.
N−5 3 5Q N 5 −3 −5Q N−9 2 10Q
L−4 −11 −15OP
(d) M
N11 −10 −10Q
LM0 −6 3OP LM 2 2 3 OP LM−2 −2 −3OP
3. (a) M P M
5 5 3 (b) 3 − 7 1
P
MN6 5 7PQ MN2 5 − 7PQ MN−2 −5 7 PPQ
(c) M
−3 7 −1

36 xf.kr
 vkO;wg
ekWM;
~ y
w - VI
LM 1 −14 9 OP LM0 0 OP chtxf.kr-II
(d) M P (a) M P
14 9 8 4.
0 0
MN16 15 14PQ MN0 0PQ

LM 2 1 0 OP LM0 0 0 OP LM0 0 0 OP
5. (a) M P (b) M P0P (c) M P0P
−1 −2 −3 0 0 0 0 0 0
MN 4 0 − 1 PQ MN0 0 Q MN0 0 Q fVIi.kh

 −17 −21 
LM2 18OP LM15 3 OP (c) LM17 OP 21  5

5 

6. (a)
N6 4 Q (b)
N21 27Q N27 Q 31
(d)  −27
 5
−31 
5 

LM 2 4 OP LM−1 2OP 1 1 6 LM
1 6 OP LM OP
(a) M
−4 (c) L 0 0 OP
7.
0
MN−1 P2P
3 (b) M
0
MN 1 P
P M
N6 −1 2
(d)
Q MM
0 −1 (e) 0 −1
PP MM PP
Q 0Q 0 2 N
0 2 Q N Q
ge ns[krs gSa fd (A+B)’= B’+A’
LM 0 2OP LM−1 3 OP LM−1 5 −1 8 OP LM OP
8. (a)
N −5 2 Q (b)
N0 −3 Q N
(c)
−5 −1
(d)
3 −7 Q N Q
(e) M
L −2 3O L −5 9O
0PQ
(f) M
N −8 N−16 −3PQ

ns[ksa vkius fdruk lh[kk 20.5

LM 0 OP 0 0
1. AB = −6 ; BA = M−4 P
−6 0 , AB ≠ BA
MN 2
3 0PQ

LM−3 13 −4OP
L OP ; BA = M 1 −1 −2P , AB ≠ BA
AB = M
2 2
2.
N 1 − 6Q MN 2 −6 0 PQ
L
AB = M
ax ay az O
3.
Nbx by bzPQ ; BA dk vfLrRo ugha gSA
L−2O
BA = M P ; AB dk vfLrRo ugha gSA
4.
N −1Q
xf.kr 37
 vkO;wg
ekWM~;wy - VI 5. nksuksa AB rFkk BA ds vfLrRo ugha gSaA AB dk vfLrRo blfy, ugha gS D;ksafd A ds LraHkksa
chtxf.kr-II dh la[lk B dh iafDr;ksa dh la[;k ds cjkcj ugha gSA BA dk vfLrRo blfy, ugha gS
D;ksafd B ds LraHkksa dh la[;k A dh iafDr;ksa dh la[;k ds cjkcj ugha gSaA

MLN6 15POQ ; BA = MLN 4 17POQ

0 5 −2 −1
6. AB = ; AB ≠ BA

fVIi.kh
LM 4 −3
M
7 OP
L16 −8 −11PO
7. AB = MN
3 17 24
14 −13 17
; BA = M PQ
MN10 21 11 PPQ
16 11 3 ; AB ≠ BA.

L10 0 PO ; BA = ML10 0 PO ; AB ≠ BA.

AB = M
8.
N 0 −1_Q N 0 −_1Q
9. (a) x = 3, y = 1 (b) x = 1, y = 2

LM PO
−14 18 LM PO
−14 18 LM PO
2 6
12. (a)
N Q 2 6
(b)
N Q 2 6
(c)
0N Q3

LM PO
2 6 LM PO
5 0 LM PO
−2 − 3
(d)
N Q
0 3
(e)
N Q
7 8
(f)
9N Q 15

MLN4 8POQ MLN4 8POQ

1 2 1 2
13. (a) (b) ; AC= BC

;gka] A ≠ B rFkk C ≠ O, fQj Hkh AC = BC

vFkkZr~ mHk;fu"B 'kwU;srj xq.ku[kaM dks lehdj.k ds nksuksa i{kksa ls dkV nsus dk fu;e
vkO;wgksa esa ykxw ugha gksrkA

L 4 7O L −4 −7 OP MLN−3 −1POQ MLN−11 10 POQ

N9 −1PQ (b) MN−14
−1 1 −3 −8
(a) M
14.
9 Q (c) (d)

L −4 −7PO
(e) M
N−14 9 Q
ge ns[krs gSa fd A(B + C) = AB + AC

L 3O
x= M P 18. (a) ugha (b) ugha (c) ugha
16.
N3Q
38 xf.kr
 vkO;wg
ns[ksa vkius fdruk lh[kk 20.6 ekWM;
~ y
w - VI
chtxf.kr-II
1 3 1  1  5 −6 
1. (a) (b) (c) does not exist
25  4 −7  23 3 1 

 1 −2 −3  3 −4 3 
(d)  −2 4 7  (e)  −2 3 −2 
   
 −3 5 9   8 12 9 
fVIi.kh

vkb, vH;kl djsa

1. (a) 2 (b) 6 (c) 9 (d) 12

LM 5 OP
LM−1 −3 OP LM2 1 OP MM 27
4
P
5P
MM 1
2. (a) 0 −2
P (b)
MM85 4
7PQ
P (c)
MM 29 PP
N −1PQ N
NM 2 6
QP
3. (a) 3 × 1 (b) 1 × 3 (c) 3 × 2 (d) 2 × 3
_
4. (a) x = 1, y = 2, z = 3 (b) x = 5, y = 1, z = 5 (c) x = 3, y = 3 z = 3
(d) x = 2, y = 1, z = 5

3 2   2 −4   0 −8 
5. (a)   (b)   (c)  
3 6  8 4  9 0 

L
6. (a) M
6 −7 OP LM−3 4 −3 OP
N4 −2 Q
(b)
N −3 0 −1Q
3 _3
7. a = b=
2 2

L 5 10 17 O
9. AB = M
L13 11OP ; BA = MM6 14 24PP ; AB ≠ BA
N38 43Q MN4 21 37PQ
10. AB = M
L0 0OP ; BA = LM0 0OP ; AB = BA
N0 0Q N0 0Q
LM0 0 0OP
11. M
MN0 0 0PPQ
0 0 0

xf.kr 39
 vkO;wg
ekWM~;wy - VI
LM9 1 1 OP
chtxf.kr-II 12.
N−1 −4 10 Q
13. x = 1, y = − 4.

 1 −2   3 −5
15.   16.  
 −2 5   −1 2 
 7 −10  1  −4 5 
17.   22  2 3
18.
fVIi.kh  −3 3 
 1 −1 0   3 −1 1 
   
19.  −2 3 −4  20.  −15 6 −5
 −2 3 −3  5 −2 2 

 1 1 −1
 
21.  −1 1 0 
 2 −5 2 

40 xf.kr
 lkjf.kd rFkk blds vuqiz;ksx
ekWM;
~ y
w - VI
chtxf.kr-I

fVIi.kh
21
lkjf.kd rFkk blds vuqiz;ksx

izR;sd oxZ vkO;wg ,d vf}rh; la[;k ls lEcfU/kr gS&;g la[;k lkjf.kd dgykrh gSA
bl ikB esa ge lkjf.kd ds fHkUu&fHkUu xq.kksa ¼xq.k/keks±½ dk v/;;u djsaxsA

mís';
bl ikB ds v/;;u ds ckn vki fuEufyf[kr esa leFkZ gks tk,saxs %
• ,d oxZ vkO;wg ds lkjf.kd dks ifjHkkf"kr djuk
• ,d vkO;wg ds vo;oksa ds milkjf.kd rFkk lg[kaM ifjHkkf"kr djuk
• vkO;wg ds vo;oksa ds milkjf.kd rFkk lg[kaM Kkr djuk
• lkjf.kdksa ds xq.k fy[kuk
• vf/kd&ls&vf/kd 3 Øe okys lkjf.kdksa ds eku Kkr djuk

iwoZ Kku
• lehdj.kksa ds gy dk Kku
• la[;k fudk; ¼lfEeJ la[;kvksa lfgr½ dk Kku
• la[;kvksa vkSj O;atdksa ij pkj ekSfyd lafØ;k,¡

xf.kr 41
 lkjf.kd rFkk blds vuqiz;ksx
ekWM~;wy - VI 21.1 dksfV ¼Øe½ 2 ds lkjf.kd
chtxf.kr-I vkb, uhps fn;s x;s jSf[kd lehdj.k fudk; ij fopkj djsa %
a1 x + b1 y = c1
a2 x + b2 y = c2
bl lehdj.k fudk; dks x rFkk y ds fy, gy djus ij]
b2 c1 − b1c2 ac −a c
x= rFkk y = 1 2 2 1 tcfd a b − a b ≠ 0
fVIi.kh a1b2 − a2b1 a1b2 − a2b1 1 2 2 1

la[;k a1 b2 − a2 b1 ;g Kkr djrh gS fd x rFkk y ds eku gSa ;k ugha

la[;k a1 b2 − a2 b1 lkjf.kd dk eku dgykrk gS rFkk bls ge
a1 a 2
= a1 b2 − a2 b1 }kjk n'kkZrs gSaA
b1 b2
21.2 dksfV 2 ds lkjf.kd dk foLrkj
Øe 2 ds lkjf.kd dks foLr`r :i esa fy[kus dk fu;e uhps fn;k x;k gS %
a11 a12
lkjf.kd, a a , ftlesa a11 izFke iafDr rFkk izFke LrEHk dk vo;o gS]
21 22

a12 izFke iafDr rFkk f}rh; LrEHk dk vo;o gS]

a21 f}rh; iafDr rFkk izFke LrEHk dk vo;o gS]
a22 f}rh; iafDr rFkk f}rh; LrEHk dk vo;o gS
ds vo;oksa dks fuEu izdkj ls fyf[k, %
a 11 a 12
a 21 a 22
rhj ds fu'kku }kjk tqM+s vo;oksa dks xq.kk dhft,A tks rhj dk fu'kku uhps dh vksj tkrk gS
tSls a11 a22 og /kukRed gksxk rFkk ftl xq.kuQy esa rhj dk fu'kku Åij dh vksj tkrk gS
og _.kkRed gksxk tSls fd − a21 a12 A
bu nksuksa xq.kuQyksa dk ;ksx vFkkZr~ a11 a22 +( − a21.a12) ;k a11 a22 − a21 a12 fn, x, lkjf.kd
dk okafNr eku gSA
mnkgj.k 21.1. eku Kkr dhft, %
6 4 a + b 2b x2 + x + 1 x + 1
(i) (ii) (iii) 2
8 2 2a a + b x − x +1 x −1
gy%
6 4
(i) = (6 × 2) − (8 × 4) = 12 − 32 = − 20
8 2
a + b 2b
(ii) = (a + b) (a + b) − (2a) (2b)
2a a +b
= a2 + 2ab + b2 − 4ab = a2 + b2 − 2ab = (a _ b)2
42 xf.kr
 lkjf.kd rFkk blds vuqiz;ksx
ekWM~;wy - VI
x2 + x + 1 x + 1
(iii) = (x2 + x + 1) (x _ 1) − (x2 _ x + 1) (x + 1) chtxf.kr-I
x2 − x + 1 x − 1
= (x3 _ 1) – (x3 + 1) = _2
mnkgj.k 21.2. x dk eku Kkr dhft, ;fn %
x−3 x 2x − 1 2x + 1
(i) = 6 gksA (ii) = 0 gksA
x +1 x + 3 x + 1 4x + 2
fVIi.kh
gy %
x−3 x
(i) = (x _ 3) (x + 3) − x (x + 1) = (x2 _ 9) _x2 _ x = _ x _ 9
x +1 x + 3
iz'u ds vuqlkj] _ x _ 9 = 6 ⇒ x = _15
2x − 1 2x + 1
(ii) = (2x _ 1) (4x + 2) _ (x + 1) (2x + 1)
x + 1 4x + 2
= 8x2 + 4x _ 4x _ 2 _ 2x2 _ x _ 2x _ 1
= 6x2 _ 3x _3 = 3(2x2 _ x _1)
iz'u ds vuqlkj] 3(2x2 _ x _ 1) = 0
;k] 2x2 _ x _1 = 0 ;k] 2 x 2 − 2 x + x − 1 = 0
;k] 2x (x _1) +1(x _1) = 0 ;k] (2x + 1) (x _1)= 0
1
;k] x = 1, −
2

21.3 dksfV 3 dk lkjf.kd

a1 b1 c1
O;atd a2 b2 c2 esa 9 jkf'k;k¡ a , b , c , a , b , c , a , b rFkk c gSa ftUgsa 3 iafDr;ksa rFkk
1 1 1 2 2 2 3 3 3
a3 b3 c3

3 LrEHkksa esa O;ofLFkr fd;k x;k gSA dksfV 3 ds lkjf.kd esa (3)2 = 9 vo;o gSaA

dksfV 3 ds lkjf.kd dks nksgjs iknkadksa dk iz;ksx djrs gq, ge bl izdkj fy[krs gSa %
a11 a12 a13
a21 a22 a23
a31 a32 a33

,d lkjf.kd dks izk;% ge ∆ ;k |A|, |B| bR;kfn }kjk n'kkZrs gSaA

xf.kr 43
 lkjf.kd rFkk blds vuqiz;ksx
ekWM~;wy - VI ∆ = |aij| tcfd i = 1] 2] 3] rFkk j = 1] 2] 3 gSA

chtxf.kr-I 21.4 ,d oxZ vkO;wg dk lkjf.kd

izR;sd oxZ vkO;wg ds fy, ge ,d laxr lkjf.kd dks lEc) djrs gSaA
1 × 1 vkO;wg [a], ds fy, ge dksfV 1 ds lkjf.kd] ftlesa dsoy ,d vo;o a gksrk gS] dks
lEc) djrs gSaA bl lkjf.kd dk eku a gSA
LMa 11 a12 OP
;fn A= a a dksbZ dksfV 2 dk vkO;wg gS] rks O;atd a111a22 _ a21a12 dksfV 2
fVIi.kh
21 22 N Q
dk lkjf.kd dgykrk gSA bls ge
a11 a12
_
a22 = a11a22 a21a12 }kjk n'kkZrs gSaA
A=
a21
LMa 11 a12 a13 OP a11 a12 a13
3 × 3 vkO;wg M PP
a a22 a23 , ds lkFk ge lkjf.kd a21 a22 a23 dks lEc) djrs gSa
MNa
21

31 a32 a33 Q a31 a32 a33

rFkk bldk eku gS

a22 a23 a21 a23 a21 a22
a11 × + (_1) a12 × + a13
a32 a33 a31 a33 a31 a32
LM3 6OP
mnkgj.k 21.3. ;fn A = 1 5 gks] rks |A| Kkr dhft,A
N Q
3 6 _
gy % |A| = 1 5 = 3 × 5 1 × 6 = 15 _ 6 = 9

mnkgj.k 21.4.
L a +b
;fn A= M b
a OP
gks] rks |A| Kkr dhft,A
N a −b Q
a +b a
gy % |A| = = (a + b) (a _ b) _ b × a = a2 _ b2 _ ab
b a −b
fVIi.kh% 1. ,dkad vkO;wg I dk lkjf.kd 1 gksrk gSA
2. ,d oxZ vkO;wg ftldk lkjf.kd 'kwU; gksrk gS] vO;qRØe.kh; (Singular) vkO;wg
dgykrk gSA
21.5 dksfV 3 ds lkjf.kd dk eku
[k.M 21.4 esa geus fy[kk gS fd
a11 a12 a13
a21 a22 a23 = a a22 a23 a21 a23 a21 a22
× + (_1)a12 × + a13 ×
11 a32 a33 a31 a33 a31 a32
a31 a32 a33
44 xf.kr
 lkjf.kd rFkk blds vuqiz;ksx
ftl dk vkxs bl izdkj foLrkj fd;k tk ldrk gS % ekWM;
~ y
w - VI
a11 a12 a13 chtxf.kr-I
a21 a22 a23 = a11 (a22 a33 − a32 a23 ) − a12 (a21a33 − a31a23 ) + a13 (a21a32 − a22 a31 )
a31 a32 a33
= a11a22 a33 + a12 a23a31 + a13a21a32 − a11a23a32 − a12 a21a33 − a13a22 a31
ge ns[krs gSa fd foLrkj dh mijksDr fof/k esa] ge izFke iafDr ds izR;sd vo;o dks] dksfV 2 ds
ml lkjf.kd ls xq.kk djrs gSa tks ml iafDr rFkk LrEHk dks gVkus ij izkIr gksrk gS ftlesa og fVIi.kh
vo;o gSA
/;ku nhft, fd vo;o a11, a12, a13 dks Øe'k% /kukRed] _.kkRed rFkk /kukRed fpg~u fn, x,
gSaA nwljs 'kCnksa esa mUgsa /kukRed fpg~u ls vkjEHk dj ,dkUrjr% /kukRed rFkk _.kkRed fpg~u
nsrs gSaA ;fn vo;o ds iknkadksa dk ;ksx lela[;k gks] rks ge /kukRed fpg~u yxkrs gSa rFkk ;fn
fo"ke la[;k gks] rks ge _.kkRed fpg~u yxkrs gSaA blfy, a11 dks /kukRed fpg~u fn;k x;k gSA
fVIi.kh% ge lkjf.kd dk foLrkj mldh fdlh Hkh iafDr ;k LrEHk }kjk dj ldrs gSaA lkjf.kd dk
ogh eku gksxk pkgs ge mldk foLrkj izFke iafDr ;k izFke LrEHk vFkok fdlh vU; iafDr ;k LrEHk
}kjk djsaA gesa dsoy ;g /;ku j[kuk gS fd Åij fn, x, fu;e ds vuqlkj fpg~u yxkus gSaA
mnkgj.k 21.5. fuEu lkjf.kd dk foLrkj izFke iafDr ds iz;ksx }kjk dhft, %
1 2 3
2 4 1
3 2 5
1 2 3
4 1 2 1 2 4
gy % ∆ = 2 4 1 = 1 × 2 5 _ 2 × 3 5 + 3 × 3 2
3 2 5
= 1 × (20 _ 2) _ 2 × (10 _3) + 3 × (4 _ 12) = 18 _ 14 _ 24 = _20
mnkgj.k 21.6. fuEu lkjf.kd dk foLrkj nwljs LrEHk ds iz;ksx }kjk dhft, %
1 2 3
3 1 2
2 3 1
1 2 3
3 2 1 3 _ 1 3
gy% ∆ = 3 1 2 = (_1) × 2 +1 × + ( 1) × 3
3 2
2 1 2 1
2 3 1
= _2 × (3 _ 4) + 1 × (1 _ 6) _3 × (2 _ 9)
= 2 _ 5 + 21
= 18

xf.kr 45
 lkjf.kd rFkk blds vuqiz;ksx
ekWM~;wy - VI
chtxf.kr-I ns[ksa vkius fdruk lh[kk 21.1
1. |A| Kkr dhft, ;fn
LM2 + 3 5 OP LM cosα sin α OP
(a) A =
N 2 2 − 3Q (b) A =
N− sin α cos α Q

(c) A = M
L sin α + cos β cos β + cos α O LMa + bi c + diOP
fVIi.kh
Ncosβ − cosα sin α − sin β PQ (d)
Nc − di a − bi Q
2. Kkr dhft, fd fuEu esa ls dkSu&dkSu ls vkO;wg vO;qRØe.kh; gSa %
LM 5 5 1 OP LM−2 −3 1 OP LM2 3 0 OP LM1 2 3 OP
(a) M P1P (b) M P1P (c) M P1P (d) M P5P
−5 1 1 3 2 1 3 0 1 3 −1 2
NM10 7 Q NM −1 −8 Q NM0 2 Q NM4 1 Q
3. fuEu esa ls izR;sd lkjf.kd dk izFke iafDr ls foLrkj dhft, %
2 3 1 2 1 −5 a b c x y z
1 2 3 0 −3 0 b d e 1 2 1
(a) (b) (c) (d)
3 2 1 4 2 −1 c e f 2 3 2

21.6 milkjf.kd rFkk lg[k.M

21.6.1 |A| esa vo;o aij dk milkjf.kd
fdlh lkjf.kd ds izR;sd vo;o ds laxr ,d la[;k gksrh gS ftls ml vo;o dk milkjf.kd
dgrs gSaA fdlh lkjf.kd dk milkjf.kd og la[;k gS tks ml vo;o dh iafDr rFkk LrEHk
dks NksM+us ij ¼ftlesa og vo;o vkrk gS½ 'ks"k lkjf.kd dk eku gksrk gS bl izdkj |A| esa fdlh
vo;o aij dk milkjf.kd ml lkjf.kd dk og eku gS tks mldh ioha iafDr rFkk josa LrEHk dks
gVkdj izkIr gksrk gSA aij ds milkjf.kd dks Mij. }kjk fu:fir fd;k tkrk gSA mnkgj.kkFkZ
3 2
lkjf.kd esa 3 dk milkjf.kd 7 gSA
5 7
mnkgj.k 21.7. fuEufyf[kr lkjf.kd ds vo;oksa ds milkjf.kd Kkr dhft, %
a11 a12 a13
a
|A| = 21
a22 a23
a31 a32 a33
gy % eku yhft, fd aij dk milkjf.kd Mij. }kjk fu:fir gksrk gSA vc a11 izFke iafDr rFkk
izFke LrEHk dk vo;o gSA vr% a11 dk milkjf.kd Kkr djus ds fy, gesa |A| dh izFke iafDr
rFkk izFke LrEHk dks NksM+uk gksxkA
a11 ds milkjf.kd M11 dk eku uhps fn;k x;k gS%
a22 a23
M11 = = a22a33 _ a32a23
a32 a33
46 xf.kr
 lkjf.kd rFkk blds vuqiz;ksx
blh izdkj a12 ds milkjf.kd M12 dk eku gS % ekWM;
~ y
w - VI
a21 a23 a21 a22 chtxf.kr-I
M12 = = a21a33 _ a23a31 ; blh izdkj] M13 = = a21a32 _ a31a22
a31 a33 a31 a32
a12 a13 a11 a13
M21 = = a12a33 _ a32a13 ; M22 = = a11a33_ a31a13
a32 a33 a31 a33
a11 a12
M23 = = a11a32_ a31a12 fVIi.kh
a31 a32
blh izdkj ge M31, M32 rFkk M33 Kkr dj ldrs gSaA
21.6.2 |A| esa aij ds lg[k.M
|A| ds fdlh vo;o aij dk lg[k.M] blds milkjf.kd Mij dks (_1)i+j }kjk xq.kk djus ij izkIr
gksrk gSA bls izk;% Cij }kjk O;Dr fd;k tkrk gSA
vr% aij dk lg[k.M = Cij = (_1)i+j Mij
a11 a12 a13
mnkgj.k a
21.8. |A| = 21
a22 a23 esa vo;oksa a , a rFkk a ds lg[k.M Kkr dhft,A
11 12 21
a31 a32 a33

gy % fdlh vo;o aij dk lg[k.M (_1)i+j Mij gksrk gSA

C11 = (_1)1+1 M11 = (_1)2 (a22 a33 _ a32 a23) = (a22 a33 _ a32 a23)
C12 = (_1)1+2 M12 = _M12 = _ (a21 a33 _ a31 a23) = (a31a23_ a21a33)
rFkk C = (_1)2+1 M = _M = (a a _ a a )
21 21 21 32 13 12 33

mnkgj.k 21.9. uhps fn;s x, lkjf.kd esa] nwljh iafDr ds vo;oksa ds lg[k.M Kkr dhft,%
1 6 3
|A| = 5 2 4
7 0 8
gy : nwljh iafDr ds vo;o gSa % a21=5; a22=2; a23=4.
6 3
a21 vFkkZr~ 5 dk milkjf.kd M21 = = 48 _ 0 = 48
0 8
1 3
a22 vFkkZr~ 2 dk milkjf.kd M22 = = 8 _ 21 = _13
7 8
1 6
rFkk a23 vFkkZr~ 4 dk milkjf.kd = = 0 _ 42 = _ 42 laxr lg[k.M gSa %
7 0
C21 = (_1)2+1M21= _(48) = _48 C22 = (_1)2+2M22= +(_13) = _13

rFkk C23 = (_1)2+3M23= _(_42) = 42

xf.kr 47
 lkjf.kd rFkk blds vuqiz;ksx
ekWM~;wy - VI
chtxf.kr-I ns[ksa vkius fdruk lh[kk 21.2
1. lkjf.kd dh nwljh iafDr ds vo;oksa ds milkjf.kd rFkk lg[k.M Kkr dhft,A
1 2 3
−4 3 6
2 −7 9
fVIi.kh 2. lkjf.kd ds rhljs LrEHk ds vo;oksa ds milkjf.kd rFkk lg[k.M Kkr dhft,A
2 3 2
1 2 1
3 1 2
3. lg[k.Mksa ds mi;ksx }kjk fuEu esa ls izR;sd lkjf.kd dk eku Kkr dhft,%
2 1 0 −1 0 1 3 4 5
(a) 1 0 2 (b) 0 1 −1 (c) −6 2 −3
3 −4 3 1 −1 0 8 1 7
1 a bc b+c a a 1 a b+c
(d) 1 b ca (e) b c+a b (f) 1 b c + a
1 c ab c c a +b 1 c a +b
4. fuEufyf[kr lehdj.kksa dks x ds fy;s gy dhft, %
x 0 0 x 3 3 x2 x 1
(a) 1 2 3 =0 (b) 3 3 x =0 (c) 0 2 1 = 28
1 0 2 2 3 3 3 1 4

21.7 lkjf.kd ds xq.k

vc ge lkjf.kd ds xq.kksa dh ppkZ djsaxsA ;s xq.k lkjf.kd dk eku Kkr djus esa mi;ksxh fl)
gksrs gSaA
xq.k 1 % fdlh lkjf.kd dh iafDr;ksa rFkk LrEHkksa dks ijLij cnyus nsus ls lkjf.kd dk eku
vifjofrZr jgrk gSA
2 −1 3
eku yhft, fd ∆ = 0 −3 0
4 2 −1
izFke LrEHk ls lkjf.kd dk foLrkj djus ij ge izkIr djrs gS%
−3 0 −1 3 −1 3
∆= −0 +4 = 2 (3_0) _ 0 (1_ 6) + 4 (0+9) = 6 + 36 = 42
2 −1 2 −1 −3 0

48 xf.kr
 lkjf.kd rFkk blds vuqiz;ksx
eku yhft, fd ∆′ og lkjf.kd gS tks ∆ dh iafDr;ksa rFkk LrEHkksa dks ijLij ifjofrZr djus ls ekWM;
~ y
w - VI
chtxf.kr-I
2 0 4
izkIr gksrk gSA rc ∆′ =
−1 −3 2
3 0 −1
/;ku nhft, fd fdlh lkjf.kd dk foLrkfjr :i fdlh Hkh iafDr ;k LrEHk dk mi;ksx djds
gy fd;k tk ldrk gSA
vr% ∆′ dk LrEHk 2 vFkkZr C2 }kjk foLrkj djus ij fVIi.kh

−1 2 2 4 2 4
( −) 0 + (−3) + ( −) 0 = 0 + (_3) (_2_12) + 0 = 42
3 −1 3 −1 −1 2

vr% ge ikrs gSa fd ∆ = ∆′

xq.k 2 % ;fn fdlh lkjf.kd dh nks layXu iafDr;ksa ;k nks layXu LrEHkksa dks ijLij cny nsa]
rks lkjf.kd ds eku dk fpg~u cny tkrk gS ijUrq mldk okLrfod eku ugha cnyrkA
2 3 1
eku yhft, fd ∆ = 1 2 3
3 1 2
lkjf.kd dk izFke iafDr ls foLrkj djus ij
2 3 1 3 1 2
∆=2 _3 +1 = 2 (4 _ 3) _ 3 (2 _ 9) + 1 (1 _ 6) = 2 + 21_ 5 = 18
1 2 3 2 3 1

ekuk C1 rFkk C2 dks ijLij cnyus ij lkjf.kd ∆′ izkIr gksrk gS

3 2 1
rc] ∆′ = 2 1 3
1 3 2
lkjf.kd ∆′ dk foLrkj izFke iafDr ls djus ij]
1 3 2 3 2 1
∆= 3 −2 +1 = 3 (2 _ 9) _ 2(4 _ 3) + 1(6 _ 1) = _21 _ 2 + 5 = _18
3 2 1 2 1 3

vr% ge ns[krs gSa fd ∆′ = _ ∆

miizes; ;fn fdlh lkjf.kd esa dksbZ iafDr ¼;k LrEHk½ ml lkjf.kd dh n iafDr;ksa ¼;k LrEHkksa½
dks ikj djrk gS rks ifj.kkeh lkjf.kd ∆′ dk eku ∆′ = (_1)n ∆ gksxkA
2 3 5 1 5 6
mnkgj.kkFkZ
1 5 6 = (_1)2 0 4 2 = 2 (10 _ 24) _3 (2 _ 0) + 5(4)
0 4 2 2 3 5
= _28 _ 6 + 20 = _14
xf.kr 49
 lkjf.kd rFkk blds vuqiz;ksx
ekWM~;wy - VI xq.k 3 % ;fn fdlh lkjf.kd dh nks iafDr;k¡ ¼;k LrEHk½ leku gksa] rks lkjf.kd dk eku 'kwU;
chtxf.kr-I gksrk gSA
a1 a1 c1

miifÙk % eku yhft, fd ∆ = a2 a2 c2 ,d fn;k x;k lkjf.kd gSA

a3 a3 c3
vkb, izFke vkSj nwljs LrEHk dks ijLij cny dj ,d u;k lkjf.kd ∆′ izkIr djsa
a1 a1 c1
fVIi.kh
a2 a2 c2
∴ ∆′ =
a3 a3 c3
ijUrq izes;&2 }kjk lkjf.kd dk fpg~u cny tkrk gS ;fn mldh nks layXu iafDr;ksa ¼;k LrEHkksa½
dks ijLij cny fn;k tk,A
∴ ∆′ = −∆
bl izdkj ge ns[krs gS fd ∆ = −∆
;k 2∆ = 0 ⇒ ∆ = 0

vr% ;fn fdlh lkjf.kd dh nks iafDr;k¡ ¼;k LrEHk½ leku gksa rks lkjf.kd dk eku 'kwU; gksrk gSA
xq.k 4 % fdlh lkjf.kd dh fdlh iafDr ¼;k LrEHk½ ds izR;sd vo;o dks ;fn fdlh fLFkjkad
k ≠ 0 ls xq.kk fd;k tk, rks lkjf.kd dk eku k xq.kk gks tkrk gSA
2 1 −5
ekuk ∆ = 0 −3 0
4 2 −1
igyh iafDr }kjk foLrkj djus ij]
_ _ _ _ _ _
∆ = 2(3 0) 1 (0 0) + ( 5) (0 + 12 ) = 6 60 = 54
vc ge rhljs LrEHk dks 4 ls xq.kk djrs gSaA ekuk u;k lkjf.kd ∆′ gSA
2 1 −20
∆′ = 0 −3 0
4 2 −4
∆′ dk izFke iafDr ls foLrkj djus ij]
_ _ _ _
∆′ = 2 (12 0) 1 (0 0) + ( 20) (0 + 12)
_ _ _
= 24 240 = 216 = 4 × ( 54) = 4 ∆
miizes;% ;fn fdlh lkjf.kd dh nks iafDr;ka ¼;k LrEHk½ lekuqikrh gksa] rks ml dk eku 'kwU; gksrk
gSA
a1 b1 ka1
miifÙkekuk a b2 ka2
miifÙk ∆ = 2
a3 b3 ka3
;gka ij rhljs LrEHk ds vo;o igys LrEHk ds laxr vo;oksa dk k xquk gSa
50 xf.kr
 lkjf.kd rFkk blds vuqiz;ksx
a1 b1 a1 ekWM;
~ y
w - VI
a b2 a2 chtxf.kr-I
xq.k 4 }kjk] ∆=k 2
a3 b3 a3
=k × 0 ¼xq.k 3 }kjk½
=0
xq.k 5 % ;fn fdlh lkjf.kd dh dksbZ iafDr ;k LrEHk nks ;k vf/kd inksa ds :i esa gks rks ml
lkjf.kd dks mlh dksfV ds nks ;k vf/kd lkjf.kdksa ds ;ksx ds :i esa fy[kk tk ldrk gSA
fVIi.kh
a1 + α b1 + β c1 + γ

miifÙk% ekuk ∆ = a2 b2 c2
a3 b3 c3
rks izFke iafDr ls foLr`r djus ij
∆ = (a1 + α )(b2 c3 − b3 c2 ) − (b1 + β )(a2 c3 − a3 c2 ) + (c1 + γ )(a2 b3 − a3 b2 )
= a1 (b2 c3 − b3c2 ) − b1 ( a2 c3 − a3c2 ) + c1 ( a2b3 − a3b2 ) + α (b2 c3 − b3c2 )

−β( a2 c3 − a3c2 ) + γ (a2b3 − a3b2 )

a1 b1 c1 α β γ
= a2 b2 c2 + a2 b2 c2
a3 b3 c3 a3 b3 c3
vr% lkjf.kd ∆ dks mlh dksfV ds nks lkjf.kdksa ds ;ksxQy ds :i esa O;Dr fd;k tk ldrk gSA
xq.k 6 % ;fn fdlh lkjf.kd dh fdlh iafDr ¼;k LrEHk½ ds izR;sd vo;o esa fdlh nwljh iafDr
¼;k LrEHk½ ds laxr vo;o dk k xq.kk tksM+ fn;k tk; rks lkjf.kd dk eku ugha cnyrkA
a1 b1 c1
mIkifÙk eku yhft, fd ∆ = a2 b2 c2
a3 b3 c3

R1ds izR;sd vo;o esa] R3 dk k xq.kk laxr vo;o tksM+us ij vFkkZr R1 → R1 + kR3

a1 + ka3 b1 + kb3 c1 + kc3

∆′ = a2 b2 c2
eku yhft, fd
a3 b3 c3

a1 b1 c1 ka3 kb3 kc3

rc a b2
∆′ = 2
c2 + a2 b2 c2
a3 b3 c3 a3 b3 c3

xf.kr 51
 lkjf.kd rFkk blds vuqiz;ksx
ekWM~;wy - VI a1 b1 c1 a3 b3 c3
chtxf.kr-I ∆′ = a 2 b2 c2 + k a2 b2 c2
;k
a3 b3 c3 a3 b3 c3
;k ∆′ = ∆ + k × 0 ¼D;ksafd iafDr 1 vkSj iafDr 3 leku gSaA½
∴ ∆′ = ∆

fVIi.kh
21.8 xq.kksa ds iz;ksx }kjk lkjf.kd dk eku
vc ge mi;qZDr xq.kksa ds iz;ksx ls ,d lkfj.kd dk lqfo/kk iwoZd eku Kkr djus dh fLFkfr esa gSaA
fdlh lkjf.kd dks ljyre :i esa ykus dk vfHkizk; fdlh iafDr ¼;k LrEHk½ esa mijksDr ize;s ksa dk
mi;ksx djds vf/kd ls vf/kd vo;oksa dks 'kwU; cukus ls gSA fQj ml iafDr ¼;k LrEHk½ }kjk
lkjf.kd dk foLrkj djrs gSAa ge lkadfs rd Hkk"kk esa izFke] f}rh; rFkk r`rh; iafDr dks R1, R2, rFkk
R3 ls rFkk LrEHkksa dks C1, C2 rFkk C3 ls fu:fir djrs gSaA
1 ω ω2
mnkgj.k 21.10. n'kkZb;s fd ω ω2 1 = 0 tcfd w la[;k 1 dk vokLrfod ?kuewy gSA
ω2 1 ω

1 ω ω2
gy % eku yhft, fd ∆ = ω ω2 1
ω2 1 ω

izFke LrEHk ds vo;oksa esa nwljs rFkk rhljs LrEHkksa ds vo;oksa dk ;ksx] djuss ij vFkkZr~
fØ;k C1 → C1 + (C2 + C3 ) djus ij
1 + ω + ω2 ω ω2 0 ω ω2

∆ = ω + ω2 + 1 ω2 1 = 0 ω2 1 =0 (Q 1+w+w2 = 0)
ω2 + 1 + ω 1 ω 0 1 ω

1 a bc
mnkgj.k 21.11. n'kkZb;s fd 1 b ca = (a _ b) (b _ c) (c _ a)
1 c ab

1 a bc 0 a − c bc − ab

gy% ∆ = 1 b ca = 0 b − c ca − ab [R1 → R1 − R3 rFkk R2 → R2 − R3 ]

1 c ab 1 c ab
0 a − c b( c − a ) 0 1 −b
= 0 b − c a (c − b) = (a − c)(b − c) 0 1 − a
1 c ab 1 c ab

52 xf.kr
 lkjf.kd rFkk blds vuqiz;ksx
C1 }kjk foLrkj djus ij ekWM;
~ y
w - VI
1 −b chtxf.kr-I
∆ = ( a − c)(b − c)
1 − a ( a − c)(b − c)(b − a ) ( a − b)(b − c)( c − a )
= =

b+c a a
mnkgj.k 21.12. fl) dhft, fd b c+a b = 4 abc
c c a+b

b+c a a 0 −2c −2b fVIi.kh

gy% ∆= b c+a b = b c+a b [ R1 → R1 − ( R2 + R3 )]
c c a+b c c a +b
R1 }kjk foLrkj djus ij

c+a b b b b c+a
=0 − ( −2c) − 2b
c a +b c a +b c c

= 2c [b(a + b) − bc] − 2b[bc − c(c + a )]

= 2bc [a + b − c] − 2bc[b − c − a ]
= 2bc [(a + b − c) − (b − c − a )]
= 2bc [a + b − c − b + c + a ] = 4abc

a −b b−c c−a
mnkgj.k 21.13. eku Kkr dhft,% ∆ = b−c c−a a −b
c−a a −b b−c

a −b b−c c−a 0 b−c c−a

gy % ∆ = b − c c − a a − b = 0 c − a a − b [ C1 → C1 + C2 + C3 ]
c−a a −b b−c 0 a −b b−c
= 0, ¼C1 }kjk foLrkj djus ij½
1 bc a (b + c)
mnkgj.k 21.14. fl) dhft, fd% 1 ca b(c + a ) = 0
1 ab c(a + b)
1 bc a (b + c) 1 bc bc + ab + ac
gy% ∆ = 1 ca b(c + a ) = 1 ca ca + bc + ba [ C3 → C2 + C3 ]
1 ab c( a + b) 1 ab ab + ca + cb

xf.kr 53
 lkjf.kd rFkk blds vuqiz;ksx
ekWM~;wy - VI 1 bc 1
chtxf.kr-I = ( ab + bc + ca ) 1 ca 1
1 ab 1
= ( ab + bc + ca ) × 0 ¼xq.k 3 }kjk½
=0
−a 2 ab ac
−b 2
fVIi.kh mnkgj.k 21.15. n'kkZb;s fd ∆ = ab bc
= 4a2b2c2
ac bc −c 2

−a 2 ab ac −a b c
gy % ∆ = ab −b 2
bc = abc a −b c
ac bc −c2 a b −c
−a b c
= abc 0 0 2c
LM R → R + R OP
2 2 1

0 2b 0
NR → R + R Q
3 3 1

0 2c
= abc( − a ) ¼C1 }kjk foLrkj djus ij½
2b 0
= abc( − a )( −4bc)
= 4a2b2c2
1+ a 1 1
mnkgj.k 21.16. n'kkZb;s fd 1 1 + a 1 = a2 (a + 3)
1 1 1+ a

1+ a 1 1 a+3 1 1
gy % ∆ = 1 1 + a 1 = a + 3 1+ a 1 [C1 → C1 + C2 + C3 ]
1 1 1+ a a+3 1 1+ a
1
= ( a + 3) 1 1 + a
1 1
1 = (a + 3) 1 a 0
1 0 0
LMC → C − C OP
2 2 1

1 1 1+ a 1 0 a
NC → C − C Q
3 3 1

a 0
= (a + 3) × (1)
0 a
= ( a + 3)( a 2 )

= a 2 ( a + 3)

54 xf.kr
 lkjf.kd rFkk blds vuqiz;ksx
ekWM;
~ y
w - VI
ns[ksa vkius fdruk lh[kk 21.3 chtxf.kr-I
x+3 x x
1. n'kkZb, fd x x+3 x = 27 (x + 1)
x x x+3
a −b−c 2a 2a
2b b−c−a 2b = ( a + b + c) 3 fVIi.kh
2. n'kkZb, fd
2c 2c c−a −b
1+ a 1 1
3. n'kkZb, fd 1 1+ b 1 = bc + ca + ab + abc
1 1 1+ c
a a+b a + 2b
2
a + 2b a a + b = 9 b (a + b )
4. n'kkZb, fd
a+b a + 2b a
(a + 1)(a + 2) a+2 1
5. n'kkZb, fd (a + 2)(a + 3) a + 3 1 = −2
(a + 3)(a + 4) a + 4 1

a+b b+c c+a a b c

6. n'kkZb, fd b + c c+a a+b =2 b c a
c+a a+b b+c c a b
7. eku Kkr dhft, %
a a+b a+b+c (b + c) 2 a2 a2
(a) 2a 3a + 2b 4a + 3b + 2c (b) b2 (c + a ) 2 b2
3a 6a + 3b 10a + 6b + 3c c2 c2 ( a + b) 2

8. x ds fy;s gy dhft, %
3x − 8 3 x
3 3x − 8 3 =0
3 3 3x − 8

21-11 lkjf.kd osQ vuqiz;ksx

lkjf.kd dks f=Hkqt dk {ks=Qy Kkr djus ds fy;s iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA

xf.kr 55
 lkjf.kd rFkk blds vuqiz;ksx
ekWM~;wy - VI 21-11-1 f=kHkqt dk {ks=kiQy
chtxf.kr-I ge tkurs gSa ,d ,sls f=Hkqt ABC ftlds 'kh"kZ (x1, y1), (x2, y2) rFkk (x3, y3) gks] dk {ks=Qy
1
=
2
[ x1 ( y2 − y3 ) + x2 ( y3 − y1 ) + x3 ( y1 − y2 )] ...(i)

x1 y1 1
y2 1 y1 1 y1 1
rFkk] x2 y2 1 = x1 − x2 + x3
y3 1 y3 1 y2 1
fVIi.kh x3 y3 1

= x1 ( y2 − y3 ) − x2 ( y1 − y3 ) + x3 ( y1 − y2 ) [LraHk C1 ds lkFk izlkj dk djus ij]

= x1 ( y2 − y3 ) + x2 ( y3 − y1 ) + x3 ( y1 − y2 ) ...(ii)
lehdj.k (i) rFkk (ii) ls]
x1 y1 1
1
∆ABC dk {ks=Qy = 2 x2 y2 1
x3 y3 1
vr% fdlh f=Hkqt] ftlds 'kh"kZ (x1, y1), (x2, y2) rFkk (x3, y3) gksa] rks mldk {ks=Qy
x1 y1 1
1
A= x2 y2 1
2
x3 y3 1

21-11-2 rhu fcUnqvksa dk lajs[k izfrcU/

ekuk A(x1, y1), B(x2, y2) rFkk C(x3, y3) rhu fcUnq gSaA rc
A, B, C lajs[k gksaxs tc] ∆ABC dk {ks=Qy 'kwU; gks
x1 y1 1 x1 y1 1
1
⇒ x2 y2 1 = 0 ⇒ x2 y2 1 = 0
2
x3 y3 1 x3 y3 1

21-11-3 nks fcUnqvksa ls tkus okyh js[kk dk lehdj.k

ekuk nks fcUnq P(x1, y1) rFkk Q(x2, y2) vkSj R(x, y) P rFkk Q dks tksM+us okyh js[kk ij
fLFkr gSaA rc P, Q rFkk R lajs[k gksaxs
x y 1
∴ x1 y1 1 = 0
x2 y2 1
vr% (x1, y1) rFkk (x2, y2) ls xqtjus okyh js[kk dk lehdj.k Kkr dj ldrs gSa]
x y 1
bl izdkj x1 y1 1 = 0
x2 y2 1
56 xf.kr
 lkjf.kd rFkk blds vuqiz;ksx
mnkgj.k 21.17. ∆PQR dk {ks=Qy Kkr dhft, tcfd blds 'kh"kZ P(5, 4), Q(–2, 4) rFkk ekWM;
~ y
w - VI
R(2, –6) gSaA chtxf.kr-I
gy : ekuk A, f=Hkqt PQR dk {ks=Qy gS
5 4 1
1 1
A = −2 4 1 = [ 5(4 − ( −6)) − 4( −2 − 2) + 1(12 − 8) ]
2 2
2 −6 1
1 1
= [50 + 16 + 4] = (70) = 35 oxZ bdkbZ fVIi.kh
2 2
mnkgj.k 21.18. n'kkZb, fd fcUnq (a, b + c), (b, c + a) rFkk (c, a + b) lajs[k gSaA
a b+c 1 a a+b+c 1 a 1 1
gy: ∆ = b c + a 1 = b b + c + a 1 = (a + b + c) b 1 1
c a+b 1 c c+a+b 1 c 1 1
= (a + b + c) × 0 = 0
vr% fn;s x;s fcUnq lajs[k gSaA
mnkgj.k 21.19. lkjf.kdksa dk iz;ksx djrs gq,] A(1, 3) rFkk B(2, 1) dks feykus okyh js[kk
dk lehdj.k Kkr dhft,A
gy : ekuk P(x, y) bu nksuksa fcUnqvksa A(1, 3) rFkk B(2, 1) dks tksM+us okyh js[kk ij fLFkr
gSA rc
x y 1
1 3 1 =0
2 1 1
⇒ x (3 –1) –y (1 – 2) + 1 (1 – 6) = 0 ⇒ 2x + y – 5 = 0
;g AB dk lehdj.k gSA

ns[ksa vkius fdruk lh[kk 21-4

1. ∆ABC dk {ks = Qy Kkr dhft, tgk¡ blds 'kh"kZ A (3, 8), B (–4, 2) rFkk
(5, –1) gSaA
2. n'kkZb, fd fcUnq A(5, 5), B(–5, 1) rFkk C(10, 7) lajs[k gSA
3. lkjf.kdksa dk iz;ksx djrs gq,] fcUnq (1, 2) rFkk (3, 6) dks tksM+us okyh js[kk dk lehdj.k
Kkr dhft,A
C

1A
% +
vkb;s nksgjk,¡
a1 b1
• O;atd a1b2 − a2b1 dks a b }kjk fu:fir fd;k tkrk gSA
2 2

• izR;sd oxZ vkO;wg ds lkFk vkO;wg ds ,d lkjf.kd dks lEc) fd;k tk ldrk gSA

xf.kr 57
 lkjf.kd rFkk blds vuqiz;ksx
ekWM~;wy - VI • fdlh ,d lkjf.kd esa ,d vo;o dk milkjf.kd] fn, x, lkjf.kd ls vo;o okys LrEHk
rFkk iafDr dks gVk dj izkIr fd;k tkrk gSA
chtxf.kr-I
i+ j
• lkjf.kd esa vo;o aij dk lg[k.M] aij ds milkjf.kd dks ( −1) }kjk xq.kk djds izkIr
fd;k tkrk gSA
• fdlh lkjf.kd dk foLrkj fdlh Hkh iafDr ;k LrEHk ds }kjk fd;k tk ldrk gSA lkjf.kd
dk eku ,d gh jgrk gSA
fVIi.kh
• ,d oxZ vkO;wg ftldk lkjf.kd 'kwU; gksrk gS] vO;qRØe.kh; vkO;wg dgykrk gSA
• ;fn fdlh ,d lkjf.kd dh iafDr;ksa rFkk LrEHkksa dks vkil esa cny fn;k tk, rks lkjf.kd
dk eku ogh jgrk gSA
• ;fn fdlh lkjf.kd dh nks vklUu iafDr;ksa ¼;k LrEHkksa½ dks vkil esa cny fn;k tk,] rks
lkjf.kd ds eku esa fpg~u dk gh vUrj iM+rk gSA
• ;fn fdlh lkjf.kd dh nks iafDr;k¡ ¼LrEHk½ leku gksa] rks lkjf.kd dk eku 'kwU; gksrk gSA
• ;fn fdlh lkjf.kd dh ,d iafDr ¼LrEHk½ ds vo;oksa dks ,d fLFkjkad ls xq.kk fd;k tk,]
rks lkjf.kd dk eku Hkh ml fLFkjkad ls xq.kk gks tkrk gSA
• ;fn fdlh lkjf.kd dh nks iafDr;k¡ ¼LrEHk½ lekuqikrh gksa] rks bldk eku 'kwU; gksrk gSA
• ;fn fdlh lkjf.kd dh dksbZ iafDr ;k LrEHk nks ;k vf/kd inksa ds :i esa gks] rks ml lkjf.kd
dks mlh dksfV ds nks ;k vf/kd lkjf.kdksa ds ;skx ds :i esa fy[kk tk ldrk gSA
• ;fn fdlh lkjf.kd dh fdlh iafDr ¼;k LrEHk½ ds izR;sd vo;o esa fdlh nwljh iafDr ¼;k
LrEHk½ laxr ds vo;oksa dk k xq.kk tksM+ fn;k tk,] rks lkjf.kd dk eku ugha cnyrkA
• fdlh vkO;wg rFkk blds O;qRØe dk xq.kuQy mlh dksfV dk bdkbZ vkO;wg gksrk gSA
• fdlh vkO;wg dk O;qRØe ,d vf}rh; vkO;wg gksrk gSA
• vko';d ugha fd lHkh vkO;wg O;qRØe.kh; gksaA
• dksbZ rhu fcUnq rHkh lajs[k gksaxs] tc bu fcUnqvksa ls cuus okys f=kHkqt dk {ks=kQy 'kwU; gksA

lgk;d osclkbV
• http://www.math.odu.edu/~bogacki/cgi-bin/lat.cgi?c=det
• http://mathworld.wolfram.com/Determinant.html
• http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Determinant
• http://www-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/HistTopics/Matrices_and_determinants.html
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kThkOjhbtWY

58 xf.kr
 lkjf.kd rFkk blds vuqiz;ksx
ekWM;
~ y
w - VI
vkb, vH;kl djsa chtxf.kr-I
1 2 3
1. lkjf.kd 3 4 2 ds lHkh milkjf.kd rFkk lg[k.M Kkr dhft,A
2 3 1
43 1 6
fVIi.kh
2. izFke LrEHk }kjk lkjf.kd 35 7 4 dk foLrkj djds bldk eku Kkr dhft,A
17 3 2

2 −1 2
3. 1 2 −3 dk eku Kkr dhft,A
3 −1 −4
0 1 0
4. x ds fy, gy dhft, ;fn x 2 x = 0
1 3 x
5. lkjf.kdksa ds xq.kksa dk mi;ksx djds n'kkZb;s fd %

1 a a2 1 x+ y x2 + y 2
(a) 1 b b 2 = (b − c)(c − a )(a − b) (b) 1 y + z y 2 + z 2 = ( x − y )( y − z )( z − x)
1 c c2 1 z+x z 2 + x2

6. eku Kkr dhft, %

12 22 32 1 ω3 ω5
(a) 22 32 42 (b) ω3 1 ω4 tcfd ω la[;k 1 dk dkYifud ?kuewy
32 42 52 ω5 ω5 1
gSA
7. mu f=Hkqt ds {ks=Qy Kkr dhft, ftuds 'kh"kZ fuEu fcUnq gSa %

(i) (2, 7), (1, 1) rFkk (10, 8) (ii) ( −1, −8), (−2, −3) rFkk (3, 2)
(ii) (0, 0) (6, 0) rFkk (4, 3) (iv) (1, 4), (2, 3) rFkk (–5, –3)
8. lkjf.kd dk iz;ksx djrs gq;s ‘k’ dk eku Kkr dhft, ftlls rhuksa fcUnq lajs[k gksa
(i) ( k , 2 − 2k ), ( − k + 1, 2k ) rFkk ( −4 − k , 6 − 2k )

(ii) ( k , −2), (5, 2) rFkk (6,8) (iii) (3, −2), ( k , 2) rFkk (8,8) (iv) (1, −5), ( −4,5), (k , 7)
9. lkjf.kd dk iz;ksx gq;s] fuEu fcUnqvksa dks tksM+us okyh js[kk dk lehdj.k Kkr dhft,A
(i) (1, 2) rFkk (3, 6) (ii) (3, 1) rFkk (9, 3)
xf.kr 59
 lkjf.kd rFkk blds vuqiz;ksx
ekWM~;wy - VI 10. ;fn fcUnq (a, 0), (0, b) rFkk (1, 1) lajs[k gksa] rks lkjf.kd dk iz;ksx djrs gq;s] n'kkZb,
ab = a + b
chtxf.kr-I
mÙkjekyk
ns[ksa vkius fdruk lh[kk 21.1
1. (a) 11 (b) 1 (c) 0 (d) (a2+b2) − (c2 + d2)
2. (a) rFkk (d)
fVIi.kh
3. (a) 18 (b) _54 (c) adf + 2 bce − ae2 − fb2 − dc2
(d) x − 1
ns[ksa vkius fdruk lh[kk 21.2
1. M 21 = 39; C21 = − 39 2. M13 = − 5; C13 = − 5
M 22 = 3; C22 = 3 M 23 = − 7; C23 = 7
M 23 = − 11; C23 = 11 M 33 = 1; C33 = 1
3. (a) 19 (b) 0 (c) –131 (d) ( a − b)(b − c)( c − a ) (e) 4abc (f) 0
17
4. (a) x = 2 (b) x = 2, 3 (c) x = 2, −
7
ns[ksa vkius fdruk lh[kk 21.3
2 11 11
7. (a) a 3 (b) 2abc( a + b + c) 3 8. x = , ,
3 3 3
ns[ksa vkius fdruk lh[kk 21.4
75
1. oxZ bdkbZ 3. y = 2x
2
vkb, vH;kl djsa
1. M11 = − 2, M12 = − 1, M13 = 1, M 21 = − 7, M 22 = − 5, M 23 = − 1,
M 31 = − 8, M 32 = − 7, M 33 = − 2
C11 = − 2, C12 = 1, C13 = 1, C21 = 7, C22 = − 5, C23 = 1,
C31 = − 8, C32 = 7, C33 = − 2
2. 0 3. –31 4. x = 0, x = 1
6. (a) –8 (b) 0
45 15
7. (i) oxZ bdkbZ (ii) 5 oxZ bdkbZ (iii) 9 oxZ bdkbZ (iv) oxZ bdkbZ
2 2
1 13
8. (i) k = −1, (ii) k = (iii) k = 5 (iv) k = –5
2 3
9. (i) y = 2x (ii) x = 3y

60 xf.kr
 vkO;wg dk izfrykse rFkk blds vuqiz;ksx
ekWM;
~ y
w - VI
chtxf.kr-II

22
fVIi.kh

vkO;wg dk izfrykse
rFkk blds vuqiz;ksx

vkb, ,d mnkgj.k ysa

nks isu rFkk 5 dkWfi;k¡ [kjhnus ds fy,] vfHkuo 120 #- [kpZ djrk gS tcfd 'kkUruq] 4
isu rFkk 3 dkWfi;ksa ij 100 #- [kpZ djrk gSA ge vkO;wg }kjk] ,d isu rFkk 1 dkWih dk
ewY; Kkr djus dk iz;Ru djsaxsA ekuk 1 isu dk ewY; x #- rFkk 1 dkWih dk ewY; y #-
gSA mijksDr lwpuk dks vkO;wg :i esa bl izdkj fy[kk tk ldrk gS %
LM2 5OP LMxOP = LM120OP
N4 3Q NyQ N100Q
bls ge bl izdkj fy[k ldrs gSa % A X = B
2 5 x  120 
tcfd A =  4  , X =   rFkk B =  
 3  y 100 
LM x OP
gekjk mn~ns'; X = y Kkr djuk gSA
NQ
X Kkr djus ds fy,] gesa ,d vkO;wg A−1 Kkr djuk gS ftlls X = A−1 B

;g vkO;wg A−1 , vkO;wg A dk izfrykse dgykrk gSA bl v/;k; esa ge bl izdkj ds vkO;wg
ds izfrykse Kkr djus dk iz;Ru djsaxsA ge vkO;wg fof/k ls jSf[kd lehdj.k fudk; dks
gy djuk Hkh lh[ksaxsA

xf.kr 61
 vkO;wg dk izfrykse rFkk blds vuqiz;ksx
ekWM~;wy - VI
mís';
chtxf.kr-II
bl ikB ds v/;;u ds ckn vki fuEufyf[kr esa leFkZ gks tk;saxs %
• vkO;wg ds vo;o dk milkjf.kd rFkk lg[k.M ifjHkkf"kr djuk
• ,d vkO;wg ds vo;o ds milkjf.kd rFkk lg[k.M Kkr dj djuk
fVIi.kh • ,d vkO;wg dk lg[k.Mt Kkr djuk
• vO;qRØe.kh; rFkk O;qRØe.kh; vkO;wg dh igpku rFkk mUgsa ifjHkkf"kr djuk
• ,d vkO;wg dk izfrykse] ;fn bldk vfLrRo gS] Kkr djuk
• jSf[kd lehdj.k fudk; dks vkO;wg :i AX = B; esa iznf'kZr dj djuk rFkk
• vkO;wg fof/k ls jSf[kd lehdj.k fudk; dks gy djuk
iwoZ Kku
• lkjf.kd dh /kkj.kk
• vkO;wg dk lkjf.kd
• ,sls vkO;wg ftudk lkjf.kd 'kwU; gS
• vkO;wg dk ifjorZ
• vkO;wg ds vo;o dk milkjf.kd rFkk lg[k.M
22.1 ,d oxZ vkO;wg dk lkjf.kd
ge igys gh i<+ pqds gSa fd izR;sd oxZ vkO;wg ds lkFk ,d lkjf.kd lEcfU/kr gSA fdlh fn,
LM2 5OP 2 5
x, vkO;wg A = 4 3 ds fy, 4 3 bldk lkjf.kd gksxkA
N Q
bls ge A }kjk n'kkZrs gSaA

LM1 3 1 OP
blh izdkj vkO;wg A = M2 PP
4 5 , dk laxr lkjf.kd
MN1 −1 7 Q
1 3 1
A = 2 4 5 gSA
1 −1 7

,d oxZ vkO;wg A, vO;qRØe.kh; dgykrk gS ;fn bldk lkjf.kd 'kwU; gS vFkkZr~ A = 0

,d oxZ vkO;wg A, O;qRØe.kh; dgykrk gS ;fn bldk lkjf.kd 'kwU;srj gS vFkkZr~ A ≠ 0

62 xf.kr
 vkO;wg dk izfrykse rFkk blds vuqiz;ksx
mnkgj.k 22.1. Kkr dhft, fd vkO;wg A vO;qRØe.kh; gS ;k O;qRØe.kh; tcfd ekWM;
~ y
w - VI

LM−6 −3OP LM1 2 3 OP chtxf.kr-II

(a) A = (b) A = M0 1 2
P
N4 2Q MN1 4 1PQ
− 6 −3
gy % (a) ;gk¡ ij A = 4 2
fVIi.kh

= (–6)(2) – (4)(–3)
= – 12 + 12 = 0

∴ vkO;wg A vO;qRØe.kh; gSA

1 2 3
(b) A = 0 1 2
1 4 1

1 2 0 2 0 1
;gk¡ =1 −2 +3
4 1 1 1 1 4
= −7 + 4 −3
= −6 ≠ 0
∴ fn;k x;k vkO;wg O;qRØe.kh; gSA

mnkgj.k 22.2. x dk eku Kkr dhft, ftlls fn;k x;k vkO;wg A vO;qRØe.kh; gS %

LM1 −2 3 OP
MM x
A= 1 2 1
−3PQ
P
N 2
gy % ;gk¡ ij
1 −2 3
A = 1 2 1
x 2 −3
2 1 1 1 1 2
=1 +2 +3
2 −3 x −3 x 2
= 1(−6 − 2) + 2(−3 − x) + 3(2 − 2 x)
= − 8 − 6 − 2x + 6 − 6x
= − 8 − 8x
∴ A vO;qRØe.kh; gS]

xf.kr 63
 vkO;wg dk izfrykse rFkk blds vuqiz;ksx
ekWM~;wy - VI ∴ A =0

chtxf.kr-II A = −8 − 8 x = 0
;k x = −1
vr% x dk vHkh"V eku –1 gSA
1 6 
mnkgj.k 22.3. fn;k gS A =   . fn[kkb, fd
fVIi.kh 3 2 
A = A′ tcfd A′ vkO;wg A ds ifjorZ dks n'kkZrk gSA

1 6 
gy % ;gk¡ ij A =  
3 2 
1 3 
vr% A′ =  
6 2 
1 6
vc A = = 1 × 2 − 3 × 6 = −16 ...(1)
3 2
1 3
rFkk A' = = 1× 2 − 3 × 6 = −16 ...(2)
6 2

(1) rFkk (2) ls] A = A′ oxZ vkO

22.2 oxZ vkO;wg ds vo;oksa ds milkjf.kd rFkk lg[k.M
 a11 a12 a13 
vkO;wg A =  a21 a22 a23  ij fopkj dhft,A
 a31 a32 a33 
A dh ioha iafDr rFkk josa LrEHk dks NksM+dj] izkIr lkjf.kd] vo;o aij dk milkjf.kd dgykrk
gS rFkk bls Mij }kjk n'kkZrs gSaA
vo;o aij dk lg[k.M Cij bl izdkj ifjHkkf"kr gksrk gS%
Cij = (−1)i+ j M ij
mnkgj.kkFkZ, M23 = a23 dk milkjf.kd
a11 a12
=
a31 a32
rFkk C23 = a23 dk lg[k.M
2+3
= ( −1) M 23

= ( −1) M 23
5

a11 a12
= − M 23 = −
a31 a32

64 xf.kr
 vkO;wg dk izfrykse rFkk blds vuqiz;ksx
 2 5 ekWM;
~ y
w - VI
mnkgj.k 22.4. vkO;wg A =   ds vo;oksa ds milkjf.kd rFkk lg[k.M Kkr dhft,A
 6 3 chtxf.kr-II
gy %
M 11 (2 dk milkjf.kd) = 3; C11 = (−1)1+1 M 11 = (−1) 2 M 11 = 3

M 12 (5 dk milkjf.kd) = 6; C12 = (−1)1+2 M 12 = (−1)3 M 12 = − 6

fVIi.kh
M 21 (6 dk milkjf.kd) = 5; C21 = (−1) 2+1 M 21 = (−1)3 M 21 = − 5

M 22 (3 dk milkjf.kd) = 2; C22 = (−1) 2+ 2 M 22 = (−1) 4 M 22 = 2 mnkgj.k 5.5

 −1 3 6 
mnkgj.k 22.5. vkO;wg A =  2 5 −2  ds vo;oksa ds milkjf.kd rFkk lg[k.M Kkr
 4 1 3 
dhft,A
5 −2
gy % ;gk¡ ij M 11 = = 15 + 2 = 17; C11 = (−1)1+1 M 11 = 17
1 3
2 −2
M 12 = = 6 + 8 = 14; C12 = (−1)1+ 2 M 12 = − 14
4 3
2 5
M 13 = = 2 − 20 = − 18; C13 = (−1)1+3 M 13 = − 18
4 1
3 6
M 21 = = 9 − 6 = 3; C21 = (−1) 2+1 M 21 = − 3
1 3
−1 6
M 22 = = (−3 − 24) = − 27; C22 = (−1) 2+ 2 M 22 = − 27
4 3
−1 3
M 23 = = (−1 − 12) = − 13; C23 = (−1) 2+3 M 23 = 13
4 1
3 6
M 31 = = ( − 6 − 30) = −36; C31 = ( − 1)3+1 M 31 = −36
5 −2
−1 6
M 32 = = (2 − 12) = − 10; C32 = (−1)3+ 2 M 32 = 10
2 −2

−1 3
rFkk M 33 = = ( −5 − 6) = − 11; C33 = ( −1) 3+ 3 M 33 = − 11
2 5

xf.kr 65
 vkO;wg dk izfrykse rFkk blds vuqiz;ksx
ekWM~;wy - VI
chtxf.kr-II
ns[ksa vkius fdruk lh[kk 22.1
1. fuEufyf[kr vkO;wgksa ds lkjf.kdksa ds eku Kkr dhft, %
 4 5 6
0 6  
(a) A =   (b) B =  −1 0 1 
fVIi.kh 2 5  2 1 2 
2. Kkr dhft, fd fn;s x;s vkO;wg O;qRØe.kh; gS vFkok vO;qRØe.kh;%
 1 −1 2 
3 2  
(a) A =   (b) Q =  2 3 1 
 −9 −6   4 5 −1
3. fuEu vkO;wg ds vo;oksa ds mi lkjf.kd Kkr dhft,%
 3 −1 0 6
(a) A =   (b) B =  
7 4  2 5
4. (a) fuEu vkO;wg A dh nwljh iafDr ds vo;oksa ds milkjf.kd Kkr dhft,%

 1 2 3
A =  −1 0 4 
 −2 −3 1 
(b) fuEu vkO;wg A dh rhljh iafDr ds vo;oksa ds mi lkjf.kd Kkr dhft,%

 2 −1 3 
A =  5 4 1 
 −2 0 −3
5. fuEu vkO;wg ds vo;oksa ds lg[k.M Kkr dhft,%
3 −2   0 4
(a) A=  (b) B =  
9 7   −5 6 
2 0 1
6. (a) vkO;wg A =  −1 3 0  dh nwljh iafDr ds vo;oksa ds lg[k.M Kkr dhft,%
 4 1 −2 

(b) fuEu vkO;wg dh igyh iafDr ds vo;oksa ds lg[k.M Kkr dhft,%

 2 −1 5 
A =  6 4 −2 
 −5 −3 0 

66 xf.kr
 vkO;wg dk izfrykse rFkk blds vuqiz;ksx
 2 3  −2 3  ekWM;
~ y
w - VI
7. ;fn A =   rFkk B =   rks lR;kfir dhft, fd
 4 5  7 4 chtxf.kr-II
(a) A = A′ rFkk B = B ′ (b) AB = A B = BA

22.3 oxZ vkO;wg dk lg[k.Mt

2 1 2 1
ekuk A =   ,d vkO;wg gSA rc A = fVIi.kh
5 7  5 7
ekuk vo;o aij ds Mij rFkk Cij Øe'k% milkjf.kd vkSj lg[k.M gSaA rc
M11 = 7 = 7; C11 = ( −1)1+1 7 = 7
M 12 = 5 = 5; C12 = ( −1)1+ 2 5 = − 5
M 21 = 1 = 1; C21 = ( −1) 2+1 1 = − 1
M 22 = 2 = 2; C22 = ( −1) 2+ 2 2 = 2
ge A ds izR;sd vo;o ds LFkku ij blds lg[k.M dk foLFkkfir djrs gSa] rks

B=
LM 7 −5OP ...(1)
N Q
− 1 2
(1) esa izkIr lg[k.Mksa ds vkO;wg B dk ifjorZ gS%

B′ = M
L 7 −1OP ...(2)
N −5 2 Q
vkO;wg B′ vkO;wg A dk lg[k.Mt dgykrk gS rFkk bls Adj A }kjk n'kkZrs gSaA
bl izdkj fn, x, vkO;wg A dk lg[k.Mt ml vkO;wg dk ifjorZ gksrk gS ftlds
vo;o fn, x, vkO;wg ds vo;oksa ds laxr lg[k.M gksrs gSaA
vkO;wg A ls Adj A Kkr djus ds fu;e
(a) vkO;wg ds izR;sd vo;o dks mlds lg[k.M ls foLFkkfir dhft, rFkk lg[k.Mksa dk
vkO;wg izkIr dj yhft,A
(b) (a) esa izkIr vkO;wg dk ifjorZ Kkr dj yhft,A

mnkgj.k 22.6. vkO;wg A = 2

LM−4 5 OP dk lg[k.Mt Kkr dhft,A
N −3Q
−4 5
gy % lkjf.kd A=
2 −3
ekuk fd Aij vo;o aij. dk lg[k.M gSA
∴ A11 = ( −1)1+1 ( −3) = − 3 A21 = ( −1) 2 +1 (5) = − 5
A12 = ( −1)1+2 (2) = − 2 A22 = ( −1) 2 + 2 ( −4) = − 4

xf.kr 67
 vkO;wg dk izfrykse rFkk blds vuqiz;ksx
ekWM~;wy - VI A ds izR;sd vo;o dks mlds lg[k.M ls foLFkkfir djus ij] izkIr vkO;wg
chtxf.kr-II LM−3 − 2 OP ...(1)
N −5 − 4 Q
∴ Adj A =
LM−3 −5 OP
N −2 −4 Q
fVIi.kh
LM 1 −1 2 OP
mnkgj.k 22.7. vkO;wg A = M−3 PP
4 1 dk lg[k.Mt Kkr dhft,A
MN 5 2 −1 Q
gy %
1 −1 2
lkjf.kd A= −3 4 1
5 2 −1

ekuk A ds vo;o Aij dk lg[k.M aij gSA

1+1
4 1 1+ 2
−3 1
rc A11 = ( −1) 2 −1 = ( −4 − 2) = −6 ; A12 = ( −1) 5 −1
= − ( 3 − 5) = 2

−3 4 2 +1 −1 2
A13 = ( −1)1+ 3 = ( −6 − 20) = −26 ; A21 = ( −1) = − (1 − 4 ) = 3
5 2 2 −1
1 2 1 −1
A22 = ( −1) 2 + 2 = ( −1 − 10) = −11 ; A23 = ( −1) 2 + 3 = − ( 2 + 5) = −7
5 −1 5 2

−1 2 1 2
A31 = ( −1) 3+1 = ( −1 − 8) = −9 ; A32 = ( −1) 3+ 2 = − (1 + 6) = −7
4 1 −3 1

3+ 3 1 −1
rFkk A33 = ( −1) = ( 4 − 3) = 1
−3 4
A ds vo;oksa ds LFkku ij muds lg[k.Mksa dks fy[kus ij izkIr lg[k.Mksa dk vkO;wg
LM−6 2 −26 OP LM −6 3 −9 OP
MM 3 −11 −7 PP vr% Adj A = M 2
MN−26
−11 −7 PP
N −9 −7 1 Q −7 1 Q
fVIi.kh% ;fn n dksfV dk oxZ vkO;wg A gS] rks A(Adj A) = (Adj A) A = |A| In
tcfd In n dksfV dk ,dkad vkO;wg gSA

68 xf.kr
 vkO;wg dk izfrykse rFkk blds vuqiz;ksx
tk¡p % ekWM;
~ y
w - VI
LM 2 4OP
ekuk A = −1 3
chtxf.kr-II
(1)
N Q
2 4
rc | A| = ;k |A| = 2 × 3 − ( − 1) × (4) = 10
−1 3
;gk¡ ij] A11=3; A12=1; A21= − 4 rFkk A22=2 fVIi.kh

∴
LM3 −4OP
Adj A =
N1 2 Q
2 4  3 −4  10 0  1 0
vc A (AdjA) =  = = 10  = A I2
 −1 3  1 2  0 
10  0 1 

LM3 5 7 OP
(2) iqu% ekuk A = M2 −3 1 PP
MN1 1 2 Q
rc A = 3( − 6 − 1) − 5 (4 − 1) + 7 (2+3) = − 1
;gk¡ ij A11 = − 7; A12= − 3; A13=5
A21= − 3; A22= − 1; A23=2
A31=26; A32=11; A33= − 19

LM−7 −3 OP 26

Adj A = M P
−3 − 1 11
∴
MN 5 2 − 19 PQ

LM3 5 7 O L−7 − 3 26 O
vc (A) (Adj A) = M2
M
−3 1PP M−3 − 1 11 P
P
MN1 1 2 PQ MN 5 2 − 19 PQ

LM−1 0 0 OP
1 0 0 LM OP
=M 0 PP
−1 0 = ( 1) 0 1 0 = |A|I
− MM PP
MN 0 0 −1 0 0 1Q 3
N Q
LM−7 −3 26 OP LM3 5 7 OP
rFkk (Adj A) A = M −3 −1 11 PP MM2 −3 1 PP
MN 5 2 −19 Q N1 1 2 Q
LM−1 0 0 1 0 0 OP LM OP
=M0 PP
−1 0 = −1 0 1 0 = |A|I MM PP
( )
MN 0 0 −1 0 0 1 Q 3
N Q
xf.kr 69
 vkO;wg dk izfrykse rFkk blds vuqiz;ksx
ekWM~;wy - VI fVIi.kh% ;fn vkO;wg ,d vO;qRØe.kh; vkO;wg gS vFkkZr~ |A|=0 , rc A (Adj A) = O
chtxf.kr-II
ns[ksa vkius fdruk lh[kk 22.2
1. fuEu vkO;wgksa ds lg[k.Mt Kkr dhft, %

fVIi.kh
LM2 −1OP LMa b OP LM cosα sin α OP
(a)
N3 6 Q (b)
Nc d Q (c)
N− sin α cos α Q
2. fuEu vkO;wgksa ds lg[k.Mt Kkr dhft, %
LM 1 2 OP LMi −i OP
(a)
N2 1 Q (b)
Ni i Q
izR;sd n'kk esa LFkkfir dhft, fd A(Adj A) = (Adj A) A = |A|I2.
3. lR;kfir dhft,
A(Adj A) = (Adj A) A = |A| I3, tcfd vkO;wg A gS

LM 6 8 −1OP LM2 7 9 OP
(a) M
MN−3 2 0 PPQ (b) M P
0 5 4 0 −1 2
MN3 −7 4PQ

LMcosα − sinα 0 OP LM 4 −6 OP
1

(d) M
1P
(c) M PP
sin α cosα 0 −1 −1
MN 0 0 1 Q MN−4 11 − 1 PQ

22.4 vkO;wg dk izfrykse

vkO;wg A ij fopkj djsa A = c d

LMa b OP
N Q
LM x yOP
;fn lEHko gks rks ge ,d vkO;wg B = u v Kkr djsaxs
N Q
rkfd AB = BA = I

vFkkZr~
LMa b OP LM x yOP = LM1 0OP
Nc d Q Nu v Q N0 1Q
;k
LMax + bu ay + bv OP = LM1 0OP
Ncx + du cy + dvQ N0 1Q
nksuksa i{kksa dh rqyuk djus ij izkIr gksxkA
ax + bu = 1, ay + bv = 0
cx + du = 0, cy + dv = 1

70 xf.kr
 vkO;wg dk izfrykse rFkk blds vuqiz;ksx
x, y, u, v, ds fy, bu lehdj.kksa dks gy djus ij izkIr gksrk gSA ekWM;
~ y
w - VI
d −b −c a chtxf.kr-II
x= , y= ,u= ,v=
ad − bc ad − bc ad − bc ad − bc
a b
ijUrq 'krZ ;g gS fd ad − bc ≠ 0 , vFkkZr~ c ≠0
d

LM d −b OP fVIi.kh

B=M PP
ad − bc ad − bc
∴ MM −c a
P
N ad − bc ad − bc Q

bl izdkj B=
1 LM
d −b OP
N
ad − bc − c a Q
fVIi.kh% ge tk¡p djds ns[k ldrs gSa fd BA = I bl izdkj gesa ,d vkO;wg B izkIr gqvk

B=
1 LM
d −b OP 1
Adj A
N
ad − bc − c a Q =
A ...(1)

bl izdkj izkIr vkO;wg B dks A−1 }kjk fy[krs gSa rFkk vkO;wg A dk ;g xq.kkRed izfrykse ¼O;qRØe½
gSA
bl izdkj ;fn ,d fn, x, oxZ vkO;wg A ds fy, ,d vkO;wg B dk vfLrRo lEHko
gS rkfd AB = BA = I, rc B vkO;wg A dk xq.kkRed izfrykse dgykrk gSA
fVIi.kh% /;ku nhft, fd ;fn ad − bc = 0 vFkkZr~ |A| = 0 rks (1) ds nk;sa i{k dk vfLrRo
ugha gS rFkk B (= A−1 ) ifjHkkf"kr ugha gSA blh dkj.k ls ge A dks O;qRØe.kh; vkO;wg
pkgrs gSa ftlls A dk xq.kkRed izfryksEk vfLrRo esa gks tk,A vr% dsoy O;qRØe.kh; vkO;wg
dk xq.kkRed izfrykse gksrk gSA B Hkh O;qRØe.kh; gS rFkk A = B −1.

mnkgj.k 22.8. vkO;wg A dk izfrykse Kkr dhft,A

tcfd A = 2 −3
LM4 5 OP
N Q
gy % A = 2 −3
LM4 5 OP
N Q
∴ |A| = − 12 − 10 = − 22 ≠ 0
∴ A−1 laHko gSA

vc
LM−3 −5OP
Adj A =
N −2 4 Q
xf.kr 71
 vkO;wg dk izfrykse rFkk blds vuqiz;ksx
ekWM~;wy - VI 3 5 
chtxf.kr-II 1 1  −3 −5  22 22 
∴ A−1 = adj A = = 
A −22  −2 4   1 −2 
11 11 

fVIi.kh% tk¡p djds nsf[k, fd AA-1 = A-1A = I

fVIi.kh
mnkgj.k 22.9. vkO;wg A dk O;RqØe Kkr dhft,
LM3 2 −2 OP
tcfd A = M1 −1 6
P
MN5 4 −5PQ
LM3 2 −2O
6P
gy % A= 1
MM5 −1
P
−5PQ
N 4
∴ |A| = 3(5 − 24) − 2( − 5 − 30) − 2(4 + 5)
= 3( − 19) − 2( − 35) − 2(9)
= − 57 + 70 − 18
= −5 ≠ 0
∴ A−1 lEHko gSA
ekuk Aij vkO;wg A ds aij vo;oksa ds lg[k.M gSaA
−1 6
rc A11 = ( −1)1+1 = 5 − 24 = − 19 ,
4 −5
1 6
A12 = ( −1)1+ 2 = − ( −5 − 30) = 35
5 −5
1+ 3 1 −1
A13 = ( −1) = 4 + 5 = 9,
5 4
2 −2
A21 = ( −1) 2 +1 = − ( −10 + 8) = 2
4 −5
3 −2
A22 = ( −1) 2 + 2 = − 15 + 10 = − 5 ,
5 −5
3 2
A23 = ( −1) 2 + 3 = − (12 − 10) = − 2
5 4
2 −2
A31 = ( −1) 3+1 = 12 − 2 = 10 ,
−1 6

72 xf.kr
 vkO;wg dk izfrykse rFkk blds vuqiz;ksx
3 −2 ekWM;
~ y
w - VI
A = (−1)3 + 2 = − (18 + 2 ) = −20
32
1 6 chtxf.kr-II
3 2
vkSj A33 = ( −1) 3+ 3 = −3 − 2 = −5
1 −1
LM−19 35 9 OP LM−19 2 10 OP fVIi.kh
∴ bl izdkj lg[k.Mksa dk vkO;wg = M
MN 10 −20 −5PPQ MM 9 −2 PP
2 −5 −2 ∴ AdjA= 35 −5 −20
N −5 Q
19 −2 

1 1 M
L−19 2 10 OP  5 5   −2 

−5 M P
∴ −1
A = . Adj A = 35 −5 −20 =  −7 1 4
A
MN 9 −2 −5 PQ  −9 2 1 
5 5 

fVIi.kh% tk¡p djds ns[ksa fd A-1A = AA-1 = I3

mnkgj.k 22.10. ;fn A = 2 −1 rFkk B=

LM1 0 OP LM−2 1 OP gks]
N Q
−1
N 0 −1Q
−1 −1 −1 −1 −1
rks Kkr dhft, % (i) (AB) (ii) B A (iii) D;k (AB) =B A ?

gy % (i)
LM1 0 OP LM−2 1 OP
AB =
N2 −1Q N 0 −1Q
L−2 + 0 1 + 0OP = LM−2 1OP
= M
N−4 + 0 2 + 1Q N−4 3Q
−2 1
vc |AB| = = − 6 + 4 = − 2 ≠ 0.
−4 3
∴ ( AB ) −1 lEHko gSA
vkb;s AB dks C ls fu:fir djrs gSa
ekuk Cij ljf.kd C ds vo;o cij ds lg[k.M gSa
rc C11= ( − 1)1+1 (3) = 3 C21 = ( − 1)2+1 (1) = − 1
C12= ( − 1)1+2 ( − 4) = 4 C22 = ( − 1)2+2 ( − 2) = − 2

LM3 −1 OP
Adj (C) =
N4 −2 Q
 −3 1
1 1 3 −1  
Adj ( C ) = 2
−1
C = = 2
C −2  4 −2   
 −2 1

xf.kr 73
 vkO;wg dk izfrykse rFkk blds vuqiz;ksx
ekWM~;wy - VI  −3 1
−1 −1  2
chtxf.kr-II C = (AB) = 2 
 −2 1
(ii) vc B −1 A−1 Kkr djus ds fy, igys B −1 Kkr djsaxsA

vc B = 0
LM−2 1 OP ∴ B = −2 1
= 2−0 = 2 ≠ 0
fVIi.kh N −1Q 0 −1
∴ B −1 lEHko gSA
ekuk Bij vkO;wg B ds vo;o bij ds lg[k.M gSa
rc B11 = ( − 1)1+1 ( − 1) = − 1 B21 = ( − 1)2+1 (1) = − 1
B12 = ( − 1)1+2 (0) = 0 rFkk B22 = ( − 1)2+2 ( − 2) = − 2

L
∴ Adj B = M
−1 −1O
P ∴ B = . AdjB = M
1 1 L −1 − 1 O 
P
 −1
= 2
−1
−1 
2
N 0 − 2 Q B 2 N 0 − 2 Q 0 
−1 

L1 0 O
rFkk A = M2 −1P ∴ A =
1 0
N Q 2 −1
= 1 −0 = −1 ≠ 0

∴ A−1 lEHko gSA

ekuk Aij vkO;wg A ds vo;o aij ds lg[k.M gS
rc A11 = ( − 1)1+1 ( − 1) = − 1 A21 = ( − 1)2+1 (0) = 0
A12 = ( − 1)1+2 (2) = − 2 rFkk A22 = ( − 1)2+2 (1) = 1

∴
LM −1 0OP ⇒ A −1 = 1 Adj A = 1
−1 0
=
1 0 LM OP LM OP
Adj A=
N − 2 1Q A −1 −2 1 2 −1 N Q N Q
 −1 −1   −1 1  −3 1
1 0   −1 0 + 
B A = 2
−1 −1
2  = 2 2 = 2 2
vc   2 −1    
0 −1   0 − 2 0 + 1   −2 1
(iii) gk¡]
 −3 1
 2
(AB) =B A = =  2
−1 −1 −1

 −2 1
−1 −1 −1
∴ (AB) = B A

74 xf.kr
 vkO;wg dk izfrykse rFkk blds vuqiz;ksx
ekWM;
~ y
w - VI
ns[kksa vkius fdruk lh[kk 22.3 chtxf.kr-II
1. ;fn lEHko gks rks fuEufyf[kr vkO;wgksa dk izfrykse Kkr dhft, %
LM1 3OP LM−1 2 OP LM2 −1OP
(a)
N2 5Q (b)
N −3 −4 Q (c)
N1 0 Q
2. ;fn lEHko gks rks fuEu vkO;wgksa ds izfrykse Kkr dhft, % fVIi.kh

LM1 0 2 OP LM3 −1 2 OP
(a) MM24 1 3
P2P (b) M
5 2 4
P
N 1 Q NM1 −3 −2QP
(a) vkSj (b) ds fy, tk¡p djds nsf[k, fd A−1 A = AA−1 = I

LM1 2 3 OP 2 −1 0 LM OP
A= M PP MM PP
3. ;fn 0 −1 4 rFkk B= 1 4 3 gks] rks lR;kfir dhft, fd
MN3 1 5 Q 3 0 −2 N Q
−1
( AB ) = B −1 A −1

LM 1 −2 3OP
A= M
MN−2 2 1PPQ ( A′) Kkr dhft,A
4. ;fn 0 −1 4 gks] rks −1

LM0 1 1OP 1M
Lb + c c − a b − aOP
5. ;fn A= M1 0 1P rFkk B = 2 M c − b c + a a − bP
MN1 1 0PQ MNb − c a − c a + bPQ
gks] rks n'kkZb, fd ABA−1 ,d fod.kZ vkO;wg gSA

LMcos x − sin x 0OP

;fn φ( x ) = M sin x cos x 0P gks] rks n'kkZb;s φ ( x )  = φ ( − x ) .
−1
6.
MN 0 0 1PQ
L 1 tan x O
;fn A = M − tan x 1 P gks] rks n'kkZb;s fd A ′ A =
L cos 2 x − sin 2 x O
MN sin 2 x cos 2 x PQ
−1
7.
N Q
LMa 1+bbc OP −1
8. ;fn A = c
MN a PQ gks] rks n'kkZb;s fd aA =(a + bc + 1) I − aA 2

xf.kr 75
 vkO;wg dk izfrykse rFkk blds vuqiz;ksx
ekWM~;wy - VI LM−1 2 0OP
chtxf.kr-II ;fn A = M−1 1 1P gks] rks n'kkZb;s fd A = A
−1 2
9.
MN 0 1 0PQ
1M
L−8 1 4OP
10. ;fn A = 9 M 4 −4 7P gks] rks n'kkZb;s fd A = A′ −1
fVIi.kh MN 1 −8 4PQ
22.5 jSf[kd lehdj.k fudk; dk gy
fiNyh d{kkvksa esa vkius nks ;k rhu vKkr pjksa esa jSf[kd lehdj.kksa ¼;qxir lehdj.k½ dks gy
djuk lh[kk gSA ,sls lehdj.k fudk;ksa dks gy djus ds fy, vkius foyksiu fof/k dk iz;ksx
fd;k FkkA tc pjksa dh la[;k vf/kd gksrh gS rks foyksiu djuk dfBu gks tkrk gSA
vki ,d oSdfYid fof/k] Øsej fu;e ls ,sls lehdj.k fudk;ksa dks gy djuk Hkh igys gh lh[k
pqds gSaA
vc ge ,d vU; fof/k] tks vkO;wg fof/k dgykrh gS] dh ppkZ djsaxs tks cM+h la[;k esa vKkr
pjksa ds lehdj.k fudk; dks gy djus esa iz;ksx dh tk ldrh gSA lqxerk ds n`f"V dks.k ls]
ge nks ;k rhu pjksa esa lehdj.k fudk; ysaxsA
22.5.1 vkO;wg fof/k
bl fof/k esa] igys ge lehdj.k fudk; dks vkO;wg :i AX = B, esa O;Dr djrs gSa tcfd A xq.kkad
vkO;wg dgykrk gSA
mnkgj.kkFkZ] ;fn fn;k x;k lehdj.k fudk; gS
a1x + b1y = c1
a2 x + b2 y = c2
rks bldk vkO;wg :i gS %
LMa OP LM x OP = LMc OP
1 b1 1

Na Q N y Q Nc Q
2 b2 2

La b O L x O
1 1 Lc O
;gk¡ ij A = Ma b P , X= M y P rFkk B = Mc P
1

N Q NQ 2 2 N Q 2

;fn fn;k x;k lehdj.k fudk; gS a1 x + b1 y + c1 z = d1] a2 x + b2 y + c2 z = d2]

a3 x + b3 y + c3 z = d3 rks bl dk vkO;wg :i gS%

LMa 1 b1 c1 OPLM x OP LMd OP

1

MMaa
2 b2
P M
c y = d
P M P
c PQ MN z PQ MNd PQ
2 2

N 3 b3 3 3

76 xf.kr
 vkO;wg dk izfrykse rFkk blds vuqiz;ksx
LMa 1 b1 c1 OP LM x OP LMd OP 1
ekWM;
~ y
w - VI
A= M P MM z PP MMd PP
a b2 c , X = y rFkk B= d chtxf.kr-II
tcfd
MNa c PQ
2 2 2

3 b3 3 NQ N Q 3

gy Kkr djus ls igys ge ;g tk¡p djsaxs fd xq.kkad vkO;wg A O;qRØe.kh; gS ;k ughaA

fVIi.kh% ;fn A vO;qRØe.kh; gS] rc |A|=0. vkSj A−1 dk vfLrRo ugha gSA blfy, ;g fofèk
fVIi.kh
iz;ksx ugha dh tk ldrhA

LMa
lehdj.k AX = B ij fopkj dhft, tcfd A = a b , X = y rFkk B = c
1 b1 OP LM x OP LMc OP
1

2 2 N
2 Q NQ N Q
tc |A| ≠0, vFkkZr~ a1b2 − a2b1≠ 0 ge lehdj.k AX = B dks nksuksa vksj A−1 ls xq.kk djrs gSaA
∴ −1
A−1 (AX) = A B
⇒ ( A−1 A) X = A−1 B
⇒ IX = A−1 B ( Q A−1 A = I)
⇒ X = A−1 B

A −1
=
1 b2 LM OP
− b1
, ge izkIr djrs gSa%
Q a1b2 − a2b1 − a2 N a1 Q
X=
1 b2 LM OP LM OP
− b1 c1
a1b2 − a2b1 − a2 N a Q Nc Q
1 2

b c −b c 
LM OP LM b c − b c OP =  a b − a b 
2 1 1 2
x 1
=
2 1 1 2 1 2 2 1
∴
NQ
y a1b2 − a2b1 N−a c + a c Q  −a c + a c 
2 1 1 2 2 1 1 2

 a1 b2 − a2 b1 
b2 c1 − b1c2 a1c2 − a2 c1
vr% x = a b − a b rFkk y = a b − a b
1 2 2 1 1 2 2 1

mnkgj.k 22.11. vkO;wg fof/k }kjk jSf[kd lehdj.k fudk;

4 x − 3 y = 11 U|
3 x + 7 y = −1|W
V ...(i)

dks gy dhft,A
gy % bl fudk; dks vkO;wg :i esa bl izdkj O;Dr fd;k tk ldrk gS %

LM4 −3OP LM x OP = LM11OP

N3 7 Q N yQ N−1Q ...(ii)

xf.kr 77
 vkO;wg dk izfrykse rFkk blds vuqiz;ksx
ekWM~;wy - VI L
A= M
4 −3O L xO L 11O
chtxf.kr-II
;gk¡ ij]
N3 7 PQ , X = MN yPQ , rFkk B = MN−1PQ
vr% (ii) cu tkrk gS
AX = B ...(iii)
4 −3
vc | A| = = 28 + 9 = 37 ≠ 0
fVIi.kh 3 7
D;ksafd |A| ≠ 0, A−1 lEHko gSA
dFku (iii) ds nksuksa i{kksa dks ck;ha vksj ( A−1 ) ls xq.kk djus ij gesa izkIr gksrk gS%
−1
A−1 (AX) = A B
( A−1 A )X = A−1 B
vFkkZr~ IX = A−1 B
X = A−1 B
1
vr% X= ( Adj A) B
A

;k
LM x OP = 1 LM 7 3OP LM11OP = 1 LM 77 − 3 OP
N yQ 37 N−3 4Q N−1Q 37 N−33 − 4Q
;k
LM x OP = 1 LM 74 OP ;k LM x OP = LM 2 OP
N yQ 37 N−37Q N yQ N−1Q
∴ x = 2, y = – 1 fn, x, lehdj.k fudk; dk 'kwU;srj] vf}rh; gy gSA

mnkgj.k 22.12. vkO;wg fof/k ls fuEu lehdj.k fudk; dks gy dhft, %

x + 2 y + 3z = 14 U|
x − 2 y + z = 0V
2 x + 3y − z = 5 |W
gy % fn, x, lehdj.k fudk; dks vkO;wg :i esa fy[krs gq,]
LM1 2 3 OP LM x OP LM14OP
MM21 −2 1
P M P M P
y = 0
−1PQ MN z PQ MN 5 PQ
... (i)
N 3
tks fd AX = B, ds :i esa gS] tcfd
LM1 2 3 OP x LM OP 14 LM OP
A= M PP MM PP MM PP
1 −2 1 , X = y rFkk B = 0
MN2 3 −1 Q z NQ 5 N Q
∴ X = A−1 B ...(ii)
78 xf.kr
 vkO;wg dk izfrykse rFkk blds vuqiz;ksx
;gk¡ ij |A| = 1 (2 − 3) − 2 ( − 1 − 2) +3 (3+4) ekWM;
~ y
w - VI
= 26 ≠ 0 chtxf.kr-II
∴ A dk lEHko gSA
−1

 −1 11 8 
vc Adj A = 3 −7 2 
7 1 −4 
fVIi.kh
−1 1
∴ (ii) ls gesa izkIr gqvk X = A B = A Adj A. B

1
−1 11 8LM OP LM14OP
X =
26
3 −7 2
MM PP MM 05 PP
7 1 −4 N QN Q
1
26LM 1 OP LM OP LM xOP LM1OP
=
26 MM
52 = 2
PP MM PP ;k MM yzPP = MM23PP
78 N3 Q NQ NQ NQ
bl izdkj x =1, y = 2 rFkk z = 3 fn, x, lehdj.k fudk; dk gy gSA
22.6 lehdj.k fudk; dh laxrrk dk fud"k ¼dlkSV h½
ekuk AX = B nks ;k rhu jSf[kd lehdj.kksa dk ,d fudk; gS rc gekjs ikl fuEu fud"k
¼dlkSVh½ gS %
(1) ;fn |A | ≠ 0, rks lehdj.k fudk; laxr gS rFkk bldk ,d vf}rh; gy
gS tks gesa X= A−1 B ls izkIr gksrk gSA
(2) ;fn |A| = 0, rks fudk; laxr ;k vlaxr gks ldrk gSA ;fn fudk;
laxr gksxk rks bldk ,d vf}rh; gy ugha gksxkA blds vfrfjDr ;fn
(a) (Adj A) B ≠ O, rc fudk; vlaxr gksxk
(b) (Adj A) B = O, rks fudk; laxr gksxk vkSj blds vuUr gy
gksaxsA
fVIi.kh% ;g fud"k'n' esa 'n' lehdj.k fudk; ds fy, Hkh lR; gSA
vc ge mnkgj.kksa ds }kjk bls lR;kfir djrs gSaA
5x + 7y = 1
(a)
2 x − 3y = 3
5 7
;g fudk; laxr gS rFkk bldk ,d vf}rh; gy gS D;ksafd 2 −3 ≠ 0

;gk¡ ij vkO;wg lehdj.k gS

LM5 7 OP LM x OP = LM1OP
N2 −3Q N yQ N3Q
xf.kr 79
 vkO;wg dk izfrykse rFkk blds vuqiz;ksx
ekWM~;wy - VI vFkkZr~ AX = B ... (i)
chtxf.kr-II LM5 7 OP
tcfd A = 2 −3 , X = y rFkk B = 3
LM x OP LM1OP
N Q NQ NQ
;gk¡ ij] |A| = 5 × ( − 3) − 2 × 7 = − 15 − 14 = − 29 ≠ 0
1 1  −3 −7 
rFkk A −1 = Adj A = L (ii )
fVIi.kh A −29  −2 5
(i) ls X = A −1 B

LM 24 OP
LMx OP = 1 LM−3 − 7OPLM1 OP = M 29 P
vFkkZr~ Ny Q −29 N−2 5 QN3Q M− 13 P [(i) rFkk (ii) ls]
N 29 Q
24 −13 fn, x, lehdj.k fudk; dk gy gSA
vr% x= , rFkk y =
29
29
3x + 2 y = 7
6x + 4y = 8
vkO;wg :i esa] fudk; dks bl izdkj fy[kk tk ldrk gS %
LM3 2OP LM x OP = LM7OP
N 6 4 Q N y Q N8 Q
;k AX = B

tcfd A= M
L3 2OP , X= LM x OP rFkk B = LM7OP
N6 4 Q N y Q N8 Q
;gk¡ ij] |A| = 3 × 4 − 6 × 2 = 12 − 12 = 0

Adj A = M
L 4 −6OP
N −6 3 Q
4 −6  7   −20 
rFkk (Adj A) B =  = ≠O
 −6 3  8   −18 
vr% fn;k x;k lehdj.k fudk; vlaxr gSA
3x − y = 7 UV
(c)
9 x − 3 y = 21 W
LM3 −1OP LM x OP = LM 7 OP
N9 −3Q N yQ N21Q
;k AX =B,

80 xf.kr
 vkO;wg dk izfrykse rFkk blds vuqiz;ksx
LM3 −1OP LM x OP
tcfd A = 9 −3 ; X = y rFkk B = 21
LM 7 OP ekWM;
~ y
w - VI
N Q NQ N Q chtxf.kr-II
3 −1
;gk¡ ij] |A| = = 3 × ( −3) − 9 × ( −1) = − 9 + 9 = 0
9 −3
L
Adj A = M
−3 1O  −3 1 7  0 
N−9 3PQ rFkk (Adj A)B = 
 −9 3  21 = 0  = O
    fVIi.kh
vr% fn, x, lehdj.k fudk; ds vuUr gy gSaA
vkb, vc ge ,d vU; jSf[kd lehdj.k ysa tgk¡ fd
|A| = 0 rFkk (Adj A) B ≠ O.
fuEu lehdj.k fudk; dks yhft,
x + 2y + z = 5
2x + y + 2z = − 1
x − 3y + z = 6
vkO;wg :i esa] ;g lehdj.k fudk; bl izdkj gS
LM1 2 1 OP LM x OP LM 5 OP
MM21 1
PM P M P
2 y = −1
1PQ MN z PQ MN 6 PQ
N −3
vFkkZr~ AX = B

LM1 2 1 OP LM x OP LM 5 OP
A= M P MM z PP MM 6 PP
tgk¡ fd 2 1 2 , X = y rFkk B= −1
MN1 −3 1PQ NQ N Q
1 2 1
vc |A| =
2 1
2 =0 (QC1 = C3 )
1 −3 1

LM 7 −5 3 OP LM 5 OP
(Adj A ) B = M
MN−7 5 −3PQ MN 6 PPQ
P M
rFkk 0 0 0 −1 [Adj A dh Lo;a tk¡p dhft,]

LM 58 OP
= M P
0 ≠O
NM−58QP
xf.kr 81
 vkO;wg dk izfrykse rFkk blds vuqiz;ksx
ekWM~;wy - VI ∴ |A| = 0 rFkk (Adj A ) B ≠ O,
chtxf.kr-II LM xOP 1  58 

MM yzPP = | A| ( Adj A) B = 1
0
0  tks fd ifjHkkf"kr ugha gSA
NQ  −58 

vr% lehdj.k fudk; dk dksbZ gy ugha gSA

fVIi.kh bl izdkj ge ikrs gSa fd ;fn |A| = 0 rFkk (Adj A) B ≠ O rks lehdj.k fudk; dk dksbZ gy ugha
gks xkA
ge bu ifj.kkeksa dks lkjka'k :i esa ns jgs gSa%
(i) ;fn |A| ≠ 0 rFkk (Adj A) B ≠ O rks lehdj.k fudk; dk 'kwU;srj vf}rh; gy
gks xkA
(ii) ;fn |A| ≠ 0 rFkk (Adj A) B = O, rks lehdj.k fudk; dk fujZFkd gy gksxkA
(iii) ;fn |A| = 0 rFkk (Adj A) B = O, rks lehdj.k fudk; ds vuUr gy gksaxsA
(iv) ;fn |A| = 0 rFkk (Adj A) B ≠ O, rks lehdj.k fudk; dk dksbZ gy ugha gksxkA
¼vlaxr fudk;½

ns[ksa vkius fdruk lh[kk 22.4

1. vkO;wg izfrykseu fof/k }kjk fuEu esa izR;sd lehdj.k fudk; dks gy dhft, %
(a) 2 x + 3y = 4 (b) x+ y = 7
x − 2y = 5 3x − 7 y = 11
2. vkO;wg izfrykseu fof/k }kjk fuEu esa izR;sd lehdj.k fudk; dks gy dhft, %
(a) x + 2y + z = 3 (b) 2 x + 3 y + z = 13
2 x − y + 3z = 5 3x + 2 y − z = 12
x+y−z=7 x + y + 2z = 5
(c) − x + 2 y + 5z = 2 (d) 2x + y − z = 2
2 x − 3 y + z = 15 x + 2 y − 3z = − 1
−x + y + z = − 3 5x − y − 2 z = − 1
3. Kkr dhft, fd fuEu lehdj.k fudk; laxr gSa ;k ughaA ;fn laxr gSa rks gy Kkr dhft,
%
(a) 2 x − 3y = 5 (b) 2 x − 3y = 5
x+ y = 7 4 x − 6 y = 10
(c) 3x + y + 2 z = 3 , −2 y − z = 7 , x + 15 y + 3z = 11

82 xf.kr
 vkO;wg dk izfrykse rFkk blds vuqiz;ksx
1A C ekWM;
~ y
w - VI
% +
vkb;s nksgjk,¡ chtxf.kr-II
• ,d oxZ vkO;wg O;qRØe.kh; gksrk gS ;fn bldk laxr lkjf.kd 'kwU;srj gksA
• vkO;wg A ds ioha iafDr rFkk josa LrEHk dks gVkus ls izkIr lkjf.kd vo;o aij dk milkjf.kd
dgykrk gSA bls izk;% Mij }kjk n'kkZrs gSaA
• aij dk lg[k.M ifjHkkf"kr gS % Cij = ( − 1)i+j Mij fVIi.kh
• vkO;wg A dk lg[k.Mt ml vkO;wg dk ifjorZ gksrk gS ftlds vo;o fn, x, vkO;wg
ds vo;oksa ds lg[k.M gksaA bls izk;% Adj A }kjk O;Dr djrs gSaA
• ;fn A dksbZ n dksfV dk oxZ vkO;wg gS] rks
A (Adj A) = (Adj A) A = A In tcfd In dksfV n dk ,dkad vkO;wg gSA
• fdlh O;qRØe.kh; oxZ vkO;wg A, ds fy, ;fn ,d ,slk O;qRØe.kh; oxZ vkO;wg B gS
f t l l s
AB = BA = I, rks B vkO;wg A dk xq.kkRed izfrykse dgykrk gSA bls B = A }kjk n'kkZrs
–1

gSaA
• dsoy O;qRØe.kh; vkO;wgksa ds gh xq.kkRed izfrykse gksrs gSaA
• a1 x + b1 y = c1 rFkk a2 x + b2 y = c2 lehdj.kksa dks ge fuEu vkO;wg :i esa fy[k ldrs
gSa %
 a1 b1   x  c1 
a =
 2 b2   y  c2 

LMc OP
La
bl izdkj ;fn A = M 1 OP, X = LM x OP rFkk B =
b1
MNc PQ gks rks
1

Na 2 bQ2 N yQ 2

X = A −1 B =
1 b2 LM
− b1 OP LMc OP
1

N
a1b2 − a2 b1 − a2 a1 Q Nc Q
2
• lehdj.k fudk;] tks AX = B }kjk O;Dr gksrk gS] laxr gksrk gS rFkk bldk ,d vf}rh;
gy gksrk gS ;fn |A| ≠ 0.
• lehdj.k AX = B }kjk O;Dr fd;k x;k fudk; vlaxr gksrk gS ;fn |A| = 0 rFkk
(Adj A) B ≠ O.
• lehdj.k AX = B }kjk O;Dr fd;k x;k fudk; laxr gksrk gS rFkk blds vuUr gy gksrs
gSa ;fn |A| = 0 rFkk (Adj A) B = O.
• lehdj.k AX = B }kjk O;fDr fd;k x;k fudk; le?kkrh gksrk gS ;fn B 'kwU; vkO;wg gksA
• ,d le?kkrh jSf[kd lehdj.k fudk; AX = 0 dk dsoy ,d fujZFkd gy gksrk gS ;fn
|A| ≠ 0 ;g gy gS % x1 = x2 = ... = xn = 0.
• le?kkrh jSf[kd lehdj.k fudk; AX = O ds vuUr gy gksrs gSa ;fn |A| = 0

xf.kr 83
 vkO;wg dk izfrykse rFkk blds vuqiz;ksx
ekWM~;wy - VI
chtxf.kr-II lgk;d
lgk;d ososcclkbV
lkbV
• http://www.mathsisfun.com/algebra/matrix-inverse.html
• http://www.sosmath.com/matrix/coding/coding.html

fVIi.kh vkb, vH;kl djsa

1. |A| Kkr dhft, ;fn %
LM 1 2 3 OP LM−1 3 4 OP
(a)
MM−2
A = −3 −1 0
P (b) MM 0
A= 7 5 0
2PQ
P
N 5 4PQ N 1
2. A dk lg[k.Mt Kkr dhft, ;fn
LM−2 3 7 OP LM 1 −1 5 OP
(a) MM −1
A = −1 4 5
1PQ
P (b)
MM−2
A= 3 1 2
P
N 0 N 1 3PQ
(a) rFkk (b) ds fy, lR;kfir Hkh dhft, fd A(Adj A) = |A|I3 = (Adj A) A.
3. ;fn lEHko gS rks A–1, Kkr dhft, tc fd vkO;wg A =
LM3 6OP LM2 1OP LM 3 −5OP
(a)
N7 2 Q (b)
N3 5Q (c)
N −4 2 Q
(a), (b) rFkk (c) ds fy, lR;kfir Hkh dhft, (A′)–1 = (A–1)′.
4. vkO;wg A dk izfrykse Kkr dhft, ;fn

LM1 0 0 OP LM1 2 0 OP
(a)
MM5
A= 3 3 0
−1PQ
P (b)
MM1
A= 0 3 −1
2 PQ
P
N 2 N 0

5. vkO;wg izfrykseu fof/k }kjk] fuEu jSf[kd lehdj.k fudk; dks gy dhft, %
x + 2y = 4 6x + 4 y = 2
(a) (b)
2 x + 5y = 9 9x + 6y = 3
2x + y + z = 1
3 x−y+z = 4
x − 2y − z =
(c) 2 (d) 2 x + y − 3z = 0
3 y − 5z =9 x+ y+z = 2
x + y − 2z = − 1
(e) 3x − 2 y + z = 3
2x + y − z = 0
84 xf.kr
 vkO;wg dk izfrykse rFkk blds vuqiz;ksx
6. vkO;wg izfrykseu fof/k }kjk gy dhft, % ekWM;
~ y
w - VI
2 3 10 4 6 5 8 9 20
+ + = 4; − + = 1; + − =3 chtxf.kr-II
x y z x y z x y z
7. λ dk eku Kkr dhft, ftlls fuEu lehdj.k fudk; laxr gks tk, %
2 x − 3y + 4 = 0
5x − 2 y − 1 = 0
fVIi.kh
21x − 8 y + λ = 0

mÙkjekyk
ns[ksa vkius fdruk lh[kk 22.1
1. (a) –12 (b) 10 2. (a) vO;qRØe.kh; (b) O;qRØe.kh;
3. (a) M11 = 4; M12 = 7; M21 = –1; M22 = 3 (b) M11 = 5; M12 = 2; M21 = 6; M22 = 0
4. (a) M21 = 11; M22 = 7; M23 = 1 (b) M31 = –13; M32 = –13; M33 = 13
5. (a) C11 = 7; C12 = –9; C21 = 2; C22 = 3 (b) C11 = 6; C12 = 5; C21 = –4; C22 = 0
6. (a) C21 = 1; C22 = –8; C23 = –2 (b) C11 = –6; C12 = 10; C33 = 2

ns[ksa vkius fdruk lh[kk 22.2

LM 6 1OP (b) LM d −bOP (c) LMcosα − sin α OP
1. (a)
N −3 2 Q N−c a Q N sin α cosα Q
LM 1 − 2 OP LM i i OP
2. (a)
N− 2 1 Q (b)
N −i i Q
ns[ksa vkius fdruk lh[kk 22.3
 4 2
 − 10 −
LM−5 3 OP 
10 
 LM 0 1OP
1. (a)
N 2 −1Q (b) 3
10
−
1
10 
(c)
N −1 2 Q
LM 15 −2
5
2
5
OP
−1
3
LM 1
3
1
3
OP
MM− 8 6 −1
PP
− 7
MM 1 1 PP
2. (a) M 5 5 5 (b) 12 PP MM 3 12 P
MM 2 1 −1 17
PQ MN −1 − 11 PP
N5 5 5 24 3 24 Q
LM−9 −8 −2 OP
= M P
4. (A′)–1
8 7 2
MN−5 −4 −1PQ

xf.kr 85
 vkO;wg dk izfrykse rFkk blds vuqiz;ksx
ekWM~;wy - VI ns[ksa vkius fdruk lh[kk 22.4
chtxf.kr-II 23 −6
1. (a) x= , y=
7 7
(b) x = 6, y = 1
58 2 21
2. (a) x= , y=− , z=−
fVIi.kh 11 11 11
(b) x = 2, y = 3, z = 0
(c) x = 2, y = − 3, z = 2
(d) x = 1, y = 2, z = 2
26 9
3. (a) laxr; x = , y=
5 5
(b) laxr] vuUr gy
(c) vlaxr
vkb, vH;kl djsa
1. (a) –31 (b) –24
LM 4 −3 −13 OP LM 1 8 −7 OP
2. (a) MM−44 5 3
−5 PQ
P (b) MM−513 13 13
4 PQ
P
N −3 N 1
LM− 181 16 OP LM 57 − 17 OP LM− 17 − 5
14
OP
3. (a) MM 7 − 1 PP (b) MM− 3 2 PP (c) MM− 2 − 3
PP
N 36 12 Q N 7 7Q N 7 14 Q
LM 1 0 0OP LM 23 − 1 −1
2
OP
MM−1 1 0 PP MM− 1 1 1 PP
4. (a) MM 3 PP (b) MM 4 2 4 PP
2
NM 3 3 − 1QP MN − 43 12 PQ
3
4
1 3
5. (a) x = 2, y = 1 (b) x = k, y = − k
2 2
1 3
(c) x = 1, y = , z=− (d) x = 2, y = − 1, z = 1
2 2
1 1 1
(e) x= , y=− , z=
2 2 2
6. x = 2, y = 3, z = 5
7. λ = −5

86 xf.kr
 laca/ ,oa iQyu-II
ekWM;
~ y
w - VII
23 laca/ ,oa
iQyu

laca/ ,oa iQyu -II

fVIi.kh

gekjs nSfud thou esa gesa oLrqvksa osQ chp fofHkUu izdkj osQ lac/a ns[kus dks feyrs gSaA lac/a dh vo/
kj.kk dks xf.krh; :i esa LFkkfir fd;k tk pqdk gSA ge Øfer ;qXe] dkrhZ; xq.kuiQy lac/a ] iQyu
muds izkar rFkk ifjlj ls ifjfpr gSA
bl ikB esa ge laca/ksa ds izdkj] iQyuksa ds izfrykse] f}vk/kjh lfØ;k,a nks leqPp;ksa osQ chp
lacaèk] ,d laca/ dk iQyu gksus dh fLFkfr;k¡] fofHkUu izdkj osQ iQyu vkSj muosQ xq.kksa dh ppkZ
djsaxsA

mís';
bl ikB dss vè;;u osQ ckn vki fuEufyf[kr esa leFkZ gks tk;saxs %
• fofHkUu izdkj ds laca/ksa dks ifjHkkf"kr djuk
• fofHkUu izdkj osQ iQyuksa osQ mnkgj.kksa tSls ,oSQdh] cgq&,d] vkPNknd] vUr{ksZih vkSj
,sdSdh vkPNknu (bijection) dks crkdj mUgsa ifjHkkf"kr djuk
• ;g crkuk fd D;k iQyu ,oSQdh] cgq&,d] vkPNknd ;k vUr{ksZih gSa
• nks iQyuksa dk la;kstu ifjHkkf"kr djuk
• izfrykse iQyuksa dks ifjHkkf"kr djuk
• izfrykse osQ vfLrRo dh ifjfLFkfr crk lduk
• f}vk/kjh lafØ;kvks rFkk muds xq.kksa dh O;k[;k djuk] leqPp; ds fdlh vo;o dk
rRled rFkk izfrykse Kkr djuk
iwoZ Kku
• la[;k i¼fr] Øfer ;qXe dh vo/kj.kk laca/ ,oa iQyu dh ifjHkk"kk laca/ ,oa iQyu ds
izkar] lg&izkar] lg&izkar o ifjlj

23-1 lEcU/
23-1-1 lEcU/
eku yhft, A rFkk B nks leqPp; gSa rc leqPp; A ls leqPp; R esa lEcU/k R,
A × B dk ,d mileqPp; gksrk gSA

xf.kr 87
 laca/ ,oa iQyu-II
ekWM~;wy - VII bl izdkj A ls B esa lEcU/k R ⇔ R ⊆ A × B
laca/ ,oa • ;fn (a, b) ∈R gS rc ge bls aRb fy[krs gSa tks fd a, b ls lEcU/k R }kjk lEcfUèkr
iQyu gS] i<+k tkrk gSA ;fn (a, b) ∉R rc ge bls a R b fy[krs gSa rc ge dgrs gSa
fd a, b ls lEcU/k R }kjk lEcfU/kr ugha gSA
• ;fn n(A) = m rFkk n(B) = n, rc A × B ds mn Øfer ;qXe gksrs gSa rc A ls B esa
dqy lEcUèkksa dh la[;k 2mn gksrh gSA
23-1-2 lEcU/ksa ds izdkj
fVIi.kh
(i) LorqY; laca/k
leqPp; A ij lEcU/k R LorqY; dgykrk gS] ;fn A dk izR;sd vo;o Lo;a ls lEcfUèkr
gks A
bl izdkj R LorqY; gksrk gS ⇔ izR;sd a ∈A ds fy, (a, a) ∈R
,d lEcU/k R LorqY; ugha gksxk ;fn muesa ls ,d Hkh vo;o a ∈A ds fy, (a, a) ∉R.
eku yhft, A = {1, 2, 3} ,d leqPp; gS rc
R = {(1, 1), (2, 2), (3, 3), (1, 3), (2, 1)} A ij LorqY; lEcU/k gSA
ysfdu R1 = {(1, 1), (3, 3) (2, 1) (3, 2)}, A ij LorqY; lEcU/k ugha gSA D;ksafd 2 ∈A
ysfdu (2,2) ∉R.
(ii) lefer lEcU/k
leqPp; A ij lEcU/k R lefer lEcU/k dgykrk gS ;fn
izR;sd (a, b) ∈A ds fy, (a, b) ∈R ⇒ (b, a) ∈R
vFkkZr~ izR;sd a, b ∈A ds fy, aRb ⇒ bRa
ekuk A = {1, 2, 3, 4} rFkk R1 vkSj R2 leqPp; A ij lEcU/k
R1 = {(1, 3), (1, 4), (3, 1), (2, 2), (4, 1)
,oa R2 = {(1, 1), (2, 2), (3, 3), (1, 3)} }kjk ifjHkkf"kr gSaA
• R1 leqPp; A ij ,d lefer lEcU/k gS D;ksafd izR;sd (a, b) ∈R1 ds fy, (a, b) ∈R1
⇒ (b, a) ∈R1 ;k izR;sd (a, b) ∈A ds fy, aR1b ⇒ bR1a
ysfdu R2 lefer ugha gS D;ksafd (1, 3) ∈R2 ysfdu (3, 1) ∉R2.
;g vko';d ugha fd leqPp; A ij LorqY; lEcU/k] lefer gksA mnkgj.k ds fy, lEcUèk
R ={(1, 1), (2, 2), (3, 3), (1, 3)}, leqPp; A = {1, 2, 3} ij LorqY; lEcU/k gS ysfdu
;g lefer ugha gSA
(iii) laØed lEcU/k
eku yhft, fd A dksbZ leqPp; gSA A ij lEcU/k R laØed lEcU/k dgykrk gS ;fn
izR;sd a, b, c ∈A ds fy, (a, b) ∈R rFkk (b, c) ∈R ⇒ (a, c) ∈R
vFkkZr~ izR;sd a, b, c ∈A ds fy, aRb ,oa bRc ⇒ aRc

88 xf.kr
 laca/ ,oa iQyu-II
mnkgj.k ds fy, ekWM;
~ y
w - VII
izkd`r la[;kvksa ds leqPp; N ij] lEcU/k R, xRy ⇒ x, y ls NksVk gS] }kjk ifjHkkf"kr laca/ ,oa
fd;k tkrk gSA iQyu
laØed gS D;ksafd izR;sd x, y, z ∈N ds fy, x < y rFkk y < z ⇒ x < z
vFkkZr~ xRy rFkk yRz ⇒ xRz
nwljk mnkgj.k ysus ij
ekuk lery esa lHkh ljy js[kkvksa dk leqPp; A gS rc A esa lEcU/k ^ds lekarj gS*
laØed lEcU/k gSA D;ksafd izR;sd l1, l2, l3 ∈A ds fy, l, ||l2 rFkk l2|| l3 ⇒ l1|| l3. fVIi.kh
mnkgj.k 23.1. LorqY;rk] lefefr rFkk laØedrk ds fy, lEcU/k R dh tk¡p dhft, tgk¡
R bl izdkj ifjHkkf"kr gS fd izR;sd l1, l2 ∈ A ds fy, l1Rl2 ;fn l1⊥ l2A
gy : ekuk lery esa lHkh js[kkvksa dk leqPp; A gSA fn;k gS fd izR;sd l1, l2 ∈A ds fy,
l1Rl2 ⇔ l1 ⊥ l2A
LorqY;rk: R LorqY; ugha gS D;ksafd ,d js[kk Lo;a ds yEcor~ ugha gks ldrh vFkkZr~
l ⊥ l lR; ugha gSA
leferrk : ekuk l1, l2 ∈ A vr% l1Rl2
rc l1 Rl2 ⇒ l1 ⊥ l2 ⇒ l2 ⊥ l1 ⇒ l2 Rl1
A ij R lefer gS
la Ø edrk%
R laØed ugha gS D;ksafd l1 ⊥ l2 rFkk l2 ⊥ l3 ⇔ / l1 ⊥ l3

23-1-3 lerqY; lEcU/

leqPp; A ij lEcU/k R lerqY; dgykrk gS ;fn
(i) ;g LorqY; gS vFkkZr~ izR;sd a ∈A ds fy, (a, a) ∈R
(ii) ;g lefer gS vFkkZr~ izR;sd a, b ∈A ds fy, (a, b) ∈R ⇒ (b, a) ∈R
(iii) ;g laØed gS vFkkZr~ izR;sd a, b, c ∈A ds fy, (a, b) ∈R rFkk (b, c) ∈R
⇒ (a, c) ∈R
mnkgj.k ds fy, lEcU/k ^^ds lokZaxle gS** ,d lerqY; lEcU/k gS D;ksafd
(i) ;g LorqY; gS tSls izR;sd ∆ ∈S ds fy, ∆ ≅ ∆ ⇒ (∆,∆) ∈S tgk¡ S f=Hkqtksa dk
leqPp; gSA
(ii) ;g lefer gS tSls ⇒ ∆1R∆ 2 ⇒ ∆1 ≅ ∆ 2 ⇒ ∆ 2 ≅ ∆1

⇒ ∆ 2 R∆1
(iii) ;g laØed gS ∆1 ≅ ∆ 2 rFkk ∆ 2 ≅ ∆ 3 ⇒ ∆1 ≅ ∆ 3
bldk eryc gS fd (∆1, ∆2) ∈R rFkk (∆2, ∆3) ∈R ⇒ (∆1, ∆3) ∈R
mnkgj.k 23.2. n'kkZb, fd ,d lery esa lHkh f=Hkqtksa ds leqPp; A ij ifjHkkf"kr lEcU/k
R = {(T1,T2) : T1, T2 ds le:i gS) ,d lerqY; lEcU/k gSA
gy : ge lEcU/k R ds fuEufyf[kr xq.kksa dk fujh{k.k djrs gSa

xf.kr 89
 laca/ ,oa iQyu-II
ekWM~;wy - VII LorqY;rk% ge tkurs gSa fd izR;sd f=Hkqt Lo;a ds le:i gS vr% izR;sd T ∈A ds fy,
(T, T) ∈R ⇒ R ds fy, ijkoR;Z gSA
laca/ ,oa
iQyu leferrk ekuk (T1, T2) ∈R, rc
(T1, T2) ∈R ⇒ T1, T2 ds le:i gSA
⇒ T2, T1 ds le:i gSSA
⇒ (T2, T1) ∈R, blfy, R lefer gSA
laØedrk: ekuk T1, T2, T3 ∈A ekuk (T1, T2) ∈R rFkk (T2, T3) ∈R.
fVIi.kh
rc (T1, T2) ∈R rFkk (T2, T3) ∈R
⇒ T1, T2 ds le:i gS rFkk T2, T3 ds le:i gSA
⇒ T1, T3 ds le:i gSA
⇒ (T1, T3) ∈R
vr% R ,d lerqY; lEcU/k gSA

ns[ksa vkius fdruk lh[kk 23-1

1. ekuk ,d lery esa lHkh js[kkvksa ds leqPp; esa lEcU/k R dks (l1, l2) ∈R ⇒ js[kk l1, l2
ds lekUrj gS] }kjk ifjHkkf"kr fd;k tkrk gSA n'kkZb, fd R ,d lerqY; lEcU/k gSA
2. n'kkZb, fd ,d lery esa fLFkr lHkh fcUnqvksa ds leqPp; A, esa lEcU/k R = {(P, Q), fcUnq
P ls ewyfcUnq dh nwjh rFkk fcUnq Q ls ewyfcUnq dh nwjh leku gS} }kjk ifjHkkf"kr fd;k
x;k gS] ,d lerqY; lEcU/k gSA
3- n'kkZb, fd leqPp; A = {x ∈ z; ≤ x ≤ 12} esa laca/k R tks fuEu izdkj ifjHkkf"kr gSA
(i) R = {(a, b) : |a – b|, 4 dk xq.kt gS}
(ii) R = {(a, b) : a = b} ,d lerqY; laca/k gSA
4- fl) dhft, fd R ls R esa ,d laca/k ^dk xq.ku[kaM gS* ijkoR;Z rFkk laØed gS ijarq lefer
ugha gSA
5- ;fn R rFkk S nks lerqY; laca/k gks rks fl) dhft, fd R ∩ S Hkh ,d lerqY; laca/k gksxkA
6- fl) dhft, fd N × N leqPp; ij ,d laca/k R tks (a, b) R (c, d) ⇔ a + d = b + c,
∀ (a, b), (c, d) ∈ N × N }kjk ifjHkkf"kr gS] ,d lerqY; laca/k gSA
23-2 iQyuksa dk oxhZdj.k
eku yhft, fd A ls B ij f ,d iQyu gSA ;fn B leqPp; dk izR;sd vo;o leqPp; A ds de
ls de ,d vo;o dk izfrfcEc gks] vFkkZr~ ;fn leqPp; B esa dksbZ Hkh vo;o v;qfXer u gks rc
iQyu f leqPP; A dk leqPp; B ij vkPNknd dgyk;sxk vU;Fkk ge dgrs gSa fd leqPp; A
leqPp; B ij ,dSdh izfrfpf=kr iQyu gS
,sls iQyu] ftlesa leqPP; A dk izR;sd vo;o leqPP; B ds vyx vo;o ls izfrfpf=kr gksrk gS]
dks ,dSdh iQyu dgrs gSaA

90 xf.kr
 laca/ ,oa iQyu-II
,dSdh iQyu ekWM;
~ y
w - VII
laca/ ,oa
A 1
iQyu
B 2
C 3
4

fp=k 23.1
{A, B, C} izkar
gSA fVIi.kh
{1, 2, 3, 4} lgizkar gSA
{1, 2, 3} ifjlj gSA
fdlh iQyu esa leqPp; A ds ,d ls vf/d vo;o leqPp; B ds ,d gh vo;o ij izfrfpf=kr
gks ldrs gSaA bl izdkj ds iQyu dks cgq ,d iQyu dgrs gSaA
cgq&,d iQyu

A 1
B 2
C 3
4

fp=k 23.2
izkUr {A, B, C} gSA
lgizkUr {1, 2, 3, 4} gSA
ifjlj {1, 4} gSA
,slk iQyu] tks ,oSQdh vkSj vkNknd nksuksa gks] ,dSdh vkPNknd iQyu dgykrk gSA

A 1 A 1
B 2 B 2
C 3 C 3
4

fp=k 23.3 fp=k 23.4

A 1 A 1
B 2 B 2
C 3 C
4

fp=k 23.5 fp=k 23.6

xf.kr 91
 laca/ ,oa iQyu-II
ekWM~;wy - VII fp=k 23.3 ,oSQdh iQyu n'kkZrk gS ftlesa izfrfp=k.k {A, B, C} ls {1, 2, 3, 4} ij vUr{ksZih gSA
laca/ ,oa fp=k 23.4 ,oSQdh iQyu n'kkZrk gS ftlesa izfrfp=k.k {A, B, C} ls {1, 2, 3} ij vkPNknd gSA
iQyu fp=k 23.5 cgq&,d iQyu n'kkZrk gS ftlesa izfrfp=k.k {A, B, C} ls {1, 2, 3, 4} ij vUr{ksZih gSA
fp=k 23.6 cgq&,d iQyu n'kkZrk gS vkSj izfrfp=k.k {A, B, C} ls {1, 2} ij vkPNknd gSA
fp=k 23.4 esa n'kkZ;k x;k iQyu] ,dSdh&vkPNknd Hkh gSA
fVIi.kh% ,d&cgq lEcU/ Hkh gksrs gSaA ijUrq gekjh iQyu dh ifjHkk"kk ls ;g iQyu ugha gSA uhps
fVIi.kh fn;k x;k fp=k bldh O;k[;k djrk gSA

A 1
B 2
C 3
4

fp=k 23.7
mnkgj.k 23.3. fcuk xzkiQ dh lgk;rk ls fl¼ dhft, fd iQyu F : R → R , tks f (x) = 4 + 3x
}kjk ifjHkkf"kr gS] ,oSQdh iQyu gSA
gy % ,oSQdh iQyu gksus osQ fy,
F ( x1 ) = f ( x 2 ) ⇒ x1 = x 2 ∀ x1, x 2 ∈ izkUr

∴ vc f ( x1 ) = f ( x 2 ) ls gesa izkIr gksrk gS

4 + 3x1 = 4 + 3x 2 ;k x1 = x 2
∴ ,oSQdh iQyu gSA
f
mnkgj.k 23.4. fl¼ dhft, fd iQyu
F:R → R ] tks f ( x ) = 4x 3 − 5 }kjk ifjHkkf"kr gS] ,dSdh vkPNknd iQyu gSA
gy % f ( x1 ) = f ( x 2 ) ∀ x1, x 2 ∈ izkUr

∴ 4x13 − 5 = 4x 23 − 5

⇒ x13 = x 23

⇒ x13 − x 23 = 0 ⇒ ( x 2 − x1 ) ( x12 + x1x 2 + x 22 ) = 0

⇒ x1 = x 2
2 2
;k x1 + x1x 2 + x 2 = 0 ;gk¡ x1 rFkk x2 osQ dksbZ okLrfod eku ugha gS] vr% bls NksM+ nsrs gSa]
∴ F ,oSQdh iQyu gSA
iqu% eku yhft, fd y = (x) tgk¡ y ∈ lgizkUr] x ∈ izkUr

92 xf.kr
 laca/ ,oa iQyu-II
1/ 3 ekWM;
~ y
w - VII
 y+5
gesa izkIr gksrk gS % y = 4x 3 − 5 ;k x =   laca/ ,oa
 4 
iQyu
∴ izR;sd y∈ lgizkUr] izkUr esa x ,slk gksxk fd f (x) = y
vr% F vkPNknd iQyu gSA
vr,o] F ,sdSdh&vkPNknd gSA

mnkgj.k 23.5. fl¼ djks fd F : R → R tks F ( x ) = x 2 + 3 }kjk ifjHkkf"kr gS u rks

fVIi.kh
,oSQdh iQyu vkSj u gh vkPNknd iQyu gSA
gy % F ( x1 ) = F ( x 2 ) ∀ x1, x 2 ∈ izkUr ls gesa izkIr gksrk gS
x12 + 3 = x 22 + 3 ⇒ x12 = x 22
;k x12 − x 22 = 0 ⇒ x1 = x 2 ;k x1 = − x 2
vFkkZr~ F ,oSQdh iQyu ugha gSA
iqu% eku yhft, fd y = F ( x ) tgk¡ y∈ lgizkUr] x∈ izkUr
⇒ y = x2 + 3 ⇒ x = ± y−3

⇒ ∀ y < 3 x dk dksbZ Hkh okLrfod eku izkUr esa ugha gSA

∴ F ,d vkPNknd iQyu ugha gSA
23.3 iQyu dk xzkiQ osQ :i esa fu:i.k
pw¡fd iQyu Øfer ;qXeksa }kjk iznf'kZr fd;k tk ldrk gSA
vr% iQyu dk xzkiQh; izn'kZu lnSo lEHko gSA mnkgj.kkFkZ] vkb, y = x 2 ij fopkj djsaµ
y = x2

x 0 1 −1 2 −2 3 −3 4 −4
y 0 1 1 4 4 9 9 16 16

Y
(–4, 16) (4, 16)

(–3, 9) (3, 9)

(–2, 4) (2, 4)

(–1, 1) (1, 1)
X′ X
–4 –3 –2 –1 1 2 3 4
Y′

fp=k 23.8
xf.kr 93
 laca/ ,oa iQyu-II
ekWM~;wy - VII D;k ;g ,d iQyu iznf'kZr djrk gS\
laca/ ,oa gk¡] ;g ,d iQyu iznf'kZr djrk gS D;ksafd x osQ izR;sd eku osQ fy, y dk ,d vf}rh; eku gSA vkb,
iQyu vc lehdj.k x 2 + y2 = 25 ij fopkj djsaA
x 2 + y 2 = 25

x 0 0 3 3 4 4 5 −5 −3 −3 − 4 −4
y 5 −5 4 −4 3 −3 0 0 4 −4 3 −3
fVIi.kh Y
(0, 5)
5
(–3, 4) (3, 4)
4
(–4, 3) 3 (4, 3)
2
1
(–5, 0) (5, 0)
X′ X
–5 –4 –3 –2 –1 1 2 3 4 5
–1
–2
(–4, –3) –3 (4, –3)
–4 (3, –4)
(–3, –4)
–5
(0, –5)
Y′

fp=k 23.9
;g xzkiQ ,d o`Ùk iznf'kZr djrk gS\
D;k ;g ,d iQyu iznf'kZr djrk gS\
ugha] ;g iQyu iznf'kZr ugha djrk gS D;ksafd x osQ ,d (leku) eku osQ fy, y dk vf}rh; eku ugha
gSA

ns[ksa vkius fdruk lh[kk 23.2

1. (i) D;k ;g xzkiQ ,d iQyu iznf'kZr djrk gSA

fp=k 23.10

94 xf.kr
 laca/ ,oa iQyu-II
(ii) D;k ;g xzkiQ ,d iQyu iznf'kZr djrk gSA ekWM;
~ y
w - VII
laca/ ,oa
iQyu

fVIi.kh
fp=k 23.11
2. fuEufyf[kr esa ls dkSu ls iQyu vUr{ksZih iQyu gS\

(a) A B

1 2
2 4
3 6
10

fp=k 23.12
(b) f (x) = x 2 tgk¡ f : N → N, ;gk¡ N izkÑr la[;kvksa dk leqPp; gSA
(c) f (x) = x tgk¡ f :N→ N
3. fuEufyf[kr esa ls dkSu ls iQyu vkPNknd gS ;fn f :R → R \
(a) f ( x ) = 115x + 49 ∀ x ∈ R (b) f ( x ) = x ∀x∈N
4. fuEufyf[kr esa ls dkSu ls iQyu ,dSdh iQyu gS \
(a) f : { 20, 21, 22 } → { 40, 42, 44 } tgk¡ f ifjHkkf"kr gS rFkk f ( x ) = 2x

(b) f : { 7, 8, 9 } → {10 } tgk¡ f ifjHkkf"kr gS rFkk f ( x ) = 10

(c) f : I → R tgk¡ f ifjHkkf"kr gS rFkk f ( x ) = x 3
(d) f : R → R tgk¡ f ifjHkkf"kr gS rFkk f ( x ) = 2 + x 4
(e) f : N → N tgk¡ f ifjHkkf"kr gS rFkk f ( x ) = x 2 + 2x
5. fuEufyf[kr esa ls dkSu&dkSu ls iQyu cgq&,d iQyu gS \
(a) f :{−2, − 1,1, 2} → {2, 5} tgk¡ f ifjHkkf"kr gS rFkk f (x) = x 2 + 1
(b) f :{0,1, 2} → {1} tgk¡ f ifjHkkf"kr gS rFkk f (x) = 1

xf.kr 95
 laca/ ,oa iQyu-II
ekWM~;wy - VII A B
(c)
laca/ ,oa 1 a
iQyu 2 b
3 c
4 d

fp=k 23.13
fVIi.kh
(d) f :N→ N tgk¡ f ifjHkkf"kr gS rFkk f (x) = 5x + 7

23.4 iQyuksa dk la;kstu

uhps fn, x, nks iQyuksa ij fopkj dhft,
y = 2x + 1, x ∈ {1, 2, 3 }
z = y + 1, y ∈ { 3, 5, 7 }
rc z nks iQyuksa x rFkk y dk la;kstu gS D;ksafd z, y osQ inksa esa ifjHkkf"kr gS rFkk y, x osQ inksa esa ifjHkkf"kr
gSA bldk xzkiQh; fu#i.k ge fuEu izdkj ls fn[kk ldrs gSaA

f (x) = y = 2x + 1 g (y) = z = y + 1

1 3 4
2 5 6
3 7 8

gof

fp=k 23.19
iQyu g rFkk f dk la;kstu] eku yhft, g0f, iQyu f dk iQyu g ds :i esa ifjHkkf"kr gksrk gSA
;fn f : A → B rFkk g : B → C
rc gof : A ls C
ekuk f (x) = 3x + 1 vkSj g(x) = x 2 + 2
rc fog ( x ) = f ( g ( x ) )
= f ( x2 + 2 )

= 3 ( x 2 + 2 ) + 1 = 3x 2 + 7 (i)
vkSj gof ( x ) = g ( f ( x ) )
= g ( 3x + 1 )

96 xf.kr
 laca/ ,oa iQyu-II

= ( 3x + 1 )2 + 2 = 9x 2 + 6x + 3 (ii) ekWM;
~ y
w - VII
laca/ ,oa
(i) vkSj (ii) ls tk¡p dhft, fd D;k
iQyu
fog = gof gS\
Li"Vr% fog ≠ gof

blh izdkj fof ( x ) = f ( f ( x ) ) = f ( 3x + 1 ) [ fof dks iQyu f dk iQyu if<+,]

= 3 ( 3x + 1 ) + 1 fVIi.kh
= 9x + 3 + 1 = 9x + 4
gog ( x ) = g ( g ( x ) ) = g ( x 2 + 2 ) [iQyu g dk iQyu if<+,]

= ( x2 + 2 ) + 2
2

= x 4 + 4x 2 + 4 + 2
= x 4 + 4x 2 + 6
mnkgj.k 23.6. ;fn f (x) = x + 1 vkSj g(x) = x 2 + 2 rks fog rFkk gof Kkr dhft,A
gy % fog ( x ) = f ( g ( x ) )
= f ( x2 + 2 )

= x2 + 2 + 1

= x2 + 3
gof ( x ) = g ( f ( x ) )

= g ( x + 1 ) = ( x + 1 )2 + 2

= x + 1 + 2 = x + 3.
;gk¡ ge iqu% ns[krs gSa fd ( fog ) ≠ gof
mnkgj.k 23.7. ;fn f ( x ) = x 3 , f : R → R
1
g(x) = , g : R − { 0 } → R − { 0 } rks fog rFkk gof Kkr dhft,A
x
gy % fog ( x ) = f ( g ( x ) )

1 1 3
= f   =   =
1
x x x3
1
( gof ) ( x ) = g ( f ( x ) ) = g ( x 3 ) =
x3
;gk¡ ge ns[krs gSa fd fog = gof

xf.kr 97
 laca/ ,oa iQyu-II
ekWM~;wy - VII
laca/ ,oa ns[ksa vkius fdruk lh[kk 23.3
iQyu 1. fuEufyf[kr iQyuksa osQ fy, fog, gof , fof rFkk gog Kkr dhft, %
1
f ( x ) = x 2 + 2, g ( x ) = 1 − , x ≠ 1.
1− x
2. fuEufyf[kr iQyuksa osQ fy,] fog, gof , fof rFkk gog fyf[k, %
fVIi.kh (a) f ( x ) = x 2 − 4 , g ( x ) = 2x + 5

(b) f ( x ) = x2 , g ( x ) = 3
2
(c) f ( x ) = 3x − 7 , g ( x ) = ,x≠0
x
3. eku yhft, fd f (x) = | x |, g(x) = [x] rks lR;kfir dhft, fd fog ≠ gof

eku yhft, fd f (x) = x + 3, g(x) = x − 2

2
4.
  3    3 
fl¼ dhft, fd fog ≠ gof vkSj f f   = gf  
  2    2 
5. ;fn f (x) = x 2 , g(x) = x rks n'kkZb, fd fog = gof

1
6. eku yhft, fd f (x) = | x |, g(x) = (x)1/ 3 , f (x) = ; x≠0 rks Kkr dhft, %
x
(a) fog (b) goh (c) foh (d) hog (e) fogoh.

 1
{laosQr% (fogoh) (x) = f (g(h(x)) = f (g   }
x

23.5 ,d iQyu dk izfrykse

(A) uhps fn, x, lEcU/ ij fopkj dhft,µ
A B

f
1
2 4
3

fp=k 23.20
;g cgq&,d iQyu gSA vkb, vc ge bldk izfrykse Kkr djsaA fp=k esa bls fuEufyf[kr :i esa
fn[kk;k tk ldrk gS %

98 xf.kr
 laca/ ,oa iQyu-II
B A ekWM;
~ y
w - VII
f laca/ ,oa
1
iQyu
4 2
3

fp=k 23.21
Li"Vr% ;g lEcU/ iQyu iznf'kZr ugha djrkA D;ksa \ fVIi.kh
(B) vc ,d vU; lEcU/ yhft, %
A B
f
1 4
2 5
3 6

fp=k 23.22
;g ,d ,oSQdh vkPNknd iQyu iznf'kZr djrk gSA vkb, vc ge bl lEcU/ dk izfrykse Kkr djsa]
ftls fp=k }kjk uhps fn, x, :i esa n'kkZ;k tk ldrk gSA
B A
f–1
4 1
5 2
6 3

fp=k 23.23
;g iQyu iznf'kZr djrk gSA
(C) uhps fn, x, lEcU/ ij fopkj dhft, %
A B
f
1 4
2 5
3 6

fp=k 23.24

xf.kr 99
 laca/ ,oa iQyu-II
ekWM~;wy - VII ;g cgq&,d iQyu fu:fir djrk gSA vc lEcU/ dk izfrykse Kkr dhft,] ftls uhps fn, x, :i
laca/ ,oa ls n'kkZ;k tk ldrk gSA
iQyu B A
f–1
4 1
5 2
6 3

fVIi.kh

fp=k 23.25
;g iQyu iznf'kZr ugha djrk D;ksafd B ds vo;o 6 dk lEcU/ ‘A’ osQ fdlh vo;o ls ugha gSA
(D) ;gk¡ fn, x, lEcU/ dks yhft, %
A B
f
1 4
2 5
3 6
7

fp=k 23.26
;g A ls B esa ,d ,oSQdh iQyu gSA bl lEcU/ dk izfrykse Kkr dhft,A
B A
f–1
4 1
5 2
6 3
7

fp=k 23.27
;g iQyu iznf'kZr ugha djrk gS D;ksafd B ds vo;o 7 dk lEcU/ ‘A’ osQ fdlh Hkh vo;o ls ugha
gSA mi;qZDr lEcU/ksa ls ge ns[krs gSa fd lEcU/ksa dks myVus ij izkIr lEcU/ iQyu gks Hkh ldrk
gS vkSj ugha HkhA
ge ns[krs gSa fd iQyu osQ izfrykse dk vfLrRo rHkh gS tc iQyu ,oSQdh vkPNknd gksA

ns[ksa vkius fdruk lh[kk 23.4

1. (i) n'kkZb, fd iQyu osQ izfrykse dk vfLrRo gS %
y = 4x − 7

100 xf.kr
 laca/ ,oa iQyu-II
(ii) eku yhft, fd ‘f’ ,d ,oSQdh vkPNknd iQyu gS ftldk izkUr A rFkk ifjlj B gSA ekWM;
~ y
w - VII
blosQ izfrykse iQyu dk izkUr rFkk ifjlj fyf[k,A laca/ ,oa
iQyu
2. ;fn izfrykse iQyu dk vfLrRo gS rks fuEufyf[kr iQyuksa dk izfrykse Kkr dhft, %

(a) f (x) = x +3 ∀ x∈R

(b) f ( x ) = 1 − 3x ∀ x∈R
fVIi.kh
(c) f ( x ) = x2 ∀ x∈R

x +1
(d) f (x) = , x≠0 x∈R
x

23-6 f}vk/kjh lafØ;k,¡

ekuk A rFkk B vfjDr leqPp; gSa rc A × A ls A esa ,d Qyu A ij f}vk/kkjh lafØ;k dgykrk
gS A
;fn A ij ,d ckbujh lafØ;k * }kjk n'kkZ;h tkrh gS] rc A × A ds Øfer ;qXe (a, b)
ls A dk ,d vf}rh; vo;o] a * b ls n'kkZ;k tkrk gSA
vo;oksa dks ,d fuf'pr Øe esa ysrs gSa vFkkZr~ ;qXe (a, b) rFkk (b, a) ls lacaf/kr vo;o
fHkUu&fHkUu izdkj ls gksrs gSaA vFkkZr~ a * b, b * a ds vleku gks ldrk gSA
ekuk A ,d vfjDr leqPp; gS ‘*’, A ij ,d lafØ;k gS] rc

1. * lafØ;k }kjk A can dgykrk gS ;fn vkSj dsoy ;fn izR;sd a, b ∈A ds fy,
a * b ∈A gSA
2. lafØ;k Øefofues; dgykrh gS ;fn vkSj dsoy ;fn izR;sd a, b ∈A ds fy, a * b = b * aA
3. lafØ;k lgpkjh dgykrh gS ;fn vkSj dsoy ;fn izR;sd a, b, c ∈A ds fy, (a * b) * c =
a * (b * c) A
4. ,d vo;o e ∈A rRled vo;o gS ;fn e * a = a = a * e
5. ,d vo;o a ∈A O;qRØe.kh; dgykrk gS ;fn mlesa b ∈A bl izdkj fLFkr gks fd a * b
= e = b * a . b, a dk izfrykse dgykrk gSA

uksV% ;fn ,d vfjDr leqPp; A lafØ;k * ds vUrxZr can gS] rc lafØ;k *, A ij

ckbujh lafØ;k dgykrh gSA
mnkgj.k ds fy, ekuyhft, A lHkh /kukRed okLrfod la[;kvksa dk leqPp; gS rFkk
ab
*, A ij ,d lafØ;k gS] tks izR;sd a, b ∈A ds fy, a * b = }kjk ifjHkkf"kr gSA
3

xf.kr 101
 laca/ ,oa iQyu-II
ekWM~;wy - VII izR;sd a, b, c ∈A, ds fy,] gesa izkIr gksrk gSA
laca/ ,oa ab
iQyu (i) a*b= ,d /kukRed okLrfod la[;k gS ⇒ A nh xbZ lafØ;k ds vUrxZr cUn gSA
3

∴ *, A ij ,d f}vk/kkjh lafØ;k gSA

ab ba
(ii) a *b = = = b * a ⇒ lafØ;k * Øefofues; gSA
3 3
fVIi.kh
ab
.c bc a bc abc
ab 3 abc
(iii) (a * b) * c = *c = = rFkk a *(b * c) = a * = . =
3 3 9 3 3 3 9

⇒ ( a * b) * c = a * (b * c ) ⇒ lafØ;k * lgpkjh gSA

a a
(iv) 3 ∈A bl izdkj fLFkr gS fd 3 * a = 3. = a = .3 = a *3
3 3

⇒ 3 ,d rRled vo;o gSA

9
9 a.
9
(v) izR;sd a ∈A ds fy,] ∈ A bl izdkj fLFkr gS] fd a * = a = 3 rFkk
a a 3

9
.a 9 9
9
* a = a = 3 ⇒ a * = 3 = * a ⇒ A dk izR;sd vo;o O;qRØe.kh; gS] rFkk
a 3 a a

9
a dk izfrykse gSA
a

ns[ksa vkius fdruk lh[kk 23-5

1. Kkr dhft, fd uhps ifjHkkf"kr lafØ;k ,d f}vk/kkjh lafØ;k gS ;k ugha
a+b
(i) a * b = ∀ a, b ∈ N
2

(ii) a * b = a b , ∀a. b ∈ Z

(iii) a * b = a 2 + 3b 2 , ∀a. b ∈ R

2. ;fn A = {1, 2} gS rks A ij ifjHkkf"kr f}vk/kkjh lfØ;kvksa dh dqy la[;k Kkr dhft,A
3. ekuk Q (lHkh okLrfod la[;kvksa dk leqPp;) ij ,d f}vk/kkjh lafØ;k bl izdkj
ifjHkkf"kr dh tkrh gS lHkh a, b ∈ Q ds fy, a * b = a + 2b gks rks

102 xf.kr
 laca/ ,oa iQyu-II
fl) dhft, fd% ekWM;
~ y
w - VII
(i) nh xbZ lafØ;k Øefofues; ugha gSA laca/ ,oa
iQyu
(ii) nh x;h lafØ;k lgpkjh ugha gSA
ab
4- ekuk *, Q+ ij a *b =
3
∀, a , b ∈ Q + }kjk ifjHkkf"kr ,d f}vk/kkjh lafØ;k gS rks
4*6 dk izfrykse Kkr dhft,A
5- ekuk A = N × N rFkk * leqPp; A ij (a, b) * (c, d) = (a + c, b + d) }kjk ifjHkkf"kr fVIi.kh
,d f}vk/kkjh lafØ;k gSA fl) dhft, fd * Øe fofues; rFkk lgpkjh gSA ;fn gks
rks A dk rRled vo;o Kkr dhft,A
6- ,d f}vk/kkjh lafØ;k * leqPp; Q – {–1} ij a * b = a + b + ab; ∀ a, b ∈ Q{–1}
}kjk ifjHkkf"kr gSA Q dk rRled vo;o Kkr dhft,A Q –{–1} esa fdlh vo;o dk
izfrykse Hkh Kkr dhft,A
C

1A
% +
vkb;s nksgjk,¡
• lEcU/k (a, a) ∈R ∀ a ∈X dk X esa ijkoR;Z lEcU/k R gSA
• X esa lefer lEcU/k R, lEcU/k (a, b) ∈R bldk rkRi;Z (b, a) ∈R dks larq"V djrk gSA
• X esa VªakthfVo lEcU/k R, lEcU/k (a, b) ∈R rFkk (b, c) ∈R bldk rkRi;Z gS fd
(a, c) ∈R dks larq"V djrk gSA
• X esa lerqY; lEcU/k R lEcU/k ijkoR;Z] lefer] VªkathfVo gSA
• leqPp; A ij f}vk/kkjh lafØ;k * Qyu * A × A ls A esa gSA
• ;fn a * b = b * a lHkh a, b ∈A ds fy,] rc lafØ;k Øe fofues; dgykrh gSA
• ;fn (a * b) * c = a * (b * c), lHkh a, b, ∈A ds fy,] rc lafØ;k lgpkjh dgykrh gSA
• ;fn e * a = a = a * e lHkh a ∈A ds fy, rc vo;o e ∈A rRled vo;o dgykrk gSA
• ;fn a * b = e = b * a rc a rFkk b ,d nwljs ds izfrykse gksrs gSaA
• vo;oksa dk ,d ;qXe tks ,d fo'ks"k Øe esa gksrk gS mls Øfer ;qXe dgykrk gSA
• ;fn n(A) = p, n(B) = q rFkk n(A × B) = pq
• R × R = {(x, y) : x, y ∈ R} rFkk R × R × R = {(x, y, z) : x, y, z ∈R}
• ,d Qyu esa f : A → B, B, f dk lgizkar gSA
• f, g : X → R rFkk X ⊂ R, rc
(f + g)(x) = f(x) + g(x), (f – g)(x) = f(x) – g(x)
 f f ( x)
(f . g)x = f(x) . g(x),   ( x ) = , g ( x) ≠ 0
 g g ( x)
• ,d okLrfod Qyu] okLrfod la[;kvksa dk leqPp; gksrk gS ;k buesa ls blds mileqPp;
blds izkar rFkk ifjlj nksuksa gSaA

xf.kr 103
 laca/ ,oa iQyu-II
ekWM~;wy - VII
laca/ ,oa
lgk;d osclkbV
iQyu • http://www.bbc.co.uk/education/asguru/maths/13pure/02functions/06composite/
index.shtml
• http://mathworld.wolfram.com/Composition.html
• http://www.cut-the-knot.org/Curriculum/Algebra/BinaryColorDevice.shtml
• http://mathworld.wolfram.com/BinaryOperation.html
fVIi.kh
vkb, vH;kl djsa
1. fuEufyf[kr iQyuksa osQ fy, fog, gof , fof rFkk gog fyf[k, %
(a) f ( x ) = x 3 g ( x ) = 4x − 1
1
(b) f ( x ) = ,x ≠ 0 g ( x ) = x 2 − 2x + 3
x2
(c) f ( x ) = x − 4,x ≥ 4 g(x) = x − 4
(d) f ( x ) = x 2 − 1 g ( x ) = x2 + 1
1
2. (a) eku yhft, fd f (x) = | x |, g(x) = , x ≠ 0, h(x) = x1/ 3 , fogoh Kkr dhft,A
x
(b) f (x) = x 2 + 3, g(x) = 2x 2 + 1

fog(3) rFkk gof (3) Kkr dhft,A

3. fuEufyf[kr esa dkSu ls lehdj.k ,slk iQyu n'kkZrs gSa ftlosQ izfrykse dk vfLrRo gS \
(a) f ( x ) = x (b) f ( x ) = x , x ≥ 0
3x − 5 3x + 1
(c) f ( x ) = x 2 − 1, x ≥ 0 (d) f ( x ) = (e) f ( x ) = x ≠1
4 x −1
4. ;fn gof(x) = |sin| rFkk gof(x) = (sin x)2 rks f(x) rFkk g(x) Kkr dhft,A
a+b
5- ;fn * leqPp; Q ij a *b =
3
, ∀, a , b ∈ Q }kjk ifjHkkf"kr ,d f}vk/kjh lafØ;k gks rks
fl¼ dhft, dh * Q ij Øefofues; gSA
ab
6- ;fn * ifjes; la[;kvksa ds leqPp; Q ij a * b = 5 , ∀, a, b ∈ Q }kjk ifjHkkf"kr ,d
f}vkèkkjh lafØ;k gks rks fl¼ dhft, fd * leqPp; Q ij lgpkjh gSA
7. fn[kkb, fd okLrfod la[;kvksa osQ leqPp; esa ,d laca/ R, tks fd R = {(a, b)} : a ≤ b2}
}kjk ifjHkkf"kr gS] uk rks LorqY; gS] uk lefer gS vkSj uk gh laozQed gSA
8. tkap dhft, fd leqPp; {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6} esa ,d laca/ R, tks fd R = {(a, b) : b = a + 1}
}kjk ifjHkkf"kr gS] LorqY;] lefer rFkk laozQe.k gSA

104 xf.kr
 laca/ ,oa iQyu-II
9. n'kkZb, fd leqPp; A esa ,d laca/ R, tks fd] R = {(a, b) ∀ : a = b} a, b ∈A, ekWM;
~ y
w - VII
,d rqY;rk lac/ a gSA laca/ ,oa
10. ;fn laca/ A = N × N ls ifjHkkf"kr gS] tgka N ,d izkd`frd la[;kvksa dk leqPp; iQyu
gSA ;fn lHkh (a, b), (c, d) ∈ A osQ fy, * : A × A → A bl izdkj ifjHkkf"kr gS fd
(a, b) * (c, d) = {ad + bc, bd) rc fn[kkb, fd
(i) * ozQe fofues; gSA
(ii) * lgpkjh gSA fVIi.kh

(iii) lafozQ;k * ds laca/ esa rRled vo;o vfLrRo esa ugha gSA
11. izkd`frd la[;kvksa ds leqPp; N ij * ,d f}vk/kjh lsfozQ;k bl izdkj ifjHkkf"kr gS
fd a * b = ab tgka lHkh a, b ∈N
(i) * ozQefofues; gS (ii) * lgpkjh gSA

mÙkjekyk
ns[ksa vkius fdruk lh[kk 23-2
1. (i) ugha (ii) gk¡ 2. (a), (b)
3. (a) 4. (a), (c), (e) 5. (a), (b)

ns[ksa vkius fdruk lh[kk 23-3

x2 x2 + 2
1. (i) fog = +2 (ii) gof =
( 1 − x )2 x2 + 1
(iii) fof = x 4 + 4x 2 + 6 (iv) gog = x
2. (a) fog = 4x 2 + 20x + 21
gof = 2x 2 − 3
fof = x 4 − 8x 2 + 12
gog = 4x + 15
(b) fog = 9, gof = 3, fof = x 4 , gog = 3
6 − 7x 2
(c) fog = , gof = , fof = 9x − 28, gog = x
x 3x − 7
1 1 1
6. (a) fog = x 3 (b) goh = 1
(c) foh =
x
x3
1
(d) hog = (e) fogoh(1) = 1
1
x3

xf.kr 105
 laca/ ,oa iQyu-II
ekWM~;wy - VII ns[ksa vkius fdruk lh[kk 23-4
laca/ ,oa 1. (ii) izkar B gS. ifjlj A gS
iQyu
1− x
2. (a) f −1 (x) = x − 3 (b) f −1 (x) =
3
1
(c)izfrykse dk vfLrRo ugha gSA (d) f −1 (x) =
x −1
fVIi.kh
ns[ksa vkius fdruk lh[kk 23-5
1. (i) ugha (ii) gk¡ (iii) gk¡
9 a
2- 16 4.
8
5- (0] 0) 6- rRled = 0 a–1 = a +1

vkb, vH;kl djsa

1. (a) fog = ( 4x − 1 )3 , gof = 4x 3 − 1, fof = x 9 , gog = 16x − 5
1 3x 4 − 2x 2 + 1
(b) fog = , gof = ,
( x 2 − 2x + 3 )2 x4

fog = x 4 , gog = x 4 − 4x 3 + 4x 2
(c) fog = x − 8, gof = x − 4 − 4,

fof = x − 4 − 4, gog = x − 8
(d) fog = x 4 + 2x 2 , gof = x 4 − 2x 2 + 2,
fof = x 4 − 2x 2 , gog = x 4 + 2x 2 + 2

1
2. (a) 1 (b) ( fog ) (3) = 364, (gof )(3) = 289
x3
3. (c), (d), (e)

4. f(x) = sin2 x, g(g) = x

8. LorqY; ugha] lefer ugha] laozQed ugha
9. gka] R ,d rqY;rk laca/ gSA
11. (i) ozQefofues; ugha

106 xf.kr
 izfrykse f=kdks.kferh; iQyu
ekWM;
~ y
w - VII
laca/ ,oa
iQyu

24

izfrykse f=kdks.kferh; iQyu fVIi.kh

fiNys ikB esa vkius iQyu dh ifjHkk"kk rFkk fofHkUu izdkj ds iQyuksa ds ckjs esa i<+kA ge izfrykse
iQyu ds ckjs esa o.kZu dj pqds gSaA
vkb,] la{ksi esa Lej.k djsa %
ekuk f, A ls B rd dk ,dSdh vkPNknd iQyu gSA
ekuk y, B dk dksbZ ,d vo;o gSSA rc f vkPNknd
f
iQyu gksxk ;fn A dk dksbZ ,d vo;o x ∈ A
gks tgka f ( x ) = y gks A D;ksafd f ,dSdh iQyu x y
n'kkZrk gS blfy, x vf}rh; gksuk pkfg,A bl
x = f –1(x) y = f(x)
izdkj izR;sd y ∈ B ds fy, ,d vf}rh; vo;o f –1
x ∈ A gksxk tgka f ( x ) = y gSA vr% ge ,d A B
iQyu dks f −1 ls iznf'kZr djds bl :i esa Hkh fp=k 24.1
ifjHkkf"kr dj ldrs gaS tSls f −1 : B → A
∴ f −1 ( y ) = x ⇔ f ( x ) = y
mQij fn;k x;k iQyu f −1 iQyu 'f' dk izfrykse dgykrk gSA ,d iQyu O;qRØe.kh; (invertible)
rHkh gksrk gS ;fn vkSj dsoy ;fn 'f' ,dSdh vkPNknd gksA bl fLFkfr esa f −1 dk izkUr] f dk ifjlj
gS vkSj f −1 dk ifjlj] f dk izkUr gSA
vkb, ,d nwljk mnkgj.k ysaA
ge iQyu dks ifjHkkf"kr djrs gSa] f : dkj → jftLVªs'ku uEcj
;fn ge fy[krs gSa] g : jftLVªs'ku uEcj → dkj
ge ns[krs gSa fd f dk izkUr (Domain), g dk ifjlj gS vkSj f dk ifjlj] g dk izkUr gSA
vr% ge dgrs gSa fd g, f dk izfrykse iQyu gS vFkkZr g = f −1A bl vè;k; esa ge dqN vkSj izfrykse
f=kdks.kferh; iQyuksa] muds izkUrksa vkSj ifjlj ds ckjs esa lh[ksaxs vkSj ,sls O;atdksa dks gy djuk
lh[ksaxs ftlesa izfrykse f=kdks.kferh; iQyu lfEefyr gksA

xf.kr 107
 izfrykse f=kdks.kferh; iQyu
ekWM~;wy - VII
laca/ ,oa mís';
iQyu
bl ikB ds vè;;u ds ckn vki fuEufyf[kr esa leFkZ gks tk;saxs %
• izfrykse f=kdks.kferh; iQyuksa dks ifjHkkf"kr djuk
• izfrykse f=kdks.kferh; iQyuksa ds vfLrRo dh fLFkfr Kkr djuk
• izfrykse f=kdks.kferh; iQyuksa ds eq[; ekuksa (Principal values) dks ifjHkkf"kr djuk
fVIi.kh
• izfrykse f=kdks.kferh; iQyuksa ds izkUr rFkk ifjlj Kkr djuk
• izfrykse f=kdks.kferh; iQyuksa ds xq.k/eks± dk o.kZu djuk
• ,sls iz'uksa dks gy djuk ftuesa izfrykse f=kdks.kferh; iQyu lfEefyr gksa
iwoZ Kku
• iQyu] iQyuksa ds izdkj] izkUr rFkk ifjlj dh tkudkjh
• f=kdks.kferh; iQyuksa ds ;ksx] vUrj] xq.kt vkSj viorZd ds lw=k
24.1 D;k izR;sd iQyu dk izfrykse lEHko gS\
,d iQyu ds nks Øfer ;qXeksa ( x1, y ) rFkk ( x 2 , y ) yhft,A ;fn ge bUgsa mYVsa rks gesa ( y, x1 ) rFkk
( y, x 2 ) izkIr gksxkA ;g iQyu ugha gS D;ksafd nksuksa Øfer ;qXeksa dk izFke vo;o ,d gh gSA
vkb, vc nwljk iQyu ysa
 π   π 1   π 3
 sin , 1 ,  sin 4 ,  vkSj  sin , 
 2   2  3 2 
bl dk izfrykse fy[kus ij gesa
 π  1 π  
1, sin  ,  , sin  vkSj  3 , sin π 
 2  2 4  2 3
izkIr gksrk gS tks iQyu gSA
vkb, nSfud thou ls lEcfU/r dqN mnkgj.kksa ij fopkj djsaA
f : fo|kFkhZ → xf.kr esa izkIr vad
D;k vki lksprs gS fd f −1 dk vfLrRo gS\
;g iQyu% gks Hkh ldrk gS vkSj ugha Hkh] D;ksafd ftl fLFkfr esa nks fo|kfFkZ;ksa }kjk izkIr vad leku
gks tk,saxs] f −1 iQyu ugha jgsxkA D;ksafd nks ;k nks ls vf/d Øfer ;qXeksa ds izFke vo;o ,d gh
gksaxsA vr% ge bl fu"d"kZ ij igqaprs gSa fd izR;sd iQyu O;qRØe.kh; ugha gSA
mnkgj.k ;fn f : R → R, f (x) = x 3 + 4 }kjk ifjHkkf"kr gS rks f −1 D;k gksxk \
24.1.
gy % bl fLFkfr esa 'f' ,dSdh rFkk vkPNknd nksuksa gSA
⇒ f O;qRØe.kh; gSA
eku yhft, fd y = x3 + 4

108 xf.kr
 izfrykse f=kdks.kferh; iQyu
∴ y − 4 = x3 ⇒ x = 3 y − 4 ekWM;
~ y
w - VII
D;ksafd 'f' dk izfrykse f −1 gS] vr% f −1 ( y ) = 3 y − 4 laca/ ,oa
tks iQyu ,dSdh rFkk vPNknd gksrs gSa os O;qRØe.kh; gksaxs A iQyu
vkb, bls f=kdks.kfefr rd c<+k,¡ %
y = sin x yhft, A ;gka izkar (Domain) okLrfod la[;k vFkok dks.kksa dk leqPp; gSA ifjlj lHkh
okLrfod la[;kvksa] tks &1 rFkk 1 ds chp esa gS ftuesa &1 vkSj 1 Hkh lfEefyr gSa vFkkZr
−1 ≤ y ≤ 1 dk leqPp; gSA ge tkurs gSa fd izR;sd fn, gq, dks.k vFkok la[;k x ds fy, y dk
fVIi.kh
,d vf}rh; eku gksrk gSA
izfrykse izfØ;k esa] ge lkbu ds fof'k"V eku dks laxr dks.k vFkok la[;k tkuuk pkgrs gSaA
1
eku yhft, fd y = sin x =
2
π 5π 13π
⇒ sin x = sin = sin = sin = ....
6 6 6
π 5π 13π
x ds eku , , = .... gks ldrs gSaA
6 6 6
vr% x ds vuUr eku gSaA
 π 1   5π 1 
y = sin x dks  ,  ,  ,  , ... ls Hkh iznf'kZr fd;k tk ldrk gSA
6 2  6 2
 1 π   1 5π 
izfrykse lEcU/ gksxk %  ,  ,  ,  , ...
2 6 2 6 
1
;g Li"V gS fd ;g iQyu ugha gS D;ksafd lHkh Øfer ;qXeksa ds izFke vo;o gSa tks iQyu dh
2
ifjHkk"kk ds izfrdwy gSA
vkb,] vc y = sin x ij fopkj djsa tgka x ∈ R izkUr rFkk y ∈ [−1, 1] vFkok −1 ≤ y ≤ 1 ftls
ifjlj dgrs gSa ;g cgq&,d vkPNknd iQyu gSA vr% ;g O;qRØe.kh; ugha gSA
D;k y = sin x dks O;qRØe.kh; cuk;k tk ldrk gS vkSj dSls\
gka] ;fn ge blds izkUr dks bl izdkj lhfer j[ksa fd ;g ,dSdh vkPNknd cu tk,] bl ds fy,
x ds eku fuEufyf[kr :i esa ysus gksaxs %
π π
(i) − ≤x≤ , y ∈ [−1, 1] vFkok
2 2
3π 5π
(ii) ≤x≤ y ∈ [−1, 1] vFkok
2 2
5π 3π
(iii) − ≤x≤− y ∈ [−1, 1] vkfn
2 2
vc izfrykse iQyu y = sin −1 x ij fopkj dhft,A
ge iQyu dk izkUr vkSj ifjlj tkurs gSaA izfrykse iQyu ds fy, muds izkar rFkk ifjlj dks ijLij
cny nsrs gaSA blfy,

xf.kr 109
 izfrykse f=kdks.kferh; iQyu
ekWM~;wy - VII π π
(i) − ≤ y≤ x ∈ [−1, 1] vFkok
2 2
laca/ ,oa 3π 5π
iQyu (ii) ≤ y≤ x ∈ [−1, 1] vFkok
2 2
5π 3π
(iii) − ≤ y≤− x ∈ [−1, 1] vkfn
2 2
;gka ge dks.kksa ds lHkh ekuksa esa U;wure la[;kRed eku ysaxs ftlds lkbu dk eku x gS ftls
sin −1 x dk eq[; eku (Principal value) dgk tkrk gSA
fVIi.kh blds fy, dsoy − π ≤ y ≤ π fLFkfr gSA vr% y = sin − 1 x ds eq[; eku ds fy, izkUr [−1, 1]
2 2
π π
gS vFkkZr x∈ [−1, 1] gS rFkk ifjlj − ≤ y ≤ gSA
2 2
blh izdkj] ge vU; izfrykse f=kdks.kferh; iQyuksa dh ppkZ dj ldrs gSaA
iQyu izkUr ifjlj (eq[;eku)
 π π
1. y = sin −1 x [−1, 1]  − 2 , 2 
2. y = cos −1 x [−1, 1] [0, π ]
 π π
3. y = tan −1 x R − , 
 2 2
4. y = cot −1 x R [0, π ]
 π π 
5. y = sec−1 x x ≥ 1 ;k x ≤ − 1  0, 2  ∪  2 , π 
 
 π   π
6. y = cosec−1 x x ≥ 1 ;k x ≤ − 1  − 2 , 0  ∪  0, 2 
 
24.2 izfrykse f=kdks.kferh; iQyuksa ds xzkiQ (vkys[k)
y y
π/2 π

π/2
O
–1 1

–1 O 1
−π/2
y′ y′
y = sin −1 x y = cos −1
x

110 xf.kr
 izfrykse f=kdks.kferh; iQyu

y
ekWM;
~ y
w - VII
y
π/2 laca/ ,oa
iQyu
π
O π/2

O
−π/2
y′ y′
fVIi.kh
y = tan −1 x y = cot −1 x
y y
π
π/2
π/2
–1 O 1
O
–π/2
–1
y′ y′

y = sec−1 x y = cosec−1 x
fp=k 24.2
mnkgj.k 24.2. fuEufyf[kr ds eq[; eku Kkr dhft, %
 1  −1  1   1 
(i) sin −1   (ii) cos  − 2  (iii) tan −1  − 
 2  3
 1 
gy % (i) eku yhft, fd sin −1  =θ
 2
π π
= sin   vFkok θ =
1
vFkok sin θ =
2 4 4
−1  1 
(ii) eku yhft, fd cos  −  = θ
 2
1  π  2π  2π
⇒ cos θ = − = cos  π −  = cos   vFkok θ=
2  3  3  3
−1  1  π
= tan θ vFkok tan θ = tan  − 
1
(iii) eku yhft, fd tan  −  = θ vFkok −
 3 3  6
π
⇒ θ=−
6

xf.kr 111
 izfrykse f=kdks.kferh; iQyu
ekWM~;wy - VII mnkgj.k 24.3. fuEufyf[kr ds eq[; eku Kkr dhft, %
laca/ ,oa (a) (i) cos −1 
1 
(ii) tan −1 (−1)
iQyu 
 2
 3
(b) eq[; eku dk mi;ksx djrs gq, sec cos −1  dk eku Kkr dhft,A
 2 
−1   1
gy % (a) eku yhft, fd (i) cos   = θ , rc
 2
fVIi.kh π
1
= cos θ vFkok cos θ = cos
2 4
π
⇒ θ=
4
(ii) eku yhft, fd tan −1 (−1) = θ , rc

−1 = tan θ vFkok tan θ = tan  − π 

 4
π
⇒ θ=−
4
 
(b) eku yhft, fd cos −1  3  = θ , rc
 2 

vFkok cos θ = cos  π 

3
= cos θ
2 6
π
⇒ θ=
6
  π 2
∴ sec  cos −1 3  = sec θ = sec   =
 2  6 3
mnkgj.k 24.4. ljy dhft, %
(i) cos ( sin − 1 x ) (ii) c o t ( c o s e c − 1 x )

gy % (i) eku yhft, fd sin −1 x = θ

⇒ x = sin θ

∴ cos [sin −1 x ] = cos θ = 1 − sin 2 θ = 1 − x 2

(ii) eku yhft, fd cos ec−1x = θ

⇒ x = cosec θ

∴ cot θ = cosec2 θ − 1 = x 2 − 1

112 xf.kr
 izfrykse f=kdks.kferh; iQyu
ekWM;
~ y
w - VII
ns[ksa vkius fdruk lh[kk 24.1 laca/ ,oa
iQyu
1. fuEufyf[kr esa izR;sd dk eq[; eku Kkr dhft, %
 3 −1  3
(a) cos −1   (b) cosec −1 ( − 2 ) (c) sin  − 
 2   2 
(d) tan −1 ( − 3 ) (e) cot −1 (1)
fVIi.kh
2. fuEufyf[kr ds eku Kkr dhft, %
 −1 1  −1  π  −1 2 
(a) cos  cos  (b) cosec  cosec  (c) cos  cosec 
 3  4  3

(d) tan ( sec −1 2 ) (e) cosec cot −1 ( − 3 ) 

3. fuEufyf[kr O;atdksa esa ls izR;sd dks ljy dhft, %

 x
(a) sec ( tan −1 x ) (b) tan  cosec −1  (c) cot ( cosec −1 x 2 )
 2

(d) cos ( cot x ) (e) tan ( sin −1 ( 1 − x ) )

−1 2

24.3 izfrykse f=kdks.kferh; iQyuksa ds xq.k&/eZ

π π
xq.k/eZ 1% sin −1 ( sin θ ) = θ , − ≤θ≤
2 2
gy % eku yhft, fd sin θ = x −1
−1 (
(ii) eku yhft, fd cot x = θ
⇒ −1
θ = sin x = sin sin θ ) = θ
⇒ x = cot θ
lkFk gh sin ( sin −1 x ) = x 1
⇒ = tan θ
blh izdkj ge fl¼ dj ldrs gSa fd x
1
(i) cos −1 ( cosθ ) = θ , 0 ≤ θ ≤ π ⇒ θ = tan −1  
x
π π
(ii) tan −1 ( tan θ ) = θ , − < θ < 1
2 2 cot −1 x = tan −1  
∴
x
 1 
xq.k/eZ 2% (i) cosec x = sin   (ii) cot −1 x = tan −1  
−1 −1 1
x x
1
(iii) sec−1 x = cos −1  
x
−1
gy% (i) eku yhft, fd cosec x = θ
⇒ x = cosec θ

xf.kr 113
 izfrykse f=kdks.kferh; iQyu
ekWM~;wy - VII 1
= sin θ
⇒
x
laca/ ,oa
1
iQyu ∴ θ = sin −1  
x
1
⇒ cosec −1 x = sin −1  
x
(iii) eku yhft, fd sec−1 x = θ
fVIi.kh ⇒ x = sec θ

vFkok θ = cos −1  
1 1
∴ = cos θ
x x
1
∴ sec −1 x = cos −1  
x

xq.k/eZ 3% (i) sin −1 ( − x ) = − sin −1 x (ii) tan −1 ( − x ) = − tan −1 x

(iii) cos −1 ( − x ) = π − cos −1 x

−1
gy % (i) eku yhft, fd sin ( − x ) = θ
⇒ − x = sin θ vFkok x = − sin θ = sin ( −θ )
∴ −θ = sin −1 x vFkok θ = − sin −1 x
vFkok sin −1 ( − x ) = − sin −1 x
(ii) eku yhft, fd tan −1 ( − x ) = θ
⇒ −x = tan θ vFkok x = − tan θ = tan ( −θ )
∴ θ = − tan −1 x vFkok tan −1 ( − x ) = − tan −1 x
(iii) eku yhft, fd cos −1 ( − x ) = θ

⇒ − x = cos θ vFkok x = − cos θ = cos ( π − θ )

∴ cos−1 x = π − θ
∴ cos −1 ( − x ) = π − cos −1 x

−1 −1 π π
xq.k/eZ 4% (i) sin x + cos x = (ii) tan −1 x + cot −1 x =
2 2

−1 −1 π
(iii) cosec x + sec x =
2
π
gy% (i) sin −1 x + cos −1 x =
2

114 xf.kr
 izfrykse f=kdks.kferh; iQyu
  π ekWM;
~ y
w - VII
eku yhft, fd sin −1 x = θ ⇒ x = sin θ = cos  − θ 
2  laca/ ,oa
π 
iQyu
vFkok cos −1 x =  − θ 
2 
π π
⇒ θ + cos −1 x = vFkok sin −1 x + cos −1 x =
2 2
−1 π  fVIi.kh
(ii) eku yhft, fd cot x = θ ⇒ x = cot θ = tan  − θ 
2 
π
∴ tan −1 x = −θ vFkok θ + tan −1 x = π
2 2
π
vFkok cot −1 x + tan −1 x =
2
(iii) eku yhft, fd cosec−1 x = θ
π 
⇒ x = cosec θ = sec  − θ 
2 
π
∴ sec −1 x = −θ vFkok θ + sec −1 x = π
2 2
π
⇒ cosec −1 x + sec −1 x =
2
 x+y 
xq.k/eZ 5% (i) tan −1 x + tan −1 y = tan −1  
 1 − xy 
 x−y 
(ii) tan −1 x − tan −1 y = tan −1  
 1 + xy 

gy % (i) eku yhft, fd tan −1 x = θ , tan −1 y = φ ⇒ x = tan θ , y = tan φ

 x+y 
gesa fl¼ djuk gS fd tan −1 x + tan −1 y = tan −1  
 1 − xy 
mi;qZDr ekuksa dks ck;sa i{k rFkk nk;sa i{k esa j[kus ij
−1  tan θ + tan φ 
oke i{k = θ + φ vkSj nk;sa i{k = tan  
1 − tan θ tan φ 
= tan −1  tan ( θ + φ )  = θ + φ = ck;sa i{k

vr% mi;qZDr ifj.kke lR; gSA

blh izdkj (ii) dks Hkh fl¼ dj ldrs gSaA

xf.kr 115
 izfrykse f=kdks.kferh; iQyu
ekWM~;wy - VII
−1  1 − x 
2
−1 −1  2x  −1  2x 
xq.k/eZ 6% 2 tan x = sin 1 + x 2  = cos 1 + x 2  = tan 1 − x 2 
laca/ ,oa
iQyu (a) (b) (c) (d)
gy % eku yhft, fd x = tan θ
(a), (b), (c) rFkk (d) esa izfrLFkkfir djus ij
2 tan −1 x = 2 tan −1 ( tan θ ) = 2 θ ......(i)
fVIi.kh  2x   2 tan θ   2 tan θ 
sin −1  2 
= sin −1  2 
= sin −1  
 1+ x   1 + tan θ   sec 2 θ 
= sin −1 ( 2 sinθ cos θ ) = sin −1 ( sin2θ ) = 2 θ .....(ii)

 1− x2  −1  1 − tan θ 
2
cos −1   = cos  
 1+ x2   1 + tan 2 θ 

−1 
cos 2 θ − sin 2 θ 
= cos  
 cos 2 θ + sin 2 θ 
= cos −1 ( cos 2 θ − sin 2 θ ) = cos ( cos 2θ ) = 2 θ
−1 ......(iii)

 2x  −1  2 tan θ 
tan −1   = tan   = tan −1 ( tan 2 θ ) = 2 θ .....(iv)
 1− x2   1 − tan 2 θ 
(i),(ii),(iii) rFkk (iv) ls gesa izkIr gqvk
−1  1 − x 
2
 2x  −1  2x 
2 tan −1 x = sin −1   = cos   = tan  
 1+ x2   1+ x2   1− x2 
xq.k/eZ 7%

−1
(i) sin x = cos
−1 ( 1 − x 2 ) = tan −1 
 x 

 1 
= sec −1   = cot −1
 1− x2 
 
2 2
 1− x   1− x   x 
1
= cosec−1  
x
 1− x2  −1  1  −1  x 
(ii) cos −1 x = sin −1 ( 1 − x 2 ) = tan −1   = cosec  2 
= cot  2 
 x   1− x   1− x 

1
= sec −1  
x

miifÙk% eku yhft, fd sin −1 x = θ ⇒ sin θ = x

x 1
(i) cos θ = 1 − x 2 , tan θ = , sec θ = ,
2 2
1− x 1− x

116 xf.kr
 izfrykse f=kdks.kferh; iQyu
ekWM;
~ y
w - VII
1− x2 1
cot θ = vkSj cosec θ = laca/ ,oa
x x
iQyu
 1 
sin −1 x = θ = cos −1 ( 1 − x 2 ) = tan −1 
 x  = sec −1 
∴ 2 
2   1− x 
 1 − x 

 1− x2 
−1
= cot  
 x  fVIi.kh
1
= cosec −1  
x
(ii) eku yhft, fd cos −1 x = θ ⇒ x = cos θ

1− x2
∴ sin θ = 1 − x 2 , tan θ = ,
x

1 x 1
sec θ = , cot θ = vkSj cosec θ =
x 1− x2 1− x2
 1− x2 
−1
cos x = sin −1 ( 1− x 2 ) = tan −1 
 x 


 1  1
= cosec −1  = sec−1  
2 
 1− x  x

−1  1  −1  1  −1  2 
mnkgj.k 24.5. fl¼ dhft, tan   + tan   = tan  
7  13  9

−1 −1 −1   x+y
gy % lw=k tan x + tan y = tan  1 − xy  dk mi;ksx djrs gq, gesa izkIr gksrk gS
 

 1 1 
 + 
1 1  20  2
tan −1   + tan −1   = tan −1  7 13  = tan −1   = tan −1  
7  13  1 1
 1 − ×   90  9
 7 13 

1  1− x 
mnkgj.k 24.6. fl¼ dhft, fd tan −1 x = cos −1  
2  1+ x 
gy % eku yhft, fd x = tan θ rc

−1  1 − tan θ 
2
1 1 1
ck;k¡ i{k = θ vkSj nk;k¡ i{k = cos  2 
= cos −1 ( cos 2 θ ) = × 2 θ = θ
2  1 + tan θ  2 2

xf.kr 117
 izfrykse f=kdks.kferh; iQyu
ekWM~;wy - VII ∴ ck;k¡ i{k = nk;k¡ i{k
laca/ ,oa mnkgj.k 24.7. lehdj.k gy dhft, %
iQyu  1− x  1
tan −1  −1
 = tan x, x > 0
 1+ x  2
gy % eku yhft, fd x = tan θ rc
 1 − tan θ  1
tan −1   = tan ( tan θ )
−1
fVIi.kh  1 + tan θ  2
 π  1
⇒ tan −1  tan  − θ   = θ
 4  2
π 1
⇒ −θ = θ
4 2
π 2 π
⇒ θ= × =
4 3 6
π 1
∴ x = tan   =
6 3
mnkgj.k 24.8. fl¼ dhft, fd
 1+ x2 + 1− x2  π 1
tan −1   = + cos −1 ( x 2 )
 
 4 2
2 2
 1+ x − 1− x

gy % eku yhft, fd x 2 = cos 2 θ , rc

2 θ = cos −1 ( x 2 )
1
⇒ θ= cos −1 x 2
2

x 2 = cos 2 θ dks fn;s x, lehdj.k ds ck;sa&i{k esa izfrLFkkfir djus ij gesa izkIr gksrk gS %

 1+ x2 + 1− x2   1 + cos 2θ + 1 − cos 2θ 
tan −1   = tan −1 
 2 2   1 + cos 2θ − 1 − cos 2θ 
 1+ x − 1− x   

 2 cos θ + 2 sin θ 
= tan −1  
 2 cos θ − 2 sin θ 

 cos θ + sin θ 
= tan −1  
 cos θ − sin θ 
 1 + tan θ 
= tan −1  
 1 − tan θ 

118 xf.kr
 izfrykse f=kdks.kferh; iQyu

 π 
ekWM;
~ y
w - VII
= tan −1  tan  + θ  
 4  laca/ ,oa
iQyu
π
= +θ
4
π 1
= + cos −1 ( x 2 )
4 2

fVIi.kh
ns[ksa vkius fdruk lh[kk 24.2
1. eku Kkr dhft, %
π  1 
(a) sin  − sin −1  −   (b) cot ( tan −1 α + cot −1 α )
3  2 

1 2x −1 1 − y 
2
(c) tan  sin −1 + cos 
2 1+ x2 1 + y2 

 1  1 π
(d) tan  2 tan −1  (e) tan  2 tan −1 − 
 5  5 4

2. ;fn cos −1 x + cos −1 y = β gks] rks] fl¼ dhft, fd

x 2 − 2xy cos β + y 2 = sin 2 β

3. ;fn cos −1 x + cos −1 y + cos −1z = π gks] rks] fl¼ dhft, fd

x 2 + y 2 + z 2 + 2xyz = 1
4. fl¼ dhft, fd %
1 2 π 4 5 16 π
(a) sin −1 + sin −1 = (b) sin −1 + sin −1 + sin −1 =
5 5 2 5 13 65 2
4 3 27 1 1 1 π
(c) cos −1
+ tan −1 = tan −1 (d) tan −1 + tan −1 + tan −1 =
5 5 11 2 5 8 4
5. lehdj.k tan (x – 1) + tan (x + 1) = tan 3x dks gy dhft,A
–1 –1 –1
C

1A
% +
vkb;s nksgjk,¡
• ;fn fdlh f=kdks.kferh; iQyu ds izkar dks izfrcfU/r dj fn;k tk,] rks mlds izfrykse dk
vfLrRo laHko gSA
π π
(i) sin −1 x = y ;fn sin y = x tgka −1 ≤ x ≤ 1, − ≤y≤
2 2
(ii) cos −1 x = y ;fn cos y = x tgka −1 ≤ x ≤ 1, 0 ≤ y ≤ π
xf.kr 119
 izfrykse f=kdks.kferh; iQyu
ekWM~;wy - VII π π
(iii) tan −1 x = y ;fn tan y = x tgka x ∈ R, − <y<
2 2
laca/ ,oa
iQyu
(iv) cot −1 x = y ;fn cot y = x tgka x ∈ R, 0 < y < π
π π
(v) sec −1 x = y ;fn sec y = x tgka x ≥ 1, 0 ≤ y < or x ≤ − 1, < y ≤ π
2 2
π
(vi) cosec −1 x = y if cosec y = x tgka x ≥ 1, 0 < y ≤
2
π
fVIi.kh vFkok x ≤ − 1, − ≤y<0
2
• izfrykse f=kdks.kferh; iQyuksa ds vkys[kksa dks fn, gq, vUrjkyksa esa muds v{kksa dks ijLij
cnyus ds }kjk iznf'kZr fd;k tk ldrk gSA tSls fd y = sin x, dh fLFkfr esaA
• xq.k/eZ %
sin −1 ( sin θ ) = θ , tan ( tan θ ) = θ , tan ( tan −1 θ ) = θ and sin ( sin θ ) = θ
−1 −1
(i)

1 −1 −1  1  −1 −1  1 
(ii) cosec −1 x = sin −1   , cot x = tan   , sec x = cos  
x x x

(iii) sin −1 ( − x ) = − sin −1 x , tan −1 ( − x ) = − tan −1 x , cos −1 ( − x ) = π − cos −1 x

−1 −1 π −1 −1 π −1 −1 π
(iv) sin x + cos x = , tan x + cot x = , cosec x + sec x =
2 2 2

 x+y   x−y 
(v) tan −1 x + tan −1 y = tan −1   , tan −1 x − tan −1 y = tan −1  
 1 − xy   1 + xy 

 2 
(vi) 2 tan −1 x = sin −1  2x  = cos −1  1 − x  = tan −1  2x 
 1+ x2   1+ x2   1− x2 

(vii) sin −1 x = cos −1 ( )  x 

1 − x 2 = tan −1 
2 
 1− x 

 1  −1  1 − x  −1  1 
2
= sec−1   = cot   = cosec  
 1− x
2
  x  x

lgk;d osclkbV
• http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inverse_trigonometric_functions
• http://mathworld.wolfram.com/InverseTrigonometricFunctions.html

120 xf.kr
 izfrykse f=kdks.kferh; iQyu
ekWM;
~ y
w - VII
vkb, vH;kl djsa laca/ ,oa
iQyu
1. fuEufyf[kr esa ls izR;sd dks fl¼ dhft, %
−1  3  −1  8  −1  77  −1  1  −1  1  1 −1  3 
(a) sin   + sin   = sin   (b) tan   + tan   = cos  
5  17   85  4 9 2 5
(c) cos −1   + tan −1   = tan −1  
4 3 27
5 5  11 
fVIi.kh
2. fuEufyf[kr esa ls izR;sd dks fl¼ dhft, %
1 1  23  1 1
(a) 2 tan −1   + tan −1   = tan −1   (b) tan −1   + 2 tan −1   = tan −1 2
2 5  11  2 3
 1   1   1 
(c) tan −1   + tan −1   = tan −1  
8 5 3

3. (a) fl¼ dhft, fd 2sin −1 x = sin −1 ( 2x 1 − x 2 )

(b) fl¼ dhft, fd 2 cos −1 x = cos −1 ( 2x 2 − 1)
   
(c) fl¼ dhft, fd cos −1 x = 2 sin −1  1 − x  = 2 cos −1  1 + x 
 2   2 
4. fuEufyf[kr esa ls izR;sd dks fl¼ dhft, %
 cos x  π x  cos x − sin x  π
(a) tan −1  = − (b) tan −1  = −x
 1 + sin x  4 2  cos x + sin x  4
 ab + 1  −1  bc + 1  −1  ca + 1 
(c) cot −1   + cot   + cot  =0
 a−b   b−c   c−a 
5. fuEufyf[kr esa ls izR;sd dks gy dhft, %
π
(a) tan −1 2x + tan −1 3x = (b) 2 tan −1 ( cos x ) = tan −1 ( 2 cosec x )
4
1  π π
(c) cos −1 x + sin −1  x = −1 −1
(d) cot x − cot ( x + 2 ) = ,x>0
2  6 12

mÙkjekyk
ns[ksa vkius fdruk lh[kk 24.1
π π π π π
. (a) (b) − (c) − (d) − (e)
6 4 3 3 4

1 π 1
2. (a) (b) (c) (d) 1 (e) −2
3 4 2

xf.kr 121
 izfrykse f=kdks.kferh; iQyu
ekWM~;wy - VII 2 x2 1− x
laca/ ,oa 3. (a) 1 + x 2 (b) 2 (c) x4 −1 (d) (e)
x −4 x +14 x
iQyu
ns[ksa vkius fdruk lh[kk 24.2

x+y 5 7
1. (a) 1 (b) 0 (c) (d) (e) −
1 − xy 12 17

1
fVIi.kh 5. 0, ±
2
vkb;s vH;kl djsa
1 π
5. (a) (b) (c) ±1 (d) 3
6 4

122 xf.kr
 lhek ,oa lkarR;
ekWM;
~ y
w - VIII
dyu

25
fVIi.kh

lhek ,oa lkarR;

x2 −1
iQyu f (x) = yhft,A
x −1
vki ns[k ldrs gSa fd iQyu x = 1 ij ifjHkkf"kr ugha gS D;ksafd ( x − 1) gj esa gSA x dk eku
1 ds fcYdqy ikl] ysfdu 1 ds cjkcj ugha] tSlk uhps rkfydk esa fn;k x;k gSA bl voLFkk
esas x − 1 ≠ 0 D;ksafd x ≠ 1
x 2 − 1 ( x + 1)( x − 1)
ge f ( x ) = = = x + 1 fy[k ldrs gSa D;ksafd x − 1 ≠ 0
x −1 ( x − 1)
blfy, ( x − 1) ls Hkkx nsuk laHko gSA

rkfydk 1 rkfydk 2
x f (x) x f (x)
0.5 1.5 1.9 2.9
0.6 1.6 1.8 2.8
0.7 1.7 1.7 2.7
0.8 1.8 1.6 2.6
0.9 1.9 1.5 2.5
0.91 1.91 : :
: : : :
: : 1.1 2.1
0.99 1.99 1.01 2.01
: : 1.001 2.001
: : : :
0.9999 1.9999 : :
1.00001 2.00001

xf.kr 123
 lhek ,oa lkarR;
ekWM~;wy - VIII mijksDr rkfydkvksa esa vki ns[k ldrs gSa fd x,1 dh vksj vxzlj gks jgk gS rFkk f ( x ) dk laxr
dyu eku 2 ds ikl&ikl igqap jgk gS (vxzlj gS)A vycÙkk bl voLFkk esa f ( x ) ,x=1 ij ifjHkkf"kr ugha
gSA bl fopkj dks ;g dg ldrs gSa fd tc x, 1 dh vksj vxzlj gksrk gS rks f ( x ) ds eku dh lhek
2 gSA
vkb, vc ,d vU; iQyu f ( x ) = 2x ysaA ge bl iQyu ds vkpj.k x = 1 fcUnq ds ikl rFkk
x = 1 ij ns[ksaxsA ge ns[krs gSa tc x, 1 dh vksj vxzlj gksrk gS] rks f ( x ) dk laxr eku 2 dh vksj
fVIi.kh
vxzlj gksrk gS rFkk x =1 ij f (x) dk eku 2 gSA
vr% mijksDr [kkst ls ge f ( x ) ds vkpj.k ds fo"k; esa vkSj vf/d D;k dg ldrs gSa tc x,
2 ds ikl gS rFkk tc x = 2 gSA
bl ikB esa ge fdlh iQyu ds fdlh fcUnq ds ikl rFkk ml fcUnq ij f ( x ) dk vkpj.k ns[ksaxs pkgs
ml fcUnq ij iQyu ifjHkkf"kr Hkh u gksA

mís';
bl ikl ds vè;;u ds ckn vki fuEufyf[kr esa leFkZ gks tk,axs %
• ,d iQyu dh lhek dks ifjHkkf"kr djuk
• ,d iQyu dh ekud lhek Kkr djuk
• ekud lhekvksa rFkk fofHkUu fof/;ksa dk iz;ksx dj lhek,a Kkr djuk
• ,d fcUnq ij iQyu ds lkarR; dks ifjHkkf"kr djuk rFkk mldh T;kferh; O;k[;k djuk
• ,d iQyu dk ,d vUrjkr esa lkarR; dks ifjHkkf"kr djuk
• fdlh fcUnq ij ,d iQyu dk lkarR; rFkk vU;Fkk Kkr djuk
• mnkgj.kksa dh lgk;rk ls iQyu ds lkarR; ds izes;ksa dk dFku nsuk rFkk mudk iz;ksx djuk

iwoZ Kku
• iQyu dh ladYiuk
• ,d iQyu dk vkys[k [khapuk
• f=kdks.kferh; iQyuksa dh ladYiuk
• pj?kkarkdh rFkk y?kqx.kdh; iQyuksa dh ladYiuk

25.1 ,d iQyu dh lhek

x2 −1
bl ikB ds vkjEHk esa geus iQyu f (x) = dks fy;k FkkA geus ns[kk Fkk tc x,1 dh vksj
x −1
vxzlj gksrk gS] rks f (x) , 2 dh vksj vxzlj gksrk gSA lkekU;r% ;fn x, a dh vksj vxzlj gksrk gS
rks f (x) , L dh vksj vxzlj gksrk gS] rks ge dgrs gSa L, iQyu f ( x ) dk lhekar eku gS
ladsrksa esa bls fy[kk tkrk gS lim f ( x ) = L
x →a
124 xf.kr
 lhek ,oa lkarR;

vkb, vc ge iQyu ( 5 − x ) dk lhekUr eku Kkr djsa] tc x, 0 dh vksj vxzlj gksrk gSA ekWM;
~ y
w - VIII
lim ( 5x − 3) dyu
vFkkZr x →0
bl lhek dks Kkr djus ds fy,] ge 'kwU; ds nksuksa vksj] x dks eku nsrs gSa
x −0.1 −0.01 −0.001 −0.0001..........
5x − 3 −3.5 −3.05 −3.005 −3.0005 ..........
fVIi.kh
x 0.1 0.01 0.001 0.0001..........
5x − 3 −2.5 −2.95 −2.995 −2.9995 .........

mijksDr ls lkiQ gS fd ( 5x − 3) dh lhek tc x → 0, −3 gS

vFkkZr lim ( 5x − 3 ) = −3
x →0
bldks fp=k 25.1 esa vkys[k ds :i esa fn[kk;k x;k gS %
y

5
4
3
2

1
x′ x
–1 –2 –3 –4 –5 1 2 3 4 5
–1
–2
(0.1, –2.5)
–3
(0, –3)
–4
(–0.1, –3.5)
–5

y′

fp=k 25.1

,d fcUnq ij fdlh iQyu dk lhekUr eku] pj dks ml fcUnq ds cgqr ikl ds eku nsdj Kkr djuk]
lnk lqfo/ktud ugha gSA
vr% gesa bl fof/ ds vfrfjDr fof/;ka pkfg,¡ ftuds }kjk ge iQyu dh lhek Kkr dj ldsa] tc
x (Lora=k pj) ,d ifjfer jkf'k ekuk a dh vksj vxzlj gS

x2 − 9
vkb, ,d mnkgj.k ysa& lim f (x), Kkr dhft, tc f (x) =
x →3 x −3
bls ge izfrLFkkiu fof/ ls Kkr dj ldrs gSa] ftlds pj.k fuEu gSa %

xf.kr 125
 lhek ,oa lkarR;
ekWM~;wy - VIII pj.k&1 % ge 'a' ds fudV ,d eku yas] tSls x2 − 9
f (x) = ds fy, ge x dks 3+ h
dyu a + h tgka h ,d cgqr NksVh /ukRed l[a;k gS x −3
Li"Vr% tc x → a rc h → 0 fy[krs gSaA x → 3 rks h → 0
pj.k&2 % f (a + h ) dks ljy djsa vc f (x) = f (3 + h)
2
=
( 3+ h) − 9
fVIi.kh 3+ h −3
2
h + 6h
=
h
=h+6

pj.k&3 % h=0 j[kdj vHkh"V eku (ifj.kke) lim f ( x ) = lim ( 6 + h )

x →3 h →0
izkIr djsaA
tc x → 0 rks h → 0
h = 0 j[kus ij] xlim f (x) = 6 + 0 = 6
→3

fVIi.kh% è;ku nas fd f ( 3) ifjHkkf"kr ugha gS fiQj Hkh bl iQyu dh lhek tc x → 3, 6 gSA
vc ge fofHkUu izdkj ds iQyuksa dh lhek Kkr djus dh vU; fof/;ksa ij ppkZ djsaxsA
vkb, vc ,d vU; mnkgj.k ysa
 x3 − 1
 , x ≠1
lim f (x) Kkr djsa tgk¡ f (x) =  x 2 − 1
x →1 1
 , x =1

x3 − 1
;gk¡ x ≠ 1 ds fy, f (x) =
x2 −1

( x − 1) ( x 2 + x + 1)
=
( x − 1)( x + 1)
g (x)
;g n'kkZrk gS fd ;fn f (x) dk :i gks] rks ge mls xq.ku[kaM dh fof/ ls gy dj ldrs
h (x)
gSaA bl fLFkfr esa ge fuEu pj.k viukrs gSa%

126 xf.kr
 lhek ,oa lkarR;

pj.k&1 % g (x) rFkk h (x) ds xq.ku[kaM djsa x3 − 1 ekWM;

~ y
w - VIII
gy % f (x) = dyu
x2 −1

( x − 1) ( x 2 + x + 1)
=
( x − 1)( x + 1)
( ∵ x ≠ 1,∴ x − 1 ≠ 0 vkSj bl izdkj ge bls fVIi.kh
dkV ldrs gSaA
pj.k&2 % f ( x ) dks ljy djsa x2 + x +1
∴ f (x) =
x +1
pj.k&3 % x dk eku j[kus ij gesa vHkh"V
x3 − 1 x2 + x +1 1 +1+1 3
ifj.kke feyrk gSA ∴ lim = lim = =
2 x→1 x −1 x→1 x +1 1+1 2
ijUrq f (1) = 1 (fn;k gS)
bl voLFkk esa xlim f (x) ≠ f (1)
→1

vr% f (x) dh lhek tc x → a rFkk iQyu dk ml fcUnq x=a ij eku vyx&vyx gks ldrs gSaA
vkb,] vc ge ,d ,slk mnkgj.k ysa tks u rks xq.ku[kaM fof/ vkSj u gh izfrLFkkiu fof/ ls gy
gks ldrk gSA
1+ x − 1− x
eku Kkr dhft, % lim
x →0 x
blds fy, ge fuEu pj.k ysrs gSa %
pj.k&1% ml in dk ifjes;hdj.k djsa ftlesa oxZewy gS
pj.k&2% ljy djsa
pj.k&3% x dk eku j[ksa rFkk okafNr ifj.kke izkIr djsa
gy %

1+ x − 1− x
=
( 1+ x − 1− x )( 1+ x + 1− x )
x x ( 1+ x + 1− x )
(1 + x ) 2 − (1 − x) 2 (1 + x) − (1 − x)
= =
x ( 1+ x + 1− x ) x ( 1+ x + 1− x )
1+ x −1+ x 2x
= =
x ( 1+ x + 1− x ) x( 1+ x + 1− x )
[Q x ≠ 0 vr% mls dkV ldrs gSaA]

xf.kr 127
 lhek ,oa lkarR;
ekWM~;wy - VIII =
2
1+ x + 1− x
dyu
1+ x − 1− x 2 2 2
∴ lim = lim = = =1
x →0 x x →0 1 + x + 1 − x 1+ 0 + 1− 0 1+1

25.2 ckb± i{k rFkk nkb± i{k lhek,a

fVIi.kh ge igys gh ns[k pqds gSa fd x → a dk vFkZ gS fd x ds eku a ds cgqr fudV gaS tks a ls cM+s
vFkok NksVs gSaA ml fLFkfr esa tc x ds eku a ls NksVs rFkk a ds cgqr fudV gSa rks ge dgrs gSa fd
−
x, ckb± vksj ls x dh vksj vxzlj gS rFkk bls ge x → a ds :i esa fy[krs gSaA blh izdkj x ds eku
tks a ls cM+s rFkk a ds cgqr fudV gSa rks ge dgrs gSa fd x nkbZa vksj ls a dh vksj vxzlj gS rFkk
mls ge x → a + ds :i esa fy[krs gSaA
vr% ;fn ,d iQyu f ( x ) ,d lhek l1 dh vksj vxzlj gS] tc x 'a' dh vksj ck;sa ls mixeu djrk gS]
rks ge dgrs gSa fd f ( x ) dh ckb± i{k lhek tc x → a ] l1 gSA ge mls bl izdkj fy[k ldrs gSa %
lim f ( x ) = ℓ 1 vFkok lim f ( a − h ) = ℓ 1 , h > 0
x →a − h →0

blh izdkj x ds nk;sa ls a dh vksj vxzlj gksus ij ;fn f (x) ,d lhek l2 dh vksj vxzlj gks] rks
ge dgrs gSa fd f (x) dh nkb± i{k lhek tc x → a; l2 gSA ge bls bl izdkj fy[k ldrs gSa %
lim f ( x ) = l 2 vFkok lim f ( a + h ) = l 2 , h > 0
x →a + h →0

dk;Zdkjh fu;e %
nkb± i{k lhek Kkr djuk ckb± i{k lhek Kkr djuk
lim f ( x ) lim f ( x )
x →a + x →a −

x = a + h jf[k, x = a − h jf[k,
lim f ( a + h ) Kkr dhft, lim f ( a − h ) Kkr dhft,
h →0 h →0

fVIi.kh % è;ku jgs nksuksa voLFkkvksa esa h ds eku /ukRed gksaxsA

25.3 iQyu y = f (x) dh x = a ij lhek
vkb, ,d mnkgj.k ysa %
lim f (x) Kkr dhft, tgk¡ f (x) = x 2 + 5x + 3
x →1

lim f (x) = lim (1 + h ) + 5 (1 + h ) + 3 = lim 1 + 2h + h + 5 + 5h + 3

2 2
;gk¡
x →1+ h →0   h → 0

=1+5+3=9 .....(i)

128 xf.kr
 lhek ,oa lkarR;
ekWM;
~ y
w - VIII
rFkk lim f (x) = lim  (1 − h) 2 + 5(1 − h) + 3
x →1− h →0   dyu

= lim 1 − 2h + h 2 + 5 − 5h + 3
x →0  
=1+ 5 + 3 = 9 .....(ii)
(i) rFkk (ii) ls, lim f (x) = lim f (x) fVIi.kh
x →1+ x →1−

vkb, ,d vU; mnkgj.k ysa %

| x −3|
eku Kkr dhft, % lim
x →3 x − 3

| x −3| | (3 + h) − 3 | |h|
;gk¡ lim = lim = lim
x →3+ x − 3 h → 0 [(3 + h) − 3] h →0 h
h
= lim (D;ksafd h>0, vr% | h | = h)
h →0 h
=1 .....(iii)
| x − 3| | (3 − h) − 3 | | −h |
rFkk lim = lim = lim
x →3− x − 3 h →0 [(3 − h) − 3] h →0 − h

h
= lim (D;ksafd h > 0, vr% |-h | = h)
h →0 −h
= −1 .....(iv)
| x −3| | x −3|
vr% (iii) rFkk (iv) ls, lim+ ≠ lim
x →3 x − 3 x →3− x − 3
vr% izFke mnkgj.k esa ckb± i{k lhek = nkb± i{k lhek tcfd nwljs mnkgj.k esa
ckb± i{k lhek ≠ nkb± i{k lhek
vr% ckb± i{k lhek rFkk nkb± i{k lhek lnk leku ugha gksrsA vr% ge bl urhts ij igq¡ps gSa fd
| x −3|
lim ( x 2 + 5x + 3) dk vfLrRo gS (tks 9 ds cjkcj gS) rFkk lim dk vfLrRo ugha gSA
x →1 x →3 x − 3

fVIi.kh%
I lim f ( x ) = l 
x →a + 
⇒ lim f ( x ) = l
rFkk lim f ( x ) = l  x →a
x →a − 
II lim f ( x ) = l1 
x →a + 
⇒ lim f ( x ) dk vfLrRo ugha .
rFkk lim f ( x ) = l 2  x →a
x →a − 

xf.kr 129
 lhek ,oa lkarR;
ekWM~;wy - VIII III lim f ( x ) ;k lim f ( x ) dk vfLrRo ugha
⇒ lim f ( x ) dk vfLrRo ugha
x →a + x →a − x →a
dyu

25.4 lhekvksa ij vk/kjHkwr izes;

1. lim cf (x) = c lim f (x) tgk¡ c ,d vpj gS
x →a x →a
fVIi.kh
bldks lR;kfir djus ds fy, ekuk f ( x ) = 5x
ge ns[krs gSa fd lim 5x esa 5 ,d vpj gS rFkk lhek ls csvlj gS
x →2

∴ lim 5x = 5 lim x = 5 × 2 = 10
x →2 x →2

2. lim g ( x ) + h ( x ) + p ( x ) + .... = lim g ( x ) + lim h ( x ) + lim p ( x ) + ........

x →a x →a x →a x →a

tgk¡ g ( x ) , h ( x ) , p ( x ) ,.... dksbZ iQyu gSa

3. lim f ( x ) ⋅ g ( x )  = lim f ( x ) lim g ( x )
x →a x →a x →a
bls lR;kfir djus ds fy, ekuk
f (x) = 5x 2 + 2x + 3
rFkk g (x) = x + 2.

rc x →0 x →0
(
lim f (x) = lim 5x 2 + 2x + 3 )
= 5 lim x 2 + 2 lim x + 3 = 3
x →0 x →0
lim g(x) = lim (x + 2) = lim x + 2 = 2
x →0 x →0 x →0

∴ lim (5x 2 + 2x + 3) lim (x + 2) = 3.2 = 6 .....(i)

x →0 x →0

fiQj lim [f (x) ⋅ g(x)] = lim [(5x 2 + 2x + 3)(x + 2)]

x →0 x →0

= lim (5x 3 + 12x 2 + 7x + 6)

x →0
3 2
= 5 lim x + 12 lim x + 7 lim x + 6
x →0 x →0 x →0
=6 .....(ii)
(i) rFkk (ii) ls]
lim [ f ( x ) g ( x )] = lim f ( x ) lim g ( x )
x →0 x →0 x →0
lim f ( x )
 f ( x )  x →a
lim  = lim g ( x ) ≠ 0
4. x →a  g ( x )  lim g ( x ) , tcfd x →a
x →a

130 xf.kr
 lhek ,oa lkarR;
bls lR;kfir djus ds fy, ekuk f (x) = x 2 + 5x + 6 vkSj g(x) = x + 2 ekWM;
~ y
w - VIII
dyu
gesa feyrk gS lim (x 2 + 5x + 6) = (−1) 2 + 5 (−1) + 6
x →−1
=1− 5 + 6 = 2
rFkk lim (x + 2) = −1 + 2 = 1
x →−1

lim (x 2 + 5x + 6) fVIi.kh
x →−1 2
= =2
∴ lim (x + 2) 1 .....(i)
x →−1

Q x 2 + 5x + 6 
 
(x 2 + 5x + 6) (x + 3)(x + 2)  = x 2 + 3x + 2x + 6 
vkSj lim = lim  
x →−1 x+2 x →−1 x+2
 = x(x + 3) + 2(x + 3) 
 = (x + 3)(x + 2) 

= lim (x + 3)
x →−1
= −1 + 3 = 2 .....(ii)
∴ (i) rFkk (ii) ls]

lim
x 2 + 5x + 6
= x →−1
(
lim x 2 + 5x + 6 )
x →−1 x+2 lim (x + 2)
x →−1

lim f ( x )
 f ( x )  x →−1
vFkkZr~ lim   = lim g ( x )
x →−1  g ( x ) 
x →−1

ge us mQij ns[kk fd fn;s gq, nks iQyuksa dks vusd fof/;ksa ls feyk dj u;k iQyu cuk;k tk ldrk
gSA bl la;ksftr iQyu dh lhek tc x → a ] dh x.kuk fn, gq, iQyuksa dh lhek ls dh tk ldrh
gSA vUr esa] ge lhek ij dqN vk/kjHkwr ifj.kkeksa dk o.kZu uhps djsaxs ftu dk vk/kjHkwr lafØ;kvksa
ls la;ksftr iQyuksa dh lheka, Kkr djus esa mi;ksx fd;k tk ldrk gSA
;fn lim f (x) = ℓ rFkk lim g(x) = m gks] rks
x →a x →a

(i) lim kf (x) = k lim f (x) = kl tgk¡ k ,d vpj gS

x →a x →a

(ii) lim [ f (x) ± g(x) ] = lim f (x) ± lim g(x) = l ± m

x →a x →a x →a

(iii) lim [ f (x) ⋅ g(x) ] = lim f (x) ⋅ lim g(x) = l ⋅ m

x →a x →a x →a

xf.kr 131
 lhek ,oa lkarR;
ekWM~;wy - VIII lim f (x)
f (x) x →a l
dyu (iv) lim = = , tcfd lim g(x) ≠ 0
x →a g(x) lim g(x) m x →a
x →a

mijksDr ifj.kke nks ls vf/d iQyuksa ij Hkh ykxw gksrs gSaA

mnkgj.k 25.1. lim f (x) Kkr dhft, tgk¡
x →1
fVIi.kh
 x2 −1
 , x ≠1
f ( x ) =  x −1
 x =1
 1,

x 2 − 1 ( x − 1)( x + 1)
gy % f (x) = = = (x + 1) [Q x ≠ 1]
x −1 x −1

∴ lim f (x) = lim (x + 1) = 1 + 1 = 2

x →1 x →1

x2 −1
fVIi.kh % ,x=1 ij ifjHkkf"kr ugha gSA lim f (x) dk eku f (x) ds x = 1 eku ls Lora=k gSA
x −1 x →1

x3 − 8
mnkgj.k 25.2. lim dk eku Kkr dhft,A
x →2 x − 2

2
x3 − 8 (x − 2)(x + 2x + 4)
gy % lim = lim
x →2 x − 2 x →2 (x − 2)

(
= lim x 2 + 2x + 4
x →2
) [Q x ≠ 2]

= 22 + 2 × 2 + 4 = 12

3 − x −1
mnkgj.k 25.3. lim dk eku Kkr dhft,A
x →2 2−x
gy % va'k dk ifjes;dj.k djus ij gesa izkIr gksrk gS
3 − x −1 3 − x −1 3 − x +1 = 3 − x −1
2−x
=
2−x
×
3 − x + 1 (2 − x) 3 − x + 1 ( )
2−x
=
( 2 − x ) ( 3 − x + 1)

3 − x −1 2−x
∴ lim = lim
x →2 2−x x →2 ( 2 − x ) ( 3 − x + 1)

1
= lim [Q x ≠ 2]
x →2 ( 3 − x + 1)

132 xf.kr
 lhek ,oa lkarR;
1 ekWM;
~ y
w - VIII
=
( 3 − 2 + 1) dyu
1 1
= =
1+1 2
mnkgj.k 25.4. eku Kkr dhft, %
12 − x − x fVIi.kh
lim
x →3 6+ x −3
gy % va'k rFkk gj dk ifjes;dj.k djus ij gesa feyrk gS

lim
12 − x − x
= lim
( 12 − x − x)( 12 − x + x ⋅) ( 6 + x + 3)
x →3 6 + x − 3 x →3 ( 6 + x − 3) ( 6 + x + 3 )( 12 − x + x )

= lim
(12 − x − x 2 )
⋅ lim
6+ x +3
x →3 6+ x −9 x →3 12 − x + x

− ( x + 4 )( x − 3) 6+ x +3
= lim ⋅ lim
x →3 ( x − 3) x →3 12 − x + x

6
= −(3 + 4) ⋅ = −7 [Q x ≠ 3]
6

fVIi.kh% tc dHkh fdlh iQyu ds va'k vkSj gj nksuksa dh lheka, 'kwU; gksa rks vki iQyu dk ,slk
ljyhdj.k djsa fd ifj.kkeh iQyu dk gj 'kwU;srj gksA ;fn gj dh lhek 0 gS rFkk va'k dh lhek
'kwU;srj gS] rks iQyu dh lhek dk vfLrRo ugha gksrkA
1
mnkgj.k 25.5. lim , ;fn mldk vfLrRo gS] rks Kkr djsaA
x →0 x
gy % ge x ds og eku pqurs gSa tks nksuksa vksj ls 0 dh vksj vxzlj gksrs gSaA
1
ge ds laxr ekuksa dh rkfydk cukrs gSa
x

x −0.1 −.01 −.001 −.0001 x 0.1 .01 .001 .0001

1 1
−10 −100 −1000 −10000 10 100 1000 10000
x x

1 1
ge ns[krs gSa fd tSls x→0 rks ds eku fdlh la[;k dh vksj vxzlj ugha gksrsA vr% lim
x x →0 x
dk vfLrRo ugha gS tSlk fd fp=k 25.2 esa fn[kk;k x;k gSA

xf.kr 133
 lhek ,oa lkarR;
ekWM~;wy - VIII y

5
dyu
4

2
1
y= x
1
fVIi.kh
–1 –2 –3 –4 –5
x′ x
1 2 3 4 5
–1

–2

–3

–4

–5
y′

fp=k 25.2

mnkgj.k 25.6. eku Kkr dhft, %

lim (| x | + | − x |)
x →0

gy % D;ksafd |x| ds eku x ≥ 0 rFkk x<0 ds fy, fHkUu gSa] gesa nksuksa ckb± i{k lhek rFkk nkb± i{k
lhek Kkr djuh iMa+sxhA
lim (| x | + | − x |) = lim (| 0 − h | + | −(0 − h) |)
x →0 − h →0

= lim (| − h | + | −(− h) |)
h →0

= hlim h + h = lim 2h = 0 ...(i)

→0 h →0

rFkk lim (| x | + | − x |) = lim (| 0 + h | + | −(0 + h) |)

x →0 + h →0

= lim h + h = lim 2h = 0 ...(ii)

x →0 h →0
(i) rFkk (ii) ls,
lim (| x | + | − x |) = lim [| x | + | − x |]
x →0 − h →0 +

vr% lim [| x | + | − x |] = 0
h →0

fVIi.kh% gesa ;kn j[kuk pkfg, fd ge ckb± i{k rFkk nkb± i{k lhek dk iz;ksx fo'ks"kr;k rc djrs
gSa tc (a) fn;k x;k iQyu ekikad iQyu gS rFkk (b) iQyu ,d ls vf/d fu;e }kjk ifjHkkf"kr
gSA
134 xf.kr
 lhek ,oa lkarR;
mnkgj.k 25.7. a dk eku Kkr dhft, fd ekWM;
~ y
w - VIII
3x + 5 , x ≤ 1 dyu
lim f (x) dk vfLrRo gS tgk¡ f (x) = 
x →1  2x + a, x > 1

gy % lim f (x) = lim ( 3x + 5 ) Q f (x) = 3x + 5, x ≤ 1 ds fy, 


x →1− x →1

= lim [3 (1 − h) + 5] fVIi.kh
h →0
=3+5=8 .....(i)
lim f (x) = lim ( 2x + a ) Q f (x) = 2x + a, x > 1 ds fy, 

x →1+ x →1

= lim ( 2(1 + h) + a )
h →0
=2+a .....(ii)
gesa fn;k gS fd lim f (x) dk vfLrRo gS ;fn
x →1

lim f ( x ) = lim f (x)

x →1− x →1+

(i) rFkk (ii) ls]

2+a=8
∴ vFkok a=6
mnkgj.k 25.8. ;fn iQyu f (x) bl izdkj ifjHkkf"kr gS fd
 1
x , 0≤x<
2

 1
f (x) = 0 , x=
 2
 1
x − 1 , < x ≤1
 2
lim f (x) ds vfLrRo dk ijh{k.k dhft,A
1
x→
2

 1
x , 0≤x< .....(i)
2

 1
gy % ;gk¡ f (x) = 0 , x=
 2
 1
x − 1 , < x ≤1 .....(ii)
 2
1 
lim f (x) = lim f  − h 
− h →0  2 
1
x → 
2

xf.kr 135
 lhek ,oa lkarR;
ekWM~;wy - VIII  1
1
= lim  − h 
 1
Q 2 − h < 2 rFkk (i) ls,f  1 − h  = 1 − h 
dyu 
x →0 2   2  2 
1 1
= −0= .....(iii)
2 2

1 
lim f (x) = lim f  + h 
+ h →0  2 
fVIi.kh 1
x → 
2

 1    1 
= lim  + h  − 1
1
Q 2 + h > 2 rFkk (ii) ls,f  1 + h  =  1 + h  − 1
h →0   2    2  2  

1 ( ) 1
= + −1 = − .....(iv)
2 2
(iii) rFkk (iv) ls] ckb± i{k lhek ≠ nkb± i{k lhek
vr% lim f (x) dk vfLrRo ugha gSA
1
x→
2

ns[ksa vkius fdruk lh[kk 25.1

1. fuEu esa ls izR;sd lhek Kkr dhft,%
(a) xlim
→2 x →0
(
[ 2(x + 3) + 7] (b) lim x 2 + 3x + 7 ) (c) lim (x + 3) − 16 
x →1
2

(d) lim (x + 1) + 2 

2
(e) lim (2x + 1) − 5
3
(f) xlim ( 3x + 1)( x + 1)
x →−1 x →0 →1

2. fuEu iQyuksa esa izR;sd dh lhek Kkr dhft, %

x −5 x+2 3x + 5
(a) lim (b) lim (c) lim
x →5 x + 2 x →1 x + 1 x →−1 x − 10

px + q x2 − 9 x 2 − 25
(d) lim (e) lim (f) lim
x →0 ax + b x →3 x − 3 x →−5 x + 5

9x 2 − 1
x2 − x − 2 lim
(g) lim (h) x → 1 3x − 1
x →2 x 2 − 3x + 2 3

3. fuEu esa izR;sd lhek Kkr dhft, %

x3 − 1 x 3 + 7x x4 −1
(a) lim (b) lim (c) lim
x →1 x − 1 x →0 x 2 + 2x x →1 x − 1

 1 2 
(d) xlim  − 
→1 x − 1
 2
x − 1

136 xf.kr
 lhek ,oa lkarR;
4. fuEu lhekvksa esa ls izR;sd dks Kkr dhft,% ekWM;
~ y
w - VIII
4+x − 4−x 2+x − 2 3+ x − 6 dyu
(a) lim (b) lim (c) lim
x →0 x x →0 x x →3 x −3
x 3x − 2 − x
(d) lim (e) lim
x →0 1+ x −1 x →2 2− 6−x

2 fVIi.kh
5. (a) lim , ;fn mldk vfLrRo gS] Kkr dhft,A
x →0 x

1
(b) lim , ;fn mldk vfLrRo gS] Kkr dhft,A
x →2 x−2
6. fuEu lhekvksa dks Kkr dhft, %
x 1 1
(a) lim 5− | x | (b) lim | x + 2 | (c) lim
x →0 x →2 x →2 | x − 2 |

| x −5|
(d) n'kkZb, fd lim dk vfLrRo ugha gSA
x →5 x − 5

7. (a) fuEu iQyuksa dh ckb± i{k lhek rFkk nkb± i{k lhek Kkr dhft, %
 −2x + 3, x ≤ 1
f (x) =  tcfd x → 1
 3x − 5, x > 1

 x 2 , x ≤ 1 lim f (x)
(b) ;fn f (x) =  ,
x →1
gks] rks Kkr dhft,A
 1, x > 1

 4x + 3, x < 4
(c) lim f (x) , ;fn mldk vfLrRo gS] Kkr dhft, tc f (x) = 
x →4  3x + 7, x ≥ 4

ax + 5, x < 2
8. 'a' dk eku Kkr dhft, rkfd lim f (x) dk vfLrRo gS] tgk¡ f (x) = 
x →2  x − 1, x ≥ 2

 x, x < 1

9. ekuk f (x) =  1, x = 1 rks lim f (x) ds vfLrRo dk ijh{k.k dhft,A
 2 x →1
 x , x > 1

10. lim f (x) , ;fn mldk vfLrRo gS] rks Kkr dhft, tgk¡
x →2

 x − 1, x < 2

f (x) =  1, x = 2
 x + 1, x > 2


xf.kr 137
 lhek ,oa lkarR;
ekWM~;wy - VIII 25.5 dqN fo'ks"k iQyuksa dh lhek Kkr djuk
dyu
xn − an
(i) fl¼ dhft, fd (a) lim = na n −1 tgk¡ n ,d /ukRed iw.kkZad gSA
x →a x − a

miifÙk %
n
fVIi.kh lim
xn − an
= lim
(a + h ) − an s
x →a x − a h →0 a + h − a

 n n −1 n ( n − 1) n −2 2 
a + n a h + a h + ..... + h n  − a n
2!
= lim  
h →0 h
 n ( n − 1) n −2 
h  n a n −1 + a h + ..... + h n −1 
2!
= lim  
h →0 h
 n ( n − 1) n −2 
= lim  n a n −1 + a h + ..... + h n −1 
h →0  2! 
= n a n −1 + 0 + 0 + ..... + 0
= n a n −1

xn − an
∴ lim = n ⋅ a n −1
x →a x − a

fVIi.kh% ;g ifj.kke lHkh n ds fy, Hkh lR; gS

(ii) fl¼ dhft, fd (a) xlim sin x = 0 rFkk (b) xlim cos x = 1
→0 →0

miifÙk % ,d bdkbZ o`Ùk yhft, ftldk dsUnz B gS

rFkk ftlesa C ij ledks.k gS rFkk ∠ ABC = x jsfM;u gS
vc sin x = A C rFkk cos x = BC
tSls&tSls x ?kVrk gS oSls&oSls A,C ds ikl gksrk tkrk gS
vFkkZr x → 0, A → C
vFkok x → 0, AC → 0 rFkk BC → AB
(Q o`Ùk dh f=kT;k 1 gS)
∴ sin x → 0 rFkk cos x → 1

bl izdkj gesa feyrk gS lim sin x = 0 rFkk lim cos x = 1

x →0 x →0

sin x
(iii) fl¼ dhft, fd lim =1
x →0 x

138 xf.kr
 lhek ,oa lkarR;
miifÙk % ,d bdkbZ f=kT;k dk o`Ùk yhft, ftldk dsUnz ewy fcUnq O ij gSA ekuk o`Ùk ij ,d fcUnq ekWM;
~ y
w - VIII
B (1, 0) gS rFkk A, o`Ùk ij ,d vU; fcUnq gSA AC ⊥ OX cukb,A dyu
π
ekuk ∠AOX = x jsfM;u] tgk¡ 0<x<
2
o`Ùk ds fcUnq B ij ,d Li'kZ js[kk [khafp,] tks c<+kbZ xbZ OA dks D ij feyrh gSA vr% BD ⊥ OX
∆AOC dk {ks=kiQy < f=kT;[kaM OBA dk {ks=kiQy < DOBD dk {ks=kiQy
fVIi.kh
1 1 1
vFkok OC × AC < x(1)2 < OB × BD
2 2 2
1 1
[D;ksafd ,d f=kHkqt dk {ks=kiQy = × vk/kj × mQ¡pkbZ rFkk ,d f=kT;[kaM dk {ks=kiQy = θ r 2 ]
2 2
1 1 1
∴ cos x sin x < x < ⋅1 ⋅ tan x
2 2 2
 OC AC BD 
Q cos x = OA ,sin x = OA vkSj tan x = OB , OA = 1 = OB

x tan x 1
vFkok cos x < < [ sin x ls Hkkx nsus ij]
sin x sin x 2
x 1
vFkkZr cos x < < A
sin x cos x
1 sin x
vFkkZr > > cos x
cos x x
sin x 1
vFkok cos x < <
x cos x
B C
lhek ysus ij] tc x → 0 gesa feyrk gS
fp=k 25.3
sin x 1
lim cos x < lim < lim
x →0 x →0 x x →0 cos x

sin x  1 1 
vFkkZr 1 < lim <1 Q xlim cos x = 1 rFkk lim = = 1
x →0 x →0 x →0 cos x 1 
sin x
vr% lim =1
x →0 x
D
fVIi.kh % mijksDr ifj.kke esa Lej.k jf[k;s fd dks.k x
A
jsfM;u esa O;Dr gSA Li'kZ js[kk
1 x
X
x O C B
(iv) fl¼ dhft, fd lim (1 + x ) = e
x →0

miifÙk % f}in izes; ls] tc | x | < 1 rks gesa feyrk gS fp=k 25.4

xf.kr 139
 lhek ,oa lkarR;
ekWM~;wy - VIII 1  11  1  1  1  
 1  − 1  − 1 − 2  
= 1 + ⋅ x + 
x x  2
x ++ 
dyu x x x  x  x 3 + ..........∞ 
(1 + x )
 x 2! 3! 

= 1 + 1 +
(1 − x ) + (1 − x )(1 − 2x ) + ..........∞ 

 2! 3! 
1
fVIi.kh
x  1 − x (1 − x )(1 − 2x ) 
∴ lim (1 + x ) = lim 1 + 1 + + + ..........∞ 
x →0 x →0  2! 3! 
 1 1 
= 1 + 1 + + + ..........∞ 
 2! 3! 
=e (ifjHkk"kk ls)
1
x
vr% lim (1 + x ) =e
x →0

log (1 + x )
(v) fl¼ dhft, fd lim =1
x →0 x
log (1 + x ) 1 1/ x
miifÙk % lim = lim log (1 + x ) = lim log (1 + x )
x →0 x x →0 x x →0

 1 
 x 
= log e  lim (1 + x ) = e ds i;
z kxs ls 
 x →0 
 
=1

ex − 1
(vi) fl¼ dhft, fd lim =1
x →0 x

 x2 x3 
miifÙk % ge tkurs gaS fd e x = 1 + x + + + .......... 
 2! 3! 
 
 x 2 x3   x 2 x3 
∴ e x − 1 = 1 + x + + + .......... − 1 =  x + + + .......... 
 2! 3!   2! 3! 
   
 x 2 x3 
 x+ + + .......... 
∴ e x − 1  2! 3! 
 [ nksuksa i{kksa dks x ls Hkkx nsus ij]
=
x x
 x x2 
x 1 + + + .......... 
 2! 3! 
=  
x
140 xf.kr
 lhek ,oa lkarR;
 x x2  ekWM;
~ y
w - VIII
= 1 + + + .......... 
 2! 3!  dyu
 

ex − 1  x x2 
∴ lim = lim 1 + + + .......... 
x →0 x x →0  2! 3! 

= 1 + 0 + 0 + ........ = 1
fVIi.kh
ex − 1
vr% lim =1
x →0 x

e x − e− x
mnkgj.k 25.9. lim dk eku Kkr dhft,A
x →0 x

ex − 1
gy % ge tkurs gaS fd lim =1 .....(i)
x →0 x
∴ (i) esa x ds LFkku ij − x j[kus ij gesa feyrk gS
e− x − 1
lim =1 .....(ii)
x →0 − x

nh xbZ lhek dks fy[k ldrs gSa

e x − 1 + 1 − e− x
lim
x →0 x
 e x − 1 1 − e− x 
= lim  + 
x →0  x x 

 ex − 1 e− x − 1
= lim  + 
x →0  x − x 

ex − 1 e− x − 1
= lim + lim
x →0 x x →0 − x
= 1+1 [ (i) rFkk (ii) ds iz;ksx ls]
=2
e x − e− x
vr% lim =2
x →0 x

ex − e
mnkgj.k 25.10. lim dk eku Kkr dhft,A
x →1 x − 1

gy % ekuk x = 1 + h tgk¡ h → 0
ex − e e1+ h − e
lim = lim
x →1 x − 1 h →0 h

xf.kr 141
 lhek ,oa lkarR;
ekWM~;wy - VIII
e1 ⋅ eh − e e(eh − 1) eh − 1
dyu = lim = lim = e lim
h →0 h h →0 h h →0 h
= e × 1 = e.
ex − e
vr% lim =e
x →1 x − 1
fVIi.kh mnkgj.k 25.11. eku Kkr dhft, %
sin 3x
lim
x →0 x

sin 3x sin 3x
gy % lim = lim ⋅3 (3 ls xq.kk rFkk Hkkx nsus ij)
x →0 x x →0 3x

sin 3x
= 3 lim [Q tc x → 0 rks 3x → 0 ]
3x →0 3x

 sin x 
= 3.1 Q xlim = 1
→0 x 
=3
sin 3x
vr% lim =3
x →0 x
mnkgj.k 25.12. eku Kkr dhft, %
1 − cos x
lim
x →0 2x 2

 2 
x 2 Q cos 2x = 1 − 2 sin x,
2 sin
gy % 1 − cos x 2 ∴1 − cos 2x = 2 sin 2 x 
lim = lim
x →0 2x 2 x →0 2x 2  
 or 1 − cos x = 2 sin 2 x 
 2 

2
 x
 sin 2 
= x →0  x
lim
(gj dks 2 ls xq.kk rFkk Hkkx nsus ij)
 2× 
 2

2
 x
 sin 
1 2
= lim  
4 →0 
x x

2  2 

1 1
= ×1 =
4 4
142 xf.kr
 lhek ,oa lkarR;
1 − cos x 1 ekWM;
~ y
w - VIII
∴ lim =
x →0 2x 2 4 dyu
1 − cos 4θ
mnkgj.k 25.13. eku Kkr dhft, % lim
θ→0 1 − cos 6θ

1 − cos 4θ 2 sin 2 2θ
gy % lim = lim
θ→0 1 − cos 6θ θ→0 2 sin 2 3θ fVIi.kh

  sin 2θ 2
  3θ 1  
2
lim 
= θ→0   2θ × 2θ   ×  
   sin 3θ 3θ  

2 2 2
 sin 2θ   3θ  4θ
= lim    
θ→0  2θ   sin 3θ  9θ2

2 2
4  sin 2θ   3θ 
=   lim   lim  
 9  2θ→0  2θ  3θ→0  sin 3θ 
4 4
= × 1× 1 =
9 9

mnkgj.k 25.14. eku Kkr dhft, % lim 1 + cos 2x2

x→
π
( π − 2x )
2

π π
gy % x= + h yhft, tc x → , h → 0
2 2
∴ 2x = π + 2h
π 
1 + cos 2  + h 
1 + cos 2x 2 
∴ lim 2
= lim 2
x → ( π − 2x )
π h →0 [ π − ( π + 2h)]
2
1 + cos(π + 2h)
= lim
h →0 4h 2
1 − cos 2h
= lim
h →0 4h 2
2 sin 2 h
= lim
h →0 4h 2
2
1  sin h 
= lim  
2 h →0  h 
1 1
= ×1 =
2 2

xf.kr 143
 lhek ,oa lkarR;
ekWM~;wy - VIII 1 + cos 2x 1
lim 2
=
dyu ∴ π ( π − 2x ) 2
x→
2

sin a x
mnkgj.k 25.15. eku Kkr dhft, % xlim
→0 tan b x

fVIi.kh sin a x sin a x

×a lim
sin a x a
gy % lim = lim ax = x →0 ax
x →0 tan b x x →0 tan bx tan b x
× b b lim
bx x →0 bx

a 1 a
= ⋅ =
b 1 b
sin ax a
∴ lim =
x →0 tan bx b

ns[ksa vkius fdruk lh[kk 25.2

1. fuEu esa ls izR;sd dk eku Kkr dhft, %
e2x − 1 ex − e− x
(a) lim (b) lim
x →0 x x →0 e x + e− x

2. fuEu esa ls izR;sd dk eku Kkr dhft, %

e− x − e−1 e − ex
(a) lim (b) lim
x →1 x − 1 x →1 x − 1

3. fuEu esa ls izR;sd dk eku Kkr dhft, %

sin 4x sin x 2 sin x 2 sin a x
(a) lim (b) lim 2 (c) lim (d) xlim
→0 sin b x
x →0 2x x →0 5x x →0 x

4. fuEu esa ls izR;sd dk eku Kkr dhft, %

1 − cos x 1 − cos8 x sin 2x(1 − cos 2x)
(a) xlim 2 (b) xlim (c) xlim
→0 x →0 x →0 x3

1 − cos 2x
(d) xlim
→0 3 tan 2 x

5. fuEu esa ls izR;sd dk eku Kkr dhft, %

1 − cos a x x 3 cot x cosec x − cot x
(a) xlim
→0 1 − cos b x
(b) lim (c) lim
x →0 1 − cos x x →0 x

144 xf.kr
 lhek ,oa lkarR;
6. fuEu esa ls izR;sd dk eku Kkr dhft, % ekWM;
~ y
w - VIII
π
cos x
dyu
sin x
(a) xlim
→π π − x
(b) lim 2 (c) lim ( sec x − tan x )
x →1 1 − x π
x→
2
7. fuEu esa ls izR;sd dk eku Kkr dhft, %
sin 5x tan 7θ sin 2x + tan 3x
(a) lim (b) lim (c) lim fVIi.kh
x →0 tan 3x θ→0 sin 4θ x →0 4x − tan 5x

25.6 fdlh fcUnq ij ,d iQyu dk lkarR;

(a, f(a))
(a, f(a)) (a, f(a))

a a a a
(i) (ii) (iii) (iv)

fp=k 25.5

vkb;s ,d iQyu ds mijksDr vkys[kksa dk izs{k.k djsa %

vkys[k (iv) dks ge fcuk iSafly mBk;s vkysf[kr dj ldrs gSa ysfdu vkys[kksa (i),(ii) rFkk (iii) esa] iwjk
vkys[k [khapus ds fy, gesa iSafly dks mBkuk gh iM+sxkA
fLFkfr (iv) ds fy, ge dgrs gSas fd x = a ij iQyu lrr gSA vU; rhu fLFkfr;ksa esa x = a ij iQyu
lrr ugha gS] vFkkZr og x = a ij vlrr gSA
fLFkfr (i) esa] x = a ij iQyu dh lhek dk vfLrRo ugha gSA
fLFkfr (ii) esa] lhek dk vfLrRo gS ysfdu x = a ij iQyu ifjHkkf"kr ugha gSA
fLFkfr (iii) esa] lhek dk vfLrRo gS] ysfdu og iQyu dk x = a ds eku ds cjkcj ugha gSA
fLFkfr (iv) esa] lhek dk vfLrRo gS rFkk og iQyu dk x = a ds eku ds cjkcj Hkh gSA
mnkgj.k 25.16. iQyu f (x) = x − a dk x = a ij lkarR; dk ijh{k.k dhft,A
gy % lim f (x) = lim f (a + h) = lim[(a + h) − a]
x →a h →0 h →0
=0 .....(i)
rFkk f (a) = a − a = 0 .....(ii)

(i) rFkk (ii) ls] lim f (x) = f (a)

x →a

vr% x = a ij iQyu f (x) lrr gSA

xf.kr 145
 lhek ,oa lkarR;
ekWM~;wy - VIII mnkgj.k 25.17. n'kkZb, fd f (x) = c lrr gSA
dyu gy % vpj iQyu f (x) = c dk izkar R gSA ekuk 'a' ,d LosPN okLrfod la[;k gSA

∴
lim f (x) = c rFkk f (a) = c
x →a

∴ lim f (x) = f (a)

x →a
fVIi.kh
∴x=a ij f (x) lrr~ gSA ijUrq a LosPN gS] vr% f (x) = c ,d lrr iQyu gSA
mnkgj.k 25.18. n'kkZb, fd f ( x ) = cx + d ,d lrr iQyu gSA
gy % iQyu f ( x ) = cx + d dk izkar R gS rFkk ekuk a ,d LosPN okLrfod la[;k gSA
lim f (x) = lim f (a + h)
x →a h →0

= lim[c (a + h) + d]
h →a
= ca + d .....(i)
rFkk f ( a ) = ca + d .....(ii)

(i) rFkk (ii) ls, lim f (x) = f (a)

x →a

vr% x = a ij f ( x ) lrr gS
D;ksafd a LosPN gS] vr% f (x) ,d lrr iQyu gSA
mnkgj.k 25.19. fl¼ dhft, fd f ( x ) = sin x ,d lrr iQyu gSA
gy % f ( x ) = sin x

sin x dk izkar R gSA ekuk 'a' ,d LosPN okLrfod la[;k gS

∴ lim f (x) = lim f (a + h) = lim sin(a + h)
x →a h →0 h →0

= hlim [sin a. cos h + cos a. sin h]

→0

cos h + cos a lim sin h Q lim kf (x) = k lim f (x) tgk¡ k ,d vpj gS
= sin a hlim  x →a
→0 h →0 x →a 

Q lim sin x = 0 vkSj lim cos x = 1

= sin a × 1 + cos a × 0  x →0 
x →0

= sin a .....(i)
rFkk f (a) = sin a .....(ii)
(i) rFkk (ii) ls, lim f (x) = f (a)
x →a

∴ sin x, x = a ij lrr gS
Q sin x, x = a ij lrr gS rFkk x ,d LosPN fcUnq gSA
146 xf.kr
 lhek ,oa lkarR;
blfy, f ( x ) = sin x lrr gSA ekWM;
~ y
w - VIII
ifjHkk"kk % dyu
1. ,d iQyu f (x) ,d [kqys vUrjky ]a,b[ esa lrr gS ;fn og ]a,b[* ds izR;sd fcUnq ij
lrr gSA
2. ,d iQyu f ( x ) ,,d cUn vUrjky [a,b] esa lrr gS ;fn ;g ]a,b[ ds izR;sd fcUnq ij lrr
gS rFkk ;g fcUnq a ij nk;sa ls rFkk 'b' ij ck;sa ls lrr gSA fVIi.kh

vFkkZr lim f ( x ) = f ( a )
x →a +

rFkk lim f ( x ) = f ( b )
x →b −

* [kqys vUrjky ]a, b[ esa ge vUr fcUnq a rFkk b ugha ysrsA

ns[ksa vkius fdruk lh[kk 25.3

1. fuEu iQyuksa dh lrrrk dk ijh{k.k dhft, %
(a) f (x) = x − 5, x = 2 ij (b) f (x) = 2x + 7, x = 0 ij
5
(c) f (x) = x + 7, x = 3 ij (d) f (x) = px + q, x = −q ij
3
2. n'kkZb, fd iQyu f ( x ) = 2a + 3b lrr gS tgk¡ a rFkk b vpj gSaA
3. n'kkZb, fd iQyu 5x + 7 lrr gS
4. (a) n'kkZb, fd cos x ,d lrr iQyu gS
(b) n'kkZb, fd cot x vius izkar ds lHkh fcUnqvksa ij lrr gSA
5. fuEu iQyuksa esa vpjksa ds eku Kkr dhft,%
(a) f ( x ) = px − 5 rFkk f ( 2) = 1 tcfd x=2 ij f (x) lrr gS
(b) f ( x ) = a + 5x rFkk f ( 0 ) = 4 bl izdkj gS fd x=0 ij f (x) lrr gS
2
(c) f ( x ) = 2x + 3b rFkk f ( −2) = tcfd f ( x ) , x = −2 ij lrr gS
3

25.7 ,d fcUnq ij iQyu dk lkarR; vFkok vlkarR;

vc rd geus dsoy mUgha iQyuksa ij fopkj fd;k gS tks lrr gSaA vc ge dqN ,sls mnkgj.kksa dh
ppkZ djsaxs ftuesa fn;s x, iQyu lrr gks ldrs gS vFkok ughaA
mnkgj.k 25.20. n'kkZb, fd iQyu f (x) = e x ,d lrr iQyu gSA
gy % e x dk izkar R gSA ekuk a∈R tgka a ,d LosPN gS

xf.kr 147
 lhek ,oa lkarR;
ekWM~;wy - VIII lim f (x) = lim f (a + h) tcfd h ,d cgqr NksVh la[;k gSA
x →a h →0
dyu
= lim ea + h = lim ea ⋅ e h = e lim e
a h
h →0 h →0 h →0

= ea × 1

= ea .....(i)
fVIi.kh
lkFk gh] f (a) = ea .....(ii)

∴ (i) rFkk (ii) ls , lim f (x) = f (a)

x →a

∴ f (x), x = a ij lrr gSA

D;ksafd a ,d LosPN gS] ex ,d lrr iQyu gSA
x2 −1
mnkgj.k 25.21. iQyu f (x) = ds vkys[k ls blds lkarR; dh ppkZ dhft,A
x −1
gy % iQyu dk vkys[k (fp=k 25.6) esa fn;k x;k gSA iQyu vlrr gS D;ksafd x =1 ij vkys[k
esa ,d vlrrk (varjky) gSA
y

x
–1 O 2 1

fp=k 25.6

ns[ksa vkius fdruk lh[kk 25.4

1. (a) n'kkZb, fd f(x) = e5x ,d lrr iQyu gSA
−2
x
(b) n'kkZb, fd f ( x ) =e 3 ,d lrr iQyu gSA

(c) n'kkZb, fd f ( x ) = e3x + 2 ,d lrr iQyu gSA

(d) n'kkZb, fd f ( x ) = e − 2x +5 ,d lrr iQyu gSA

2. vkys[k }kjk] fuEu iQyuksa esa ls izR;sd ds lkarR; dk ijh{k.k dhft, %
x+2
(a) f (x) = x+1. (b) f ( x ) =
x−2

148 xf.kr
 lhek ,oa lkarR;

x2 − 9 x 2 − 16
ekWM;
~ y
w - VIII
(c) f ( x ) = (d) f ( x ) =
x+3 x−4 dyu

25.8 lrr iQyuksa ds xq.k /eZ

(i) iQyu f ( x ) = 4 ij fopkj djsaA iQyu f ( x ) = 4 dk vkys[k fp=k 25.7 esa fn[kk;k x;k gSA
vkys[k ls ge ns[krs gSa fd iQyu lrr gSA lk/kkj.kr;k lHkh vpj iQyu lrr gSaA
fVIi.kh
(ii) ;fn dksbZ iQyu lrr gS] rks ml iQyu dk vpj y

7
xq.kt Hkh lrr gSA vkb, iQyu f (x) = x ij 4
2
7
fopkj djsaA ge tkurs gSa fd ,d vpj iQyu gS]
2
blfy, ;g lrr gSA x Hkh lrr iQyu gS
x
vc O
fp=k 25.7
7
lim f (x) = lim f (a + h) = lim (a + h)
x →a h →0 h →0 2

7
= a .....(i)
2
7
rFkk f (a) = a .....(ii)
2
7
∴ f (x) = x , x = a ij ,d lrr iQyu gS
2
7 7
;fn x = a ij rFkk x lrr~ iQyu gSa rks x Hkh x = a ij lrr iQyu gSA
2 2

(iii) iQyu f (x) = x 2 + 2x ij fopkj djsaA ge tkurs gSa fd x2 rFkk 2x nksuksa lrr gSas
vc lim f (x) = lim f (a + h) , h > 0
x →a h →0

= lim ( a + h ) + 2 ( a + h )

2
h →0  
= lim a 2 + 2ah + h 2 + 2a + 2ah 
h →0  
= a 2 + 2a .....(i)
rFkk f (a) = a 2 + 2a .....(ii)

(i) rFkk (ii) ls] lim f (x) = f (a)

x →a

∴ f(x), x = a ij lrr gSA

vr% ge dgrs gSa fd x = a ij x2 rFkk 2x nks lrr iQyu gSa] rks ( x 2 + 2x ) Hkh x=a ij
lrr gSA

xf.kr 149
 lhek ,oa lkarR;
ekWM~;wy - VIII (iv) iQyu ( )
f (x) = x 2 + 1 ( x + 2 ) ij fopkj dhft,A ge tkurs gaS fd ( x 2 + 1) rFkk ( x + 2) nks
dyu lrr iQyu gSa
rFkk ( )
f (x) = x 2 + 1 ( x + 2 )

= x 3 + 2x 2 + x + 2
fVIi.kh D;ksafd x 3 , 2x 2 , x rFkk 2 lrr iQyu gSa] blfy, x 3 + 2x 2 + x + 2 Hkh ,d lrr iQyu gS
ge dgrs gSa fd ;fn ( x 2 + 1) rFkk ( x + 2 ) nks lrr iQyu gSa] rks ( x 2 + 1) (x + 2) Hkh ,d
lrr iQyu gS

iQyu x 2 − 4 dks x = 2 ij fopkj dhft;sA ge tkurs gaS fd ij lrr

(v) f (x) = x 2 − 4, x = 2
x+2
iQyu gSA ( x + 2 ) Hkh x=2 ij lrr gS
x2 − 4 ( x + 2 )( x − 2 )
rFkk lim = lim
x →2 x + 2 x →2 x+2
= lim ( x − 2 )
x →2
=2−2=0
(2)2 − 4
rFkk f (2) =
2+2
0
= =0
4
∴ lim f (x) = f (2). vr% f (x), x = 2 ij lrr gS
x →2

x2 − 4
;fn x=2 ij ( x 2 + 4) rFkk ( x + 2) nks lrr iQyu gSa] rks
x+2
Hkh x=2 ij lrr gSA

(vi) iQyu f (x) =| x − 2 | ij fopkj djsaA bl iQyu dks ge bl izdkj fy[k ldrs gSa
 −(x − 2), x < 2
f (x) = 
 (x − 2), x ≥ 2
lim f (x) = lim f (2 − h)
x → 2− h →0 ,h>0

= lim [ (2 − h) − 2]
h →0

=2−2=0
lim f (x) = lim f (2 + h)
x → 2+ h →0 , h>0 ......(i)

= lim [(2 + h) − 2]
x →0

=2−2=0 .....(ii)
150 xf.kr
 lhek ,oa lkarR;
vkSj f (2) = (2 − 2) = 0 .....(iii) ekWM;
~ y
w - VIII
(i), (ii) rFkk (iii) ls] lim f (x) = f (2) dyu
x →2

vr% | x − 2 | ] x = 2 ij lrr gSA

mijksDr ifj.kkeksa ls ge lrr iQyuksa ds dqN xq.k/eksZa dks uhps ns jgss gSa%
;fn f (x) rFkk g (x)] x = a ij nks lrr iQyu gSa] rks
fVIi.kh
(i) C f (x), x = a ij lrr iQyu gS tgk¡ C ,d vpj gS
(ii) f (x) ± g(x) , x = a ij lrr gS

(iii) f (x) ⋅ g(x) , x = a ij lrr gS

(iv) f (x)/g (x), x = a ij lrr gS tgk¡ g ( a ) ≠ 0
(v) |f(x)|, x = a ij lrr gS
fVIi.kh% izR;sd vpj iQyu lrr gS

25.9 lkraR; ij dqN egRoiw.kZ ifj.kke

mijksDr pfpZr xq.kksa dk iz;ksx djrs gq, ge lkarR; ij dqN ifj.kkeksa dh ppkZ djasxsA
(i) iQyu f (x) = px + q, x ∈ R (i)
bl iQyu dk izkra okLrfod la[;kvksa dk leqPp; gSA eku ysa R esa a ,d LosPN okLrfod
la[;k gS
(i) ds nksuksa i{kksa dh lhek ysus ij gesa feyrk gS
lim f (x) = lim ( px + q ) = pa + q
x →a x →a
= p x +q dk x = a ij eku
∴ x=a ij px +q lrr gS
blh izdkj ;fn f (x) = 5x 2 + 2x + 3 ij fopkj djsa] rks ge n'kkZ ldrs gSa fd ;g lrr
iQy+u gSA
O;kid :i esa ;fn] f (x) = a 0 + a1x + a 2 x 2 + ... + a n −1x n −1 + a n x n

tgka a 0 ,a1 ,a 2 .....a n vpj gSa rFkk n ½.ksrj iw.kkZad gS

ge n'kkZ ldrs gS a fd fcUnq x = c (tgka c dksb Z okLrfod la[ ;k gS ) ij lHkh
a 0 ,a1x,a 2 x 2 ,.....a n x n lrr gaS vkSj xq.k (i) ls mu ds ;ksxiQy Hkh x = c ij lrr gSA

∴ fdlh fcUnq c ij f ( x ) lrr iQyu gSA

vr% izR;sd cgqin iQyu izR;sd fcUnq ij lrr gSA
( x + 1)( x + 3)
(ii) iQyu f (x) = ij fopkj djsaA
( x − 5)

xf.kr 151
 lhek ,oa lkarR;
ekWM~;wy - VIII f (x) ifjHkkf"kr ugha gS tc x − 5 = 0 vFkkZr x = 5 gSA pwafd ( x + 1) rFkk ( x + 3) nksuksa lrr
dyu gSa] (x + 1) (x + 3) Hkh lrr gS [xq.k (iv) dk iz;ksx djus ij]
∴ iQyu dk va'k lrr gS]

( x − 5) Hkh lrr gS
∴ xq.k (iv) dk iz;ksx djus ij ge dg ldrs gSa fd x =5 ds vfrfjDr lHkh fcUnqvksa ij
fVIi.kh ( x + 1)( x + 3)
iQyu lrr gSA
(x − 5)

p(x)
O;kid :i esa] ;fn f (x) = tgka p (x) rFkk q (x) cgqin iQyu gSa rFkk q ( x ) ≠ 0 rks
q(x)
f (x) lrr gS D;ksafd p (x) rFkk q(x) lrr gSaA
3x − 2, x < 2 ds fy,
mnkgj.k 25.22. ;fn f (x) =  gks] rks x = 2 ij f (x) ds lkarR; dh tkap
 x + 2, x ≥ 2 ds fy,
dhft,A
gy % D;ksafd f (x), fcUnq x = 2 ds ckb± vksj cgqin iQyu 3x − 2 ds :i esa ifjHkkf"kr gS rFkk
x = 2 ds nkbZa vksj nwljs cgqin iQyu x + 2 ds :i essaA blfy, x = 2 ij ge iQyu dh ckb± i{k
lhek rFkk nkb± i{k lhek vyx&vyx Kkr djsaxsA
ckb± i{k lhek = lim− f (x) = xlim (3x − 2) = 3 × 2 − 2 = 4
x →2 →2
y

5 2
x+
y=
4

x′ x
–2 –1 O 1 2 3 4 5
–5

–4

–3
x–2

–2
y=3

–1
y′

fp=k 25.8

152 xf.kr
 lhek ,oa lkarR;
nkb± i{k lhek = lim f (x) = lim ( x + 2 ) = 4 ekWM;
~ y
w - VIII
x → 2+ x →2
dyu
pwafd x = 2 ij ckb± i{k lhek rFkk nkb± i{k lhek cjkcj gS] blfy, x=2 ij iQyu f ( x ) dh lhek
dk vfLrRo gS vkSj og 4 ds cjkcj gS vFkkZr lim f (x) = 4
x →2

rFkk x = 2 ij f (x), x + 2 ds :i esa ifjHkkf"kr gSA

fVIi.kh
∴ f (2) = 2 + 2 = 4.
vr% lim f (x) = f (2)
x →2

blfy, x=2 ij f (x) lrr gSA

mnkgj.k 25.23.

(i) f (x) = x dk vkys[k [khafp,A

(ii) x=0 ij f (x) ds lkarR; dh ppkZ dhft,A
gy % ge tkurs gSa fd x≥0 ds fy, x = x vkSj x = − x gksrk gSA vr% f (x) dks fuEu izdkj ls
fy[k ldrs gSa %
 − x, x < 0
f (x) =| x |= 
 x, x ≥ 0
(i) iQyu dk vkys[k fp=k 25.9 esa fn;k x;k gSA
y

x′ x
–4 –3 –2 –1 O 1 2 3 4
y′

fp=k 25.9

(ii) ckb± i{k lhek = lim f (x) = lim ( − x) = 0

x →0− x →0

nkb± i{k lhek = lim f (x) = lim x = 0

x →0
x →0+

vr% lim f ( x ) = 0
x →0
rFkk f (0) = 0

xf.kr 153
 lhek ,oa lkarR;
ekWM~;wy - VIII ∴ lim f (x) = f (0)
x →0
dyu
vr% x=0 ij iQyu f (x) lrr gSA
mnkgj.k 25.24. iQyu f (x) =| x − b | ds x=b ij lkarR; dk ijh{k.k dhft,A
gy % gesa fn;k gS f (x) =| x − b |
fVIi.kh bl iQyu dks bl izdkj Hkh fy[kk tk ldrk gS %
− ( x − b ) , x < b
f (x) = 
 ( x − b ) , x ≥ b

ckb± i{k lhek = lim f (x) = lim f (b − h) = lim[ −(b − h − b)]

x →b− h →0 h →0

= lim h = 0 .....(i)
h →0

nkb± i{k lhek = lim f (x) = lim f (b + h) = lim[(b + h) − b]

x →b + h →0 h →0

= lim h = 0 .....(ii)
h →0

lkFk gh, f (b) = b − b = 0 .....(iii)

(i), (ii) rFkk (iii) ls, lim f (x) = f (b)

x →b

vr% f (x) , x = b ij lrr gSA

 sin 2x
 , x ≠0
mnkgj.k 25.25. ;fn f (x) =  x
2, x=0

rks Kkr dhft, fd f (x) , x = 0 ij lrr gS ;k ughaA

 sin 2x
gy % ;gka  , x ≠0
f (x) =  x
2, x=0

sin 2x = lim sin 2(0 − h)

ckb± i{k lhek = lim
x →0 − x h →0 0−h

− sin 2h  sin 2h 2 
= lim = lim  × 
h →0 −h h →0  2h 1
=1 × 2 = 2 .....(i)

sin 2x sin 2(0 + h)

nkb± i{k lhek = lim = lim
x →0 + x h →0 0+h

154 xf.kr
 lhek ,oa lkarR;
sin 2h 2 ekWM;
~ y
w - VIII
= lim ×
h →0 2h 1 dyu
=1×2=2 .....(ii)
lkFk gh] f (0) = 2 (fn;k gS) .....(iii)

(i), (ii) rFkk (iii) ls lim f (x) = 2 = f (0)

x →0
fVIi.kh
vr% x = 0 ij f (x) lrr gSA
fpUg iQyu % iQyu f (x) = sgn (x) [ftls flxue (x) i<+k tkrk gS] dks fuEu ls ifjHkkf"kr fd;k
tkrk gS
− 1, x < 0

f (x) =  0, x = 0
 1, x > 0

iQyu ds uhps fn;s x;s vkys[k ls bldh ckb± i{k lhek rFkk nkb± i{k lhek Kkr dhft,A
y

x
–3 –2 –1 1 2 3

–1

fp=k 25.10

vkys[k ls] ge ns[krs gSa fd tc x → 0+ , f (x) → 1 rFkk tc (x) → 0− , f (x) → −1

vr% lim f (x) = 1, lim f (x) = −1
x →0 + x →0 −

D;ksafd ;g lhek,¡ leku ugha gS] blfy, iQyu f ( x ) , x = 0 ij vlrr gSA

lcls cM+k iw.kkZad iQyu% vkb, iQyu lim f (x) = [ x ] , tgk¡ [ x ] , x ls cjkcj ;k NksVk cM+s ls
x →0

cM+k iw.kkZad n'kkZrk gSA Kkr dhft, fd D;k f (x) lrr gS \

1
(i) x = ij (ii) x =1 ij
2
bls gy djus ds fy,] vkb, ge x ds dqN LosPN eku ysa tSls 1, 3, 0, 2, –0, –0.2, 2,-- lcls cM+s
iw.kkZad iQyu dh ifjHkk"kk ls
[1.3] = 1,[1.99] = 1,[2] = 2,[0.2] = 0, [ − 0.2] = −1,[ − 3.1] = − 4, bR;kfn
lk/kkj.kr;k −3 ≤ x < −2 ds fy, [x] = −3

xf.kr 155
 lhek ,oa lkarR;
ekWM~;wy - VIII −2 ≤ x < −1 ds fy, [x] = −2

dyu −1 ≤ x < 0 ds fy, [x] = −1

0 ≤ x < 1 ds fy, [x] = 0

1 ≤ x < 2 ds fy, [x]=1 blh izdkj vkxs

iQyu f ( x ) = [x] dk vkys[k fp=k 25.111 esa fn;k x;k gS y
fVIi.kh
(i) vkys[k ls 4
lim f (x) = 0, lim f (x) = 0,
1− 1+
3
x→ x→
2 2 2
lim f (x) = 0
1 1
∴ x→
2
x
–4 –3 –2 –1 O 1 2 3 4
1
rFkk f   = [0.5] = 0 –1
2
–2
fp=k 25.11
1
lim f (x) = f   –3
blfy, x→
1 2
2 –4

1
vr% f (x), x= ij lrr gS
2
lim f (x) = 0, lim f (x) = 1
(ii)
x →1− x →1+

vr% x =1 ij f (x) dk vfLrRo ugha gS

fVIi.kh% iQyu f ( x ) = [x] dks ix iQyu Hkh dgrs gSaA
x −1
mnkgj.k 25.26. iQyu ( x + 4 ) (x − 5) fdu fcUnqvksa ij lrr gS\

x −1
gy % f (x) = fn;k gS
( x + 4 ) (x − 5)
va'k esa fn;k iQyu ( x − 1) lrr gSA gj esa fn;k iQyu (x+4) (x − 5) Hkh lrr gSA
ysfdu f (x), x = − 4, 5 ij ifjHkkf"kr ugha gS
iQyu f ( x ) , fcUnqvksa – 4, 5 dks NksM+dj] tgk¡ ij ;g ifjHkkf"kr ugha gS] izkar ds 'ks"k lc fcUnqvksa
ij lrr gSA

ns[ksa vkius fdruk lh[kk 25.5

1. (a) ;fn f (x) = 2x + 1 tc x ≠1 rFkk f (x) = 3 tc x =1 n'kkZb, fd x =1 ij f (x)
lrr gSA
156 xf.kr
 lhek ,oa lkarR;
 4x + 3, x ≠ 2 ekWM;
~ y
w - VIII
(b) ;fn f (x) =  , rks
3x + 5, x = 2 dyu
Kkr dhft, fd x=2 ij iQyu f lrr gS vFkok ughaA
(c) Kkr dhft, fd x=2 ij iQyu f (x) lrr gS vFkok ugha tgk¡]
 4x + 3, x ≤ 2
f (x) =  fVIi.kh
 8 − x, x > 2

(d) x =1 ij iQyu f (x) ds lkarR; dh tkap dhft,] tgk¡

 x 2 , x ≤ 1
f (x) = 
 x + 5, x >1

(e) k dk eku Kkr dhft, tcfd iQyu

 kx 2 , x ≤ 2
f (x) =  x=2 ij lrr gSA
 3, x > 2

2. fuEu iQyu ds lkarR; dh tkap dhft, %

(a) x = 2 ij f (x) =| x − 2 | (b) x = −5 ij f (x) =| x + 5 |
(c) x = a ij f (x) =| a − x |

| x − 2 |
 , x≠2
(d) f (x) =  x − 2 ] x = 2 ij lrr gS ;k ugha tk¡p dhft,A
 1, x=2

 | x −a |
(e) n'kkZb, fd f (x) =  x − a , x ≠ a , x = a ij vlrr gSA
 1, x=a

sin 4x, x≠0

3. (a) ;fn f (x) =  ,x=0 ij] rks tk¡p dhft, fd f (x) ,d lrr iQyu
 2, x= 0
gS ;k vlrrA
 sin 7x
(b) ;fn f (x) =  x , x≠0
] x = 0 ij] rks tk¡p dhft, fd f ( x ) ,d lrr
 7, x=0
iQyu gS ;k vlrrA
 sin 5x
(c) a ds fdl eku ds fy, iQyu f (x) =  3x , x ≠ 0 , x = 0 ij lrr gS\
 a, x=0

4. (a) n'kkZb, fd iQyu f (x) , x = 2 ij lrr gS] tgk¡

xf.kr 157
 lhek ,oa lkarR;
ekWM~;wy - VIII  x2 − x − 2
 x ≠ 2 ds fy,
dyu f (x) =  x − 2 ,
 x = 2 ds fy,
 3,

(b) x = 1 ij iQyu f ( x ) ds lkarR; dh tkap dhft,] tgk¡

 x 2 − 4x + 3
 , x ≠ 1 ds fy,
fVIi.kh f (x) =  x − 1
−2 , x = 1 ds fy,


(c) k ds fdl eku ds fy, fuEu iQyu x = 1 ij lrr gS tgk¡

 x2 −1

f (x) =  x − 1
tc x ≠ 1
 k tc x = 1


(d) x=2 ds fy, iQyu f (x) ds lkarR; dh ppkZ dhft,] tc

 x2 − 4
 , x ≠ 2 ds fy,
f (x) =  x − 2
7, x = 2 ds fy,


| x |
5. (a) ;fn f (x) =  x , x ≠ 0 Kkr dhft, fd x = 0 ij] iQyu f lrr gS vFkok ugha
 0, x = 0

(b) ewy fcUnq ij iQyu f (x) ds lkarR; dh tkap dhft, %

 x
 , x≠0
f (x) = | x |
 1, x = 0

6. Kkr dhft, fd f ( x ) = [x] fuEu fcUnq ij lrr gS vFkok ugha %

4 2
(a) x = ] (b) x = 3 (c) x = − 1 (d) x =
3 3
7. fdu fcUnqvksa ij fuEu fLFkfr;ksa esa izR;sd iQyu f (x) lrr gS\
x+2 x −5 x −3
(a) f (x) = (b) f (x) = (c) f (x) = 2
( x − 1)( x − 4 ) ( x + 2 )( x − 3 ) x + 5x − 6

x 2 + 2x + 5
(d) f (x) =
x 2 − 8x + 16

158 xf.kr
 lhek ,oa lkarR;
ekWM;
~ y
w - VIII
C
1A
% +
vkb;s nksgjk,¡ dyu
• ;fn ,d iQyu f (x) , l dh vksj vxzlj gksrk gS tc x, a dh vksj vxzlj gksrk gS] rks ge
dgrs gSa fd f (x) dh lhek l gS
ladsr esa ge fy[krs gSa fd lim f (x) = l
x →a
fVIi.kh
• ;fn lim f (x) = l rFkk lim g(x) = m gks] rks
x →a x →a

(i) lim kf (x) = k lim f (x) = kl

x →a x →a

(ii) lim [ f (x) ± g(x)] = lim f (x) ± lim g(x) = l ± m

x →a x →a x →a

(iii) lim [ f (x)g(x)] = lim f (x) lim g(x) = lm

x →a x →a x →a
lim f (x)
f (x) x →a l
(iv) lim = = , tcfd lim g(x) ≠ 0
x →a g(x) lim g(x) m x →a
x →a

• dqN izfl¼ iQyuksa dh lhek,¡

xn − an
(i) lim = na n −1 (ii) lim sin x = 0
x →0
x →a x − a
lim cos x = 1 sin x
(iii) (iv) lim =1
x →0 x →0 x
1
x log (1 + x )
(v) lim (1 + x ) =e (vi) lim =1
x →0 x →0 x
ex − 1
(vii) lim =1
x →0 x

lgk;d osclkbV
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• http://www.intuitive-calculus.com/limits-and-continuity.html

vkb, vH;kl djsa

fuEufyf[kr lhekvksa dk eku Kkr dhft,A
1. lim 5 2. lim 2
x →1 x →0

xf.kr 159
 lhek ,oa lkarR;
ekWM~;wy - VIII 4x 5 + 9x + 7 x 2 + 2x
3. lim 4. lim
dyu x →1 3x 6 + x3 + 1 x →−2 x 3 + x 2 − 2x
(x + k)4 − x 4 1+ x − 1− x
5. lim 6. lim
x →0 k(k + 2x) x →0 x
 1 2  (2x − 3) x − 1
7. lim  + 2  8. lim
x →−1  x + 1 x − 1  x →1 (2x + 3)(x − 1)
fVIi.kh
x2 − 4  1 2 
9. lim 10. lim  − 2 
x →2 x + 2 − 3x − 2 x →1  x − 1 x − 1 

sin x x 2 − (a + 1)x + a 2
11. lim 12. lim
x →π π − x x →a x2 − a2
fuEufyf[kr iQyuksa dh ck;ha rFkk nk;ha lhek Kkr dhft,%
 −2x + 3 if x ≤ 1 x2 −1
13. f (x) =  as x → 1 14. f (x) = as x → 1
3x − 5 if x > 1 | x + 1|
fuEufyf[kr lhekvksa dk eku Kkr dhft,%
| x + 1|
15. lim
x →1− x +1
| x − 2|
16. lim
x →2+ x − 2

x−2
17. lim
x →2− | x − 2 |

(x + 2) 2 − 4
18. ;fn f (x) = , fl¼ dhft, fd lim f (x) = 4 ;|fi f(0) ifjHkkf"kr ugha gSA
x x →0

19. k dk eku Kkr dhft, ;fn xlim f (x) ifjHkkf"kr gS tgka f (x) =  5x + 2, x ≤ 2
→2
 2x + k, x > 2
sin 7x
20. eku Kkr dhft, lim
x →0 2x

 e x + e− x − 2 
21. eku Kkr dhft, lim  
x →0  x2 
1 − cos 3x
22. eku Kkr dhft, lim
x →0 x2
sin 2x + 3x
23. eku Kkr dhft, lim
x →0 2x + sin 3x

πx
24. eku Kkr dhft, lim (1 − x) tan
x →1 2
sin 5θ
25. eku Kkr dhft, lim
θ→0 tan 8θ

160 xf.kr
 lhek ,oa lkarR;
fuEufyf[kr lkaR;rk dk ijh{k.k dhft,% ekWM;
~ y
w - VIII
1 + 3x if x > −1 dyu
26. f (x)  x = –1 ij
 2 if x ≤ −1
1 1
 x − x,0 < x < 2

 1 1 1
27. f (x) =  ,x = x= ij
 2 2 2 fVIi.kh
3 1
 2 − x, 2 < x < 1

28. k ds fdl eku ds fy, iQyu
 x 2 − 16

f (x) =  x − 4
;fn x ≠ 4
x = 4 ij lrr gS \
k ;fn x = 4

29. fuEu iQyuksa ds fy, vlrr gksus ds fcUnq Kkr dhft, %
x2 + 3 4x 2 + 3x + 5
(a) (b)
x2 + x + 1 x 2 − 2x + 1

x2 + x + 1  4
(b) 2 (d) f (x) =  x − 16, x ≠ 2
x − 3x + 1  16, x = 2
 sin x
30. n'kkZb, fd iQyu f (x) =  x + cos, x ≠ 0 x=0 ij lrr gS
 2, x = 0

31. 'a' dk eku Kkr dhft, fd iQyu f (x) tks fuEu }kjk ifjHkkf"kr gS
 a cos x π
 π − 2x , x ≠ 2
f (x) = 
 5, x = π lrr gSA
 2

mÙkjekyk
ns[ksa vkius fdruk lh[kk 25.1
1. (a) 17 (b) 7 (c) 0 (d) 2
(e)- 4 (f) 8
3 2 q
2. (a) 0 (b) (c) − (d) (e) 6
2 11 b
(f) −10 (g) 3 (h) 2
7 1
3. (a) 3 (b) (c) 4 (d)
2 2

xf.kr 161
 lhek ,oa lkarR;
ekWM~;wy - VIII 1 1 1
4. (b) (c) (d) 2 (e) −1
dyu
( a )

2 2 2 2 6
5. (a) vfLrRo ugha gS (b) vfLrRo ugha gS
1
6. (a) 0 (b) (c) vfLrRo ugha gS
4

fVIi.kh 7. (a) 1, −2 (b) 1 (c) 19

8. a = −2

10. vfLrRo ugha gS

ns[ksa vkius fdruk lh[kk 25.2

e2 − 1
1. (a) 2 (b)
e2 + 1
1
2. (a) − (b) −e
e
1 a
3. (a) 2 (b) (c) 0 (d)
5 b
1 2
4. (a) (b) 0 (c) 4 (d)
2 3
a2 1
5. (a) 2 (b) 2 (c)
b 2
π
6. (a) 1 (b) (c) 0
2
5 7
7. (a) (b) (c) -5
3 4

ns[ksa vkius fdruk lh[kk 25.3

1. (a) lrr (b) lrr
(c) lrr (d) lrr
14
5. (a) p =3 (b) a = 4 (c) b =
9

ns[ksa vkius fdruk lh[kk 25.4

2. (a) lrr
(b) x = 2 ij vlrr
(c) x = −3 ij vlrr
(d) x = 4 ij vlrr

162 xf.kr
 lhek ,oa lkarR;
ns[ksa vkius fdruk lh[kk 25.5 ekWM;
~ y
w - VIII
1. (b) lrr (c) vlrr dyu
3
(d) vlrr (e) k =
4
2 (a) lrr (b) lrr (c) lrr
(d) vlrr (e) vlrr fVIi.kh
5
3 (a) vlrr (b) lrr (c)
3
4 (b) lrr (c) k = 2
(d) vlrr

5. (a) vlrr (b) vlrr

6 (a) lrr (b) vlrr
(c) vlrr (d) lrr
7. (a) 1 rFkk 4 dks NksMdj lHkh okLrfod la[;k,¡
(b) −2 rFkk 3 dks NksMdj lHkh okLrfod la[;k,¡

(c) −6 rFkk 1 dks NksMdj lHkh okLrfod la[;k,¡

(d) 4 dks NksMdj lHkh okLrfod la[;k,¡
vkb;s vH;kl djsa
1
1. 5 2. 2 3. 4 4. −
3
1 1
5. 2x 2 6. 1 7. − 8. −
2 10
1
9. −8 10.
2

a −1
11. 1 12.
2a

13. 1, − 2 14. −2, 2

15. −1 16. 1
17. −1 19. k =8

7
20. 21. 1
2

xf.kr 163
 lhek ,oa lkarR;
ekWM~;wy - VIII 22.
9
23. 1
2
dyu
2 5
24. 25.
π 8

26. vlrr
fVIi.kh 27. vlrr
28. k =8

29. (a) ugha (b) x = 1

(c) x = 1 , x = 2 (d) x = 2
31. 10

164 xf.kr
 vodyu
ekWM;
~ y
w - VIII
dyu

26
fVIi.kh

vodyu
vody xf.kr (Differential Calculus) dk mnxe laHkor% 1665 vFkok 1666 bZ- esa gqvk Fkk tc
vkblkd U;wVu (Issac Newton) us lcls igys ml izfØ;k dh fopkjksRifÙk (Conceived) dh ftls
ge vktdy vodyu (,d xf.krh; izfØ;k ds }kjk feyus okyk ifj.kke) dgrs gSaA U;wVu rFkk
yscfut+ ds vkfo"dkjksa esa] nwljs vusd ifj.kkeksa ds lkFk&lkFk] la;qDr iQyuksa ds ;ksx] xq.ku rFkk
foHkktu ds vodyu djus ds fu;e gSaA
bl ikB esa ge ,d iQyu ds vodyt dks ifjHkkf"kr djsaxs] mldh T;kferh; rFkk HkkSfrd O;k[;k
djsaxsa] vodytksa ds fofHkUu fu;eksa dh ppkZ djsxsa rFkk iQyuksa ds f}rh; dksfV ds vodytksa dh
vo/kj.kk dks Hkh vkjEHk djsaxsA

mís';
bl ikB ds vè;;u ds ckn vki fuEufyf[kr esa leFkZ gks tk;saxs %

fdlh iQyu f ( x ) ds vodyt dks x = a ij ifjHkkf"kr djuk rFkk mldh T;kferh; O;k[;k
Hkh djukA

fl¼ djuk fd fdlh fLFkj iQyu dk vodyu 'kwU; gksrk gSA

f ( x ) = x n dk vodyt izFke fl¼kUr ls Kkr djuk] tcfd n ∈ Q rFkk mldk iz;ksx vU;
iQyuksa ds vodyt Kkr djus esa djukA

nks iQyuksa ds xq.ku rFkk Hkkx }kjk izkIr iQyu ds vodyt Kkr djus ds fu;eksa dks crk dj
mudk iz;ksx djukA

Ja[kyk fu;e dks crkdj mldk vodyt Kkr djus esa iz;ksx djukA

chth; iQyuksa (ifjes; iQyuksa lfgr) dk vodyt Kkr djuk] rFkk
• ,d iQyu dk f}rh; dksfV dk vodyt (second order derivative ) Kkr djukA
iwoZ Kku

cgqin izes;

iQyu rFkk muds vkys[k

,d iQyu dh lhek dh ifjdYiuk

xf.kr 165
 vodyu
ekWM~;wy - VIII 26.1 fdlh iQyu dk vodyt
dyu
iQyu y = x 2 ij fopkj dhft, rFkk eku yhft, fd bl ds vkys[k ij ,d fcUnq (5,25) gSA ;fn
x dk eku 5 ls 5.1, 5.01, 5.001..vkfn cnyrk gS rks y, 25 ls 26.01,25.1001, 25.010001... gks tkrk
gSA x esa gksus okyk ,d NksVk lk ifjorZu y ds eku esa Hkh FkksM+k lk ifjorZu dj nsrk gSA ge x esa
ifjorZu dks δ x ls rFkk mlds laxr y ds ifjorZu dks δ y }kjk O;Dr djrs gSaA ;g ekudj fd ;g
fVIi.kh δy
o`f¼ /ukRed vFkok ½.kkRed gS bu ifjorZuksa dk vuqikr dks o`f¼ vuqikr dgrs gSaA ;gk¡
δx
y = x2 dsij] rFkk o`f¼ δ x = 0.1 ,0.01,0.001, 0.0001,...... rFkk
(5,25) δy = 1.01 ,.1001,
.010001, .00100001 vkfn ysus ij gesa uhps nh xbZ rkfydk izkIr gksrh gS %
x 5.1 5.01 5.001 5.0001

δx .1 .01 .001 .0001

y 26.01 25.1001 25.010001 25.00100001

δy 1.01 .1001 .010001 .00100001

δy
10.1 10.01 10.001 10.0001
δx
mijksDr rkfydk ls ge fuEufyf[kr fujh{k.k djrs gSa %
(i) tc δ x cnyrk gS] rks δ y cnyrk gS
(ii) tc δy → 0 rks] δx → 0 .
δy
(iii) vuqikr la[;k 10 dh vksj vxzlj gksrk gSA
δx
δy
bl izdkj bl mnkgj.k ls irk pyrk gS fd δy → 0 tc δx → 0 ysfdu ,d lhfer la[;k
δx
δy dy
cu tkrk gS ;g vko';d ugha fd og 'kwU; gksA lhek lim dks laxrrk esa }kjk fu#fir djrs
δx →0 δx dx
dy
gSaA dks y dk x ds lkis{k vodyt (derivative) dgrs gSa rFkk mls x ds lkis{k y dk vody
dx
xq.kkad (differential co-efficient) i<+k tkrk gSA
δ y dy
nwljs 'kCnksa esa ge dg ldrs gSsa fd lim = = 10 (mijksDr mnkgj.k esa) gSA ;kn jf[k, fd
δ x →0 δ x dx
δy
tcfd δx rFkk δy cgqr NksVh&NksVh la[;k,¡ (o`f¼) gaS] rks Hkh vuqikr ,d fuf'pr la[;k 10 gSA
δx
O;kid :i ls eku yhft, fd
y = f (x) .....(i)
,d iQyu gSA bldk vodyt Kkr djus ds fy, eku yhft, fd x ds eku esa δx ,d NksVk
lk ifjorZu gS] rc x dk eku x + δx gks tk;sxk] tgk¡ f (x) ifjHkkf"kr gSA blh izdkj y ds eku esa
Hkh laxr ifjorZu δy gS vkSj rc y dk eku y + δy gks tk;sxkA
bl izdkj y + δy = f (x + δx) ...(ii)
166 xf.kr
 vodyu
∴ (y + δy) − y = f (x + δx) − f (x) ekWM;
~ y
w - VIII
δy = f (x + δx) − f (x) ...(iii) dyu
ifjorZu dh nj Kkr djus ds fy, ge (iii) dks δx ls Hkkx djrs gSaA
δy f (x + δx) − f (x)
∴ = ...(iv)
δx δx
δy
vUr esa ge vuqikr dk lhekar eku ysrs gSa tc δx → 0 . fVIi.kh
δx
δy f (x + δx) − f (x)
;fn lim = lim ...(v)
δx →0 δx δx →0 δx

,d lhfer la[;k gS rks f ( x ) ,d vodyuh; iQyu dgykrk gS rFkk lhekar eku dks f (x) dk
x ds lkis{k vodyt dgk tkrk gS rFkk bls ladsr f ' ( x ) }kjk fy[kk tkrk gSA

d dy d
nwljs 'kCnksa esa f (x) vFkok (ftls y dk ) i<+k tkrk gSA
dx dx dx

δy f (x + δx) − f (x)
vr% lim = lim = f '( x )
δx →0 δx δx →0 δx
dy d
= f (x) = f '(x)
dx dx

fVIi.kh
(1) lehdj.k (v) }kjk fu#fir lhekar izfØ;k ,d xf.krh; lafØ;k gSA bl izfØ;k dks vodyu
dgk tkrk gS rFkk blds ifj.kke dks vodyt dgrs gSaA
(2) ,d iQyu] ftldk fdlh fcUnq ij vodyt dk vfLrRo gS] mls vodyuh; iQyu dgrs gSAa
(3) bl ckr dks lR;kfir fd;k tk ldrk gS fd ;fn f ( x ) fdlh fcUnq x = a ij vodyuh;
gS] rks og ml fcUnq ij lrr Hkh gS ;|fi ;g vko';d ugha fd bldk foykse lR; gksA
(4) ladsr δx ds LFkku ij ∆x vFkok h dk Hkh mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA
dy f (x + h) − f (x) dy f (x + ∆x) − f (x)
vFkkZr] = lim vFkok = lim gSA
dx h →0 h dx ∆x →0 ∆x

dy
(5) ;fn y = f (x) gS] rks dks y1 vFkok y' }kjk Hkh fu#fir fd;k tkrk gSA
dx

26.2 osx ,d lhekUr

eku yhft, fd fd ,d d.k] tks vkjEHk esa O ij fLFkj gS] ,d ljy js[kk OP ij xfreku gSA bl
d.k }kjk P fcUnq rd igq¡pus esa r; dh xbZ nwjh le; t dk iQyu gSA

fp=k 21.1

xf.kr 167
 vodyu
ekWM~;wy - VIII ge nwjh OP dks fy[k ldrs gSa] OP = s = f (t)

dyu blh izdkj ;fn P ds lehi ,d fcUnq Q rd igq¡pus dh nwjh δs rFkk le; δt gks rks
OQ = OP + PQ
= s + δs
= f (t + δt) ...(ii)
fVIi.kh d.k dk le; vUrjky δt esa vkSlr osx

njwh esa ifjorZu

=
le; eas ifjoruZ
(s+δs) − s
= (i) vkSj (ii) }kjk
(t+δt) − t

f (t + δt) − f(t)
=
δt
vc ge P ds lehi NksVs vUrjky esa vkSlr osx Kkr djus ds fy, δt dks vkSj NksVk cuk ysrs gSAa
vkSlr osx dk lhekar eku tcfd δt → 0 (PfcUnq ij) fdlh le; t ij d.k dk rkR{kf.kd osx
dgykrk gSA
f (t + δt) − f (t)
∴ le; t ij osx = lim
δt →0 δt

ds
bls }kjk fu:fir fd;k tkrk gSA
dt
vr% ;fn fdlh xfreku d.k }kjk le; t ij r; dh xbZ nwjh f(t) gS rks t = t0 ij f1 dk vodyt
fcUnq P ij rkR{kf.kd vFkkZr~ le; t = t 0 ij osx fu:fir djrk gSA
bldks fdlh iQyu dk ,d fcUnq ij vodyt dk HkkSfrd izn'kZu Hkh dgk tkrk gSA
dy
fVIi.kh % vodyt , y dh x ds lkis{k rkR{kf.kd ifjorZu nj dks O;Dr djrk gSA
dx
mnkgj.k 26.1. ,d dkj }kjk le; t lsdaM esa r; dh x;h 's' eh nwjh fuEufyf[kr lEcU/ }kjk
ifjHkkf"kr gS %
s = 3t 2
le; t = 4 lsd.M ij dkj dk osx Kkr dhft,A
gy % ;gk¡ f (t) = s = 3t 2
∴ f (t + δt) = s + δs = 3(t + δt) 2
f (t + δt) − f (t)
fdlh le; t ij dkj dk osx = lim
δt →0 δt

3(t + δt)2 − 3t 2
= lim
δt →0 δt
168 xf.kr
 vodyu

3(t 2 + 2t.δt + δt 2 ) − 3t 2
ekWM;
~ y
w - VIII
= lim
δt →0 δt dyu
= lim (6t + 3δt) = 6t
δt → 0

∴ t = 4 lsd.M ij dkj dk osx = (6 × 4) [email protected]

= 6 × 4 = 24 [email protected]
fVIi.kh

ns[ksa vkius fdruk lh[kk 26.1

1. fdlh ljy js[kk esa xfreku d.kksa dk osx fn;s x, le;&nwjh lEcU/ksa ls t ds bafxr ekuksa ij
Kkr dhft, %
1
(a) s = 2 + 3t; t = . (b) s = 8t − 7; t = 4.
3
3 5
(c) s = t 2 + 3t; t = . (d) s = 7t 2 − 4t + 1; t = .
2 2
2. ,d ljy js[kk esa xfreku ,d d.k }kjk t lsd.M esa r; dh x;h nwjh s eh dh nwjh
s = t 4 − 18t 2
}kjk iznf'kZr dh xbZ gSA t = 10 lsd.M ij xfr Kkr dhft,
3. ,d d.k ,d {kSfrt js[kk esa xfreku gSA bldh ,d fLFkj fcUnq 0 ls t lsd.M esa nwjh s uhps
fn, x;s laca/ }kjk ifjHkkf"kr gS %
s = 10 − t 2 + t 3
3 lsd.M ds vUr esa d.k dh rkR{kf.kd xfr Kkr dhft,A

26.3 dy/dx dk T;kferh; vFkZ

eku yhft, fd y = f (x) ,d x dk lrr iQyu gSA vkb;s] bl iQyu dk xzkiQ [khapsaA eku yhft,
fd APQB bldk xzkiQh; fu:i.k gSA dy/
dx
)
f(x

y
y=

B
Q(x + δx, y + δy)

R
P(x, y) α
A δx
y + δy

fp=k 21.2
θ α
O δx x
T M N
x
x + δx

xf.kr 169
 vodyu
ekWM~;wy - VIII eku yhft, fd y = f(x) ij ,d fcUnq P (x,y) gSA eku yhft, fd P ds lehi gh nwljk fcUnq
Q(x + δx, y + δy) gSA PM vkSj QN, x&v{k ij yEc Mkysa vkSj PR x&v{k ds lekUrj [khaps rkfd
dyu
PR, QN dks R ij dkVsA QP dks feyk;sa rFkk bls fcUnq S rd c<+k;sa A eku yhft, fd izfrNsnh js[kk
QPS ?kukRed x&v{k ds lkFk ekuk fd α dks.k cukrh gSA fcUnq P ij oØ dh PT Li'kZ js[kk [khpsa
tks fd x&v{k ds lkFk θ dks.k cukrh gSA f=kHkqt QPR esa ∠QPR = α
QR QN − RN QN − PM (y + δy) − y δy
tan α = = = = = (i)
fVIi.kh PR MN ON − OM (x + δx) − x δx

vc eku yhft, fd fcUnq Q oØ ij fcUnq P dh vksj P ds lehi vkSj lehi tkrk gSA bl izdkj
tc Q → P rc δx → 0 , δy → 0 ,
α → 0,(tan α → tan θ)
vkSj ifj.kke Lo:i Nsnd js[kk QPR Li'kZ js[kk PT ds lkFk laikrh gksus ds fy, izo`r gksrh gSA
δy
(i) ls tan α =
δx
δy
lhekar fLFkfr esa, lim tan α = lim
δx →0 δx →0 δx
δy→0
α→ θ

dy
∴ tan θ = ...(ii)
dx
dy
bl izdkj , tks fd y = f (x) dk oØ ds fdlh fcUnq P (x,y) ij vodyt gS] fcUnq P ij Li'kZ
dx
js[kk ds <yku ;k izo.krk dks fu:fir djrk gSA
dy
bls dk T;kferh; izn'kZu dgk tkrk gSA
dx
dy
;g ckr ;kn j[ksa fd oØ ds fofHkUu fcUnqvksa ij ds eku fHkUu fHkUu gksrs gSaA
dx
blfy, fdlh fo'ks"k fcUnq ij oØ dh Li'kZ js[kk dh izo.krk Kkr djus ds fy, y = f (x) lehdj.k
dy dy
ls dk eku Kkr dhft, vkSj esa fcUnq ds funsZ'kakd dk eku izfrLFkkfir dhft,A
dx dx

miizes; 1
dy
;fn oØ ds fcUnq P ij Li'kZ js[kk x-v{k ds lekUrj gSA rks θ = 0° ;k 180°, = tan 0° ;k
dx
dy
tan 180° = 0 vFkkZr =0
dx
vr% y = f(x) ds fcUnq P ij Li'kZ js[kk x-v{k ds lekUrj gS

170 xf.kr
 vodyu
miizes; 2 ekWM;
~ y
w - VIII
dy
dyu
;fn oØ ds fcUnq P ij Li'kZ js[kk] x v{k ds yEcor gks rks θ = 90° , = tan 90° = ∞
dx
vr% y = f(x) ds fcUnq P ij Li'kZ js[kk y-v{k ds lekUrj gSA

26.4 vpj iQyu dk vodyt fVIi.kh

dFku % ,d vpj dk vodyt 'kwU; gksrk gS
miifÙk % y = c ,d vpj iQyu gSA
;k y = cx 0 [Q x 0 = 1] ..(i)
eku yhft, fd x esa ,d NksVh lh o`f¼ δx gksrh gS rFkk y esa mlds laxr o`f¼ δy gksrh gS rkfd
y + δy = c(x + δx)0 ..(ii)
(ii) esa ls (i) dks ?kVkus ij
(y + δy) − y = c(x + δx)0 − cx 0 , (Q x 0 = 1)
δy = c − c
δy = 0
δy 0
δx ls Hkkx djus ij =
δx δx
δy
=0
δx
δy
δx → 0 lhekar ysrs gq, lim =0
δx →0 δx

dy
=0
dx
dc
vFkok =0
dx
;g fl¼ djrk gS fd fdlh vpj dh ifjorZu nj 'kwU; gSA blfy, ,d vpj dk vodyt
'kwU; gSA
26.5 fdlh iQyu dk izFke fl¼kUr ls vodyu
fdlh iQyu ds ,d fcUnq ij vodyt dh ifjHkk"kk dk Lej.k djus ls] gesa fdlh iQyu dk izFke
fl¼kUr ls vodyt Kkr djus ds fy, fuEu dk;Zdkjh fu;e izkIr gksrk gSA
pj.k I : fn, x, iQyu dks y = f (x) ds :i esa fyf[k, ....(i)
pj.k II : eku yhft, fd x esa NksVk ifjorZu δx gS rFkk y esa laxr ifjorZu δy gSA bl izdkj
y + δy = f (x + δx) ....(ii)
pj.k III : (i) dks (ii) esa ls ?kVkus ij gesa feyrk gS
xf.kr 171
 vodyu
ekWM~;wy - VIII δy = f (x + δx) − f (x) ..(iii)
dyu pj.k IV : (iii) ds ifj.kke dks δx ls Hkkx nsus ij] gesa feyrk gS
δy f (x + δx) − f (x)
=
δx δx
pj.k V: tc δx → 0 rks mijksDr dh lhek ysus ij
fVIi.kh δy f (x + δx) − f (x)
lim = lim
δx →0 δx δx →0 δx

fVIi.kh%
izFke fl¼kUr ls iQyuksa dk vodyt Kkr djus dks MsYVk fof/ vFkok vkfnr% vodyu fof/
Hkh dgrs gSaA
vc ge dqN ekud iQyuksa ds vodyt izFke fl¼kUr ls Kkr djsaxsA
dqN iQyuksa ds izFke fl¼kUr }kjk vodyt
eku yhft, fd y = xn .....(i)
x esa ,d NksVh c<+ksÙkjh δx ds fy, eku yhft, fd y esa laxr c<+ksÙkjh δy gS
rc y + δy = (x + δx) n . ...(ii)
(i) dks (ii) esa ls ?kVkus ij
(y + δy) − y = (x + δx) n − x n
n
 δx 
∴ δy = x n 1 +  − x n
 x 

 δx n 
= x n 1 +  − 1
 x  

n
δx  δx 
D;ksafd δx , x dh rqyuk esa cgqr NksVk gS] <1, vr% ge 1 +  dk fdlh ?kkrkad ds fy,
x  x 
f}in izes; }kjk izlkj fy[k ldrs gSaA
n
 δx 
1 +  dks f}in izes; }kjk izlkfjr djus ij
 x 

n
2
 δ x  n(n − 1)  δ x  n(n − 1)(n − 2)  δ x 
3 
δ y = x 1 + n   +   +   + ... − 1
  x  2!  x  3!  x  

 n n ( n − 1) δ x n ( n − 1) ( n − 2 ) ( δ x )2 
= x ( δx )  +
n
+ + ....
 x 2 x2 3! x3 

172 xf.kr
 vodyu
mijksDr dks δx ls Hkkx nsus ij gesa feyrk gS % ekWM;
~ y
w - VIII
δy  n n(n − 1) δx n(n − 1)(n − 2) (δx) 2  dyu
= xn  + + + ...
δx  x 2! x 2 3! x3 

tc δx → 0 rFkk (δx)2 rFkk mlls cM+h ?kkrsa Hkh 'kwU; dh vksj vxzlj gksrh gSa]
mijksDr dh lhek ysus ij
 n n(n − 1) δx n(n − 1)(n − 2) (δx) 2  fVIi.kh
δy
∴ lim = lim x n  + + + ...
δx →0 δx δx →0  x 2! x 2 3! x3 

δ y dy n 
vFkok lim = = xn  x + 0 + 0 + ...
δ x →0 δ x dx

dy n
vFkok = x n ⋅ = nx n −1
dx x
d n
vr,o (x ) = nxn −1 , Q y = x n 
dx  
bldks U;wVu dk ikoj&iQkewZyk (Power Formula) vFkok ikoj fu;e (Power Rule) dgrs gSAa

fVIi.kh % bl lw=k dk iz;ksx djds ge x, x 2 , x 3 ,... vkfn iQyuksa vFkkZr tc n = 1,2,3,... gSa
dk vodyu Kkr dj ldrs gSaA
d d 1
mnkgj.k ds fy, x= x = 1x1−1 = 1x 0 = 1.1 = 1
dx dx
d 2
x = 2x 2−1 = 2x
dx
d ( 3)
x = 3x 3−1 = 3x 2
dx

mnkgj.k 26.2. fuEufyf[kr esa ls izR;sd dk vodyt Kkr dhft, %

(i) x10 (ii) x 50 (iii) x 91

gy % (i)
d 10
dx
( )
x = 10x10−1 = 10x 9

(ii)
d 50
dx
x ( )
= 50x 50−1 = 50x 49

(iii)
d 91
dx
( )
x = 91x 91−1 = 91x 90

1 −1
dy 1 2 −1 1
vr% = x
dx 2
= x
2
2 =
1 1
2 x1 / 2
vFkok
d
dx
( x ) = 2 1x
vc ge dqN ljy iQyuksa dk vodyt ifjHkkf"kr vFkok izFke fl¼kUr ls djsaxsA

xf.kr 173
 vodyu
ekWM~;wy - VIII mnkgj.k 26.3. x 2 dk izFke fl¼kUr ls vodyt Kkr dhft,A
dyu
gy % eku yhft, y = x2 .....(i)
x esa ,d NksVh c<+ksrjh δ x ls y esa laxr c<+ksrjh δ y gS

y + δy = (x + δx) 2 .....(ii)

fVIi.kh (ii) esa ls (i) ?kVkus ij] gesa feyrk gS %

(y + δy) − y = (x + δx) 2 − x 2
vFkok δy = x 2 + 2x(δx) + (δx) 2 − x 2
vFkok δy = 2x(δx) + (δx) 2

mijksDr dks δx ls Hkkx nsus ij] gesa feyrk gS %

δy
= 2x + δx
δx
lhek ysus ij gesa feyrk gS %
δy
lim = lim (2x + δx)
δx →0 δx δx →0

dy
vFkkZr = 2x + lim (δx)
dx δx →0
= 2x + 0
= 2x
dy d ( 2)
vr,o] = 2x vFkok x = 2x
dx dx

mnkgj.k 26.4. x dk izFke fl¼kUr ls vodyt dhft, A

gy % eku yhft, y= x ..(i)
x esa ,d NksVh c<+ksrjh δx ds fy, eku yhft, fd y esa laxr c<+ksrjh δy gS
∴ y + δy = x + δx ...(ii)
(ii) esa ls (i) ?kVkus ij] gesa feyrk gS
( y + δy ) − y = x + δx − x

vFkok δy = x + δx − x
(iii) ds nk;sa i{k ds va'k dk ifjes;dj.k djus ij feyrk gS
x + δx − x
δy =
x + δx + x
( x + δx + x )
(x + δx) − x δx
= vFkok δy =
( x + δx + x ) x + δx + x

174 xf.kr
 vodyu
δx ls Hkkx nsus ij gesa feyrk gS ekWM;
~ y
w - VIII
δy 1 dyu
=
δx x + δx + x
lhek ysus ij gesa feyrk gS
δy  1 
lim = lim  
δ x →0 δ x δ x →0  x + δ x + x 
fVIi.kh

vFkok
dy
dx
=
1
x+ x
vFkok
d
dx
( x ) = 2 1x

mnkgj.k 26.5. ;fn f (x) ,d vodyuh; iQyu gS rFkk c ,d vpj gS rks φ(x) = cf (x) dk
vodyt Kkr dhft,A
gy % gesa iQyu φ(x) = cf (x) ......(i) dk vodyt Kkr djuk gS
x esa ,d NksVh c<+ksrjh δx ds fy,] eku yhft, fd laxr iQyu φ(x) dk eku φ ( x + δx ) rFkk
f ( x ) dk eku f (x + δx) gSA
∴ φ(x + δx) = cf (x + δx) ...(ii)
(ii) esa ls (i) ?kVkus ij gesa feyrk gS
φ(x + δx) − φ(x) = c [ f (x + δx) − f (x) ]

mijksDr dks δx ls Hkkx nsus ij gesa feyrk gS

φ(x + δx) − φ(x)  f (x + δx) − f (x) 
= c 
δx  δx 
lhek ysus ij gesa feyrk gS
φ(x + δx) − φ(x)  f (x + δx) − f (x) 
lim = lim c  
δx →0 δx δx →0  δx 

 f (x + δx) − f (x) 
vFkok φ '(x) = c lim  
δx →0  δx 
vFkok φ '(x) = cf '(x)
d d
vr% cf ( x ) = c ⋅ ( f ( x ))
dx dx

ns[ksa vkius fdruk lh[kk 26.2

1. fuEufyf[kr esa ls izR;sd iQyu dk MsYVk fof/ ls vodyt Kkr dhft, %
(a) 10x (b) 2x + 3 (c) 3x 2
2
(d) x + 5x (e) 7x 3

xf.kr 175
 vodyu
ekWM~;wy - VIII 2. fuEufyf[kr esa ls izR;sd iQyu dks izFke fl¼kUr ls vodfyr dhft, %
dyu 1 1 1
(a) , x ≠ 0 (b) ,x ≠ 0 (c) x + , x ≠ 0
x ax x
1 −b ax + b −d x+2 −5
(d) ,x ≠ (e) ,x ≠ (f) ,x ≠
ax + b a cx + d c 3x + 5 3

fVIi.kh 3. fuEufyf[kr esa ls izR;sd dk izFke fl¼kUr ls vodyt Kkr dhft, %

1 1 −b 1
(a) ,x ≠ 0 (b) ,x ≠ (c) x + ,x ≠ 0
x ax + b a x
1+ x
(d) ,x ≠1
1− x
4. fuEufyf[kr esa ls izR;sd iQyu dk MsYVk fof/ ls vodyt Kkr dhft, %
(a) f (x) = 3 x A f'(2) Hkh Kkr dhft,A (b) f (r) = πr 2 A f(2) Hkh Kkr dhft,A

3 4
(c) f (r) = πr A f '(3) Hkh Kkr dhft,A
3

26.6 vodytksa dk chtxf.kr

cgqr ls iQyu nwljs iQyuksa ds la;kstu ls curs gSaA la;kstu iQyuksa ds ;ksx] vUrj] xq.ku vFkok Hkkx
}kjk cus gks ldrs gSaA gesa dHkh&dHkh ,slh ifjfLFkfr Hkh feyrh gS tgk¡ ,d iQyu dk iQyu nwljs
iQyu ds :i esa O;Dr gksrk gSA
,slh ifjfLFkr;ksa esa vodyt dks ,d vPNk vkStkj (tool) cukus ds fy,] gesa ;ksx] vUrj] xq.ku]
Hkkx rFkk iQyuksa ds iQyu ds vodytksa ds fu;e cukus vko';d gSaA ,sls fu;e gesa cgqinksa] chth;
(ifjes; lfgr) iQyuksa ds vodyt Kkr djus esa lgk;d gksxsaA
26.7 iQyuksa ds ;ksx rFkk vUrj dk vodyt
;fn f (x) rFkk g (x)nksuksa vodyuh; iQyu gSa rFkk h (x) = f (x) + g ( x) rks h' (x) D;k gksxk\
eku yhft, fd δx , x esa ,d NksVh c<+ksrjh gS rFkk δy, y esa laxr NksVh c<+ksrjh gSA
∴ h(x + δx) = f (x + δx) + g(x + δx)

h '(x) = lim
[f (x + δx) + g(x + δx)] − [f (x) + g(x)]
vr%
δ x →0 δx

= lim
[f (x + δx) − f (x)] + [g(x + δx) − g(x)]
δ x →0 δx
 f (x + δ x) − f (x) g(x + δ x) − g(x) 
= lim  + 
δ x →0  δx δx
f ( x + δx ) − f ( x ) g ( x + δx ) − g ( x )
= lim + lim
δ x →0 δx δ x →0 δx
vFkok h ' (x) = f ' (x) + g ' (x)
176 xf.kr
 vodyu
vr% ge ns[krs gSa fd nks iQyuksa ds ;ksx dk vodyt muds vodytksa ds ;ksx ds cjkcj gksrk gSA ekWM;
~ y
w - VIII
bls ;ksx dk fu;e dgrs gSaA dyu
mnkgj.kr;k y = x 2 + x3

rks y'=
d
dx
( )
x2 +
d
dx
x3 ( )
= 2x + 3x 2 fVIi.kh

bl izdkj y ' = 2x + 3x 2
bl ;ksx fu;e ls ge vUrj fu;e Hkh ljyrk ls Kkr dj ldrs gSaA
D;ksafd ;fn h ( x ) = f ( x ) − g ( x ) gSA
rks h ( x ) = f ( x ) +  −g ( x )

∴ h ' ( x ) = f ' ( x ) +  −g ' ( x )

= f ' (x) − g ' (x)

vFkkZr nks iQyuksa ds vUrj dk vodyt muds vodytksa ds vUrj ds cjkcj gksrk gSA bls vUrj
fu;e dgk tkrk gSA
bl izdkj ge izkIr djrs gSa %
d d d
;ksx fu;e % f ( x ) + g ( x ) = f ( x ) + g ( x ) 
dx dx dx 

d d d
vUrj fu;e % f ( x ) − g ( x ) = f ( x ) − g ( x ) 
dx dx dx 
mnkgj.k 26.6. fuEufyf[kr esa ls izR;sd iQyu dk vodyt Kkr dhft, %
(i) y = 10t 2 + 20t 3
1 1
y = x3 + −
x x≠0
(ii) 2 ,
x

gy % (i) gesa fn;k gS y = 10t 2 + 20t 3

∴
dy
dt
= 10 ( 2t ) + 20 3t 2 ( )
= 20t + 60t 2
1 1
(ii) y = x3 + 2
− x≠0
x x

= x 3 + x −2 − x −1
dy 2 1
= 3x 2 + (−2)x −3 − (−1)x −2 = 3x − 3 + 2
2
∴
dx x x

xf.kr 177
 vodyu
ekWM~;wy - VIII mnkgj.k 26.7. bafxr ekuksa ij fuEufyf[kr esa ls izR;sd iQyu ds vodyt dk eku Kkr dhft,%
dyu y = x 3 + 3x 2 + 4x + 5, x = 1

gy % gesa fn;k gS y = x 3 + 3x 2 + 4x + 5
dy d  3
∴ = x + 3x 2 + 4x + 5 = 3x 2 + 6x + 4
dx dx  
fVIi.kh
dy  2
∴  = 3 (1) + 6 (1) + 4 = 13
dx  x =1

ns[ksa vkius fdruk lh[kk 26.3

1. y' Kkr dhft, %
(a) y =12 (b) y = 12x (c) y = 12 x + 12
2. fuEufyf[kr esa ls izR;sd iQyu dk vodyt Kkr dhft, %
(a) f (x) = 20x 9 + 5x (b) f (x) = −50x 4 − 20x 2 + 4
5
(c) f (x) = 4x 3 − 9 − 6x 2 (d) f (x) = x 9 + 3x
9

3 2 2 x8 x 6 x 4
(e) f (x) = x − 3x + 3x − (f) f (x) = − + −2
5 8 6 4
2 −4
2 3 1
(g) f (x) = x 3 − x 5 + (h) f (x) = x −
5 2 x
x
3. (a) ;fn f (x) = 16x + 2 rks f '(0),f '(3),f '(8) Kkr dhft,A
x3 x 2
(b) ;fn f (x) = − + x − 16 rks f ' ( −1) , f ' ( 0 ) , f ' (1) Kkr dhft,A
3 2

x4 3 7
(c) ;fn f (x) = + x + 2x − 5 ] rks f ' ( −2 ) Kkr dhft,A
4 7

4 dV dV 
(d) fn;k gS fd V = πr 3 ] Kkr dhft, rFkk Kkr dhft,A
3 dr dr  r = 2

26.8 iQyuksa ds xq.ku dk vodyt

vki vad xf.kr dh pkj ewy lafØ;kvkasa% ;ksx] vUrj ( O;odyu) xq.kk rFkk Hkkx ds fo"k; esa tkurs
gSaA vHkh rd geus ;ksx rFkk vUrj ds fu;eksa dh ppkZ dhA vkb, vc ge nks iQyuksa ds xq.ku ls
cus iQyu dk vodyt Kkr djsaA
iQyu y = (x 2 + 1) 2 ij fopkj dhft,A

178 xf.kr
 vodyu
bldks ge fuEu izdkj ls fy[k ldrs gSa ekWM;
~ y
w - VIII
y = (x 2 + 1)(x 2 + 1) dyu
,slh ifjfLFkfr esa gesa vodyt Kkr djus dh fof/ Kkr djus dh vko';drk gSA
eku yhft, fd x esa c<+ksrjh δx rFkk y esa laxr c<+ksrjh δy gS rc
y + δy = [(x + δx) 2 + 1][(x + δx) 2 + 1)]

⇒ δy = [(x + δx) 2 + 1][(x + δx) 2 + 1)] − (x 2 + 1)(x 2 + 1) fVIi.kh

= ( x + δx ) + 1 ( x + δx ) − x 2 + x 2 + 1 − ( x 2 + 1)( x 2 + 1)

2 2

= [(x + δx) 2 + 1][(x + δx) 2 − x 2 )] + (x 2 + 1)[(x + δx) 2 + 1] − (x 2 + 1)(x 2 + 1)

= [(x + δx) 2 + 1][(x + δx) 2 − x 2 ] + (x 2 + 1)[x + δx) 2 + 1 − (x 2 + 1)]

= [(x + δx) 2 + 1][(x + δx) 2 − x 2 ] + (x 2 + 1)[(x + δx) 2 − x 2 ]

δy   ( x + δx )2 − x 2   ( x + δx )2 − x 2 
∴
δx 
2 
= ( x + δx ) + 1 ⋅ 
  δx
 + x2 + 1

( ) 
 δx


   

 2xδx + ( δx )2   2xδx + ( δx )2 
= ( x + δx ) + 1 ⋅ 

2
  δx 
(
 + x2 + 1 ) 
 δx


   

= [(x + δx) 2 + 1](2x + δx) + (x 2 + 1)(2x + δx)

δy
∴ lim = lim [(x + δx)2 + 1] ⋅ [2x + δx] + lim (x 2 + 1)(2x + δx)
δx →0 δx δx →0 δx →0

vFkok
dy
dx
( ) ( )
= x 2 + 1 ( 2x ) + x 2 + 1 ⋅ ( 2x )

= 2x ( 2x 2 + 2 )
= 4x ( x 2 + 1)

vkb, ge fo'ys"k.k djsa %

dy
dx
(
= x2 + 1 ) ( 2x ) (
+ x2 + 1 ) ( 2x )
x 2 +1 x 2 +1
dk vodyt dk vodyt
vc y = x3 ⋅ x 2 ij fopkj dhft,

D;k
dy
dx
= x 3 ⋅ ( 2x ) + x 2 ⋅ 3x 2( ) gS?
vkb, tk¡p djsa ( )
x 3 ( 2x ) + x 2 3x 2 = 2x 4 + 3x 4 = 5x 4

gesa feyk gS y = x3 ⋅ x 2 = x5
dy
∴ = 5x 4
dx

xf.kr 179
 vodyu
ekWM~;wy - VIII lk/kkj.kr;k] ;fn f (x) rFkk g(x), x ds nks iQyu gSa rks muds xq.ku dk vodyt fuEufyf[kr :i
dyu ls ifjHkkf"kr gksrk gSA
d
f ( x ) g ( x )  = f ( x ) g ' ( x ) + g ( x ) f ' ( x )
dx 

=  iFzke iQyu   d ( nwljk iQyu ) +  nl

w jk iQyu   d ( izFke iQyu ) 
fVIi.kh  dx   dx 
bldks nks iQyuksa ds xq.kuiQy dk vodyt i<+k tkrk gSA bls gh xq.ku fu;e dgrs gSaA

;fn y = 5x 6 ( 7x 2 + 4x ) gS] rks

dy
mnkgj.k 26.8. Kkr dhft,A
dx
I fof/ % ;gk¡ y nks iQyuksa dk xq.kuiQy gSA
dy ( 6 ) d ( 2
7x + 4x ) + ( 7x 2 + 4x ) ( 5x 6 )
d
∴ = 5x ⋅
dx dx dx
= ( 5x 6 ) (14x + 4 ) + ( 7x 2 + 4x )( 30x 5 )

= 70x 7 + 20x 6 + 210x 7 + 120x 6

= 280x 7 + 140x 6

II fof/ % y = 5x 6 ( 7x 2 + 4x )

= 35x8 + 20x 7
dy
∴ = 35 × 8x 7 + 20 × 7x 6 = 280x 7 + 140x 6
dx
tks fd ogh gS tks igyh fof/ ls izkIr gqvk FkkA
blh fu;e dk nks ls vf/d iQyuksa ds fy, foLrkj fd;k tk ldrk gSA

fVIi.kh % ;fn f (x), g (x) rFkk h(x) ds rhu iQyu gSa] rks
d d d d
f ( x ) g ( x ) h ( x )  = f ( x ) g ( x ) h ( x ) + g ( x ) h ( x ) f ( x ) + h ( x ) f ( x ) g ( x )
dx dx dx dx

mnkgj.k 26.9. f ( x ) g ( x ) h ( x )  dk vodyt Kkr dhft, ;fn

f ( x ) = x, g ( x ) = ( x − 3) , h ( x ) = x 2 + x

gy % eku yhft, fd y = x ( x − 3) ( x 2 + x )
y dk vodyt Kkr djus ds fy;s ge igys fdUgh nks iQyuksa dk xq.kuiQy Kkr djrs gSa] fiQj xq.ku
fu;e dk mi;ksx djrs gSa] ;k fiQj mijksDr fVIi.kh esa fn, x, fu;e dk mi;ksx djrs gaSA
nwljs 'kCnksa esa] ge fy[k ldrs gSa
(
y =  x ( x − 3)  x 2 + x )
180 xf.kr
 vodyu
eku yhft, fd u ( x ) = f ( x ) g ( x ) = x ( x − 3) = x 2 − 3x ekWM;
~ y
w - VIII
rFkk h ( x ) = x2 + x
dyu

∴ y = u(x)× h(x)

vr%
dy
dx
= x ( x − 3)
d 2
dx
(
x + x + x2 + x) (
d 2
dx
x − 3x ) ( )
( )
= x ( x − 3)( 2x + 1) + x 2 + x ( 2x − 3) fVIi.kh

= x ( x − 3)( 2x + 1) + ( x 2 + x ) ( x − 3) + x ( x 2 + x )

= [f ( x ) g ( x )] ⋅ h ' ( x ) + [g ( x ) h(x)]f '(x) + [h ( x ) f (x)].g '(x)

d d d d
vr% [f ( x ) g ( x ) h ( x )] = [f ( x ) g(x)] ⋅ [ h(x)] +[g ( x ) h(x)] [ f (x)] + h(x)f (x) [ g(x)]
dx dx dx dx
fodYir% ge lh/s rhu iQyuksa ds xq.kuiQy dks ysdj xq.ku fu;e yxk ldrs gSaA
dy d d d
= [x ( x − 3)] (x 2 + x) + [( x − 3) (x 2 + x)] (x) + [(x 2 + x) ⋅ x] (x − 3)
dx dx dx dx
= x ( x − 3) (2x + 1) + ( x − 3) (x 2 + x) ⋅ 1 + (x 2 + x) ⋅ x ⋅ 1

= 4x 3 − 6x 2 − 6x

ns[ksa vkius fdruk lh[kk 26.4

1. xq.ku fu;e ds mi;ksx ls fuEufyf[kr iQyuksa esa ls izR;sd dk vodyt Kkr dhft,%
` (a) f ( x ) = (3x + 1)(2x − 7) (b) f (x) = (x + 1)(−3x − 2)

(c) f (x) = (x + 1)(−2x − 9) (d) y = (x − 1)(x − 2)

(e) y = x 2 (2x 2 + 3x + 8) (f) y = (2x + 3)(5x 2 − 7x + 1)

(g) u(x) = (x 2 − 4x + 5)(x 3 − 2)

2. fuEufyf[kr esa ls izR;sd iQyu dk vodyt Kkr dhft, %

(a) f (r) = r(1 − r)( πr 2 + r) (b) f (x) = (x − 1)(x − 2)(x − 3)

(c) f (x) = (x 2 + 2)(x 3 − 3x 2 + 4)(x 4 − 1)

(d) (
f (x) = (3x 2 + 7)(5x − 1) 3x 2 + 9x + 8 )
26.9 Hkkx fu;e
vkius mu iQyuksa] tks nks iQyuksa ds ;ksx] vUrj ,oe~ xq.ku ds :i esa gS] ds vodyt Kkr djus
ds fy, Øe'k% ;ksx] vUrj rFkk xq.ku fu;e lh[ks gSaA vkb, vc ge ,d dne vkSj vkxs c<+kdj
mu iQyuksa dk vodyt Kkr djus ds fy, ^Hkkx fu;e* lhs[ksa tks nks iQyuksa ds Hkkx ds :i esa
O;Dr gSaA
xf.kr 181
 vodyu
ekWM~;wy - VIII 1
dyu eku yhft, fd g(x) = r(x) , [r(x) ≠ 0]

vkb,] ge g (x) dk vodyt izFke fl¼kUr ls Kkr djsaA

1
g(x) =
r(x)

fVIi.kh  1 1 
 r(x + δx) − r(x) 
∴ g '(x) = lim  
δx →0  δx 
 r(x) − r(x + δx) 
= lim  
δx →0  δ(x)r(x)r(x + δx) 

 r(x) − r(x + δx)  1

= lim   lim
δx →0  δx  δx →0 r(x).r(x + δx)
1 r '(x)
= −r '(x) ⋅ 2
=−
[r(x)] [r(x)]2
f (x)
vkb,] vc ,sls nks iQyu f (x) rFkk g (x) ysa rkfd φ(x) = , g(x) ≠ 0 gksA
g(x)
1
ge fy[k ldrs gSa φ(x) = f ( x ) ⋅
g(x)
1 d  1 
φ(x) = f ' ( x ) ⋅ + f (x) 
∴ g(x) dx  g(x) 

f '(x)  −g '(x)  g(x)f '(x) − f (x)g '(x)

= + f (x)  =
2 [g(x)]2
g(x)  [g(x)] 

d  f (x)  f '(x)g(x) − f (x)g '(x)

vr,o =
dx  g(x)  [g(x)]2

=
gj (v'ak dk vodyt ) − v'ak (gj dk vodyt )
(gj )2
bls Hkkx fu;e (vFkok HkkxiQy fu;e) dgrs gSa
4x + 3 1
mnkgj.k 26.10. ;fn f (x) = , x≠ , gS rks f ' ( x ) Kkr dhft, A
2x − 1 2
d d
(2x − 1) (4x + 3) − (4x + 3) (2x − 1)
gy% f '(x) = dx dx
(2x − 1) 2
(2x − 1).4 − (4x + 3).2 −10
= 2
=
(2x − 1) (2x − 1) 2

182 xf.kr
 vodyu
vkb, ge fuEufyf[kr mnkgj.k ij fopkj djss % ekWM;
~ y
w - VIII
1 1 dyu
f (x) = , x≠
2x − 1 2
d d
(2x − 1) (1) − 1 (2x − 1)
d  1  dx dx
=
dx  2x − 1  (2x − 1) 2
fVIi.kh
(2x − 1) × 0 − 2  d 
=
(2x − 1) 2 Q dx (1) = 0 

d  1  2
  =−
dx  2x − 1  (2x − 1) 2

ns[ksa vkius fdruk lh[kk 26.5

1. fuEufyf[kr esa ls izR;sd dk vodyt Kkr dhft, %
2 7 3x − 2 x2 −1
(a) y = , x≠ (b) y = (c) y =
5x − 7 5 x2 + x −1 x2 + 1

x4 x 5 − 2x x
(d) f (x) = 2 (e) f (x) = 7 (f) f (x) =
x −3 x x2 + x + 1
x
(g) f (x) = 3
x +4
2. f '(x) Kkr dhft, %
x(x 2 + 3)
(a) f (x) =
x−2
, [ x ≠ 2]
(x − 1) ( x − 2 )
(b) f (x) = , [ x ≠ 3, x ≠ 4]
(x − 3)(x − 4)

26.10 Ja[kyk fu;e

blls igys gesa x 4 + 8x 2 + 1 ds :i okys iQyu ugha feys gSaA bl iQyu dks nks iQyuksa ds ;ksx
vUrj] xq.ku vFkok HkkxiQy ds :i esa ugha O;Dr dj ldrs] blfy, vc rd dh lh[kh gqbZ fof/
;ka gesa ,sls iQyuksa ds vodyt Kkr djus esa lgk;d ugha gks ldrhA vr%] bl izdkj ds iQyu
dk vodyt Kkr djus ds fy, gesa ,d u;k fu;e fodflr djuk gksxkA
vkb, fy[ksa % y = x 4 + 8x 2 + 1 vFkok y = t tgk¡ t = x 4 + 8x 2 + 1 vFkkZr y,, t dk iQyu gS rFkk
t, x dk iQyu gSA vr% y ,d iQyu dk iQyu gSA ge ,d iQyu ds iQyu dk vodyt Kkr djus
dk iz;kl djus ds fy, vkxs c<rs gSaA
xf.kr 183
 vodyu
ekWM~;wy - VIII eku yhft, fd δt , t esa o`f¼ gS rFkk y esa lxr o`f¼ δy gS

dyu rc] δy → 0 tc δt → 0
dy δy
∴ = lim (i)
dt δt →0 δt

blh izdkj t, x dk iQyu gS

fVIi.kh ∴ δt → 0 tc δx → 0
dt δt
∴ = lim (ii)
dx δx →0 δx
D;ksafd y, t dk iQyu gS rFkk t, x dk iQyu gSA blfy, δy → 0 tc δx → 0
(i) rFkk (ii) ls] gesa feyrk gSA
dy δy  δy   δt 
= lim =  lim lim
dx δx →0 δx  δt →0 δt   δx →0 δx 
 

dy dt
= ⋅
dt dx
dy dy dt
vr% = ⋅
dx dt dx
bls Ja[kyk fu;e dgk tkrk gSA
dy
mnkgj.k 26.11. ;fn y = x 4 + 8x 2 + 1 gS] rks Kkr dhft,A
dx

gy % gesa fn;k gS % y = x 4 + 8x 2 + 1

ftls ge fy[k ldrs gSa %

y= t , tgk¡ t = x 4 + 8x 2 + 1 (i)
dy 1 dt
∴ = rFkk = 4x 3 + 16x
dt 2 t dx
dy dy dt 1 3
;gk¡ = ⋅ = ⋅ (4x + 16x)
dx dt dx 2 t
4x 3 + 16x 2x 3 + 8x
= =
2 x 4 + 8x 2 + 1 x 4 + 8x 2 + 1
5
mnkgj.k 26.12. iQyu y= dk vodyt Kkr dhft,A
(x − 3)7
2

gy %
dy d
=
dx dx
{
5(x 2 − 3)−7 }
d 2
= 5[(−7)(x 2 − 3)−8 ] ⋅ (x − 3) (Ja[kyk fu;e }kjk)
dx
−70x
= −35(x 2 − 3) −8 ⋅ (2x) = (x 2 − 3)8

184 xf.kr
 vodyu
dy 1 2 ekWM;
~ y
w - VIII
mnkgj.k 26.13. Kkr dhft, ;fn y = v 4 rFkk v = x 3 + 5 gksA
dx 4 3 dyu
1 4 2
gy % gesa fn;k gS % y= v rFkk v = x 3 + 5
4 3
3
dy 1 2 
(i) = (4v3 ) = v3 =  x 3 + 5  ...(i)
dv 4 3  fVIi.kh

rFkk dv 2
= (3x 2 ) = 2x 2 ..(ii)
dx 3
dy dy dv
vr% = ⋅
dx dv dx
3
2 
=  x 3 + 5  (2x 2 ) [(i) rFkk (ii) dk mi;ksx djus ij]
3 

fVIi.kh
geus igys okys mnkgj.kksa esa ns[kk gS fd vodytksa ds fofHkUu fu;eksa ds mi;ksx ls ge lHkh
chth; iQyuksa dk vodyt Kkr dj ldrs gSaA

ns[ksa vkius fdruk lh[kk 26.6

1. fuEufyf[kr esa ls izR;sd iQyu dk vodyt Kkr dhft, %
(a) f (x) = (5x − 3)7 (b) f (x) = (3x 2 − 15)35

( 3 − x )5
(c) f (x) = (1 − x 2 )17 (d) f (x) =
7
1
(e) y= 2
(f) y = 3 (x 2 + 1)5
x + 3x + 1
5
1 1 1 1
(g) y= (h) y =  x6 + x4 + 
7 − 3x 2 6 2 16 
(i) y = (2x 2 + 5x − 3) −4 (j) y = x + x2 + 8
dy
2. Kkr dhft, %
dx
3− v 4x 2 x
(a) y= ,v = (b) y = at , t =
2+v 1 − x2 2a

26.12 ,d iQyu ds f}rh; dksfV ds vodyt

f}rh; dksfV dk vodyt% fn;k gS fd y, x dk iQyu] eku yhft, f (x) gSA ;fn bldk vodyt
dy dy
Hkh vodyuh; iQyu gS] rks dk vodyt y = f (x) dk x ds lkis{k f}rh; dksfV dk
dx dx

xf.kr 185
 vodyu
ekWM~;wy - VIII d2 y
vodyt dgykrk gS rFkk mls }kjk fu#fir djrs gSaA vU; izrhd (symbols) tks f}rh; dksfV
dyu dx 2
2
vodyt ds fy, iz;qDr gksrs gSa D , f", y", y 2 vkfn gSaA
fVIi.kh
bl izdkj x ij f" dk eku gksxk %
fVIi.kh
f '( x + h ) − f '(h )
f " ( x ) = lim
h →0 h
rhljh] pkSFkh] ----- dksfV ds vodyt Hkh blh izdkj ls ifjHkkf"kr fd;s tk ldrs gSaA vr% x
ds lkis{k y dk nwljk vodyt ;k nwljh dksfV dk vodyt gSA
d  dy  d 2 y
 =
dx  dx  dx 2

mnkgj.k 26.14. nwljh dksfV ds vodyt Kkr dhft, %

x +1
(i) x 2 (ii) x 3 +1 (iii) (x 2 + 1)(x − 1) (iv)
x −1

dy
gy % (i) eku yhft, y = x2 , rc = 2x
dx

d2 y d d(x)
rFkk 2
=
dx
(2x) = 2 ⋅
dx
dx
= 2.1 = 2
d2 y
∴ =2
dx 2
(ii) eku yhft, y = x3 + 1
dy
rc] = 3x 2 (;ksx fu;e }kjk rFkk vpj dk vodyt 'kwU; gSA)
dx

d2 y d
rFkk 2
= (3x 2 ) = 3.2x = 6x
dx dx

d2 y
vFkkZr~ = 6x
dx 2
(iii) eku yhft, y = (x 2 + 1)(x − 1),
dy d d
rc] = (x 2 + 1) (x − 1) + (x − 1), (x 2 + 1)
dx dx dx
2 2 2
= (x 2 + 1) ⋅ 1 + (x − 1) ⋅ 2x = x + 1 + 2x − 2x = 3x − 2x + 1

186 xf.kr
 vodyu

d2 y
ekWM;
~ y
w - VIII
rFkk
dx 2
=
d
dx
( )
3x 2 − 2x + 1 = 6x − 2
dyu
d2 y
∴ = 6x − 2
dx 2
x +1
(iv) eku yhft, fd y =
x −1 fVIi.kh
dy (x − 1) ⋅ 1 − (x + 1).1 −2
= 2
=
dx (x − 1) (x − 1)2

d2 y d  −2  1 4
rFkk =   = − 2. − 2. =
2 2
dx dx  ( x − 1)  ( x − 1) ( x − 1)3
3

d2 y 4
=
∴ 2
dx ( x − 1)3

ns[ksa vkius fdruk lh[kk 26.7

fuEufyf[kr esa ls izR;sd iQyu dk nwljh dksfV dk vodyt Kkr dhft, %

1. (a) x3 (b) x 4 + 3x 3 + 9x 2 + 10x + 1

x2 +1
(c) (d) x2 +1
x +1
C

1A
% +
vkb;s nksgjk,¡

fdlh iQyu f (x) dk x ds lkis{k vodyt
f ( x + δx ) − f ( x )
f ' ( x ) = lim
δ x →0 δx
dc

,d vpj dk vodyt 'kwU; }kjk ifjHkkf"kr gksrk gS vFkkZr = 0 tgk¡ c ,d vpj gS
dx
dy

T;kferh; :i esa iQyu y = f ( x ) dk fcUnq P ( x, y ) ij vodyt , oØ y = f ( x )
dx
ds fcUnq P ij Li'kZ js[kk dh izo.krk gksrh gSA

y dk x ds lkis{k vodyt y dk x ds lkis{k rkR{kf.kd ifjorZu nj dk |ksrd gSA
d
;fn f (x) ,d vodyuh; iQyu gS rFkk ,d vpj gS] rks cf ( x )  = cf ' ( x )
dx 

c
vodyt n'kkZrk gS tgk¡ f ' ( x ) ,f ( x ) dk vodyt fu#fir djrk gSA
xf.kr 187
 vodyu
ekWM~;wy - VIII
iQyuksa dk ;ksx vFkok vUrj fu;e %
dyu d d d
f ( x ) ± g ( x ) = f ( x ) ± g ( x ) 
dx dx dx 
iQyuksa ds ;ksx vFkok vUrj dk vodyt muds vodytksa ds Øe'k% ;ksx vFkok vUrj
ds cjkcj gksrk gSA
fVIi.kh
xq.ku fu;e %
d d d
f ( x ) g ( x )  = f ( x ) g (x) + g (x) f (x)
dx dx dx
(igyk iQyu) (nwljs iQyu dk vodyt)$ (nwljk iQyu) (igys iQyu dk vodyt)

HkkxiQy fu;e %
f (x)
;fn φ ( x ) = , g ( x ) ≠ 0, rks
g (x)

g (x) f ' (x) − f (x) g ' (x) gj  d (

v'ak )  − v'ak  d ( gj ) 
φ ' (x) = =  dx   dx 
g ( x )
2 ( gj )2

d d

Ja[kyk fu;e % f {g(x)} = f '[g(x)] ⋅ [g(x)]
dx dx
f(x) dk g(x) ds lkis{k vodyt × g(x) dk x ds lkis{k vodyt

d  dy  d 2 y

y dk x ds lkis{k] f}rh; dksfV dk vodyt]  = gSA
dx  dx  dx 2

lgk;d osclkbV

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vkb, vH;kl djsa

1. ,d dkj }kjk t lsds.M esa r; dh xbZ nwjh s eh s = t 2 }kjk nh x;h gS] Kkr dhft, %
(a) nwjh dk le; ds lkis{k ifjorZu nj (b) dkj dh xfr tc t = 3 lsds.M

188 xf.kr
 vodyu
 
1 ekWM;
~ y
w - VIII
2. fn;k gS % f (t) = 3 − 4t 2 A MsYVk fof/ ds iz;ksx ls f '(t) rFkk f '  3  Kkr dhft,A
  dyu
 1
3. f (x) = x 4 dk izFke fl¼kUr }kjk vodyu dhft,A vr,o f '(0),f '  −  Kkr dhft,A
 2
4. iQyu 2x + 1 dk izFke fl¼kUr ls vodyt Kkr dhft,
5. fuEufyf[kr esa ls izR;sd iQyu dk izFke fl¼kUr ls vodyt Kkr dhft, %
fVIi.kh
2
(a) ax + b, (b) 2x + 5
(c) x 3 + 3x 2 + 5 (d) (x − 1) 2 )
6. fuEufyf[kr esa ls izR;sd iQyu dk vodyt Kkr dhft, %
(a) f (x) = px 4 + qx 2 + 7x − 11 (b) f (x) = x 3 − 3x 2 + 5x − 8

1 x2 − a
(c) f (x) = x + (d) f (x) = ,a ≠ 2
x a−2
7. fuEufyf[kr esa ls izR;sd iQyu dk nks fof/;ksa ls vodyt Kkr dhft,& igys xq.ku fu;e
}kjk rFkk fiQj xq.ku dks [kksydjA lR;kfir dhft, fd nksuksa mÙkj ,d gh gSa %
3
 1   1
(a) y = x 1 +  (b) y= x2  2 + 5x + 
 x  x
8. fuEufyf[kr esa ls izR;sd iQyu dk vodyt Kkr dhft, %
x 3 10
(a) f (x) = 2 (b) f (x) = +
x −1 (x − 1) 2
x3
1 (x + 1)(x − 2)
(c) f (x) = 4
(d) f (x) =
(1 + x ) x

3x 2 + 4x − 5 x−4
(e) f (x) = (f) f (x) =
x 2 x
(x 3 + 1)(x − 2)
(g) f (x) =
x2
9. J[kayk fu;e ds mi;ksx ls] fuEufyf[kr esa ls izR;sd iQyu dk vodyt Kkr dhft, %
2
 1  1+ x
(a)  x +  (b) (c) 3 x 2 (x 2 + 3)
 x 1− x
10. fuEufyf[kr esa ls izR;sd ds fy, f}rh; dksfV dk vodyt Kkr dhft, %
(a) x + 1 (b) x ⋅ x − 1

mÙkjekyk
ns[ksa vkius fdruk lh[kk 26.1
1. (a) 3 (b) 8 (c) 6 (d) 31

xf.kr 189
 vodyu
ekWM~;wy - VIII 2. 3640 [email protected] 3. 21 [email protected]
dyu ns[ksa vkius fdruk lh[kk 26.2
1. (a) 10 (b) 2 (c) 6x (d) 2x+5 (e) 21x 2
1 1 1 −a ad − bc
2. (a) − (b) − (c) 1 − (d) (e)
x2 ax 2 x2 (ax + b)2 (cx + d)2
fVIi.kh
1
(f) −
(3x + 5) 2

1 −a 1  1
3. (a) − (b) 2(ax + b)( ax + b)
(c) 1 − 
2x x 2 x x
2
(d)
(1 − x)2

3 3
4. (a) ; (b) 2πr ; 4π (c) 2πr 2 ; 36π
2 x 2 2

ns[ksa vkius fdruk lh[kk 26.3

1. (a) 0 (b) 12 (c) 12
2. (a) 180x8 + 5 (b) −200x 3 − 40x (c) 12x 2 − 12x

(d) 5x8 + 3 (e) 3x 2 − 6x + 3 (f) x 7 − x 5 + x 3

−1 −9
4 4 1 1
(g) x 3 + x 5 − 6x −3 (h) + 3
15 5 2 x
2x 2
3. (a) 16, 16, 16 (b) 3,1 ,1 (c) 186
(d) 4πr ,16π2

ns[ksa vkius fdruk lh[kk 26.4

1. (a) 12x − 19 (b) −6x − 5 (c) 4x − 11

(d) 2x − 3 (e) 8x 3 + 9x 2 + 16x (f) 30x 2 + 2x − 19

(g) 5x 4 − 16x 3 + 15x 2 − 4x + 8
2. (a) −4πr 3 + 3(π − 1)r 2 + 2r (b) 3x 2 − 12x + 11

(c) 9x8 − 28x 7 + 14x 6 − 12x 5 − 5x 4 + 44x 3 − 6x 2 + 4x

(d) (5x − 1)(3x 2 + 9x + 8).6x + 5(3x 2 + 7)(3x 2 + 9x + 8) + (3x 2 + 7)(5x − 1)(6x + 9)

190 xf.kr
 vodyu
ns[ksa vkius fdruk lh[kk 26.5 ekWM;
~ y
w - VIII
−10 −3x 2 + 4x − 1 4x dyu
1. (a) (b) (c)
(5x − 7)2 (x 2 + x + 1) 2 (x 2 + 1) 2

2x 5 − 12x 3 −2x 4 + 12 1 − x2 4 − 5x 3
(d) (e) (f) (g)
(x 2 − 3) 2 x7 (x 2 + x + 1) 2 2 x (x 3 + 4) 2
fVIi.kh
2x 3 − 6x 2 − 6 −4x 2 + 20x − 22
2. (a) (b)
(x − 2) 2 (x − 3) 2 (x − 4) 2

ns[ksa vkius fdruk lh[kk 26.6

1. (a) 35(5x − 6)6 (b) 210x(3x 2 − 15)34
−5
(c) −34x(1 − x 2 )16 (d) (3 − x)4
7
2
2
(e) −(2x + 3)(x + 3x + 1) −2 (f)
10x 2
3
x +1 ( ) 3

4
5
 x6 x4 1 3
(g) 3x(7 − 3x ) 2 −3 / 2 (h) 5(x + 2x )  + + 
 6 2 16 

x
(i) −4(4x + 5)(2x 2 + 5x − 3) −5 (j) 1 +
x2 + 8

−5(1 + x 2 ) x
2. (a) 2 2 (b)
(1 + 2x − x ) 2a

ns[ksa vkius fdruk lh[kk 26.7

4 1
1. (a) 6x (b) 12x 2 + 18x + 18 (c) 3 (d)
(x + 1) (1 + x 2 )3/ 2

vkb, vH;kl djsa

1. (a) 2 t (b) 6 lsds.M
8 −1 1
2 −8t, − 3. 0, 4.
3 2 2x + 1
5. (a) a (b) 4x (c) 3x 2 + 6x (d) 2(x − 1)
6. (a) 4px 3 + 2qx + 7 (b) 3x 2 − 6x + 5

2x
(c) 1 − 1 (d)
x2 a−2
1 25 1
7. (a) (b) 3 x + x x+
2 x 2 2 x

xf.kr 191
 vodyu
ekWM~;wy - VIII −(x 2 + 1) −6 30
8. (a) (b) 3
−
dyu 2
(x − 1) 2 (x − 1) x4

−4x 3 3 1 1
(c) 4 2 (d) 2 x − +
(1 + x ) 2 x x3 / 2
1 1
(e) 3 + 5 (f) +
2 4 x x x
fVIi.kh x
(g) 3x 2 − 2 − 1 + 4
2 3
x x
1 1 4x 3 + 6x
9. (a) 1 − (b) 3 (c)
x2 2
1+ x ⋅ (1 − x) 2 3(x 4 2 3
+ 3x )
1 2 + x − x2
10. (a) − 3 (b) 1
4(x + 1) 2 4(x − 1) 2

192 xf.kr
 f=kdks.kferh; iQyuksa dk vodyt
ekWM;
~ y
w - VIII
dyu

27
fVIi.kh

f=kdks.kferh; iQyuksa dk vodyt

f=kdks.kfefr xf.kr dh og 'kk[kk gS] tks mPpÙkj xf.kr dh vU; 'kk[kkvksa tSls dSydqyl (dyu)
lfn'k] f=kfoe T;kfefr] iQyu& izlaoknh (Harmonic) vFkok ljy iQyuksa ds vè;;u ds fy,
vfuok;Z gSA f=kdks.kferh; iQyu ds mi;ksx ds fcuk mu ij fØ;k,¡ djuk vlaHko izrhr gksrk gSA
dqN fo'ks"k lhekvksa rd f=kdks.kferh; iQyu gesa izfrykse Hkh nsrs gSaA
vc iz'u ;g gS fd D;k vodyt Kkr djus ds os lHkh fu;e tks geus vHkh rd i<+s gSa
f=kdks.kferh; iQyuksa ds fy, Hkh ykxw gSa\
bl ikB esa ge blh iz'u dk gy <w<+saxs rFkk bl fØ;k esa ge f=kdks.kferh; iQyuksa rFkk muds
izfrykseksa ds vodytksa dks Kkr djus ds lw=k ;k ifj.kke Kkr djsaxsA tc rd vU;Fkk u dgk tk,]
ge f=kdks.kfefr; iQyuksa vkSj muds izfrykseksa dh lEiw.kZ ppkZ esa] jsfM;u eki dk iz;ksx djsaxsA

mís';
bl ikB ds vè;;u ds ckn] vki fuEufyf[kr esa leFkZ gks tk;saxs %
• f=kdks.kferh; iQyuksa ds vodyt izFke fl¼kUr ls Kkr djukA
• izfrykse f=kdks.kferh; iQyuksa ds vodyt izFke fl¼kUr ls Kkr djukA
• f=kdks.kferh; rFkk izfrykse f=kdks.kferh; iQyuksa ds vodyt xq.ku fu;e (Product rule),
Hkkx fu;e (quotient rule) rFkk Ja[kyk fu;e (chain rule) dk iz;ksx djds Kkr djukA
• ,d iQyu ds f}rh; dksfV (second order) dk vodyt Kkr djukA

iwoZ Kku
• dks.kksa ds iQyuksa ds :i esa f=kdks.kferh; vuqikrksa dk KkuA
• f=kdks.kferh; iQyuksa dh dqzN ekud lhekvksa dk Kku]
• vodyt dh ifjHkk"kk rFkk iQyuksa ds vodyt Kkr djus ds fofHkUu fu;eksa dk KkuA

xf.kr 193
 f=kdks.kferh; iQyuksa dk vodyt
ekWM~;wy - VIII 27.1 izFke fl¼kUr }kjk dqN f=kdks.kferh; iQyuksa dk vodyt
dyu (i) ekuk y = sin x gSA
ekuk fd x ds eku esa ux.; (lw{e) o`f¼ δx ds fy,] y ds eku esa laxr o`f¼ δy gSA

∴ y + δy = sin(x + δx)
rFkk δy = sin(x + δx) − sin x
fVIi.kh
 δx  δx  C+D C − D
= 2cos  x +  sin sin C − sin D = 2cos 2 sin 2 
 2 2  
δx
sin
δy  δx  2
∴ = 2cos  x + 
δx  2  δx
δx  sin δx 
sin  
δy  δx  2 = cos x.1 2
∴ lim = lim cos  x +  ⋅ lim Q lim δx = 1
δx →0 δx δx →0  2  δx →0 δx  δx →0 
2  2 
dy
vr%] = cos x
dx
d
vFkkZr~] (sin x) = cos x
dx
(ii) ekuk y = cos x gSA
ekuk fd x ds eku esa ux.; o`f¼ δx ds fy,] y ds eku esa laxr o`f¼ δy gSA
∴ y + δy = cos(x + δx)
rFkk δy = cos(x + δx) − cos x
 δx  δx
= −2sin  x +  sin
 2  2
 δx  δx
−2sin  x +  ⋅ sin
∴ δy  2  2
=
δx δx
δx
sin
δy  δx  2
lim = − lim sin  x +  ⋅ lim
∴ δx →0 δx δx →0  2  δx → 0 δ x
2
 δx / 2 
= − sin x ⋅ 1 Q δlim sin =1
x →0 δx / 2 
dy
vr%] = − sin x
dx
d
vFkkZr~] ( cos x ) = − sin x
dx

194 xf.kr
 f=kdks.kferh; iQyuksa dk vodyt
(iii) ekuk y = tan x gSA ekWM;
~ y
w - VIII
ekuk fd x ds eku esa ux.; o`f¼ δx ds fy,] y ds eku esa laxr o`f¼ δy gSA dyu
∴ y + δy = tan(x + δx)
rFkk δy = tan (x + δx) − tan x
sin(x + δx) sin x
= −
cos(x + δx) cos x fVIi.kh
sin(x + δx) ⋅ cos x − sin x.cos(x + δx)
=
cos(x + δx)cos x
sin[(x + δx) − x] sin δx
= =
cos(x + δx)cos x cos(x + δx) ⋅ cos x
δy sin δx 1
∴ = ⋅
δx δx cos(x + δx)cos x
δy sin δx 1
∴ lim = lim ⋅ lim
δx →0 δx δx →0 δx δx →0 cos(x + δx)cos x

1  sin δx 
= 1⋅ 2 Q δlim = 1
cos x = sec x
2
 x →0 δx 
dy
vr%] = sec2 x
dx
d
vFkkZr~] (tan x) = sec2 x
dx
(iv) ekuk y = sec x gSA
ekuk fd x ds eku esa ux.; o`f¼ δx ds fy,] y ds eku esa laxr o`f¼ δy gSA
∴ y + δy = sec(x + δx)
1 1
rFkk δy = sec(x + δx) − sec x = cos(x + δx) − cos x

 δx  δx
cos x − cos(x + δx) 2sin  x +  sin
=  2 2
cos(x + δx)cos x = cos(x + δx)cos x

 δx 
sin  x +  sin δx
δy  2  2
=
∴ δx cos(x + δx) cos x δx
2
 δx  δx
sin  x +  sin
δy  2  lim 2
lim = lim
∴ δx →0 δx δx →0 cos(x + δx) cos x δx →0 δx
2
sin x sin x 1
= 2
⋅1 = ⋅ = tan x.sec x
cos x cos x cos x
dy
vr%] = sec x.tan x
dx

xf.kr 195
 f=kdks.kferh; iQyuksa dk vodyt
ekWM~;wy - VIII vFkkZr~]
d
(sec x) = sec x ⋅ tan x
dx
dyu
blh izdkj] ge fl¼ dj ldrs gSa fd
d
(cot x) = − cos ec2 x
dx
d
(cos ec x) = − cos ec x ⋅ cot x
fVIi.kh dx

mnkgj.k 27.1. izFke fl¼kUr }kjk cot x 2 dk vodyt Kkr dhft,A

gy % y = cot x 2

ekuk x ds eku esa ux.; o`f¼ δx ds fy,] y ds eku esa laxr o`f¼ δy gSA
∴ y + δy = cot(x + δx) 2

cos(x + δx) 2 cos x 2

rFkk δy = cot(x + δx) − cot x =
2 2 −
sin(x + δx) 2 sin x 2

cos(x + δx) 2 sin x 2 − cos x 2 sin(x + δx) 2

=
sin(x + δx) 2 sin x 2

sin[x 2 − (x + δx) 2 ] sin[−2xδx − (δx) 2 ]

= =
sin(x + δx) 2 sin x 2 sin(x + δx) 2 sin x 2

− sin[(2x + δx)δx]
=
sin(x + δx)2 sin x 2

δy − sin[(2x + δx)δx]
∴
=
δx δx sin(x + δx) 2 sin x 2

δy sin[(2x + δx)δx] 2x + δx
∴ lim = − lim lim
δx →0 δx δx →0 δx(2x + δx) δx →0 sin(x + δx) 2 sin x 2

dy 2x  sin[(2x + δx)δx] 
vFkkZr~] = −1 ⋅ Q lim δx(2x + δx) = 1
dx sin x .sin x 2
2
 δx →0 
−2x −2x
= = 2 2
2 2
(sin x ) sin 2 x 2 = −2x.cos ec x

d
vr%] (cot x 2 ) = −2x ⋅ cos ec2 x 2
dx

mnkgj.k 27.2. izFke fl¼kUr }kjk cosec x dk vodyt Kkr dhft,A

gy % ekuk y = cosec x gSA
rc] y + δy = cos ec (x + δx)

196 xf.kr
 f=kdks.kferh; iQyuksa dk vodyt

 cos ec(x + δx) − cosec x   cosec (x + δx) + cosec x 

ekWM;
~ y
w - VIII
∴ δy =  dyu
cosec (x + δx) + cos ec x

1 1
cosec (x + δx) − cosec x −
= sin (x + δx) sin x
cosec (x + δx) + cosec x = cosec (x + δx) + cosec x

sin x − sin (x + δx) fVIi.kh

=
 cosec (x + δx) + cosec x  [sin ( x + δx ) sin x ]

 δx  δx
2cos  x +  sin
=−  2  2
( cosec (x + δx) + cosec x ) [sin ( x + δx ) sin x ]

 δx  sin δx / 2
cos  x + 
δy  2  δx / 2
∴ lim = − lim ×
δx →0 δx δx →0 cos ec(x + δx) + cos ec x] [sin(x + δx).sin x]

dy − cos x
vFkkZr~] =
dx (2 (cosec x)(sin x) 2
1
1 −
= − (cosec x) 2 (cos ec x cot x)
2
1
vr%]
d
dx
( cosec x = − ) 1
2
( cosec x )− 2 ( cosec x cot x )

mnkgj.k 27.3. izFke fl¼kUr }kjk sec2 x dk vodyt Kkr dhft,A

gy % ekuk y = sec 2 x gSA
rFkk y + δy = sec 2 (x + δx) gSA
rc] δy = sec 2 (x + δx) − sec 2 x

cos 2 x − cos 2 (x + δx)

=
cos 2 (x + δx) cos 2 x

sin[(x + δx + x]sin[(x + δx − x)]

=
cos 2 (x + δx) cos 2 x

sin(2x + δx)sin δx
=
cos 2 (x + δx)cos 2 x

δy sin(2x + δx)sin δx
∴
=
δx cos 2 (x + δx) cos 2 x.δx

δy sin(2x + δx)sin δx
vc] lim = lim
δx →0 δx δx →0 cos 2 (x + δx)cos 2 x.δx

xf.kr 197
 f=kdks.kferh; iQyuksa dk vodyt
ekWM~;wy - VIII dy
=
sin 2x
∴ dx cos 2 x cos 2 x
dyu
2sin x cos x
= 2 2
= 2 tan x.sec 2 x
cos x cos x
= 2sec x(sec x.tan x)
= 2sec x (sec x tan x)
fVIi.kh

ns[ksa vkius fdruk lh[kk 27.1

1. fuEufyf[kr iQyuksa ds izFke fl¼kUr }kjk x ds lkis{k vodyt Kkr dhft, %
(a) cosec x (b) cot x (c) cos 2 x

(d) cot 2 x (e) cos ec x 2 (f) sin x

2. fuEufyf[kr iQyuksa esa ls izR;sd dk vodyt Kkr dhft, %
(a) 2sin 2 x (b) cos ec2 x (c) tan 2 x

27.2 f=kdks.kferh; iQyuksa ds vodyt

vHkh vkius izFke fl¼kUr }kjk f=kdks.kferh; iQyuksa ds vodyt Kkr djuk lh[kk gS vkSj iQyu
ds iQyu dk vodyt Kkr djuk Hkh lh[kkA vc] ge bu vodytksa ds dqN vkSj mnkgj.kksa ij
fopkj djsaxsA
mnkgj.k 27.4. fuEufyf[kr iQyuksa ds vodyt Kkr dhft, %
(i) sin 2x (ii) tan x (iii) cosec ( 5x 3 )
gy % (i) ekuk y = sin 2 x,
= sin t, tgk¡ t = 2 x
dy dt
∴ = cos t vkSj =2
dt dx
dy dy dt
Ja[kyk fu;e ls = ⋅ ls] gesa izkIr gksrk gS %
dx dt dx
dy
= cos t (2) = 2. cos t = 2 cos 2 x
dx
d
vr%] (sin 2x) = 2cos 2x
dx
(ii) ekuk y = tan x
= tan t, tgk¡ t= x

dy dt 1
∴ = sec2 t vkSj =
dt dx 2 x

198 xf.kr
 f=kdks.kferh; iQyuksa dk vodyt

dy dy dt
ekWM;
~ y
w - VIII
Ja[kyk fu;e ls = ⋅ ls] gesa feyrk gS %
dx dt dx dyu
dy 1 sec 2 x
= sec 2 t ⋅ =
dx 2 x 2 x
2
d
vr%, ( tan x ) = sec x
dx 2 x fVIi.kh
oSdfYid fof/ : ekuk y = tan x gSA
dy d sec 2 x
∴ = sec2 x x =
dx dx 2 x
(iii) ekuk y = cos ec(5x 3 ) gSA
dy d
∴ = − cos ec(5x 3 )cot(5x 3 ) ⋅ [5x 3 ]
dx dx
= −15x 2 cos ec(5x 3 ) cot(5x 3 )

vFkok t = 5x 3 izfrLFkkfir djds] vki bl iz'u dks gy dj ldrs gSaA

mnkgj.k 27.5. fuEufyf[kr iQyuksa ds vodyt Kkr dhft, %
sin x
(i) y = x 4 sin 2x (ii) y = 1 + cos x

gy % (i) y = x 4 sin 2x
dy d d
∴ = x 4 (sin 2x) + sin 2x (x 4 ) (xq.ku fu;e dk iz;ksx djds)
dx dx dx
= x 4 (2 cos 2x) + sin 2x(4x 3 )

= 2x 4 cos 2x + 4x 3 sin 2x
= 2x 3 [x cos 2x + 2sin 2x]
sin x
(ii) ekuk y = gSA
1 + cos x
d d
(1 + cos x) (sin x) − sin x (1 + cos x )
dy dx dx
∴ =
dx (1 + cos x) 2

(1 + cos x)(cos x) − sin x ( − sin x )

=
(1 + cos x) 2

cos x + cos 2 x + sin 2 x

=
(1 + cos x) 2

xf.kr 199
 f=kdks.kferh; iQyuksa dk vodyt
ekWM~;wy - VIII cos x + 1
=
dyu (1 + cos x) 2

1
=
(1 + cos x)

1 1 x
= = sec2
fVIi.kh x 2 2
2cos 2
2
mnkgj.k 27.6. fuEu esa ls izR;sd iQyu dk x ds lkis{k vodyt Kkr dhft, %
(i) cos 2 x (ii) sin 3 x

gy % (i) ekuk y = cos 2 x

= t2 , tgk¡ t = cos x

dy dt
∴ = 2t vkSj = − sin x
dt dx

dy dy dt
Ja[kyk fu;e = ⋅ dk iz;ksx djds] gesa feyrk gS %
dx dt dx

dy
= 2 cos x. (− sin x)
dx
= −2 cos x sin x = − sin 2x

(ii) ekuk y = sin 3 x gSA

dy 1 d
∴ = (sin 3 x)−1/ 2 ⋅ (sin 3 x)
dx 2 dx

1
= ⋅ 3sin 2 x ⋅ cos x
3
2 sin x

3
= sin x cos x
2

d  3  3
vr%,  sin x  = sin x cos x
dx   2
dy
mnkgj.k 27.7. Kkr dhft,] ;fn %
dx
1 − sin x
(i) y=
1 + sin x

200 xf.kr
 f=kdks.kferh; iQyuksa dk vodyt
ekWM;
~ y
w - VIII
1 − sin x
gy % (i) y= dyu
1 + sin x

1
−
dy 1 1 − sin x 2 d 1 − sin x 
∴ =   ⋅
dx 2 1 + sin x dx 1 + sin x 

1 1 + sin x (− cos x)(1 + sin x) − (1 − sin x)(cos x) fVIi.kh

= ⋅
2 1 − sin x (1 + sin x)2

1 1 + sin x  −2cos x  1 + sin x 1 − sin 2 x

= ⋅  = − ⋅
2 1 − sin x  (1 + sin x)2  1 − sin x (1 + sin x)2

1 + sin x 1 + sin x −1
=− =
(1 + sin x) 2 1 + sin x

dy 1
vr%] =−
dx 1 + sin x
mnkgj.k 27.8. fuEufyf[kr iQyuksa ds vafdr fcUnqvksa ij vodyt Kkr dhft, %
π
(i) y = sin 2x + (2x − 5) 2 , x = ij
2
(ii) y = cot x + sec2 x + 5 , x = π / 6 ij

gy % (i) y = sin 2x + (2x − 5)2

dy d d
∴ = cos 2x (2x) + 2(2x − 5) (2x − 5)
dx dx dx
= 2 cos 2x + 4(2x − 5)
π dy
x= ij = 2 cos π + 4( π − 5)
2 dx
= −2 + 4π − 20
= 4π − 22
(ii) y = cot x + sec2 x + 5
dy
∴ = − cos ec 2 x + 2sec x(sec x tan x)
dx
= − cos ec2 x + 2sec2 x tan x
π dy π π π
x= ij = − cos ec 2 + 2sec 2 tan
6 dx 6 6 6
4 1 8
= −4 + 2 ⋅ = −4 +
3 3 3 3

xf.kr 201
 f=kdks.kferh; iQyuksa dk vodyt
ekWM~;wy - VIII mnkgj.k 27.9. ;fn sin y = x sin (a+y) gS] rks fl¼ dhft, %
dyu dy sin ( a + y )
2
=
dx sin a
gy % ;g fn;k gS fd sin y = x sin (a+y)
sin y
vFkkZr~] x= .....(1)
fVIi.kh sin(a + y)
(1) ds nksuksa i{kksa dks x ds lkis{k vodfyr djus ij] gesa izkIr gksrk gS %
 sin(a + y) cos y − sin y cos(a + y)  dy
1=  
 sin 2 (a + y)  dx
 sin(a + y − y)  dy
vFkok 1=  2 
 sin (a + y)  dx

dy sin ( a + y )
2
vFkok =
dx sin a
mnkgj.k 27.10 ;fn y = sin x + sin x + ....vura rd gS]
dy cos x
rks fl¼ dhft, fd dx = 2y − 1 gksxkA

gy % gesa fn;k gS y = sin x + sin x + ...vura rd

vFkok y = sin x + y vFkok y2 = sin x + y
x ds lkis{k vodfyr djus ij] gesa izkIr gksrk gS %
dy dy dy
2y = cos x + vFkok (2y − 1) = cos x
dx dx dx
dy cos x
vr%, =
dx 2y − 1

ns[ksa vkius fdruk lh[kk 27.2

1. fuEufyf[kr iQyuksa esa ls izR;sd dk x ds lkis{k vodyt Kkr dhft, %
(a) y = 3sin 4x (b) y = cos 5x (c) y = tan x

(d) y = sin x (e) y = sin x 2 (f) y = 2 tan 2x

(g) y = π cot 3x (h) y = sec10 x (i) y = cosec 2 x
2. fuEufyf[kr iQyuksa esa ls izR;sd dk vodyt Kkr dhft, %
sec x − 1 sin x + cos x
(a) f (x) = (b) f (x) = (c) f (x) = x sin x
sec x + 1 sin x − cos x

202 xf.kr
 f=kdks.kferh; iQyuksa dk vodyt
ekWM;
~ y
w - VIII
( 2
)
(d) f (x) = 1 + x cos x (e) f (x) = x cosec x (f) f (x) = sin 2 x cos 3 x
dyu
(g) f (x) = sin 3x
3. fuEufyf[kr iQyuksa esa ls izR;sd dk x ds lkis{k vodyt Kkr dhft, %
(a) y = sin 3 x (b) y = cos 2 x (c) y = tan 4 x
fVIi.kh
(d) y = cot 4 x (e) y = sec5 x (f) y = cos ec3x

sec x + tan x
(g) y = sec x (h) y=
sec x − tan x
4. fuEufyf[kr iQyuksa esa ls izR;sd dk vafdr fcUnq ij vodyt Kkr dhft, %
π 1 + sin x π
(a) y = cos(2x + π / 2), x = (b) y= ,x =
3 cos x 4

5. ;fn y = tan x + tan x + tan x + ...,vura rd gks] rks

dy
n'kkZb;s fd (2y − 1) = sec 2 x gSA
dx

dy cos 2 (a + y)
6. ;fn cos y = x cos(a + y) gks] rks fl¼ dhft, fd = gSA
dx sin a

27.3 izfrykse f=kdks.kferh; iQyuksa dk izFke fl¼kUr ls vodyu

−1
vc ge ekud izfrykse f=kdks.kferh; iQyuksa sin −1 x, cos x, tan −1 x ds izFke fl¼kUr }kjk
vodyt Kkr djsaxsA
(i) izFke fl¼kUr }kjk] ge sin −1 x dk x ds lkis{k vodyt Kkr djsax]s tks fuEu }kjk iznf'kZr fd;k tkrk
gS %
d 1
(sin − 1 x) =
dx
(1 − x 2 )
ekuk y = sin −1 x gS] rks x = sin y gksxkA blfy, x + δx = sin(y + δy)
tc δx → 0, rks δy → 0
vc] δx = sin(y + δy) − sin y
sin(y + δy) − sin y
∴ 1= (nksuksa i{kksa dks δx ls Hkkx nsus ij)
δx
sin(y + δy) − sin y δy
vFkok 1= ⋅
δy δx

xf.kr 203
 f=kdks.kferh; iQyuksa dk vodyt
ekWM~;wy - VIII 1 = lim
sin(y + δy) − sin y
⋅ lim
δy
∴ [Q δy → 0 tc δx → 0]
dyu δy→0 δy δx →0 δx

  1   1 
 2 cos  y + δ y  sin  δ y  
=  lim  2   2   ⋅ dy = ( cos y ) ⋅ dy
δy dx
δ y→0  dx
dy 1 1 1
fVIi.kh ;k = = =
dx cos y
(1 − sin 2 y) (1 − x 2 )
d ( −1 ) 1
sin x =
∴ dx (1 − x 2 )
(ii) d
(
cos − 1 x = − ) 1
⋅
dx
(1 − x ) 2

bldh miifÙk ds fy,] mlh rjg vkxs cf<+, tSls sin −1 x ds fy, fd;k FkkA
(iii) vc ge fn[kkrs gSa fd
d
dx
(
tan − 1 x = ) 1
1 + x2
ekuk y = tan −1 x gSA rc] x = tan y gSA vr%] x + δx = tan(y + δy)
tc δx → 0, rks δy → 0
vc , δx = tan(y + δy) − tan y
tan(y + δy) − tan y δy
∴ 1= ⋅ ⋅
δy δx
tan(y + δy) − tan y δy
∴ 1 = lim ⋅ lim [Q δy → 0, tc δx → 0]
δy→0 δy δx →0 δx

  sin(y + δy) sin y   dy

=  lim  −  δy  ⋅
 δy→0  cos(y + δy) cos y   dx
dy sin(y + δy) cos y − cos ( y + δy ) sin y
= ⋅ lim
dx δy→0 δy ⋅ cos(y + δy) cos y
dy  sin(y + δy − y) 
= ⋅ lim 
dx δy→0  δy.cos(y + δy) ⋅ cos y 
dy  sin δy 1  dy 1 dy
= ⋅ lim  ⋅  = ⋅ 2
= ⋅ sec2 y
dx δy→0  δy cos(y + δy) cos y  dx cos y dx
dy 1 1 1
⇒ = = =
dx sec2 y 1 + tan 2 y 1 + x 2
d ( −1 ) 1
∴ tan x =
dx 1 + x2

204 xf.kr
 f=kdks.kferh; iQyuksa dk vodyt
ekWM;
~ y
w - VIII
(iv)
d
dx
(
cot − 1 x = − ) 1
1 + x2 dyu
bldh miifÙk ds fy,] mlh izdkj vkxs cf<+, tSls tan −1 x ds fy, fd;k FkkA
d 1
(v) vc ge izFke fl¼kUr ls fl¼ djsaxs fd (sec − 1 x) = gSA
dx x ( x − 1)
2

fVIi.kh
ekuk y = sec−1 x gS rc] x = sec y gS rFkk x + δx = sec(y + δy) gSA
tc δx → 0, rks δy → 0
vc] δx = sec ( y + δy ) − sec y
sec(y + δy) − sec y δy
∴ 1= ⋅
δy δx
sec(y + δy) − sec y δy
∴ 1 = lim ⋅ lim [Q δy → 0, tc δx → 0]
δy→0 δy δx →0 δx

 1   δy 
2sin  y + δy  sin  
=
dy
⋅ lim  2   2 
dx δy→0 δy.cos y cos ( y + δy )

  1  
 sin  y + δ y  sin δ y 
=
dy
⋅ lim   2 
⋅ 2  dy sin y dy
dx δy→0  cos y cos ( y + δ y ) δ y  = dx ⋅ cos 2 y = dx ⋅ sec y tan y
 2 
dy 1 1 1
∴ = = =
dx sec y tan y sec y
(sec2 y − 1) x ( x 2 − 1)
d ( −1 ) 1
vr%] = sec x =
dx x x2 −1

(vi)
d
(
cosec − 1x = ) 1
dx x ( x 2 − 1)
bldh miifÙk ds fy,] vki mlh rjg vkxs cf<+, tSls fd s ec−1 x ds fy, fd;k FkkA
27.11. sin ( x )
−1 2
mnkgj.k dk izFke fl¼kUr ls vodyt Kkr dhft,A
gy % ekuk y = sin −1 x 2 gSA

∴ x 2 = sin y

vc , ( x + δx )2 = sin(y + δy)
( x + δx )2 − x 2 =
sin ( y + δy ) − sin y
∴
δx δx

xf.kr 205
 f=kdks.kferh; iQyuksa dk vodyt
ekWM~;wy - VIII tc δx → 0, rks δy → 0
 δy 
dyu 2cos  y +  sin δy
lim
( x + δx )2 − x 2= lim  2 
⋅ 2 ⋅ lim δy
∴ δx →0 ( x + δx ) − x δy→0 2 δy δx →0 δx
2
dy
∴ 2x = cos y ⋅
dx
fVIi.kh dy 2x 2x 2x
⇒ = = =
dx cos y 2
1 − sin y 1 − x4

mnkgj.k 27.12. x ds lkis{k sin −1 x dk MSYVk fof/ (izFke fl¼kUr) ls vodyt Kkr
dhft,A
gy % ekuk y = sin −1 x gSA
⇒ sin y = x ..(1)
lkFk gh] sin(y + δy) = x + δx ..(2)
(1) rFkk (2) ls] gesa feyrk gS %
sin(y + δy) − sin y = x + δx − x

vFkok  δy   δy 
2cos  y +  sin   =
( x + δx − x )( x + δx + x )
 2   2  x + δx + x
δx
=
x + δx + x
 δy   δy 
2 cos  y +  sin  
∴
 2   2 = 1
δx x + δx + x
 δy 
sin  
δy  δy   2 = 1
vFkok ⋅ cos  y +  ⋅
δx  2  δy x + δx + x
2
 δy 
sin  
δy  δy   2 
lim ⋅ lim cos  y +  ⋅ lim
∴ δ x →0 δ x δ y→0  2  δ y →0 δy
2
1
= lim (Q δ y → 0, tc δ x → 0 )
δ x →0 x + δ x + x
dy 1 dy 1 1 1
vFkok cos y = ;k = = =
dx 2 x dx 2 x cos y 2 x 1 − sin 2 y 2 x 1 − x
dy 1
∴ =
dx 2 x 1 − x

206 xf.kr
 f=kdks.kferh; iQyuksa dk vodyt
ekWM;
~ y
w - VIII
ns[ksa vkius fdruk lh[kk 27.3 dyu
1. izFke fl¼kUr ls fuEu esa ls izR;sd dk vodyt Kkr dhft, %

−1 2
cos−1 x
(i) cos x (ii) (iii) cos−1 x
x
fVIi.kh
tan −1 x
(iv) tan −1 x 2 (v) (vi) tan −1 x
x

27.4 izfrykse f=kdks.kferh; iQyuksa ds vodyt

fiNys vuqPNsn esa] geus izFke fl¼kUr }kjk izfrykse f=kdks.kferh; iQyuksa ds vodyt Kkr djuk
lh[kk FkkA vc ge mUgha izfrykse f=kdks.kferh; iQyuksa ds vodyt dk iz;ksx dj iQyuksa ds
vodyt Kkr djsaxsA
mnkgj.k 27.13. fuEufyf[kr esa ls izR;sd dk vodyt Kkr dhft, %
−1 2
(i) sin −1 x (ii) cos x (iii) (cos ec −1x) 2
gy % (i) ekuk y = sin −1 x gSA

∴
dy
=
1 d
( x) (Ja[kyk fu;e }kjk)
dx
( x) dx
2
1−

1 1 1
= ⋅ x −1/ 2 =
1− x 2 2 x 1− x
(ii) ekuk y = cos −1 x 2 gSA
−1
⋅ (x 2 ) = −1 ⋅ (2x)
dy d
=
∴ dx 1 − (x 2 ) 2 dx 1 − x4
d ( −1 2 ) −2x
vr% cos x =
dx 1 − x4
(iii) ekuk y = (cos ec −1x) 2 gSA

∴
dy
dx
= 2(cos ec−1x) ⋅
d
dx
(
cos ec−1x )
−1 −2cos ec−1x
= 2(cos ec−1x) ⋅ =
| x | x2 −1 | x | x2 −1
d ( −1 )2 −2 cosec−1x
cos x =
∴ dx | x | x2 −1
mnkgj.k 27.14. fuEufyf[kr ds vodyt Kkr dhft, %
cos x
(i) tan −1 (ii) sin(2sin −1 x)
1 + sin x

xf.kr 207
 f=kdks.kferh; iQyuksa dk vodyt
ekWM~;wy - VIII π 
sin  − x 
y = tan −1
cos x
= tan −1 2 
dyu gy % (i)
1 + sin x π 
1 + cos  − x 
2 
π x π x
2sin  −  cos  − 
= tan −1  4 2   4 2  = tan −1  tan  π − x   π x
  4 2   = −
π x  
2cos 2  −  4 2
fVIi.kh 4 2
dy
∴ = −1/ 2
dx
(ii) ekuk y = sin(2sin −1 x) gSA
dy d −1 2
∴ = cos(2sin −1 x) ⋅ (2sin −1x) = cos (2sin x) ⋅
dx dx 1 − x2
dy 2 2cos(2sin −1 x)
= cos(2sin −1 x) ⋅ =
∴ dx 1 − x2 1 − x2
2x 2x
mnkgj.k 27.15. n'kkZb, fd tan −1 2 dk sin −1 ds lkis{k vodyt 1 gSA
1− x 1 + x2
2x 2x
gy % ekuk y = tan −1 2 rFkk z = sin −1 gSA
1− x 1 + x2
x = tan θ ysus ij]
2 tan θ 2 tan θ
∴ y = tan −1 2 rFkk z = sin −1
1 − tan θ 1 + tan 2 θ
= tan −1 (tan 2θ) rFkk z = sin −1 (sin 2θ)
= 2θ rFkk z = 2θ
dy dz
∴ =2 rFkk =2
dθ dθ
dy dy dθ 1
∴ = ⋅ = 2⋅ =1 (Ja[kyk fu;e }kjk)
dx dθ dz 2

ns[ksa vkius fdruk lh[kk 27.4

fuEu esa ls izR;sd iQyu dk x ds lkis{k vodyt Kkr dhft, rFkk ifj.kke (1 − 3) dks ljyre
:i esas O;Dr dhft, %
−1 x −1 1
1. (a) sin −1 x 2 (b) cos (c) cos
2 x
−1 cos x − sin x
2. (a) tan −1 (cos ecx − cot x) (b) cot −1 (sec x + tan x) (c) tan cos x + sin x

208 xf.kr
 f=kdks.kferh; iQyuksa dk vodyt
3. (a) sin(cos −1 x) (b) sec(tan −1 x) (c) sin −1 (1 − 2x 2 ) ekWM;
~ y
w - VIII
dyu
(d) cos −1 (4x 3 − 3x) (e) cot −1  1 + x 2 + x 
 
−1
tan x
4. −1 dk tan −1 x ds lkis{k vodyt Kkr dhft,A
1 + tan x

27.5 f}rh; dksfV (Second order) ds vodyt fVIi.kh

ge tkurs gSa fd fdlh iQyu dk f}rh; dksfV dk vodyt mlds izFke vodyt dk vodyt
gksrk gSA bl vuqPNsn esa] ge f=kdks.kferh; rFkk izfrykse f=kdks.kferh; iQyuksa ds f}rh; dksfV ds
vodyt Kkr djsaxsA blds vUrxZr ge xq.ku] Hkkx rFkk Ja[kyk fu;e dk iz;ksx djsaxsA
vkb, dqN mnkgj.k ysa %
mnkgj.k 27.16. fuEu esa ls izR;sd dk f}rh; dksfV dk vodyt Kkr dhft, %
(i) sin x (ii) x cos x (iii) cos−1 x
gy% (i) ekuk y = sin x gSA
dy
nksuksa i{kksa dks x ds lkis{k vodfyr djus ij] gesa feyrk gS% = cos x
dx
nksuksa i{kksa dks x ds lkis{k fiQj vodfyr djus ij] gesa feyrk gS %
d2 y d
2
= (cos x) = − sin x
dx dx
d2 y
∴ = − sin x
dx 2
(ii) ekuk y = x cos x gSA
nksuksa i{kksa dks x ds lkis{k vodfyr djus ij] gesa feyrk gS %
dy
= x(− sin x) + cos x.1
dx
dy
= − x sin x + cos x
dx
nksuksa i{kksa dks x ds lkis{k fiQj vodfyr djus ij] gesa feyrk gS %
d2 y d
2
( − x sin x + cos x ) = − ( x.cos x + sin x ) − sin x
=
dx dx
= − x.cos x − 2sin x
d2 y
∴ = − ( x.cos x + 2sin x )
dx 2
(iii) ekuk y = cos −1 x gSA
nksuksa i{kksa dks x ds lkis{k vodfyr djus ij] gesa feyrk gS %
1
−1 −1 −
dy
= = = − 1 − x2 ( ) 2

( )
dx 2 1/ 2
1− x 1 − x2

xf.kr 209
 f=kdks.kferh; iQyuksa dk vodyt
ekWM~;wy - VIII nksuksa i{kksa dks x ds lkis{k fiQj vodfyr djus ij] gesa feyrk gS %
d2 y  −1 −3/ 2  x
dyu = −  ⋅ 1 − x2 ( ) ⋅ ( −2x )  = −
( )
2 3/ 2
dx 2  1 − x2

vr%] d2 y −x
=
(1 − x 2 )
2 3/ 2
dx

fVIi.kh
mnkgj.k 27.17. ;fn y = sin −1 x gks] rks n'kkZb, fd (1 − x 2 ) y2 − xy1 = 0 gS] tgk¡ y2 rFkk y1

Øe'k% x ds lkis{k f}rh; dksfV rFkk izFke dksfV] vodyt gSaA

gy % gesa fn;k gS % y = sin −1 x
nksuksa i{kksa dks x ds lkis{k vodfyr djus ij] gesa feyrk gS %
dy 1
=
dx 1 − x2
2
 dy  1
vFkok   = (nksuksa i{kksa dk oxZ djus ij)
 dx  1 − x 2

vFkok (1 − x 2 ) y12 = 1
nksuksa i{kksa dks x ds lkis{k fiQj vodfyr djus ij] gesa feyrk gS %

(1 − x 2 ) ⋅ 2y1 dxd ( y1 ) + ( −2x ) ⋅ y12 = 0

vFkok (1 − x ) ⋅ 2y y − 2x y = 0
2
1 2
2
1

vFkok (1 − x ) y − x y = 0
2
2 1

ns[ksa vkius fdruk lh[kk 27.5

1. fuEu esa ls izR;sd dk f}rh; dksfV dk vodyt Kkr dhft, %
(a) sin(cos x) (b) x 2 tan −1 x

( ) (1 − x 2 ) y2 − xy1 = 1 gksxkA
1 2
2. ;fn y= sin −1 x gks] rks n'kkZb, fd
2

d2 y dy
3. ;fn y = sin(sin x) gks] rks fl¼ dhft, fd 2
+ tan x + y cos 2 x = 0 gksxkA
dx dx

d2 y
4. ;fn y = x + tan x, gks] rks fl¼ dhft, fd cos 2 x − 2y + 2x = 0 gksxkA
dx 2

210 xf.kr
 f=kdks.kferh; iQyuksa dk vodyt
ekWM;
~ y
w - VIII
C

1A
% +
vkb;s nksgjk,¡ dyu

d d
• (i) (sin x) = cos x (ii) (cos x) = − sin x
dx dx
d d
(iii) (tan x) = sec2 x (iv) (cot x) = − cos ec2 x
dx dx fVIi.kh
d d
(v) (sec x) = sec x tan x (vi) (cos ecx) = −cosecx cot x
dx dx
• ;fn u, x dk ,d vodyuh; iQyu gS] rc %
d du d du
(i) (sin u) = cos u (ii) (cos u) = − sin u
dx dx dx dx
d du d du
(iii) (tan u) = sec2 u (iv) (cot u) = − cos ec2 u
dx dx dx dx
d du d du
(v) (sec u) = sec u tan u (vi) (cosec u) = − cos ec u cot u
dx dx dx dx
d 1 d −1
• (i) (sin −1 x) = (ii) (cos −1 x) =
dx 1 − x2 dx 1 − x2
d 1 d −1
(iii) (tan −1 x) = (iv) (cot −1 x) =
dx 1 + x2 dx 1 + x2
d 1 d −1
(v) (sec −1 x) = (vi) (cos ec−1x) =
dx | x | x2 −1 dx | x | x2 −1
• ;fn u, x dk ,d vodyuh; iQyu gS] rc %
d 1 du d −1 du
(i) (sin −1 u) = ⋅ (ii) (cos −1 u) = ⋅
dx 1 − u dx
2 dx 1 − u dx
2

d 1 du d −1 du
(iii) (tan −1 u) = 2
⋅ (iv) (cot −1 u) = ⋅
dx 1 + u dx dx 1 + u 2 dx
d 1 du d −1 du
(v) (sec−1 u) = ⋅ (vi) (cos ec−1u) = ⋅
dx | u | u 2 − 1 dx dx | u | u 2 − 1 dx
• ,d f=kdks.kferh; iQyu dk f}rh; dksfV dk vodyt mlds igyh dksfV ds vodyt dk
vodyt gksrk gSA

lgk;d osclkbV
• http://people.hofstra.edu/stefan_waner/trig/trig3.html
• http://www.math.com/tables/derivatives/more/trig.htm
• https://www.freemathhelp.com/trig-derivatives.html

xf.kr 211
 f=kdks.kferh; iQyuksa dk vodyt
ekWM~;wy - VIII
dyu vkb, vH;kl djsa
x dy
1. ;fn y = x 3 tan 2 gS] rks Kkr dhft,A
2 dx
d π
2. eku Kkr dhft, % sin 4 x + cos 4 x ] x= rFkk 0 ijA
dx 2
fVIi.kh
5x dy
3. ;fn y= + cos 2 (2x + 1) gS] rks Kkr dhft,A
3
(1 − x) 2 dx

x +1 x −1 dy
4. ;fn y = sec −1 + sin −1 gS] rks n'kkZb, fd =0 gSA
x −1 x +1 dx

2
 dy 
5. ;fn 3
x = a cos θ, y = a sin θ 3 gS] rks 1+   dk eku Kkr dhft,A
 dx 

dy
6. ;fn y = x + x + x + .... gS] rks Kkr dhft,A
dx

7. sin −1 x dk cos −1 1 − x 2 ds lkis{k vodyt Kkr dhft,A

d2 y dy
8. ;fn y = cos(cos x) gS] rks fl¼ dhft, fd 2
− cot x ⋅ + y.sin 2 x = 0 gSA
dx dx

9. ;fn y = tan −1 x gS] rks n'kkZb, fd (1 + x) 2 y 2 + 2xy1 = 0 gSA

10. ;fn y = (cos −1 x) 2 gS] rks n'kkZb, fd (1 − x 2 )y 2 − xy1 − 2 = 0 gSA

mÙkjekyk
ns[ksa vkius fdruk lh[kk 27.1
1. (a) − cosec x cot x (b) − cos ec 2 x (c) −2sin 2x
cos x
(d) −2cos ec2 2x (e) −2x cos ec x 2 cot x 2 (f)
2 sin x

2. (a) 2sin 2x (b) −2 cos ec 2 x cot x (c) 2 tan x sec 2 x

ns[ksa vkius fdruk lh[kk 27.2

sec 2 x cos x
1. (a) 12cos 4 x (b) −5sin 5 x (c) (d)
2 x 2 x

(e) 2x cos x 2 (f) 2 2 sec2 2x (g) −3π cos ec2 3x

(h) 10sec10 x tan10 x (i) −2cos ec 2 x cot 2 x
212 xf.kr
 f=kdks.kferh; iQyuksa dk vodyt

2sec x tan x −2
ekWM;
~ y
w - VIII
2. (a) (b) (c) x cos x + sin x dyu
(sec x + 1) 2 (sin x − cos x) 2

(d) 2 x cos x − (1 + x 2 )sin x

3cos 3x
(e) cosec x (1 − x cot x) (f) 2cos 2 x cos3 x − 3 sin 2 x sin 3 x (g)
2 sin 3x
3. (a) 3sin 2 x cos x (b) − sin 2x (c) 4 tan 3 x sec2 x (d) −4 cot 3 x cosec 2 x fVIi.kh

(e) 5sec5 x tan x (f) −3 cosec3 x cot x (g) sec x tan x

2 x
(h) sec x ( sec x + tan x )
4. (a) 1 (b) 2 + 2

ns[ksa vkius fdruk lh[kk 27.3

−2x −1 − cos −1 x −1
1. (i) (ii) − 2 (iii)
2 1
1 − x4 x 1− x x
2x 2 (1 − x)

2x 1 tan −1 x 1
(iv) (v) 2
− 2 (vi)
4
1+ x x(1 + x ) x 1
2x 2 (1 + x )
ns[ksa vkius fdruk lh[kk 27.4
2x −1 1
1. (a) (b) (c)
1 − x4 4 − x2 x x2 −1
1 1
2. (a) (b) − (c) −1
2 2
cos ( cos −1 x )
⋅ sec ( tan −1 x )
x
3. (a) − (b) 2
1 − x2 1+ x

−2 −3 −1
(c) (d) (e)
1− x 2
1− x 2 2(1 + x 2 )

(1 + tan −1 x )
2
4.

ns[ksa vkius fdruk lh[kk 27.5

2x(2 + x 2 )
1. (a) 2
− cos x cos(cos x) − sin x sin(cos x) (b) 2 2
+ 2 tan −1 x
(1 + x )

xf.kr 213
 f=kdks.kferh; iQyuksa dk vodyt
ekWM~;wy - VIII vkb, vH;kl djsa
dyu 3 2x x x 5(3 − x)
1. x tan sec + 3x 2 tan 2 2. 0, 0 3. − 2sin(4x + 2)
2 2 2 5
3(1 − x) 3

1 1
5. | secθ | 6. 2y − 1 7.
fVIi.kh 2 1 − x2

214 xf.kr
 pj ?kkrkadh rFkk y?kqx.kdh; iQyuksa dk vodyt
ekWM;
~ y
w - VIII
28 dyu

pj ?kkrkadh rFkk
y?kqx.kdh; iQyuksa dk vodyt fVIi.kh

ge tkurs gSa fd tula[;k cjkcj c<+rh tkrh gS ijUrq dqN fLFkfr;ksa esa ?kVrh Hkh gSA izd`fr esa dbZ vkSj
,sls {ks=k gSa ftuesa o`f¼ rFkk âkl cjkcj gksrk jgrk gSA vFkZ 'kkL=k] d`f"k rFkk O;kikj essa cgqr ls mnkgj.k
fn;s tk ldrs gSa ftuesa o`f¼ rFkk deh cjkcj gksrh jgrh gSA vkb, thok.kqvksa dh o`f¼ ds mnkgj.k
ij fopkj djsAa ekuk thok.kqvksa dh orZeku l[a;k 1000000 gS rFkk 10 ?kaVs ds ckn ;g nqxquh gks tkrh
gSA ge ;g tkuuk pkgrs gSa fd fdrus le; i'pkr budh la[;k 3000000 gks tk;sxhA
bl o`f¼ dk mÙkj Øeokj ;ksx ls vFkok fdlh fuf'pr la[;k ls xq.kk djus ij izkIr ugha gks ldrkA
okLro esa xf.kr esa ,d vkSj fof/ gS ftls pj ?kkrkadh iQyu dgrs gSa rFkk ;g gesa ,slh fLFkfr;ksa esa
o`f¼ vFkok deh dk vkdyu djus esa lgk;rk djrk gSA pj ?kkarkdh iQyu] y?kqx.kdh; iQyu dk
foykse gSA bl ikB esa ge bUgha iQyuksa ij fopkj&foe'kZ djsaxs rFkk muds vodyt Kkr djus ds fu;eksa
dk vè;;u djsxas As

mís';
bl ikB ds vè;;u ds ckn vki fuEufyf[kr esa leFkZ gks tk;saxs %
• pj ?kkrkadh o y?kqx.kdh; iQyuksa dks ifjHkkf"kr djuk rFkk mudk vodyt Kkr djukA
• chth;] f=kdks.kferh;] izfrykse f=kdks.kferh;] pj ?kkarkdh o y?kqx.kdh; iQyuksa ds la;kstu
ls cus iQyuksa ds vodyt Kkr djukA
• fdUgha iQyuksa ds f}rh; dksfV ds vodyt Kkr djukA

iwoZ Kku
uhps nh x;h ekud lhekvksa (limits) ds vuqiz;ksx %
n 1
 1 n
(i) lim 1 +  = e (ii) lim (1 + n ) =e
n →∞  n n →∞
x
e −1 ax −1
(iii) lim =1 (iv) lim = log e a
x →∞ x x →∞ x
( eh − 1)
(v) lim =1
h →0 h
vodyu dh ifjHkk"kk rFkk iQyuksa ds vodyt fudkyus ds fu;eA

xf.kr 215
 pj ?kkrkadh rFkk y?kqx.kdh; iQyuksa dk vodyt
ekWM~;wy - VIII 28.1 pj ?kkarkdh iQyu dk vodyt
dyu
eku yhft, fd y = ex ,d pj ?kkrkadh iQyu gS .....(i)

y + δy = e(
x +δx ) (laxr NksVh c<+r)
∴ .....(ii)
(i) rFkk (ii) ls gesa feyrk gS %
fVIi.kh ∴ δy = e x +δx − e x

nksuksa i{kksa dks δx ls Hkkx nsus ds lkFk lhekar ysus ij tc δx → 0

δy [eδx − 1]
∴ lim = lim e x
δ x →0 δ x δ x →0 δx
dy
⇒ = e x .1 = e x
dx

vr% gesa feyrk gS

d x
dx
( )
e = ex .

dk;Zdkjh fu;e%
d x
dx
( ) d
e = ex ⋅ ( x ) = ex
dx
vc eku yhft, fd y = e ax + b .

∴ y + δ y = ea(x +δx)+ b [ δx rFkk δy laxr c<+rs gSa ]

ax + b  a δ x
∴ δ y = ea
( x +δ x )+ b
− eax + b = e e − 1
 
ea δ x − 1
δy  
∴ = eax + b
δx δx
ea δ x − 1
= a ⋅ eax + b (a ls xq.kk o Hkkx nsus ij)
aδx
lhek] tc δx → 0 , ysus ij
δy ea δ x − 1
lim = a ⋅ eax + b ⋅ lim
δ x →0 δx δ x →0 a δ x

dy  ex − 1 
vFkok = a ⋅ eax + b ⋅1 = aeax + b  lim = 1
dx  x →0 x 
d ( ax + b ) ax + b d
dk;Zdkjh fu;e% e =e ⋅ ( ax + b ) = eax + b ⋅ a
dx dx
d ( ax + b )
∴ e = aeax + b
dx
mnkgj.k 28.1. fuEufyf[kr esa izR;sd iQyu dk vodyt Kkr dhft, %
3x
ax −
5x 2
(i) e (ii) e (iii) e

216 xf.kr
 pj ?kkrkadh rFkk y?kqx.kdh; iQyuksa dk vodyt
gy % (i) eku yhft, fd y = e5x . ekWM;
~ y
w - VIII
dyu
rks y = et tgk¡ 5 x = t
dy dt
∴ = et rFkk 5=
dt dx

ge tkurs gSa fd dt dy dt
= ⋅ = e t ⋅ 5 = 5e5x
dx dt dx fVIi.kh
vU; fof/ ls]
dx
e( )
d 5x d
= e5x ⋅ ( 5x ) = e5x ⋅ 5 = 5e
dx
5x

(ii) eku yhft, fd y = eax ⋅

rks y = et tgk¡ t = ax
dy dt
∴ = et rFkk =a
dt dx
dy dy dt
ge tkurs gSa fd, = × = et ⋅ a
dx dt dx
dy
vr% = a ⋅ eax
dx
−3x
(iii) eku yhft, fd y=e 2

−3
dy x d  −3 
∴ =e 2 ⋅  x
dt dx  2 
−3x
dy −3
vr% = e 2
dt 2
mnkgj.k 28.2. fuEufyf[kr esa ls izR;sd dk vodyt Kkr dhft, %
x2 5
(i) y = e x + 2 cos x (ii) y = e + 2sin x − e x + 2e
3
gy % (i) y = e x + 2 cos x
dy d ( x ) d
∴ = e +2 ( cos x ) = ex − 2sin x
dx dx dx
2 5
(ii) y = e x + 2sin x − e x + 2e
3

( )
dy 2 d 5
∴ = ex x 2 + 2 cos x − e x + 0 ....(∴ e vpj gSA)
dx dx 3
2 5
= 2xe x + 2cos x − e x
3
dy
mnkgj.k 28.3. - Kkr dhft, ;fn
dx
1− x
1
(i) y=e x cos x (ii) y = ex (iii) y = e +x
1
x

xf.kr 217
 pj ?kkrkadh rFkk y?kqx.kdh; iQyuksa dk vodyt
ekWM~;wy - VIII gy% (i) y = e x cos x
dyu dy d
∴ = e x cos x ( x cos x )
dx dx
dy  d d 
∴ = e x cos x  x dx cos x + cos x dx (x)  = e
x cos x
[ − x sin x + cos x ]
dx
1 x
fVIi.kh (ii) y= e
x

∴
dy
dx
= ex
d 1 1 d x
 +
dx  x  x dx
e ( ) (xq.ku fu;e ds mi;ksx ls)
−1 1 x ex ex
= 2
ex + e = [−1 + x] = [x − 1]
x x x2 x2
1− x
(iii) y = e +x
1

1− x
dy d 1− x 
= e1+ x  
dx dx  1 + x 
1− x 1− x 1− x
 −1.(1 + x) − (1 − x).1   −2  −2
= e +x
1  2  = e1+ x  2
= e1+ x
+ + 2
 (1 x)   (1 x)  (1 + x)
mnkgj.k 28.4. fuEufyf[kr esa ls izR;sd iQyu dk vodyt Kkr dhft, %
(i) esin x ⋅ sin e x (ii) eax ⋅ cos ( bx + c )

gy % y = esin x ⋅ sin e x

∴
dy
dx
= esin x ⋅
d
dx
( )
sin e x + sin e x
d sin x
dx
e

= esin x ⋅ cos e x ⋅
d x
dx
( )
e + sin e x ⋅ esin x
d
dx
( sin x )
= esin x ⋅ cose x ⋅ e x + sin e x ⋅ esin x ⋅ cos x
= esin x [e x ⋅ cos e x + sin e x ⋅ cos x]
(ii) y = eax cos(bx + c)
dy d d
∴ = eax ⋅ cos(bx + c) + cos ( bx + c ) eax
dx dx dx
d d
= eax ⋅ [− sin(bx + c)] (bx + c) + cos(bx + c)eax (ax)
dx dx
= −eax sin(bx + c) ⋅ b + cos(bx + c)eax .a
= eax [ − b sin(bx + c) + a cos(bx + c)]

eax dy
mnkgj.k 28.5. ;fn y= gks] rks Kkr dhft, A
sin(bx + c) dx

218 xf.kr
 pj ?kkrkadh rFkk y?kqx.kdh; iQyuksa dk vodyt

sin(bx + c)
d ax d
e − eax [sin(bx + c)]
ekWM;
~ y
w - VIII
dy dx dx
gy % = dyu
dx sin 2 (bx + c)
sin(bx + c).eax .a − eax cos(bx + c).b
=
sin 2 (bx + c)
eax [a sin(bx + c) − b cos(bx + c)]
=
sin 2 (bx + c) fVIi.kh

ns[ksa vkius D;k lh[kk 28.1

1. fuEufyf[kr esa ls izR;sd iQyu dk vodyt Kkr dhft, %
−7
x 2 + 2x
5x 7x + 4
(a) e (b) e (c) e 2x (d) e2 (e) e x
dy
2. Kkr dhft, ;fn
dx
x 1 1
x
(a) y = e − 5e (b) y = tan x + 2sin x + 3cos x − e
3 2
(c) y = 5sin x − 2e x (d) y = e x + e − x
3. fuEufyf[kr esa ls izR;sd iQyu dk vodyt Kkr dhft, %
(a) f (x) = e x +1 (b) f (x) = e cot x

2x 2x
(c) f (x) = e x sin (d) f (x) = e x sec

4. fuEufyf[kr esa ls izR;sd iQyu dk vodyt Kkr dhft, %

(a) f (x) = (x − 1)e x (b) f (x) = e 2x sin 2 x
dy
5. Kkr dhft, ;fn
dx
e 2x e2x ⋅ cos x
(a) y = (b) y =
x2 +1 x sin x

28.2 y?kqxq.kdh; iQyuksa dk vodyt

ge igys y?kqx.kdh; iQyu ysrs gSa
eku yhft, fd y = log x .....(i)
∴ y + δ y = log ( x + δ x ) .....(ii)
(x rFkk y esa laxr c<+ksÙkfj;ka Øe'k% δ x rFkk δ y gSa)
(i) rFkk (ii) ls gesa feyrk gS %
x + δx
δ y = log ( x + δ x ) − log x = log
x

xf.kr 219
 pj ?kkrkadh rFkk y?kqx.kdh; iQyuksa dk vodyt
ekWM~;wy - VIII δy 1  δx 
∴ = log 1 + 
dyu δx δx  x 
1 x  δx 
= ⋅ log 1 +  (x ls xq.kk rFkk Hkkx djus ij)
x δx  x 
x
1  δx  δx
= log 1 + 
fVIi.kh x  x 
nksuksa i{kksa dh lhek ysus ij] tc δx → 0 , gesa feyrk gS
x
δy 1  δ x  δx
lim = lim log 1 + 
δ x →0 δ x x δx →0  x 
 x 
dy 1   δ x  δx   x 
= ⋅ log  lim 1 +   = 1 log e Q lim  δ x  δx 
dx x δx →0  x   x  δ x →0 1 +  = e
   x  
1
=
x
d 1
vr% (log x) =
dx x
vc ge y?kqx.kdh; iQyu y = log (ax + b) ysrs gSaA ...(i)
∴ y + δy = log[a(x + δx) + b] ...(ii)
(i) rFkk (ii) ls gesa feyrk gS
δy = log[a(x + δx) + b] − log (ax + b)
a(x + δx) + b (ax + b) + aδx  aδx 
= log = log = log 1 + 
ax + b ax + b  ax + b 
δy 1  aδx 
∴ = log 1 + 
δx δx  ax + b 
a ax + b  aδx  a
= ⋅ log 1 +  [ ls xq.kk rFkk Hkkx djus ij]
ax + b aδx  ax + b  ax + b
ax + b
a  aδx  aδx
= log 1 + 
ax + b  ax + b 
nskuksa i{kksa dh lhek ysus ij] tc δx → 0 ,
ax + b
δy a  aδx  a δx
lim = lim log 1 + 
δx →0 δx ax + b δx →0  ax + b 
 1 
dy a  x 
vFkkZr = log e
Q xlim (1 + x ) = e 
dx ax + b  →0 

220 xf.kr
 pj ?kkrkadh rFkk y?kqx.kdh; iQyuksa dk vodyt
dy a ekWM;
~ y
w - VIII
vFkok =
dx ax + b dyu
dk;Zdkjh fu;e%
d 1 d
log(ax + b) = (ax + b)
dx ax + b dx
1 a
= ×a =
ax + b ax + b fVIi.kh
mnkgj.k 28.6. uhps fn;s x;s iQyuksa esa izR;sd dk vodyt Kkr dhft, %
(i) y = log x 5 (ii) y = log x (iii) y = ( log x )3

gy % (i) y = log x 5 = 5 log x

dy 1 5
∴ = 5⋅ =
dx x x
1 1
(ii) y = log x = log x 2 vFkok y = log x
2
dy 1 1 1
∴ = ⋅ =
dx 2 x 2x
y = ( log x )
3
(iii)

∴ y = t3 , tgk¡ t = log x
dy dt 1
⇒ = 3t 2 rFkk =
dt dx x
dy dy dt 1
gesa irk gS fd, = ⋅ = 3t 2 ⋅
dx dt dx x
dy 1
∴ = 3(log x)2 ⋅
dx x
dy 3
∴ = (log x)2
dx x
dy
mnkgj.k 28.7. Kkr dhft,] ;fn
dx
(i) y = x 3 log x (ii) y = e x log x

gy % (i) y = x 3 log x
dy d d
∴ = log x (x 3 ) + x 3 (log x) (xq.ku fu;e ds mi;ksx ls)
dx dx dx
1
= 3x 2 log x + x 3 ⋅ = x 2 ( 3log x + 1)
x
(ii) y = e x log x
dy d d
∴ = ex (log x) + log x ⋅ e x
dx dx dx

xf.kr 221
 pj ?kkrkadh rFkk y?kqx.kdh; iQyuksa dk vodyt
ekWM~;wy - VIII 1 x 1 
= ex ⋅ + e x ⋅ log x = e  + log x 
dyu x  x 
mnkgj.k 28.8. fuEufyf[kr iQyuksa esa ls izR;sd dk vodyt Kkr dhft, %
(i) log tan x (ii) log [cos (log x )]
gy% (i) eku yhft, fd y = log tan x
fVIi.kh dy 1 d
∴ = ⋅ (tan x)
dx tan x dx
1 cos x 1
= ⋅ sec2 x = ⋅ = cosec x.sec x
tan x sin x cos 2 x
(ii) eku yhft, fd y = log [cos (log x)]
dy 1 d 1  d 
∴ = ⋅ [cos(log x)] = ⋅  − sin log x ( log x ) 
dx cos(log x) dx cos ( log x )  dx 
− sin(log x) 1
= ⋅ = − 1 tan(log x)
cos(log x) x x
dy
mnkgj.k 28.9. ;fn y = log(sec x + tan x) gks] rks Kkr dhft,A
dx
gy % y = log (sec x + tax x )
dy 1 d
∴ = ⋅ ( sec x + tan x )
dx sec x + tan x dx
1
= ⋅ sec x tan x + sec 2 x 
sec x + tan x  
1
= ⋅ sec x [sec x + tan x ]
sec x + tan x
sec x(tan x + sec x)
= = sec x
sec x + tan x
1
2 2 2
dy (4x − 1)(1 + x )
mnkgj.k 28.10. Kkr dhft, ;fn y= 3 gksA
dx
3
x (x − 7) 4
gy % ;|fi vki Hkkx fu;e (xq.ku fu;e) dk lh/k mi;ksx djds Hkh vodyt Kkr dj ldrs
gSaA ijUrq ;fn vki nksuksa i{kksa dk y?kqx.kd ysxsa rks xq.kk] ;ksx esa cny tk;sxh rFkk Hkkx] ?kVk esaA blls
fof/ vklku gks tkrh gSA
1
2 2 2
(4x − 1)(1 + x )
y= 3
3
x (x − 7) 4
nksuksa i{kksa dk y?kqx.kd ysus ij gesa feyrk gS

222 xf.kr
 pj ?kkrkadh rFkk y?kqx.kdh; iQyuksa dk vodyt
ekWM;
~ y
w - VIII
 1 

log y = log 
(
 4x 2 − 1 1 + x 2 )( ) 2 

dyu
∴  3 
 x3 ( x − 7 ) 4 
 

vFkok ( 1
2
) ( 3
log y = log 4x 2 − 1 + log 1 + x 2 − 3log x − log(x − 7)
4
)
fVIi.kh
(log ds xq.k/ekZs dk mi;ksx djus ij)
vc nksuksa i{kksa dk vodyu djus ij]
d 1 1 3 3  1 
(log y) = 2 ⋅ 8x + ⋅ 2x − − ⋅  
dx 4x − 1 2
2(1 + x ) x 4  x−7

1 dy 8x x 3 3
⇒ ⋅ = 2 + − −
y dx 4x − 1 1 + x 2 x 4 ( x − 7 )

dy  8x x 3 3 
= y 2 + − −
∴ dx  4x − 1 1 + x
2 x 4(x − 7) 

(4x 2 − 1) 1 + x 2  8x x 3 3 
=  2 + − −
3
 4x − 1 1 + x
2 x 4(x − 7) 
3
x (x − 7) 4

ns[ksa vkius fdruk lh[kk 28.2

1. uhps fn;s x;s izR;sd iQyu dk vodyt Kkr dhft, %
(a) f (x) = 5 sin x – 2 log x (b) f (x) = log cos x
dy
2. Kkr dhft, ;fn
dx
x 2
(b) y = e
2
(a) y = e x log x
log x
3. fuEufyf[kr iQyuksa esa ls izR;sd dk vodyt Kkr dhft, %
π x
(a) y = log ( sin log x ) (b) y = log tan  + 
4 2
 a + b tan x 
(c) y = log  (d) y = log (log x )
 a − b tan x 
dy
4. Kkr dhft, ;fn
dx
3
1 2 1
−
3 x (1 − 2x) 2
y=
(a) y = (1 + x) (2 − x) (x 2
2 3 + 5) (x + 9)
7 2 (b) 5 1
(3 + 4x) 4 (3 − 7x 2 ) 4

xf.kr 223
 pj ?kkrkadh rFkk y?kqx.kdh; iQyuksa dk vodyt
ekWM~;wy - VIII 28.3 dqN vkSj y?kqx.kdh; iQyuksa ds vodyt
dyu
ge tkurs gSa fd x ds lkis{k x n dk vodyt n x n −1 gksrk gS tgk¡ n ,d fLFkjkad gSA ;fn ?kkrkad
Hkh pjkad gks] rks ;g fu;e ykxw ugha gksrkA ,slh fLFkfr esa ge iQyu dk y?kqx.kd ysrs gSa vkSj rc
mldk vodyt Kkr djrs gSaA
blfy, ;g fØ;k rHkh ykHkizn gS tcfd fn;k x;k iQyu [f ( x )]g( x ) ds izdkj dk gksrk gSA
fVIi.kh
mnkgj.kr;k a x , x x bR;kfnA
fVIi.kh% ;gk¡ f(x) ,d vpj gks ldrk gSA
ax dk x ds lkis{k vodyt
ekuk y = ax , a>0
nksuksa i{kksa dk y?kqx.kd ysus ij] gesa feyrk gS
log y = log a x = x log a [ log m n = n log m]
d d 1 dy d
∴ ( log y ) = (x log a) vFkok ⋅ = log a × ( x )
dx dx y dx dx
dy
vFkok = y log a = a x log a
dx
d x
vr% a = a x log a , a>0
dx
mnkgj.k 28.11. fuEufyf[kr iQyuksa esa izR;sd dk vodyt Kkr dhft, %
(i) y = x x (ii) y = x sin x
gy % (i) y = xx
nksuksa i{kksa dk y?kqx.kd ysus ij gesa feyrk gS
log y = x log x
nksuksa i{kksa dk vodyu djus ij gesa feyrk gS
1 dy d d
⋅ = log x (x) + x (log x) [xq.ku fu;e ds iz;ksx ls]
y dx dx dx
1 dy 1
⋅ = 1 ⋅ log x + x ⋅ = log x + 1
y dx x
dy
∴ = y[log x + 1] = x x (log x + 1)
dx
(ii) y = x sin x
nksuksa i{kksa dk y?kq ysus ij gesa feyrk gS
log y = sin x log x
1 dy d
∴ ⋅ = (sin x log x)
y dx dx

224 xf.kr
 pj ?kkrkadh rFkk y?kqx.kdh; iQyuksa dk vodyt
1 dy
⋅ = cos x.log x + sin x ⋅
1 ekWM;
~ y
w - VIII
vFkok y dx x
dyu
dy  sin x 
vFkok = y cos x log x +
dx  x 
dy  sin x 
vr% = x sin x cos x log x +
dx  x 

( ) fVIi.kh
sin x
mnkgj.k 28.12. ;fn y = ( log x )x + sin −1 x gks] rks bldk vodyt Kkr dhft,A
gy % nksuksa i{kksa dk y?kqx.kd ysuk ykHknk;d ugha D;ksafd ge ;ksx dks xq.ku esa ugha cny ldrs
rFkk fn;s x;s ;ksx dk y?kqx.kd ugha fy;k tk ldrkA
vr% ge u = (log x) x rFkk v = (sin −1 x)sin x ysrs gSa
rc y=u+v
dy du dv
∴ = + ......(i)
dx dx dx
vc u = (log x) x

nksuksa i{kksa dk y?kqx.kd ysus ij] gesa feyrk gS

log u = log(log x) x

∴ log u = x log(log x) Q log m n = n log m 

 
nksuksa i{kksa dk vodyu djus ij gesa feyrk gS
1 du 1 1
⋅ = 1 ⋅ log (log x) + x ⋅
u dx log x x

du  1 
vr% = u  log(log x) +
dx  log x 
du  1 
= (log x) x  log(log x) +
log x 
.....(ii)
dx 

vkSj v = (sin −1 x)sin x

∴ log v = sin x log(sin −1 x)

nksuksa i{kksa dk vodyu djus ij

d d
(log v) = [sin x log(sin −1 x)]
dx dx

+ cos x ⋅ log ( sin −1 x )

1 dv 1 1
= sin x ⋅ −1 ⋅
v dx sin x 1 − x 2

xf.kr 225
 pj ?kkrkadh rFkk y?kqx.kdh; iQyuksa dk vodyt
ekWM~;wy - VIII dv  1
= v
sin x 
+ cos x ⋅ log sin −1 x 
vFkok dx 2 sin −1 x
dyu  1− x 
 1 
= ( sin −1 x ) + cos x log ( sin −1 x ) 
sin x sin x
 2 − 1 ....(iii)
 1 − x sin x 
(i), (ii) rFkk (iii) ls gesa feyrk gS]
fVIi.kh dy x 1  ( −1 )sin x  1 sin x 
= ( log x ) log ( log x ) +  + sin x  − 1
+ cos x log sin −1 x 
dx  log x  2
 1 − x sin x 

dy log x
mnkgj.k 28.13. ;fn x y = e x − y gks] rks fl¼ dhft, fd dx = (1 + log x )2

gy % fn;k gS fd x y = ex −y .....(i)
nksuksa i{kksa dk y?kqx.kd ysus ij gesa feyrk gS %
y log x = (x − y)log e = (x − y)
vFkok y(1 + log x) = x [Q log e = 1]
x
vFkok y= .....(ii)
1 + log x
nksuksa i{kksa dk vodyu djus ij
(1 + log x ) ⋅1 − x 
1
 1 + log x − 1 log x
dy
= x = =
dx (1 + log x )2 (1 + log x ) (1 + log x )2
2

dy
mnkgj.k 28.14. ;fn ex log y = sin −1 x + sin −1 y gks] rks Kkr dhft,A
dx
gy % gesa fn;k x;k gS fd e x log y = sin − 1 x + sin − 1 y
nksuksa i{kksa dk x ds lkis{k vodyu djus ij gesa feyrk gS
 1 dy  x 1 1 dy
ex   + e log y = +
 y dx  1− x2 1 − y 2 dx
 ex 1  dy 1
vFkok  −  = − e x log y
 y 1 − y 
2 dx 1− x 2

dy y 1 − y 2 1 − e x 1 − x 2 log y 
vFkok =
dx e x 1 − y 2 − y  1 − x 2
 

( cos x ) ( cos x )......∞ dy

mnkgj.k 28.15. ;fn y = ( cos x ) rks Kkr dhft,A
dx

226 xf.kr
 pj ?kkrkadh rFkk y?kqx.kdh; iQyuksa dk vodyt

( cos x ) ( cos x )......∞ y ekWM;

~ y
w - VIII
gy % gesa fn;k x;k gS fd y = ( cos x ) = ( cos x )
dyu
nksuksa i{kksa dk y?kqx.kd ysus ij gesa feyrk gS
log y = y log cos x .....(i)
(i) dk vodyu djus ij gesa feyrk gS
1 dy 1 dy
= y⋅ ( − sin x ) + log ( cos x ) ⋅ fVIi.kh
y dx cos x dx
1  dy
vFkok  y − log ( cos x ) dx = − y tan x
 
dy
vFkok 1 − y log ( cos x ) = − y 2 tan x
dx

dy − y 2 tan x
vFkok =
dx 1 − y log ( cos x )

ns[ksa vkius D;k lh[kk 28.3

1. uhps fn;s x;s iQyuksa esa izR;sd dk x ds lkis{k vodyt Kkr dhft, %
(a) y = 5x (b) y = 3x + 4 x (c) y = sin(5x )
dy
2. Kkr dhft, ;fn
dx
(a) y = x 2x (b) y = (cos x)log x (c) y = (log x)sin x
2 2 +sin x)
(d) y = (tan x) x (e) y = (1 + x 2 ) x (f) y = x (x
3. uhps fn;s x;s iQyuksa esa izR;sd dk vodyt Kkr dhft, %
−1 x
(a) y = (tan x)cot x + (cot x) x (b) y = x log x + (sin x)sin
2
(c) y = x tan x + (sin x)cos x (d) y = (x) x + (log x)log x

( sin x ) ( sin x )......∞

4- ;fn y = ( sin x ) gks] rks n'kkZb, fd
dy y 2 cot x
=
dx 1 − y log ( sin x )

5. ;fn y = log x + log x + log x + ......∞ gks] rks n'kkZb, fd

dy 1
=
dx x ( 2x − 1)

xf.kr 227
 pj ?kkrkadh rFkk y?kqx.kdh; iQyuksa dk vodyt
ekWM~;wy - VIII 28.4 f}rh; dksfV (Second order) ds vodyt
dyu fiNys ikB esa geus f=kdks.kferh; rFkk izfrykse f=kdks.kferh; iQyuksa ds f}rh; dksfV ds vodyt
( Second order derivatives), f=kdks.kferh; rFkk izfrykse f=kdks.kferh; iQyuksa ds lw=kksa dk mi;ksx
djds Kkr fd;s FksA buesa geus vodytksa ds fofHkUu fu;eksa (laws) ftlesa J`[kayk fu;e (chain
rule) rFkk ?kkr fu;e dk mi;ksx fd;k x;k FkkA blh izdkj ge pj?kkarkdh rFkk y?kqx.kdh; iQyuksa
ds f}rh; dksfV ds vodyt Kkr djsaxsA
fVIi.kh
mnkgj.k 28.16. uhps fn;s iQyuksa ds f}rh; dksfV ds vodyt Kkr dhft, %
x
(i) e (ii) cos (logx) (iii) x x
gy% (i) eku yhft, fd y = ex

x ds lkis{k nksuksa i{kksa dk vodyu djus ij gesa feyrk gS

dy
= ex .....(i)
dx
(i) dk fiQj x ds lkis{k vodyu djus ij gesa feyrk gS
d2 y d x
2
= (e ) = e x
dx dx
(ii) eku yhft, fd y = cos (log x)
nksuksa i{kksa dk x ds lkis{k vodyu djus ij gesa feyrk gS
dy 1 − sin ( log x )
= − sin ( log x ) ⋅ =
dx x x
,d ckj fiQj x ds lkis{k vodyu djus ij gesa feyrk gS
d2 y d  sin ( log x ) 
= − 
dx 2 dx  x 
1
x ⋅ cos ( log x ) ⋅ − sin ( log x )
vFkok =− x
2
x
d2y sin ( log x ) − cos ( log x )
∴ 2
=
dx x2
(iii) eku yhft, fd y = x x
nksuksa i{kksa dk y?kqx.kd ysus ij gesa feyrk gS
log y = x log x ....(i)
(i) dk x ds lkis{k vodyu djus ij gesa feyrk gS
1 dy 1
⋅ = x ⋅ + log x = 1 + log x
y dx x
dy
vFkok = y(1 + log x) ....(ii)
dx

228 xf.kr
 pj ?kkrkadh rFkk y?kqx.kdh; iQyuksa dk vodyt
(ii) dk x ds lkis{k fiQj vodyu djus ij gesa feyrk gS ekWM;
~ y
w - VIII
d2 y d 1 dy dyu
= [ y(1 + log x)] = y ⋅ + (1 + log x) ...(iii)
dx 2 dx x dx
y
= + (1 + log x)y(1 + log x)
x
y 1 
= + (1 + log x) 2 y = y  + (1 + log x)2  fVIi.kh
x x 

d2 y 1 2
∴ = x x  + (1 + log x ) 
2
dx x 
2
mnkgj.k 28.17. ;fn y = ea cos−1 x gS] rks n'kkZbZ;s fd 1 − x 2 d y − x dy − a 2 y = 0
( ) dx
2 dx
−1 x
gy % gesa fn;k gS y = ea cos .....(i)
dy a cos − 1 x −a ay
=e ⋅ =− dk iz;ksx djds
∴ dx (i)
1− x2 1− x2
2
 dy  a 2 y2
vFkok   =
 dx  1 − x 2
2
∴
 dy 
 dx 
2 2 2
(
  1− x − a y = 0 ) .....(ii)

(ii) ds nksuksa i{kksa dk vodyu djus ij]

2
dy d 2 y
 dy 
 
 dx 
(
( − 2x ) + 2 1 − x 2 × ) ⋅ 2 − a 2 ⋅ 2y ⋅
dx dx
dy
dx
=0

2
vFkok (1 − x 2 ) dx
d y
2
−x
dy
dx
− a2y = 0 (lc inksa dks 2 ⋅
dy
dx
ls Hkkx nsus ij)

ns[ksa vkius fdruk lh[kk 28.4

1. fuEufyf[kr esa izR;sd dk f}rh; dksfV dk vodyt Kkr dhft, %

(b) tan ( e )
4 5x 5x log x
(a) x e (c)
x
2. ;fn y = a cos ( log x ) + b sin ( log x ) gks] rks n'kkZb, fd
d2y dy
x2 +x +y=0
dx 2 dx

xf.kr 229
 pj ?kkrkadh rFkk y?kqx.kdh; iQyuksa dk vodyt
ekWM~;wy - VIII 3. ;fn y = e tan
−1 x
rks fl¼ dhft, fd
dyu
d2y
(
1+ x2 ) dx 2 + ( 2x − 1) dx
dy
=0

28-5 izkpfyd iQyuksa dk vodyu

fVIi.kh
dHkh&dHkh x rFkk y nks pj bl izdkj gksrs gSa ftUgsa fdlh rhljs pj] ftls t dg ldrs
gSa] esa Li"V :i ls O;Dr djrs gSaA vFkkZr~ ;fn x = f(t) rFkk y = g(t) gksa] rks bl izdkj
ds Qyu izkpfyd&Qyu dgykrs gSa rFkk rhljk pj izkpy dgykrk gSA
izkpfyd :i esa Qyuksa dk vodyu izkIr djus ds fy,] ge Üka`[kyk fu;e dk iz;ksx
djrs gSaA
dy dy dx
= .
dt dx dt
dy
dy dt dx
;k = dx , tgk¡ ≠0
dx dt
dt
dy
mnkgj.k 28.18 tc x = a sin t, y = a cos t gS rks] Kkr dhft,
dx
t ds lkis{k vodyu djus ij] gesa izkIr gksrk gS
dx dy
= a cos t rFkk = − a sin t
dt dt
dy dy / dt − a sin t
ijUrq = = = − tan t
dx dx / dt a cos t
dy
mnkgj.k 28.19. ;fn x = 2at 2 rFkk y = 2at gS rks] Kkr dhft,A
dx
gy : x = 2at 2 rFkk y = 2at
t ds lkis{k vodyu djus ij] gesa izkIr gksrk gS
dx dy
= 4at rFkk = 2a
dt dt
dy dy / dt 2a 1
ijUrq = = =
dx dx / dt 4at 2t
dy
mnkgj.k 28.20. Kkr dhft,] ;fn x = a (θ − sin θ) rFkk y = a (1 + cos θ) gSA
dx
gy : fn;k gS x = a (θ − sin θ) rFkk
y = a (1 + cos θ)
nksuksa dk θ ds lkis{k vodyu djus ij] gesa izkIr gksrk gS
dx dy
= a (1 − cos θ) rFkk = a (− sin θ)
dθ dθ

230 xf.kr
 pj ?kkrkadh rFkk y?kqx.kdh; iQyuksa dk vodyt
dy dy / d θ
=
− a sin θ
= − cot θ
ekWM;
~ y
w - VIII
ijUrq =
dx / d θ a (1 − cos θ) 2
dx dyu
dy
mnkgj.k 28.21. ;fn x = a cos3t rFkk y = a sin3t gS rks Kkr dhft,A
dx
gy : fn;k gS x = a cos3t rFkk y = a sin3t
nksuksas dk t ds lkis{k vodyu djus ij] gesa izkIr gksrk gS
dx fVIi.kh
2 d 2
= 3a cos t (cos t ) = −3a cos t sin t
dt dt
dy 2 d 2
rFkk = 3a sin t (sin t ) = 3a sin t cos t
dt dt
dy dy / dt 3a sin 2 t cos t
ijUrq = = = − tan t
dx dx / dt −3a cos 2 t sin t
dy 1− t2 2bt
mnkgj.k 28.22. Kkr dhft,] ;fn x = a 2 rFkk y = gSA
dx 1+ t 1+ t 2
1− t2 2bt
gy : fn;k gS x = a rFkk y =
1+ t 2
1+ t 2
nksuksa dk t ds lkis{k vodyu djus ij] gesa izkIr gksrk gS
dx  (1 + t 2 ).(0 − 2t ) − (1 − t 2 )(0 + 2t )  −4at
= a 2 2 = 2 2
dt  (1 + t )  (1 + t )
dy  (1 + t 2 ).(1) − t.(0 + 2t )  2b(1 − t 2 )
rFkk = 2b  =
dt  (1 + t 2 ) 2 2 2
 (1 + t )
dy dy / dt 2b(1 − t 2 ) (1 + t 2 ) 2 −b(1 − t 2 )
ijUrq = = × =
dx dx / dt (1 + t 2 ) 2 −4at 2at

ns[ksa vkius fdruk lh[kk 28-5

dy
Kkr dhft,] tc %
dx
1. x = 2at3 rFkk y = at4
2. x = a cos θ rFkk y = a sin θ

4
3. x = 4t rFkk y =
t

4. x = b sin 2 θ rFkk y = a cos 2 θ

5. x = cos θ − cos 2θ rFkk y = sin θ − sin 2θ

6. x = a sec θ rFkk y = b tan θ

xf.kr 231
 pj ?kkrkadh rFkk y?kqx.kdh; iQyuksa dk vodyt
ekWM~;wy - VIII 3at 3at 2
7. x= rFkk y =
dyu 1+ t2 1+ t2
8. x = sin 2t rFkk y = cos 2t

28-6 izkpfyd iQyuksa dk nwljh dksfV dk vodyt

fVIi.kh
;fn nks izkpfyd Qyu x = f(t) rFkk y = g(t) fn, gSa] rc
dy dy / dt
= = h(t ) (eku yhft, ;gk¡ dx ≠ 0 )
dx dx / dt dt
d2y d dt
vr% 2 = dt
( (h(t )) ×
dx dx
d2y
mnkgj.k 28.23. Kkr dhft,] ;fn x = at2 rFkk y = 2at
dx 2
gy : nksuksa dk t ds lkis{k vodyu djus ij] gesa izkIr gksrk gS
dx dy
= 2at rFkk = 2a
dt dt
dy dy / dt 2a 1
∴ = = =
dx dx / dt 2at t
nksuksa dk x ds lkis{k vodyu djus ij gesa izkIr gksrk gS
d2y d  1 d  1 dt
=  =  ×
dx 2 dx  t  dt  t  dx
d2y 1 1 1
⇒ = − × = −
dx 2 t 2 2at 2at 3
d2y
mnkgj.k 28.24. ;fn x = a sin3 θ rFkk y = b cos3 θ gS rks Kkr dhft,A
dx 2

gy : fn;k gS x = a sin3 θ rFkk y = b cos3 θ

nksuksa dk θ ds lkis{k vodyu djus ij gesa izkIr gksrk gS

dx dy
= 3 a sin 2 θ cos θ rFkk = 3b cos 2 θ(− sin θ)
dθ dθ
dy dy / d θ −3b cos 2 θ sin θ b
∴ = = = − cot θ
dx dx / d θ 3a sin θ cos θ
2
a
nksuksa dk x ds lkis{k vodyu djus ij] gesa izkIr gksrk gS
d2y −b d −b d dθ
2 = a dx
(cot θ) = (cot θ) ×
dx a dθ dx
d2y −b 1
⇒ 2 = a
(−cosec2θ) × 2
dx 3a sin θ cos θ

232 xf.kr
 pj ?kkrkadh rFkk y?kqx.kdh; iQyuksa dk vodyt
d2y b ekWM;
~ y
w - VIII
⇒ 2 = 2
cosec4θ sec θ
dx 3a dyu
π d2y
mnkgj.k 28.25. ;fn x = a sin t rFkk y = b cos t gS rc t = ij dk eku Kkr
4 dx 2
dhft,A
gy : fn;k gS x = a sin t rFkk y = b cos t
fVIi.kh
nksuksa dk t ds lkis{k vodyu djus ij] gesa izkIr gksrk gS
dx dy
= a cos t rFkk = −b sin t
dt dt
dy dy / dt −b sin t −b
∴ = = = tan t
dx dx / dt a cos t a
nksuksa dk x ds lkis{k vodyu djus ij] gesa izkIr gksrk gS
d2y −b d dt −b 1
2 = a dt
(tan t ) × = sec 2 t ×
dx dx a a cos t
d2y −b 3
⇒ 2 =
sec t
dx a2
 d2y π −b 3 π −b −2 2b
 2  at t = 4 = 2 sec = 2 ( 2)3 =
dx a 4 a a2

ns[ksa vkius fdruk lh[kk 28-6

d2y
Kkr dhft,] tc
dx 2
1. x = 2at rFkk y = at2
2. x = a (t + sin t ) rFkk y = a (1 − cos t )
3. x = 10(θ − sin θ) rFkk y = 12(1 − cos θ)
4. x = a sin t rFkk y = b cos 2t
5. x = a − cos 2t rFkk y = b − sin 2t
C

1A
% +
vkb;s nksgjk,¡
d x d x

(i) (e ) = e x (ii) (a ) = a x log a ; a > 0
dx dx

;fn µ x dk ,d vodyuh; iQyu gS] rks

xf.kr 233
 pj ?kkrkadh rFkk y?kqx.kdh; iQyuksa dk vodyt
ekWM~;wy - VIII (i)
d µ
(e ) = eµ ⋅
dµ
(ii)
d µ
(a ) = a µ ⋅ log a ⋅
dµ
;a > 0
dx dx dx dx
dyu d ax + b
(iii) (e ) = eax + b ⋅ a = aeax + b
dx
d 1

(i) (log x) =
dx x
d 1 dµ
fVIi.kh (ii) ;fn µ x dk ,d vodyuh; iQyu gS] rks dx (log µ) = µ ⋅ dx
d 1 a
(iii) log(ax + b) = ⋅a =
dx ax + b ax + b
dy dy / dt dx

;fn x = f(t) and u = g(t) rks =
dx du / dt
] tgka dt
≠0

dy dy / dt d2y d dt

;fn =
dx dx / dt
= h(t ) gks rks = [h(t )] ×
dx 2 dt dx

lgk;d osclkbV

http://www.themathpage.com/acalc/exponential.htm

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http://www.freemathhelp.com/derivative-log-exponent.html

vkb, vH;kl djsa

1. fuEufyf[kr iQyuksa esa ls izR;sd dk vodyt Kkr dhft, %
( xx )
(a) (x ) x x (b) x
dy
2. Kkr dhft, ;fn
dx
cos −1 x
(a) y = a x log sin x (b) y = (sin x)
x2  3
 1  x  x − 4 4 
(c) y = 1 +  (d) y = log e  
 x  x+4 
 
3. fuEufyf[kr iQyuksa esa ls izR;sd dk vodyt Kkr dhft, %
2
(a) f (x) = cos x log(x)e x x x (b) f (x) = (sin − 1 x)2 ⋅ x sin x ⋅ e2x

4. fuEufyf[kr esa izR;sd iQyu dk vodyt Kkr dhft, %

(a) y = (tan x)log x + (cos x)sin x (b) y = x tan x + (sin x)cos x

234 xf.kr
 pj ?kkrkadh rFkk y?kqx.kdh; iQyuksa dk vodyt
dy ekWM;
~ y
w - VIII
5. Kkr dhft,] ;fn
dx
dyu
4 x −x
x x+6 e +e
(a) y = (b) y =
(3x + 5) 2 (e x − e − x )
dy
6. Kkr dhft,] ;fn
dx
2 + 2x fVIi.kh
(a) y = a x ⋅ x a (b) y = 7 x
7. fuEufyf[kr esa ls izR;sd iQyu dk vodyt Kkr dhft, %
2 x cot x
(a) y = x 2e2x cos 3x (b) y =
x

x x x.......∞ dy y2
8. ;fn y = x gks] rks fl¼ dhft, fd x =
dx 1 − y log x
fuEufyf[kr esa ls izR;sd iQyu dk vodyt Kkr dhft,
 1
( x − 1) ( x − 2)  1
x
 x+ 
12.  x +  + x  
cos x log x x
9. (sin) 10. (log x) 11. ( x − 3) ( x − 4)
 x

dy
Kkr dhft,] tc %
dx
 t
13. x = a  cos t + log  rFkk y = a sin t
2
14. x = a (cos θ + θ sin θ) rFkk y = a (sin θ − θ cos θ)

15. x = et (sin t + cos t ) rFkk y = et (sin t − cos t )

16. x = ecos 2t rFkk y = esin 2t

 1  1
17. x = a  t +  rFkk y = a  t − 
t t
π dy
18. ;fn x = a (θ − sin θ) rFkk y = a (1 + cos θ) ] θ = ij Kkr dhft,A
3 dx

2bt a(1 − t 2 ) dy
19. ;fn x = 2
rFkk y = gS] rks t = 2 ij Kkr dhft,A
1+ t 1+ t 2 dx

sin 3 t cos3 t dy
20. ;fn x = rFkk y = , rks fl) dhft, fd = − cot 3t
cos 2t cos 2t dx
dy  3θ 
21. ;fn x = 2cos θ − cos 2θ rFkk y = 2sin θ − sin 2θ gS] rks fl) dhft, = tan  
dx  2
2π dy 1
22. ;fn x = cos t rFkk y = sin t gS, rks t = ij fl) dhft, =
3 dx 3
xf.kr 235
 pj ?kkrkadh rFkk y?kqx.kdh; iQyuksa dk vodyt
ekWM~;wy - VIII d2y
23. ;fn x = a (cos t + t sin t ) rFkk y = a (sin t − t cos t ) gS, rks Kkr dhft,A
dyu dx 2
π d2y
24. ;fn x = a (θ − sin θ) rFkk y = a (1 + cos θ) gS] rks θ = ij Kkr dhft,A
2 dx 2
d2y
25. ;fn x = a sin pt rFkk y = b cos pt gS] rks t = 0 ij dk eku Kkr dhft,A
fVIi.kh dx 2
1 d2y
26. ;fn x = log t rFkk y = gS] rks Kkr dhft,A
t dx 2
π d2y
27. ;fn x = a (1 + cos t ) rFkk y = a (t + sin t ) gS] rks t = ij dk eku Kkr dhft,A
2 dx 2
2 d2y
28. ;fn x = at rFkk y = 2at gS] rks Kkr dhft,A
dx 2

mÙkjekyk
ns[ksa vkius fdruk lh[kk 28.1
7
7 − x 2
1. (a) 5e5x (b) 7e7x + 4 (c) 2e 2x (d) − e 2 (e) 2 ( x + 1) e x + 2x
2
1
x 2 1 x
2. (a) e (b) sec x + 2 cos x − 3 sin x − e
3 2
(c) 5cos x − 2e x (d) e x − e− x

e x +1 cot x  − cos ec 2 x 
3. (a) (b) e  
2 x +1  2 cot x 
2x
(c) e x sin [sin x + 2x cos x] sin x

(d) e x sec x [sec2 x + 2x sec2 x tan x ]

2

4. (a) xe x (b) 2e 2x sin x(sin x + cos x)

2x 2 − x + 2 e 2x [(2x − 1) cot x − x cos ec 2 x]

5. (a) e 2x (b)
(x 2 + 1)3/ 2 x2
ns[ksa vkius fdruk lh[kk 28.2
2
1. (a) 5cos x − (b) − tan x
x
 1 2x 2 log x − 1 2
x2 .e x
2. (a) e  2x log x + x  (b)
x(log x) 2
 
236 xf.kr
 pj ?kkrkadh rFkk y?kqx.kdh; iQyuksa dk vodyt

cot(log x)
ekWM;
~ y
w - VIII
3. (a) (b) sec x
x dyu
2 1
2absec x
(c) (d) x log x
a 2 − b 2 tan 2 x
1 2 1 3  1 2 2x 3 
4. (a) (1 + x) 2 (2 − x) 3 (x 2 + 5) 7 (x + 9)− 2 ×  2(1 + x) − 3(2 − x) + − 
 7(x 2 − 5) 2(x + 9) 
fVIi.kh
3
x (1 − 2x) 2 1 3 5 7x 
(b) 5 1  − − + 2 
2 4  2x 1 − 2x 3 + 4x 2(3 − 7x ) 
(3 + 4x) (3 − 7x )
4

ns[ksa vkius fdruk lh[kk 28.3

1. (a) 5x log 5 (b) 3x log 3 + 4 x log 4 (c) cos 5x 5x log 5

log x  log cos x 

2. (a) 2x 2x (1 + log x) (b) (cos x)  − tan x log x 
 x 
sin x  sin x 
(c) ( log x ) cos x log ( log x ) + x log x 
 
x  x 
(d) ( tan x ) log tan x +
 sin x cos x 
2  x3 
(e) (1 + x) x  2x log(1 + x 2 ) + 2 
 1 + x 2 

2 +sin x)  x 2 + sin x 
(f) x (x  + (2x + cos x)log x 
 x 

3. (a) cosec 2 x (1 − log tan x ) ( tan x )cot x + ( log cot x − xcosec 2 x tan x ) ( cot x ) x
−1 x  log sin x 
(b) 2x ( log x −1) log x + ( sin x )sin −1
cot x sin x + 
 1 − x2 

 tan x 
(c) x
tan x
 + sec 2 x log x  + ( sin x )
cos x
[cos x cot x − sin x log sin x ]
 x 

x 2 log x 1 + log ( log x ) 

(d) ( x ) ⋅ x (1 + 2log x ) + ( log x )  
 x 
ns[ksa vkius fdruk lh[kk 28.4

1. (a) e
5x
(
25x 4 + 40x 3 + 12x 2 ) 5x 2 5x
(b) 25e sec e ( ){
1 + 2e5x tan e5x }
2 log x − 3
(c)
x3

xf.kr 237
 pj ?kkrkadh rFkk y?kqx.kdh; iQyuksa dk vodyt
ekWM~;wy - VIII ns[ksa vkius fdruk lh[kk 28.5
dyu 2t 1
1. 2. − cot θ 3. −
3 t2
a cos θ − 2 cos 2θ b
4. − 5. 6. cosec θ
b 2 sin 2θ − sin θ a
2t
fVIi.kh 7. 8. − tan 2t
1− t 2
ns[ksa vkius fdruk lh[kk 28.6
1 sec 4 t / 2 −3
1. 2. 3. cosec 4 θ 2
2a 4a 100
−4b
4. 5. cosec3 2t
a2

vkb, vH;kl djsa

x
1. (a) (x x ) x [x + 2x log x] (b) x (x) [x x −1 + log x(log x + 1)x x ]

2. (a) a x log sin x [log sin x + x cot x]log a

cos −1 x  −1 log sin x 

(b) ( sin x ) cos x cot x − 
 2 
1− x 

 
x2
 1   1 1  3 3
(c) 1 +   2x log  x +  −  (d) 1 + −
 x   x  1+ 1  4(x − 4) 4(x + 4)
 x 

2  1 
3. (a) cos x log(x)e x ⋅ x x  − tan x + + 2x + 1 + log x 
 x log x 
 2 sin x 
(b) (sin −1 x)2 .x sin x e 2x  + cos x log x + + 2
 1 − x 2 sin −1 x x 

(a) (tan x)log x  2cos ec 2 x log x + log tan x 

1
4.
 x 
+ (cos x)sin x [ − sin x tan x + cos x log(cos x)]

(b) x tan x  
tan x
+ sec2 x log x  + (sin x)cos x [cot x cos x − sin x log sin x)]
 x 

x4 x + 6  4 1 6  −4e 2x
5. (a) + −
2  x 2(x + 6) (3x + 5)  (b)
(3x + 5)   (e 2x − 1) 2

238 xf.kr
 pj ?kkrkadh rFkk y?kqx.kdh; iQyuksa dk vodyt
2 + 2x ekWM;
~ y
w - VIII
6. (a) a x .x a −1[a + x log e a] (b) 7 x (2x + 2)log e 7
dyu
2 2x 2 
7. (a) x e cos3x  + 2 − 3tan 3x 
 x 
2 x cot x  1 
(b)  log 2 − 2cos ec2x − 
x  2x 

log x  log(log x ) + 1 
fVIi.kh
9. (sin x)cos x [ − sin x log cos x + cos x cot x ] 10. (log x)  
 x
( x − 1) ( x − 2)  1 1 1 1 
+ + +
( x − 3) ( x − 4)  x − 1 x − 2 x − 3 x − 4 

11.
x
 1   1  x 2 − 1  x + 1x  x 2 − 1 x2 + 1
x+  log
  x +  + + x log x +
x  x 2 + 1   x2 x 2 
12.
 x   
− y log x
13. tan t 14. tan θ 15. tan t 16.
x log y
x 4a sec3 θ
17. 18. − 3 19. 20.
y 3b aθ
1 −b 1 −1
21. 22. 23. 24.
a a2 t a
−1 −1 1
25. 26. 27. –2 28.
2at 3 t t

xf.kr 239
 vodyt ds vuqiz;ksx
ekWM;
~ y
w - VIII
29
dyu

vodyt ds vuqiz;ksx
fVIi.kh

fiNys ikB esa geus fofHkUu izdkj ds iQyuksa dk vodyt Kkr djuk lh[k FkkA vc ge vodyt
ds iz;ksx ls jkf'k;ksa ds ifjorZu dh nj iQyuksa dk lfUudV eku] oØ ds fdlh fcanq ij Li'kZ js[kk
rFkk vfHkyac ds lehdj.k iQyuksa ds mfPp"B rFkk fufEu"B eku rFkk fofHkUu varjkyksa esa iQyuksa
ds o/Zeku ;k gkzleku gksus dk vè;;u djsaxsA ge jksys osQ ize;s rFkk ekè;eku ize;s rFkk muosQ
vuqi;z ksxksa osQ ckjs esa Hkh lh[ksxa As

mís';
bl ikB ds vè;;u osQ ckn] vki fuEufyf[kr esa leFkZ gks tk;saxs %

jkf'k;ksa ds ifjorZu dh nj Kkr djuk

iQyuksa dk lfUudV eku Kkr djuk

fdlh oØ (iQyu osQ vkys[k) fd fdlh fcUnq ij Li'kZ js[kk rFkk vfHkyac dks ifjHkkf"kr
djukA

fn;s x;s izfrca/ (conditions) osQ vUrxZr ,d oØ ij Li'kZ js[kk rFkk vfHkyac osQ lehdj.k
Kkr djukA

,dfn"V (o/Zeku@ßkleku) iQyuksa dks ifjHkkf"kr djuk
dy dy

,d vUrjky esa o/Zeku iQyuksa ds fy, > 0 rFkk ßkleku iQyuksa ds fy, < 0 LFkkfir djuk
dx dx

vkys[k ls ,d fn;s x;s vUrjky esa ,d iQyu ds vf/dre rFkk U;wure ekuksa okys (LFkkuh;
mfPp"B rFkk LFkkuh; fufEu"B lfgr) fcUnqvksa dks ifjHkkf"kr djuk

iQyuksa ds mfPp"B rFkk fufEu"B muds izFke vodyt rFkk f}rh; vodyt dk mi;ksx djds
Kkr djus ds fy, ,d dk;Zdkjh fu;e (working rule) LFkkfir djuk

mfPp"B rFkk fufEu"B ij ljy iz'u gy djuk
• jksys osQ izes; rFkk ekè;eku izes; dk o.kZu djuk] rFkk
• mijksDr izes;ksa dh oS/rk (validity) dh tk¡p djuk] rFkk mUgsa fofHkUu iz'uksa dks gy djus esa
iz;ksx djukA

iwoZ Kku

funsZ'kkad T;kfefr dk Kku

fdlh oØ ij Li'kZ js[kk rFkk vfHkyac dh ladYiuk

fofHkUu iQyuksa osQ vody xq.kkadksa dh ladYiuk

fdlh iQyu osQ fdlh fcUnq ij vodyt dk T;kferh; vFkZ
xf.kr 241
 vodyt ds vuqiz;ksx
ekWM~;wy - VIII 29-1 jkf'k;ksa ds ifjorZu dh nj
dyu
eku yhft, y = f(x), x dk ,d Qyu gS rFkk eku yhft, fd x esa ,d NksVk&lk ifjorZu
∆x gS] ,oa y esa laxr ifjorZu ∆y gSA
∆y
∴ x ds lkis{k] y dk izfr bdkbZ vkSlr ifjorZu =
∆x
fVIi.kh bl izdkj ∆x → 0, x ds lkis{k] y ds vkSlr ifjorZu dh nj dk lhekar eku gS
∆y dy
blfy, x ds lkis{k] y esa izfr bdkbZ ifjorZu dh nj = ∆xLt→0 ∆x = dx
dy
vr% , x ds lkis{k y ds ifjorZu dh nj iznf'kZr djrk gSA
dx
dy
dk eku] vFkkZr~  
dy
bl izdkj x = x0 ij = f ′ ( x0 )
dx  dx  x = x
0

f ′ ( x0 ) , x = x0 ij x ds lkis{k y ds ifjorZu dh nj dks iznf'kZr djrk gSA

blds vfrfjDr ;fn nks jkf'k;k¡ x rFkk y, t ds lkis{k ifjofrZr gks jgh gksa vFkkZr~
y = f(t) vkSj x = g(t) gS rc Üka`[kyk fu;e ls
dy dy / dt dx
= , ≠0
dx dx / dt dt
vr% x ds lkis{k y ds ifjorZu dh nj dk ifjdyu t ds lkis{k y vkSj x ds ifjorZu
dh nj dk iz;ksx djds fd;k tk ldrk gSA
mnkgj.k 29.1. o`r ds {ks=Qy ds ifjorZu dh nj bldh pj f=T;k r ds lkis{k Kkr
dhft,] tc r = 3 lseh-
gy : eku yhft, r f=T;k okys o`Ùk dk {ks=Qy A gS
rc A = πr 2
∴ r ds lkis{k A ds ifjorZu dh nj
dA d
⇒ = ( πr 2 ) = 2 πr
dr dr
dA
tc r = 3 lseh-, = 2π × 3 = 6π
dr
vr% o`Ùk dk {ks=Qy 6π lseh-2/lseh- dh nj ls cny jgk gSA
3
mnkgj.k 29.2. ,d xqCckjk] tks lnSo xksykdkj jgrk gS] dk ifjorZu'khy O;kl (2 x + 3)
2
gSA x ds lkis{k blds vk;ru ds ifjorZu dh nj Kkr dhft,A
1 1 3 3
gy : xksykdkj (o`Ùk dh f=T;k (r) = (O;kl) = × (2 x + 3) = (2 x + 3)
2 2 2 4
eku yhft, xqCckjs dk vk;ru V gSa] rc
3
4 3 4 3 
V = πr = π  (2 x + 3)
3 3 4  
9
⇒ V= π (2 x + 3)3
16

242 xf.kr
 vodyt ds vuqiz;ksx
∴ x ds lkis{k vk;ru esa ifjorZu dh nj ekWM;
~ y
w - VIII
dV 9 27 dyu
= π × 3(2 x + 3) 2 × 2 = π (2 x + 3) 2
dx 16 8
27
vr% vk;ru π (2 x + 3) 2 bdkbZ3 /bdkbZ dh nj ls ifjofrZr gks jgk gSA
8
mnkgj.k 29.3. ,d xqCckjk tks lnSo xksykdkj jgrk gS] ,d iEi }kjk 900 lseh3 xSl izfr
lsd.M Hkj dj Qqyk;k tkrk gSA xqCckjs dh f=T;k ds ifjorZu dh nj Kkr dhft, tc fVIi.kh
bldh f=T;k 15 lseh- gSA
gy : eku yhft, xksyh; xqCckjs dh f=T;k r rFkk fdlh Hkh le; t esa bldk vk;ru V
gS] rc
4 3
V = 3 πr
t ds lkis{k vodyu djus ij] gesa izkIr gksrk gS
dV d  4 3  d  4 3  dr
=  πr  =  πr  .
dt dt  3 dr 3 dt
4 dr dr
= π.3r 2 = 4 πr 2
3 dt dt
dV
ijUrq = 900 lseh3/lsdUM ¼fn;k gS½
dt
dr
blfy, 4πr2 = 900
dt
dr 900 225
⇒ = =
dt 4πr 2 πr 2
tc r = 15 lseh-
dr 225 1
= =
dt π × 152
π
1
vr% xksys dh f=T;k lesh -@ls - , dh nj ls c<+ jgh gS] tc bldh f=T;k 15 lseh-
π
gSA
mnkgj.k 29.4 . ,d 5 eh- yEch lh<+h nhokj ds lgkjs >qdh gSA lh<+h dk uhps dk fljk]
tehu ds vuqfn'k] nhokj ls nwj 2lseh/lsdUM dh nj ls [khapk tkrk gSA nhokj ij bldh
Å¡pkbZ fdl nj ls ?kV jgh gS tcfd lh<+h ds uhps dk fljk nhokj ls 4 eh- nwj gS\
gy : eku yhft, lh<+h dk fupyk fljk nhokj ls x eh- dh nwjh ij gS rFkk fdlh le;
t ij lh<+h dh yEckbZ y ehVj gS] rc
x2 + y2 = 25 ...(i)
t ds lkis{k vodyu djus ij] gesa izkIr gksrk gS
dx dy
2x + 2y = 0
dt dt
dy x dx
⇒ = −
dt y dt

xf.kr 243
 vodyt ds vuqiz;ksx
ekWM~;wy - VIII ijUrq
dx
= 2 eh/lsdUM ¼fn;k gS½
dt
dyu
dy x 2x
⇒ = − ×2= − ...(ii)
dt y y
tc x = 4eh, (i) ls y2 = 25 – 16 ⇒ y = 3eh
lehdj.k (ii) esa x = 4eh rFkk y = 3eh j[kus ij] gesa izkIr gksrk gS
fVIi.kh dy 2 × 4 −8
= − =
dx 3 3
8
vr% nhokj ij lh<+h dh Å¡pkbZ eh@lsdUM dh nj ls ?kV jgh gSA
3
mnkgj.k 29.5. fdlh mRikn dh x bdkb;ksa ds foØ; ls izkIr dqy vk; R(x) =
10x2 + 13x + 24 ls iznÙk gS@nh xbZ gSA tc x = 5 gks rks lhekar vk; Kkr dhft, tgk¡ lhekUr
vk; ls gekjk rkRi;Z fdlh {k.k foØ; dh xbZ oLrqvksa ds lkis{k lEiw.kZ vk; ds ifjorZu dh nj
ls gSA
gy : fn;k gS R(x) = 10x2 + 13x + 24
D;ksafd lhekar vk; fdlh {k.k foØ; dh xbZ oLrqvksa ds lkis{k vk; ifjorZu dh nj
ls gksrh gSA ge tkurs gSa fd
dR
lhekar vk; (MR) = = 20 x + 13
dx
tc x = 5, MR = 20 × 5 + 13 = 113
vr% vHkh"V lhekar vk; = ` 113
mnkgj.k 29.6. fdlh oLrq dh x bdkb;ksa ds mRiknu esa dqy ykxr
C(x) = 0.007 x3 − 0.003x 2 + 15 x + 4000 ls iznÙk gSA lhekar ykxr Kkr dhft, tc
17 bdkbZ mRikfnr dh tkrh gS] tgk¡ lhekar ykxr ls gekjk rkRi;Z fdlh Lrj ij mRiknu
ds lEiw.kZ ykxr esa rkRdkfyd ifjorZu dh nj ls gSA
gy : fn;k gS C(x) = 0.007 x3 − 0.003x 2 + 15 x + 4000
D;ksafd lhekar ykxr mRiknu ds fdlh Lrj ij lEiw.kZ ykxr ds ifjorZu dh nj gS]
ge izkIr djrs gSa fd
dC
lhekar ykxr (MC) = = 0.007 × 3x 2 − 0.003 × 2 x + 15 = 0.021x 2 − 0.006 x + 15
dx
tc x = 17, MC = 0.021×172 – 0.006 × 17 + 15
= 6.069 – 0.102 + 15 = 20.967
vr% lhekar vk; = ` 20.967

ns[ksa vkius fdruk lh[kk 29-1

1. fdlh oxZ dh Hkqtk 4 lseh/feuV dh nj ls ?kV jgh gSA ;fn oxZ dh Hkqtk 8 lseh gks
rks] mldk {ks=Qy fdl nj ls ?kVsxk\
2. ,d ifjorZ'khy ?ku dk fdukjk 3 lseh/lsdUM dh nj ls c<+ jgk gSA ?ku dk vk;ru
fdl nj ls c<+ jgk gS tcfd fdukjk 10 lseh yEck gSA

244 xf.kr
 vodyt ds vuqiz;ksx
3. o`Ùk ds {ks=Qy ds ifjorZu dh nj bldh f=T;k ds lkis{k Kkr dhft, tcfd f=T;k ekWM;
~ y
w - VIII
6 lseh gSA
dyu
4. lkcqu ds ,d xksyh; cqycqys dh f=T;k 0.2 lseh/lsdUM dh nj ls c<+ jgh gSA blds
i`"Bh; {ks=Qy ds ifjorZu dh nj Kkr dhft, tcfd f=T;k 7 lseh gSA
5. ,d ?ku ds vk;ru ds ifjorZu dh nj mldh Hkqtk ds lkis{k Kkr dhft,] tcfd
Hkqtk 5 lseh gSA
fVIi.kh
29-2 lfUudVu
dy
bl Hkkx esa] ge fpg~u dx rFkk dy dks ,d vFkZ nsaxs ftlls fpg~u dk okLrfod vFkZ]
dx
dy dks dx ls Hkkx nsuk tSlk gks tk,A
eku yhft, y = f(x), x dk ,d Qyu gS rFkk ∆x, x esa ,d NksVk lk ifjorZu gS ,oa
∆y, y esa ,d laxr cnyko@ifjorZu gSA rc
∆y dy
Lt = = f ′( x)
∆x → 0 ∆ x dx
∆y dy
⇒ = + ε , tgk¡ ε → 0 tc ∆x → 0
∆x dx
dy
⇒ ∆y = ∆x + ε∆x
dx
Q ε∆x cgqr gh lw{e jkf'k gS ftls ux.; eku ldrs gSa] blfy, gesa izkIr gksrk
dy
gS ∆y ≈ ∆x ] lfUudVr%
dx

;g lw= ijra= pj ds lw{e ifjorZu ¼;k =qfV½ dk Lora= pj ds lw{e ifjorZu ¼;k =qfV½
ds laxr x.kuk djus esa cgqr gh mi;ksxh gSA

dqN egRoiw.kZ in
Lora= @fujis{ k =q f V : x esa =qfV ∆x, x esa fujis{k =qfV dgykrh gSA
∆x
vis{kkd`r =qfV : ;fn x esa =qfV ∆x gS rc , x esa vis{kkd`r =qfV dgykrh gSA
x
∆x
izfr'krrk =qfV : ;fn x esa ,d =qfV ∆x gS rc × 100 , x easa izfr'krrk =qfV
x
dgykrh gSA
dy
uksV: gesa Kkr gS ∆y = ∆x + ε.∆x
dx
dy
Q ε.∆x cgqr NksVk@ux.; gS blfy, ∆y dk eq[; eku = ∆x tks fd y dk vodyt
dx
dgykrk gSA
dy
vFkkZr~ ∆y = .∆x
dx

xf.kr 245
 vodyt ds vuqiz;ksx
ekWM~;wy - VIII ∴ x dk vodyt

dyu dx
dx = .∆x = ∆x }kjk fn;k tkrk gS
dx
dy
vr% dy = dx
dx
dx, ∆x, dy rFkk ∆y dk T;kferh; O;k[;k@vFkZ tkuus ds fy, ge oØ y = f(x) ds fudV
fVIi.kh fcUnq P(x, y) ds {ks= ij viuk /;ku dsfUnzr djrs gSa tgk¡ oØ ij ,d Li'kZ js[kk [khap
ldrs gSaA ;fn oØ ij ,d vU; fcUnq Q(x + ∆x, y + ∆y), (∆x ≠ 0) gS] rc js[kk PQ dk
∆y dy
<ky gksxk tks fd ds lhek eku ds lfUudV gS (P ij Li'kZ js[kk dk <ky@>qdko)
∆x dx
blfy,] tc ∆x → 0, ∆y, dy ds yxHkx cjkcj@lfUudV gSA
mnkgj.k 29.7. vodyu dk iz;ksx djds 25.3 dk lfUudV eku Kkr dhft,A
gy : eku yhft, y = x
‘x’ ds lkis{k vodyu djus ij] gesa izkIr gksrk gS
dy 1 −1 1
= x 2=
dx 2 2 x
x = 25 ,oa x + ∆x = 25.3 yhft,] rc dx = ∆x = 0.3 tc x = 25, y = 25 = 5
dy 1 1 1
∆y = ∆x = ∆x = × 0.3 = × 0.3 = 0.03
dx 2 x 2 25 10
⇒ ∆y = 0.03 (Q dy lfUudVr% ∆y ds cjkcj gS)
y + ∆y = x + ∆x = 25.3
⇒ 25.3 = 5 + 0.03 = 5.03 lfUudVr%
1
mnkgj.k 29.8. vodyu dk iz;ksx djds (127) 3 dk lfUudV eku Kkr dhft,A
1
gy : y = x 3 yhft,
eku yhft, x = 125 rFkk x + ∆x = 127, rc dx = ∆x = 2
1
tc x = 125, y = (125) 3 =5
1
vc y = x3
dy 1
=
dx 3x 2 3
 dy  1 1 2
∆y =   ∆x = 2 3 dx = ×2=
 dx  3x 3(125) 2 3
75
2
⇒ ∆y = (Q ∆y = dy)
75
1
2
vr% (127) 3 = y + ∆y = 5 + = 5.026 ¼lfUudV½
75

246 xf.kr
 vodyt ds vuqiz;ksx
mnkgj.k 29.9. f(3.02) dk lfUudV eku Kkr dhft,] tgk¡ f(x) = 3x2 + 5x + 3. ekWM;
~ y
w - VIII
gy : eku yhft, x = 3 rFkk x + ∆x = 3.02 , rc dx = ∆x = 0.02 dyu
gesa Kkr gS f(x) = 3x 2 + 5 x + 3
tc x = 3
⇒ f(3) = 3(3) 2 + 5(3) + 3 = 45
vc y = f(x) fVIi.kh
dy
⇒ ∆y = ∆x = (6 x + 5)∆x
dx
⇒ ∆y = (6 × 3 + 5) × 0.02 = 0.46
∴ f(3.02) = f(x + ∆x) = y + ∆y = 45 + 0.46 = 45.46
vr% f(3.02) dk lfUudV eku 45.46.
mnkgj.k 29.10. ,d xksys dh f=T;k 9 lseh ekih tkrh gS ftlesa 0-03 dh =qfV gSA blds
i`"Bh; {ks=Qy ds ifjdyu esa lfUudV =qfV Kkr dhft,A
gy : eku yhft, xksys dh f=T;k r gS blds ekiu esa =qfV ∆r gSA
rc r = 9 lseh rFkk ∆r = 0.03 lseh
eku yhft, xksys dk i`"Bh; {ks=Qy S gSA rc
S = 4πr2
dS
⇒ = 4π × 2r = 8πr
dr
 dS 
 
dr r =9 ij = 8π × (9) = 72π
eku yhft, S esa ∆S =qfV gS] rc
dS
∆S =∆r = 72π × 0.03 = 2.16π lseh 2
dr
vr% i`"Bh; {ks=Qy ds ifjdyu esa lfUudV =qfV 2.16π lseh2 gSA
mnkgj.k 29.11. x ehVj Hkqtk okys ?ku dh Hkqtk esa 2% dh o`f) ds dkj.k ls ?ku ds vk;ru
esa lfUudV ifjorZu Kkr dhft,A
gy : eku yhft, x esa ifjorZu ∆x rFkk V esa laxr ifjorZu ∆V gSA
∆x 2x
fn;k gS fd × 100 = 2 ⇒ ∆x =
x 100
gesa Kkr gS V = x3
dV
⇒ = 3x 2
dx
dV
vc ∆V = ∆x
dx
2 2x
⇒ ∆V = 3 x ×
100
6
⇒ ∆V = .V
100
vr% vk;ru esa lfUudV ifjorZu 6% gSA

xf.kr 247
 vodyt ds vuqiz;ksx
ekWM~;wy - VIII
dyu ns[ksa vkius fdruk lh[kk 29-2

1. vodyu dk iz;ksx djds] 36.6 dk lfUudV eku Kkr dhft,A

1
2. vodyu dk iz;ksx djds] (25) 3 dk lfUudV eku Kkr dhft,A
fVIi.kh 1
3. vodyu dk iz;ksx djds] (15) 4 dk lfUudV eku Kkr dhft,A
4. vodyu dk iz;ksx djds] 26 dk lfUudV eku Kkr dhft,A
5. ,d xksys dh f=T;k 7 eh ekih tkrh gS ftlesa 0.02 eh dh =qfV gSA blds vk;ru
ds ifjdyu esa lfUudV =qfV Kkr dhft,A
6. ,d ?ku ds vkdkj ds lUnwd ds vk;ru dh x.kuk esa izfr'kr =qfV Kkr dhft, ;fn
lUnwd dh Hkqtk dh eki esa 1% dh =qfV gqbZ gSA

29.3 Li'kZ js[kk rFkk vfHkyac dh <ky

ekuk y = f ( x ) ,d lrr oØ gS rFkk ekuk
y = f(x)
P ( x1, y1 ) ml ij ,d fcUnq gS] rks P ( x1, y1 )
P Li'kZ js[kk
ij izo.krk PT' fuEu }kjk ifjHkkf"kr gS (x1, y1)
 dy 
  ( x1, y1 ) ij ....(i) vfHkyEc
 dx 
rFkk (i) dk eku tan θ osQ cjkcj gSA α
θ
ge tkurs gSa fd fdlh oØ ij vfHkyac ,d ,slh fp=k. 29.1
T
js[kk gS tks Li'kZ fcUnq ij Li'kZ js[kk ij yEcor~ gS
π
ge tkurs gSa fd α = + θ
2
π  1
⇒ tan α = tan  + θ  = − cot θ = −
2  tan θ
1 −1  
∴ vfHkyac dh izo.krk = − = fcanq ( x1, y1 ) ij vFkok −  dx  fcanq ( x1, y1 ) ijA
m  dy   dy 
 
 dx 

fVIi.kh
1. fdlh oØ osQ ,d fcUnq ij Li'kZ js[kk x-v{k osQ lekUrj gS ;fn θ = 0 gS vFkkZr ml
fcUnq ij vodyt dk eku 'kwU; gSA

248 xf.kr
 vodyt ds vuqiz;ksx
ekWM;
~ y
w - VIII
vFkkZr~] fcUnq ( x1, y1 ) ij  dy  = 0
 dx  dyu
2. fdlh oØ y = f ( x ) osQ ,d fcUnq ij Li'kZ js[kk y-v{k osQ lekUrj gS ;fn ml fcUnq

ij dy = 0 gSA
dx
fVIi.kh
vkb, oqQN mnkgj.k ysaA
mnkgj.k 29.12. oØ x 2 + x 3 + 3xy + y2 = 6 osQ fcUnq (1, 1) ij Li'kZ js[kk rFkk vfHkyEc osQ
lehdj.k Kkr dhft,A
gy % oØ dk lehdj.k gS %
x 2 + x 3 + 3xy + y 2 = 6 .....(i)
(i) dk vodyu x osQ lkis{k djus ij gesa feyrk gS :

 dy  dy
2x + 3x 2 + 3  x + y.1 + 2y =0
 dx  dx
(ii) esa x = 1, y = 1 j[kus ij gesa feyrk gS %
 dy  dy
2 × 1 + 3 × 1 + 3  + 1 + 2 =0
 dx  dx
dy dy 8
vFkok 5 = −8 ⇒ =−
dx dx 5
8
Li'kZ js[kk dh (1, 1) ij izo.krk − gSA
5
5
vfHkyac dh izo.krk gSA
8
1
mnkgj.k 29.13. n'kkZb, fd oØ y = 3x 5 + 2x 3 − 3x  ij fLFkr fcUnqvksa x = ± 3 ij Li'kZ
6
js[kk,¡ lekUrj gSaA
3x 5 + 2x 3 − 3x
gy % oØ dk lehdj.k gS] y = .....(i)
6
(i) dk vodyu x osQ lkis{k djus ij gesa feyrk gS %
( 4
dy 15x + 6x − 3
=
2
)
dx 6
15 ( 3) + 6 ( 3)2 − 3
4
 dy   
  =
 dx  x =3 ij 6
1 3
= [15 × 9 × 9 + 54 − 3] = [ 405 + 17 ] = 211
6 6

xf.kr 249
 vodyt ds vuqiz;ksx
ekWM~;wy - VIII  dy  1 4 2 
  , x = − 3 ij = 15 ( − 3) + 6 ( − 3) − 3 = 211
1
dyu  
dx 6
vr% oØ ij fLFkr x = ± 3 ij Li'kZ js[kk,¡ lekUrj gSa D;kasfd x = ± 3 ij mudh izo.krk,¡ leku gSaA
3 2 1
mnkgj.k 29.14. oØ 6y = px + q osQ fcUnq ( 2, − 2) ij Li'kZ js[kk dh izo.krk gSA p rFkk
6
fVIi.kh q osQ eku Kkr dhft,A
3 2
gy % oØ dk lehdj.k gS % 6y = px + q ...(i)
(i) dk vodyu x osQ lkis{k djus ij gesa feyrk gS %
dy
18y 2 = 2px .....(ii)
dx
x = 2, y = − 2, (ii) esa j[kus ij
2 dy
18 ( − 2 ) = 2p ⋅ 2 = 4p
dx
dy p 1
∴ = ;g osQ cjkcj gS
dx 18 6
1 p
∴ = ⇒p=3
6 18
vr% oØ dk lehdj.k cu tkrk gS % 6y3 = 3x 2 + q
fcUnq (2, –2) oØ ij fLFkr gSA
3 2
∴ 6 ( −2) = 3 ( 2) + q
⇒ − 48 − 12 = q vFkok q = − 60

∴ p = 3, rFkk q = − 60 gS

ns[ksa vkius fdruk lh[kk 29.3

1. fuEufyf[kr oØksa esa ls izR;sd ds fy, fn, x, fcUnqvksa ij Li'kZ js[kkvksa rFkk vfHkyacksa dh
izo.krk Kkr dhft,A
3 2 2
(i) y = x − 2x , x = 2 ij (ii) x + 3y + y = 5 , (1, 1) ij
π
(iii) x = a ( θ − sin θ ) , y = a (1 − cos θ ) , θ = ij
2
2. ;fn oØ xy + px + qy = 2 osQ fcUnq (1, 1) ij Li'kZ js[kk dh izo.krk 2 gS] rks p rFkk q
osQ eku Kkr dhft,A
3. oØ x 2 + y2 = 18 ij og fcUnq Kkr dhft, ftu ij Li'kZ js[kk x + y = 3 osQ lekUrj gSA

4. oØ y = x 2 − 4x + 5 osQ fdu fcUnqvksa ij Li'kZ js[kk] js[kk 2y + x − 7 = 0 osQ yacor gS\

250 xf.kr
 vodyt ds vuqiz;ksx

29.4 fdlh oØ ij Li'kZ js[kk rFkk vfHkyac osQ lehdj.k ekWM;

~ y
w - VIII
dyu
ge tkurs gSa fdlh ,d fcUnq ( x1, y1 ) ls gksdj tkus okyh rFkk izo.krk m okyh js[kk dk lehdj.k
gS % y − y1 = m ( x − x1 )

fiNys ifjPNsn esa tSlk geus i<+k Fkk oØ y = f (x) ij Li'kZ js[kk dh izo.krk] fcUnq ( x1, y1 ) ij]
fVIi.kh
 dy   dx 
  ( x1, y1 ) ij }kjk fn;k tkrk gS rFkk vfHkyac dh izo.krk ( x1, y1 ) ij  − dy  gSA
 dx   

∴ y = f (x) osQ fcUnq ( x1, y1 ) ij Li'kZ js[kk dk lehdj.k gS %

 dy 
y − y1=   [ x − x1 ]
 dx ( x )
1 ,y1

rFkk y = f (x) osQ fcUnq ( x1, y1 ) ij vfHkyac dk lehdj.k gS %

 
 −1 
y − y1 =  x − x 
dy   1
 
 dx ( x )
1 ,y1

fVIi.kh

osQ lekUrj gS ;fn  

dy
(i) ,d oØ ij ,d Li'kZ js[kk x-v{k = 0 gS rFkk Li'kZ
 dx ( x ,y ) ij
1 1
js[kk dk lehdj.k y = y1 gSA
 dy 
(ii) ;fn  
 dx ( x
→ ∞ rks ( x1 , y1 ) ij Li'kZ js[kk y-v{k osQ lekUrj gS rFkk mldk
1 ,y1 ) ij
lehdj.k x = x1 gSA

vkb, oqQN mnkgj.k ysdj bls Li"V djsaA

mnkgj.k 29.15. o`Ùk x 2 + y2 = 25 ij fLFkr fcUnq (4, 3) ij Li'kZ js[kk rFkk vfHkyac osQ
lehdj.k Kkr dhft,A
gy % o`Ùk dk lehdj.k gS x 2 + y2 = 25 ...(i)
(i) dk x osQ lkis{k vodyu djus ij gesa feyrk gS %
dy
2x + 2y =0
dx
dy − x
⇒ =
dx y

xf.kr 251
 vodyt ds vuqiz;ksx
ekWM~;wy - VIII  dy 
=−
4
∴  
dyu  dx ( 4,3) ij 3

o`Ùk osQ fcUnq (4, 3) ij Li'kZ js[kk dk lehdj.k gS %

4
y−3 = − ( x − 4)
3
fVIi.kh 4
y − 3 = − (x − 4)
3
vFkok 4 ( x − 4 ) + 3 ( y − 3) = 0 vFkok 4x + 3y = 25

rFkk vfHkyac dh izo.krk −1 3

= =
 dy  4
 
 dx ( 4,3)
∴ o`Ùk osQ fcUnq (4, 3) ij vfHkyac dk lehdj.k gS
3
y−3 = ( x − 4)
4
vFkok 4y − 12 = 3x − 12
⇒ 3x = 4y
∴ o`Ùk ij fLFkr fcUnq (4,3) ij Li'kZ js[kk dk lehdj.k 4x + 3y = 25 gS rFkk o`Ùk ij fLFkr fcUnq
(4,3) ij vfHkyac dk lehdj.k 3x = 4y gSA

mnkgj.k oØ 16x 2 + 9y2 = 144 ij fLFkr fcUnq ( x1, y1 ) ij] tgk¡ y1 > 0 rFkk
29.16.

x1 = 2 gS] Li'kZ js[kk rFkk vfHkyac osQ lehdj.k Kkr dhft,A

gy % oØ dk lehdj.k gS % 16x 2 + 9y2 = 144 ...(i)

(i) dks x osQ lkis{k vodyu djus ij gesa izkIr gksrk gS %

dy
32x + 18y =0
dx
dy 16x
vFkok =−
dx 9y
D;ksafd x1 = 2 gS rFkk fcanq ( x1, y1 ) oØ ij fLFkr gS
16 ( 2 ) + 9 ( y 2 ) = 144
2
∴
80 4
⇒ y2 = ⇒ y=± 5
9 3
4
pw¡fd y1 > 0 ⇒ y1 = 5
3
  4
vr%] oØ osQ fcUnq  2, 3 5  ij Li'kZ js[kk dk lehdj.k gS %
 

252 xf.kr
 vodyt ds vuqiz;ksx
4  16x  ekWM;
~ y
w - VIII
y− 5 = −  [ x − 2]
3  9y  2, 4 5
 ij
dyu
 3 

4 16 2 × 3 4 8
vFkok y− 5=− ⋅ ( x − 2) vFkok y − 3 5 + ( x − 2) = 0
3 9 4 5 3 5
4
vFkok 3 5 y − 3 5 ⋅ 3 5 + 8 ( x − 2) = 0 fVIi.kh

3 5y − 20 + 8x − 16 = 0 vFkok 3 5y + 8x = 36

 
4
rFkk] oØ osQ fcUnq  2, 3 5  ij vfHkyac dk lehdj.k gS %
 
4  9y 
y− 5 =  [ x − 2]
3  16x  2, 4 
5  ij
 3 

4 9 2 5
vFkok y− 5= × ( x − 2)
3 16 3
4 3 5
vFkok y− 5= ( x − 2)
3 8

vFkok 3 × 8(y) − 32 5 = 9 5 ( x − 2 )

24y − 32 5 = 9 5 x − 18 5

vFkok 9 5 x − 24y + 14 5 = 0

x 2 y2
mnkgj.k 29.17. oØ − = 1 ij mu fcUnqvksa dks Kkr dhft, tgk¡ Li'kZ js[kk x-v{k osQ
9 16
lekUrj gSA

x 2 y2
gy % oØ dk lehdj.k gS % − =1 ...(i)
9 16
(i) dk x osQ lkis{k vodyu djus ij gesa feyrk gS %
2x 2y dy
− ⋅ =0
9 16 dx
dy 16x
or =
dx 9y
dy
Li'kZ js[kk dk x-v{k osQ lekUrj gksus ij =0
dx
16x
⇒ =0 ⇒ x=0
9y

xf.kr 253
 vodyt ds vuqiz;ksx
ekWM~;wy - VIII (i) eas x = 0 j[kus ij] gesa feyrk gS % y2 = − 16 vFkkZr~ y = ± 4i
dyu
x 2 y2
vr% oØ ij ,sls dksbZ okLrfod fcUnq ugha gSa tgk¡ − = 1 ij Li'kZ js[kk x-v{k osQ lekUrj gSA
9 16
mnkgj.k 29.18. mu lHkh js[kkvksa] ftudh izo.krk –4 gS] osQ lehdj.k Kkr dhft, tks oØ
fVIi.kh 1
y= ij Li'kZ js[kk,¡ gSaA
x −1
1
gy % y= .....(i)
x −1
dy 1
∴ =−
dx (x − 1) 2
;g –4 osQ cjkcj fn;k gSA
−1
∴ = −4
(x − 1)2
1
⇒ ( x − 1)2 =
4
1 3 1
⇒ x = 1± ⇒x= ,
2 2 2

(i) eas x = 1 j[kus ij gesa feyrk gS %

2
1 1 3
y= = = − 2 tc x = , y = 2
1 1 2
−1 −
2 2
3  1 
∴ fcUnq gaS %  2 , 2  ,  2 , − 2 
   
∴ Li'kZ js[kkvksa osQ lehdj.k gSa %
 3
(a) y − 2 = −4  x − 
 2
⇒ y − 2 = − 4x + 6 vFkok 4x + y = 8
 1
(b) y + 2 = −4  x − 
 2
⇒ y + 2 = − 4x + 2 vFkok 4x + y = 0
3
mnkgj.k 29.19. oØ y = x osQ fcUnq (2 , 8 ) ij vfHkyac dk lehdj.k Kkr dhft,A
gy % dy
y = x3 ⇒ = 3x 2
dx

254 xf.kr
 vodyt ds vuqiz;ksx
 dy  ekWM;
~ y
w - VIII
∴   = 12
 dx  x =2 ij dyu
1
∴ vfHkyac dh izo.krk gS = −
12
∴ vfHkyac dk lehdj.k gS %
fVIi.kh
1
y − 8 = − ( x − 2)
12
vFkok 12(y − 8) + (x − 2) = 0 vFkok x + 12y = 98

ns[ksa vkius fdruk lh[kk 29.4

1. vafdr fcUnqvksa ij Li'kZ js[kk rFkk vfHkyac osQ lehdj.k Kkr dhft, %
(i) y = x 4 − 6x 3 + 13x 2 − 10x + 5 , (0, 5) ij (ii) y = x 2 , (1, 1) ij

(iii) y = x 3 − 3x + 2 mu fcUnqvksa ij tgk¡ x-funsZ'kkad 3 gSA

2 2
2. nh?kZo`Ùk x + y = 1 osQ fcUnq ( x1, y1 ) ij Li'kZ js[kk dk lehdj.k Kkr dhft,A
2 2
a b
x2 y2
3. vfrijoy; − = 1 osQ fcUnq ( x 0 , y0 ) ij Li'kZ js[kk dk lehdj.k Kkr dhft,A
a2 b2
4. oØ y = x3 + 2x + 6 osQ mu vfHkyacksa osQ lehdj.k Kkr dhft, tks js[kk x + 14y + 4 = 0
osQ lekUrj gSA
5. fl¼ dhft, fd oØ x = y2 rFkk xy = k yacor izfrPNsn djrs gSa ;fn 8k 2 = 1

29.5 jksys dk izes;

vkb,] vc ge ,d ,sls egRoiw.kZ ize;s osQ fo"k; esa i<+as ftlls ;g irk yxrk gS fd y = f ( x) osQ
vkys[k ij nks fcUnqvksa a rFkk b, ftlosQ y-funs'Z kkad f (a) rFkk f (b) cjkcj gS] osQ chp de ls de ,d
fcUnq c ,slk vo'; gksxk fd fcUnq [c, f (c)] ij Li'kZ js[kk x-v{k osQ lekUrj gks (ns[ksa fp=k 29.2)
y y

f(c)
b x
a c x o a
o b

(a) (b)
fp=k. 29.2

xf.kr 255
 vodyt ds vuqiz;ksx
ekWM~;wy - VIII 29.5.1 jksys osQ izes; dk xf.krh; lw=k.k
dyu ekuk f ,d okLrfod iQyu gS tks can vUrjky [a, b] esa bl izdkj ifjHkkf"kr gS fd
(i) can vUrjky [a, b] esa iQyu f lrr gS
(ii) [kqys vUrjky ]a, b[ esa iQyu f vodyuh; gS
(iii) f (a) = f (b),
fVIi.kh
rks [kqys vUrjky ]a, b[ esa de ls de ,d fcUnq c ,slk vo'; fLFkr gksxk tgk¡ f '(c) = 0 gksAsf
fVIi.kh
(i) dFku de ls de ,d fcUnq dk vFkZ gS fd c ∈]a, b] esa c osQ ,d ls vf/d eku Hkh
gks ldrs gSa rkfd f ' ( c ) = 0 gSA
(ii) izfrca/ fd f, [a, b] ij lrr gS vfuok;Z gS rFkk blesa dksbZ <hy ugha nh tk ldrhA
(iii) izfrca/ fd f, ]a, b[ ij vodyuh; gS Hkh vfuok;Z gS rFkk blesa f<ykbZ ugha nh tk ldrhA

mnkgj.kkFkZ f (x) =| x |, x ∈ [− 1,1] vUrjky [−1,1] ij lrr gS rFkk ]–1, 1[ ij vodyuh; gS

rFkk jksys dk izes; blosQ fy, oS/ gSA
vkb, oqQN mnkgj.k ysa
mnkgj.k 29.20. iQyu f (x) = x(x − 1)(x − 2), x ∈ [0, 2] osQ fy, jksys osQ izes; dk lR;kiu
dhft,A
gy % f (x) = x(x − 1)(x − 2) = x 3 − 3x 2 + 2x
(i) f (x) ,d cgqin iQyu gSA vr% [0, 2] esa lrr gS
(ii) f (x) vUrjky ]0, 2[ ij vodyuh; gS
(iii) f (0) = 0 rFkk f (2) = 0
∴ f (0) = f (2)
jksys osQ izes; dh lHkh 'krs± lUrq"V gks tkrh gSa
lkFk gh] f '(x) = 3x 2 − 6x + 2
6 ± 36 − 24
∴ f '(c) = 0 ls] 3c 2 − 6c + 2 = 0 ⇒ c=
6
1
⇒ c = 1±
3
ge ns[krs gSa fd c osQ nksuksa eku varjky ]0, 2[ esa gSaA
mnkgj.k 29.21. iQyu f (x) = sin x − sin 2x , x ∈ [0, π] osQ fy, jksys osQ izes; dh vuqiz;ksT;rk
(applicability) dh tkap dhft,A
gy % f (x) = sin x − sin 2x ...(i)
(i) lkbu iQyu gS tks vUrjky [0, π] esa lrr gS rFkk [0, π] esa vodyuh; gS A

256 xf.kr
 vodyt ds vuqiz;ksx
lkFk gh f ( 0 ) = 0 rFkk f ( π ) = 0 ekWM;
~ y
w - VIII
f ( π) = f ( 0) = 0
dyu
⇒

∴ jksys osQ izes; osQ lHkh izfrca/ lUrq"V gksrs gSaA

vc f '(c) = 2  2 cos 2 c − 1 − cos c = 0
 
;k fVIi.kh
4 cos 2 c − cos c − 2 = 0
1 ± 1 + 32 1 ± 33
∴ cos c = = ⋅
8 8
pw¡fd 33 < 6 gS]
7
∴ cos c < = 0.875
8
tks ;g n'kkZrh gS fd c, 0 ls π osQ chp esa gSA

ns[ksa vkius fdruk lh[kk 29.5

fuEu iQyuksa osQ fy, jksys osQ izes; dk lR;kiu dhft, %
x 3 5x 2
(i) f (x) = − + 2x , x ∈ [0, 3] (ii) f (x) = x 2 − 1 [–1, 1] ij
3 3
 π
(iii) f (x) = sin x + cos x − 1 , 0,  ij
 2
(iv) ( )
f (x) = x 2 − 1 ( x − 2 ) ] [− 1, 2] ij

29.6 ykxjkt dk ekè;eku izes;

;g izes; jksys osQ ize;s dk lq/jk gqvk :i gS ftlesa ;g vko';d ugha fd Li'kZ js[kk x-v{k osQ
lekUrj gksA bl ize;s dk dFku gS fd Li'kZ js[kk oØ osQ vUr fcUnqvksa dks feykus okyh js[kk osQ lekUrj
gSA nwljs 'kCnksa esa ;g ize;s dgrk gS fd oØ osQ vkys[k ij lnk ,d fcUnq dk vfLrRo gS tgk¡ Li'kZ
js[kk oØ osQ vUr fcUnqvksa dks feykus okyh js[kk osQ lekUrj gSA
29.6.1 ykxjakt izes; dk xf.krh; lw=k.k
ekuk f ,d okLrfod ewY; iQyu gS tks ,d cUn vUrjky [a, b] ij bl izdkj ifjHkkf"kr gS fd
(a) f vUrjky [a, b] ij lrr gS
(b) f, [a, b[ ij vodyuh; gS
(c) f (b) ≠ f (a)
rks [kqys vUrjky ]a, b[ esa ,d fcUnq bl izdkj gS fd
f (b) − f (a)
f '(c) =
b−a
fVIi.kh
tc f (b) = f (a) gks] rks f '(c) = 0 gSA rc ;g izes; jksys dk izes; cu tkrk gSA

xf.kr 257
 vodyt ds vuqiz;ksx
ekWM~;wy - VIII vkb, oqQN mnkgj.k ysaA
dyu mnkgj.k 29.22. iQyu f (x) = (x − 3)(x − 6)(x − 9) dks vUrjky [3, 5] osQ fy, ykxjkat osQ
ekè;eku izes; dks lR;kfir dhft,A
gy % f (x) = (x − 3)(x − 6)(x − 9) = (x − 3)(x 2 − 15x + 54)

fVIi.kh vFkok f (x) = x 3 − 18x 2 + 99x − 162 ...(i)

(i) ,d cgqin iQyu gS blfy, fn, x, vUrjky esa lrr rFkk vodyuh; gS
;gk¡ f (3) = 0, f (5) = (2)(–1)(− 4) = 8
∴ f (3) ≠ f (5)

blfy, ekè;eku izes; osQ lHkh izfrca/ larq"V gksrs gSaA

f (5) − f (3) 8 − 0
∴ f '(c) = = =4
5−3 2

vc f '(x) = 3x 2 − 36x + 99

∴ 3c2 − 36c + 99 = 4 vFkok 3c 2 − 36c + 95 = 0

36 ± 1296 − 1140 36 ± 12.5

∴ c= ≈ = 8.08 ;k 3.9
6 6
∴ c = 3.9 ∈ (3, 5)
∴ ykxjkat dk ekè;eku izes; lR;kfir gqvkA
mnkgj.k 29.23. ijoy; y = ( x − 4)2 ij og fcUnq Kkr dhft, tgk¡ Li'kZ js[kk fcUnqvksa ( 4, 0 )
rFkk ( 5,1) dks feykus okyh thok osQ lekUrj gSA
gy % oØ osQ fdlh fcUnq ij mldh Li'kZ js[kk dh izo.krk ml fcUnq ij ( f '(x) ) ds eku osQ
cjkcj gksrk gS
f '(x) = 2 ( x − 4 )
( 4, 0) rFkk ( 5,1) dks tksM+us okyh thok dh izo.krk gS
1− 0  y 2 − y1 
=1 Q m = 
5−4  x 2 − x1 
∴ ekè;eku izes; osQ vuqlkj
1
2 ( x − 4) = 1 vFkok ( x − 4) =
2
9
⇒ x=
2
tks 4 rFkk 5 osQ chp fLFkr gS
258 xf.kr
 vodyt ds vuqiz;ksx
vc y = ( x − 4)
2 ekWM;
~ y
w - VIII
2 dyu
9 9  1
tc x = , y =  − 4 =
2 2  4
9 1
∴ okafNr fcUnq  2 , 4  gSA
 
fVIi.kh

ns[ksa vkius fdruk lh[kk 29.6

1. fuEu iQyuksa esa ls izR;sd osQ fy, ekè;eku izes; dh tk¡p dhft, %
(i) f (x) = 3x 2 − 4 , [2, 3] ij (ii) f (x) = log x , [1, 2] ij
1
(iii) f (x) = x + , [1, 3] ij (iv) f (x) = x 3 − 2x 2 − x + 3 [0,1] ij
x

2. ijoy;] y = ( x + 3)2 ij og ,d fcUnq Kkr dhft, tgk¡ Li'kZ js[kk] fcUnqvksa ( 3, 0 ) rFkk
( − 4,1) dks feykus okyh thok osQ lekUrj gSA
29.7 o/Zeku rFkk ßkleku iQyu
vki ,d o/Zeku vFkok ßkleku iQyu dh lkekU; izo`fr;ksa (trends) dks igys gh ns[k pqds gSaA ;gk¡
ge iQyuksa ds o/Zeku vFkok ßkleku gksus ds izfrc/ksa dks Kkr djus dk iz;kl djsxa sA
eku yhft, fd ,d iQyu f (x) ,d cUn vUrjky [a,b] ij ifjHkkf"kr gSA
eku yhft, fd x1, x 2 ∈ [a, b] gSA rc iQyu f (x) fn;s x;s vUrjky esa o/Zeku iQyu dgykrk gS]
;fn f ( x 2 ) ≥ f ( x1 ) tc Hkh x 2 > x1 gksA bls fujUrj o/Zeku dgk tkrk gS] tc lHkh x 2 > x1 ]
x1 , x 2 ∈ [a, b] ds fy, f ( x 2 ) > f ( x1 ) gksA

π π
fp=k 29.3 esa] tc x, − ls rd c<+rk gS] rks sin x, − 1 ls + 1 rd c<+rk gSA
2 2
y

f(x) = 1
f(x) = sin x
x1 = π π
2 2 x
–π O x = π π
2 2

f(x) = –1 f(x) = –1

fp=k 29.3

xf.kr 259
 vodyt ds vuqiz;ksx
ekWM~;wy - VIII fVIi.kh% ,d vUrjky esa ,d iQyu o/Zeku gksxk] ;fn f (x + h)> f (x) gks] tc izR;sd x
dyu vUrjky esa gS rFkk h /ukRed gSA
,d iQyu] tks ,d cUn vUrjky [a,b] essa ifjHkkf"kr gS] ml vUrjky esa ßkleku gksxk] ;fn
f ( x 2 ) ≤ f ( x1 ) gks] tc x 2 > x1 , x1, x 2 ∈ [ a, b] gks] mls fujUrj ßkleku dgk tkrk gS] ;fn
lHkh x 2 > x1 , x1, x 2 ∈ [ a, b] ds fy, f ( x1 ) > f ( x 2 ) gksA
fVIi.kh fp=k 29.4 esa] tc x,0 ls π rd c<+rk gS] rks cos x,1 ls –1 rd de gksrk gSA
y

f(x) = cos x

x2 = π
x
x1 = 0 O 2π

f(x) = –1

fp=k 29.4

fVIi.kh% ,d iQyu fn;s gq, vUrjky esa âkleku gksrk gS] ;fn fn;s x;s vUrjky esa izR;sd x
ds fy, vkSj h > 0 ds fy, f ( x + h ) < f ( x ) gksA
29.8 ,dfn"V iQyu
eku yhft, fd x1, x 2 nks fcUnq ,sls gSa fd iQyu f ( x ) ds ifjHkkf"kr vUrjky esa x1 < x 2 gSA
rc iQyu ,dfn"V dgykrk gS] ;fn og ;k rks o/Zeku gks vkSj ;k âkleku gksA
iQyu f (x) fujUrj o/Zeku dgykrk gS] tc lHkh x 2 > x1 ds fy, (tks fn;s x;s vUrjky esa gS)]
f ( x 2 ) ≥ f ( x1 ) gks rFkk fujUrj âkleku dgykrk gS] ;fn f ( x1 ) ≥f ( x 2 )

mnkgj.k 29.24. fl¼ dhft, fd izR;sd x∈R ds fy,] f ( x ) = 4x + 7 ,d ,dfn"V iQyu gSA
gy % R esa x ds nks ekuksa x1 vkSj x 2 ij fopkj dhft, rkfd x 2 > x1 gksA (1)
(1) ds nksuksa i{kksa dks 4 ls xq.kk djus ij gesa feyrk gS % 4x 2 > 4x1 (2)
(2) ds nksuksa i{kksa esa 7 tksM+us ij] gesa feyrk gS %
4x 2 + 7 > 4x1 + 7

vFkkZr~ f ( x 2 ) > f ( x1 )

vr%] ge ns[krs gSa fd f ( x 2 ) > f ( x1 ) gS] tc Hkh x 2 > x1 gSA

vr%] fn;k x;k iQyu f ( x ) = 4x + 7 ,d ,dfn"V iQyu (fujUrj o/Zeku) gSA

260 xf.kr
 vodyt ds vuqiz;ksx
ekWM;
~ y
w - VIII
mnkgj.k 29.25. n'kkZb;s fd f ( x ) = x2
dyu
lHkh x<0 ds fy, ,d fujUrj ßkleku iQyu gSA
gy % x ds dksbZ nks eku x1 , x 2 ,sls yhft, fd
x 2 > x1 gks x1, x 2 < 0 .......(i),
fVIi.kh
è;ku nhft, fd fdlh vlfedk dks ,d ½.kkRed la[;k ls xq.kk djus ij vlfedk mYV tkrh gSA
(i) dks x 2 ls xq.kk djus ij] gesa feyrk gS %
x 2 ⋅ x 2 < x1 ⋅ x 2
vFkok x 22 < x1x 2 ......(ii),

(i) dks x1 ls xq.kk djus ij gesa feyrk gS %

x1 ⋅ x 2 < x1 ⋅ x1
vFkok x1x 2 < x12 .....(iii),
(ii) rFkk (iii) ls] gesa feyrk gS %
x 22 < x1x 2 < x12
vFkok x 22 < x12

vFkok f ( x 2 ) < f ( x1 ) .....(iv)

vr% (i) rFkk (iv) ls gesa izkIr gqvk fd
x 2 > x1 ds fy,] f ( x 2 ) < f ( x1 ) gSA

vr%] fn;k x;k iQyu lHkh x < 0 ds fy,] fujUrj âkleku gSA

ns[ksa vkius fdruk lh[kk 29.7

1. (a) fl¼ dhft, fd x ∈ R ds izR;sd eku ds fy,] iQyu f ( x ) = 3x + 4 ,d ,dfn"V
o/Zeku iQyu gSA
(b) fl¼ dhft, fd x ∈ R ds izR;sd eku ds fy, iQyu f ( x ) = 7 − 2x ,d ,dfn"V
âkleku iQyu gSA
(c) fl¼ dhft, fd x ds lHkh okLrfod ekuksa ds fy,] iQyu f ( x ) = ax + b fujUrj
oèkZeku iQyu gS] tcfd a, b vpj gS rFkk a > b gSA
2. (a) fl¼ dhft, fd iQyu f ( x ) = x 2 lHkh okLrfod x>0 ds fy, ,d fn"V o/Zeku
iQyu gSA
(b) fl¼ dhft, fd iQyu f ( x ) = x 2 − 4 , x > 2 ds fy, ,dfn"V o/Zeku gS rFkk
− 2 < x < 2 ds fy, ,dfn"V ßkleku iQyu gS tc x ∈ R gSA

xf.kr 261
 vodyt ds vuqiz;ksx
ekWM~;wy - VIII izes; 1% ;fn eqDr vUrjky ]a,b[ esa] iQyu f ( x ) o/Zeku gks] rc izR;sd x ∈ [a, b] ds fy,
dyu ml fcUnq ij iQyu dk vodyt f ' ( x ) /ukRed gksrk gSA
miifÙk % eku yhft, fd (x, y) ;k [x, f (x)] oØ y = f (x) ij ,d fcUnq gSA
,d /ukRed δx ds fy, ge fy[k ldrs gSa % x + δx > x

fVIi.kh vc iQyu f ( x ) ,d o/Zeku iQyu gSA

∴ f ( x + δx ) > f ( x )
;k f ( x + δx ) − f ( x ) > 0
f ( x + δx ) − f ( x )
;k > 0 [Q δx > 0]
δx
ekuk δx ,d vfr NksVh la[;k gSA lhek ysus ij] tc δ x → 0 gS] gesa feyrk gS %
lim f ( x + δx ) − f ( x )
δx → 0 >0
δx
;k f ' (x) > 0
vr%] ;fn y = f (x) ,d fcUnq ij ,d o/Zeku iQyu gS] rks f ' (x) ml fcUnq ij /ukRed gksxkA
izes; 2: ,d eqDr vUrjky ]a, b[ esa] ;fn iQyu f (x) âkleku gS] rks izR;sd x ∈ [a, b] ds
fy, ml fcUnq ij iQyu dk vodyt f ' (x) ½.kkRed gksxkA
miifr % eku yhft, fd oØ y = f (x) ij ( x, y ) ;k  x, f ( x ) dksbZ fcUnq gSA
,d /ukRed δx ds fy,] gesa feyrk gS % x + δx > x
pw¡fd iQyu âkleku gS] blfy, f ( x + δx ) < f ( x ) ( δx > 0 )
;k f ( x + δx ) − f ( x ) < 0
δx ls Hkkx nsus ij] gesa feyrk gS %
f ( x + δx ) − f ( x )
< 0 , δx > 0
δx
f ( x + δx ) − f ( x )
∴ lim <0
δx →0 δx
vFkkZr~ f ' ( x ) < 0
bl izdkj] ;fn y = f (x) ,d fcUnq ij ßkleku iQyu gS] rks ml fcUnq ij f ' (x) ½.kkRed gksxkA
fVIi.kh% ;fn ,d can vUrjky [a, b] esa] f (x) ,d vodyuh; iQyu gS] rks f (x)

(1) [a,b] ij o/Zeku gS] ;fn [kqys (eqDr) vUrjky ]a,b[ esa f ' ( x ) > 0 gSA

(ii) [a,b] ij ßkleku gS] ;fn [kqys (eqDr) vUrjky ]a,b[ esa f ' ( x ) < 0 gSA

262 xf.kr
 vodyt ds vuqiz;ksx

29.9 fdlh iQyu dh ,dfn"Vrk rFkk vodyt ds fpUg esa lEcU/ ekWM;
~ y
w - VIII
fp=k 29.5 esa fn[kk, x;s oØ ds iQyu ij fopkj dhft,A dyu
y

R dy V
=0
Q
dx fVIi.kh
dy S
<0
dx
dy P T
>0 dy
dx =0
dx
x
A O B C D E F G

fp=k 29.5

fdlh iQyu dh o/Zeku ;k âkleku izd`fr (,dfn"Vrk) rFkk vodyt ds fpUg esa lEcU/ ds
vè;;u dks ge oØ ds fp=k 29.5 dh Hkkafr fofHkUu Hkkxksa (i) P ls R rd] (ii) R ls T rd] (iii) T
ls V rd foHkkftr dj ysrs gSaA
(i) ge ns[krs gSa fd P ls R rd oØ ds izR;sd vuqorhZ fcUnq ds fy,] dksfV (y-funsZ'kkad) c<+rh
tkrh gS vkSj mldk x-funsZ'kkad Hkh c<+rk gSA
;fn ( x1, y1 ) dk vuqorhZ fcUnq ( x 2 , y2 ) gS] rc x 2 > x1 ls y 2 > y1 ;k f ( x 2 ) > f ( x1 )
feyrk gSA lkFk gh P ls R rd izR;sd fcUnq ij Li'kZ js[kk /ukRed x-v{k ds lkFk U;wu dks.k
cukrh gS] vkSj blh fy, oØ ds ,sls lHkh fcUnqvksa (R ds vfrfjDr) ij Li'kZ js[kk dh izo.krk
/ukRed gksxhA fcUnq R ij] tgk¡ dksfV (y-funsZ'kkad) dk eku vf/dre gS] Li'kZ js[kk x-v{k
ds lekUrj gS] vkSj mlds ifj.kkeLo:i R ij Li'kZ js[kk dh izo.krk 'kwU; gSA oØ ds bl Hkkx
ds fy, ge fu"d"kZ fudkyrs gSa fd
(a) iQyu P ls R rd fujUrj o/Zeku gSA
(b) (R ds vfrfjDr) izR;sd fcUnq ij Li'kZ js[kk x-v{k dh /ukRed fn'kk ds lkFk U;wu
dks.k cukrh gSA
(c) oØ ds izR;sd fcUnq] ftl ij y o/Zeku gS] ij Li'kZ js[kk dh izo.krk /ukRed gS] vFkkZr
dy
> 0 gSA
dx
(d) tc y dk eku vf/dre gS] vFkkZr~ fcUnq R ij Li'kZ js[kk dh izo.krk dy = 0 A
dx
(ii) oØ ds Hkkx R ls T rd ds chp izR;sd fcUnq ij dksfV (y-funs'Z kakd) de gksrh tkrh gS] ;|fi
bldk x funs'Z kkad c<rk tkrk gSA bl izdkj x 2 > x1 ls gesa y 2 < y1 ;k f ( x 2 ) < f ( x1 ) feyrk gSA
lkFk gh oØ ij R ds vuqorhZ izR;sd fcUnq ij Li'kZ js[kk x-v{k dh /ukRed fn'kk ds lkFk
vf/d dks.k cukrh gSA blds ifj.kkeLo:i izR;sd mu fcUnqvksa ds fy, ftudk y-funsZ'kkad
de gks jgk gS] Li'kZ js[kk dh izo.krk ½.kkRed gSA fcUnq T ij dksfV dk eku U;wure gS vkSj

xf.kr 263
 vodyt ds vuqiz;ksx
ekWM~;wy - VIII Li'kZ js[kk x-v{k ds lekUrj gSA blds ifj.kkeLo:i T ij Li'kZ js[kk dh izo.krk 'kwU; gSA
dyu mijksDr ls ge ;g fu"d"kZ fudkyrs gSa fd]
(a) R ls T rd iQyu fujarj âkleku gSA
(b) T ds vfrfjDr izR;sd fcUnq ij Li'kZ js[kk x-v{k dh /ukRed fn'kk ds lkFk vf/d
dks.k cukrh gSA
fVIi.kh (c) oØ ds izR;sd fcUnq] ftu ij y-âkleku gS] Li'kZ js[kk dh izo.krk ½.kkRed gS] vFkkZr~
dy
< 0 gSA
dx
dy
(d) fcUnq T ij tgk¡ dksfV dk eku U;wure gS] Li'kZ js[kk dh izo.krk vFkkZr = 0 gSA
dx
(iii) iqu% oØ ij T ls V rd ds izR;sd fcUnq ij y-funsZ'kkad fujarj c<+rk gSA T ls V rd oØ
ds izR;sd fcUnq ij Li'kZ js[kk x-v{k dh /ukRed fn'kk ds lkFk U;wu dks.k cukrh gS] ftlds
iQyuLo:i oØ ds bl izdkj ds izR;sd fcUnq ij Li'kZ js[kk dh izo.krk /ukRed gksrh gSA
dy
fu"d"kZ ;g gS fd T vkSj V ds > 0 gSA
vfrfjDr izR;sd fcUnq ij
dx
dy dy
lkFk gh] T vkSj V ij = 0 rFkk fcUnq R,T vkSj V ds ,d vksj < 0 gS vkSj nwljh
dx dx
dy dy
vksj > 0 gS rFkk R,T vkSj V ij =0 A
dx dx
mnkgj.k 29.26. x ds fdu ekuksa ds fy,] iQyu f ( x ) = x 2 − 6x + 8 o/Zeku gS rFkk fduds
fy, ßkleku gSA
gy % f ( x ) = x 2 − 6x + 8
f ' ( x ) = 2x − 6

f ( x ) ds o/Zeku iQyu gksus ds fy,, f ' ( x ) > 0 gksxkA

vFkkZr~ 2x − 6 > 0 vFkok 2 ( x − 3) > 0
vFkok x −3 > 0 vFkok x > 3
vr% x>3 ds fy, iQyu o/Zeku gSA
f ( x ) ds ßkleku gksus ds fy,
f ' (x) < 0
vFkkZr~ 2x − 6 < 0 vFkok x − 3 < 0
vFkok x<3
vr%] x < 3 ds fy, iQyu ßkleku gSA
mnkgj.k 29.27. og vUrjky Kkr dhft, ftlesa iQyu f ( x ) = 2x 3 − 3x 2 − 12x + 6 o/Zeku
gS vFkok ßkleku gSA
gy % f ( x ) = 2x 3 − 3x 2 − 12x + 6

264 xf.kr
 vodyt ds vuqiz;ksx
f ' ( x ) = 6x 2 − 6x − 12 ekWM;
~ y
w - VIII
( )
= 6 x 2 − x − 2 = 6 ( x − 2 ) ( x + 1) dyu

f (x) ds o/Zeku gksus ds fy,]

f ' (x) > 0

vFkkZr~ 6 ( x − 2 ) ( x + 1) > 0 vFkok ( x − 2 ) ( x + 1) > 0 fVIi.kh

D;ksafd nks xq.ku[kaMksa dk xq.kuiQy /ukRed gS] blfy, ;k rks nksuksa /ukRed gS vFkok nksuksa ½.kkRed
gSaA
;k rks x − 2 > 0 rFkk x + 1 > 0 vFkok x − 2 < 0 rFkk x + 1 < 0
vFkkZr~ x > 2 rFkk x > −1 vFkok x < 2 rFkk x < −1

⇒ x>2 rFkk x > −1 vFkok x < −1 rFkk x<2

x>2 vFkok x <–1
vr%] o/Zeku iQyu ds fy, x > 2 vFkok x <–1.
vc] f (x) ds ßkleku gksus ds fy,] f ' ( x ) < 0 gksxkA

⇒ 6 (x–2) (x+1)<0 vFkok (x–2) (x+1)<0

nks xq.ku[kaM+kas dk xq.kuiQy ½.kkRed gSA blfy, ,d /ukRed rFkk nwljk ½.kkRed gksxkA
;k rks x − 2 > 0 rFkk x + 1 < 0 vFkok x−2<0 rFkk x + 1 > 0
⇒ x>2 rFkk x < − 1 ⇒ x < 2 rFkk x > − 1
,slk dksbZ x lEHko ugha gS blls feyrk gS − 1 < x < 2
∴ iQyu − 1 < x < 2 esa ßkleku gSA
x
mnkgj.k 29.28. iQyu f ( x ) = 2 ds fy, og vUrjky Kkr dhft, ftlesa iQyu o/Zeku
x +1
vFkok ßkleku gS A

gy % f ' (x) =
( x 2 + 1)
dx
dx
−x⋅
d
dx
( x 2 + 1)

( )2 2
x + 1

=
( x 2 + 1) − x ⋅ ( 2x )
=
1− x2

( )
2
( )
2 2
x 2
+ 1 x + 1

∴ f 'x =
(1 − x ) (1 + x )
( x 2 + 1)
2

xf.kr 265
 vodyt ds vuqiz;ksx
ekWM~;wy - VIII
( )
2
D;ksafd x 2 + 1 lHkh x ds fy, /ukRed gSA blfy, ;fn –1 < x < 0 gS rks (1 − x ) rFkk
dyu
(1 + x ) nksuksa /ukRed gaS ftlls f ' ( x ) > 0 gSA
;fn 0 < x <1 gS rks] (1 − x ) rFkk (1 + x ) nksuksa /ukRed gksaxs ftlls f ' ( x ) > 0 gksxkA
;fn x < − 1 gS rks] (1 − x ) /ukRed rFkk (1 + x ) ½.kkRed gksxk ftlls f ' ( x ) < 0 gksxkA
fVIi.kh
;fn x > 1 gS rks] (1 − x ) ½.kkRed rFkk (1 + x ) /ukRed gksxk ftlls f ' ( x ) < 0 gksxkA
vr%] ge fu"d"kZ fudkyrs gSa fd
– 1 < x < 0 rFkk 0 < x < 1 ds fy,
vFkok –1 < x < 1 ds fy, iQyu o/Zeku gS
rFkk x < – 1 vFkok x > 1 ds fy, iQyu ßkleku gSA

fVIi.kh% os fcUnq tgk¡ f ' (x) = 0 gS Økafrd fcUnq (critical points) dgykrs gSaA ;gk¡ Økafrd fcUnq
x = −1, x = 1 gaSA

mnkgj.k 29.29. n'kkZb, fd %

(a) f ( x ) = cos x vUrjky 0 ≤ x ≤ π esa ßkleku iQyu gSA

(b) f ( x ) = x − cos x lHkh x ds fy, o/Zeku iQyu gSA

gy % (a) f ( x ) = cos x
f ' ( x ) = − sin x
f (x) ßkleku gS] ;fn f ' ( x ) < 0 gSA
vFkok − sin x < 0
vFkkZr sin x > 0
sin x izFke rFkk f}rh; prqZFkkZ'kksa esa /ukRed gksrk gSA
∴ sin x; 0 ≤ x ≤ π esa /ukRed gSA
∴ f (x); 0 ≤ x ≤ π esa ßkleku gSA
(b) f ( x ) = x − cos x
f ' ( x ) = 1 + sin x
sin x dk U;wure eku –1 gS rFkk vf/dre eku 1 gSA
⇒ − 1 ≤ sin x ≤ 1 vFkok 1 − 1 ≤ 1 + sin x ≤ 1 + 1
vFkok 0 ≤ 1 + sin x ≤ 2
vFkok 0 ≤ f ' (x) ≤ 2
⇒ f '( x ) ≥ 0
⇒ f ( x ) = x − cos x , x ds lHkh ekuksa ds fy, o/Zeku gSA

266 xf.kr
 vodyt ds vuqiz;ksx
ekWM;
~ y
w - VIII
ns[ksa vkius fdruk lh[kk 29.8 dyu
og vUrjky Kkr dhft, ftlesa fuEufyf[kr iQyu o/Zeku vFkok ßkleku gSa %
1. (a) f ( x ) = x 2 − 7x + 10 (b) f ( x ) = 3x 2 − 15x + 10

2. (a) f ( x ) = x 3 − 6x 2 − 36x + 7 (b) f ( x ) = x 3 − 9x 2 + 24x + 12 fVIi.kh

3. (a) y = − 3x 2 − 12x + 8 (b) f ( x ) = 1 − 12x − 9x 2 − 2x 3
x−2 x2 x 2
4. (a) y = , x ≠ − 1 (b) y = , x ≠1 (c) y = + ,x ≠0
x +1 x −1 2 x
π 
5. (a) fl¼ dhft, fd iQyu log sin x vUrjky  2 , π esa âkleku gS
 
(b) fl¼ dhft, fd iQyu cos x vUrjky [ π, 2π] esa o/Zeku gSA

vUrjky Kkr dhft, ftuesa iQyu cos  2x + π  , 0 ≤ x ≤ π âkleku vFkok

(c) os
 4
o/Zeku gSA
iQyu ds vkys[k ls og fcUnq Kkr dhft, tgk¡ Li'kZ js[kk,¡ x-v{k ds lekUrj gSaA
29.10 ,d iQyu ds mfPp"B ,oa fufEu"B eku
geus ,d lrr iQyu dk vkys[k ns[kk gSA ;g ,dkUrjr% c<+rk rFkk ?kVrk gSA ;fn fdlh lrr iQyu
dk eku ,d fo'ks"k fcUnq rd c<+s vkSj fiQj de gksuk vkjEHk gks tk,] rks og iQyu dk mfPp"B
fcUnq dgykrk gS rFkk ml fcUnq ij mldk laxr eku ml iQyu dk vf/dre (mfPp"B) eku
dgykrk gSA lkFk gh] ,slh voLFkk vkrh gS tc og fiQj ?kVus ls c<+uk vkjEHk djrk gSA ;fn fdlh
lrr iQyu dk eku fdlh fo'ks"k fcUnq rd de gksrk tk;s vkSj fiQj c<+uk vkjEHk gks tk,] rks og
fcUnq iQyu dk fufEu"B fcUnq dgykrk gS rFkk ml fcUnq ij laxr eku iQyu dk U;wure (fufEu"B)
eku dgykrk gSA
y
f(x) = sin x
vf/dre vf/dre vf/dre
B D F

–3π –2π –π 0 π 2π 3π

A C E
U;wure U;wure U;wure
fp=k 29.6
fp=k 29.6 n'kkZrk gS fd ,d iQyu ds ,d ls vf/d mfPp"B vFkok fufEu"B eku gks ldrs gSaA vr%
lrr iQyu ds fy,] gesa mfPp"B (fufEu"B)eku ,d vUrjky esa feyrs gaS rFkk ;s eku ml iQyu
xf.kr 267
 vodyt ds vuqiz;ksx
ekWM~;wy - VIII ds fujis{k mfPp"B (fufEWu"B)eku ugha gksrsA blh dkj.k ls ge dHkh&dHkh mUgsa LFkkuh; mfPp"B
dyu vFkok LFkkuh; fufEu"B eku dgrs gSaA
,d iQyu f (x) dk fcUnq x=a ij mfPp"B (vFkok LFkkuh; mfPp"B) eku rc gksrk gS tc b

ds i;kZIr dkiQh NksVs /ukRed ekuksa ds fy,] f ( a ) ≥ f ( a ± b ) gks] tgk¡ a – b < a < a + b gSA
(nsf[k, fp=k 29.7)A
fVIi.kh ,d iQyu dk mfPp"B (vFkok LFkkuh; mfPp"B) eku og gS tks fufnZ"V fcUnq ds nksuksa vksj rqjUr
vklUu izfros'kh fcUnqvksa ij iQyu ds lHkh ekuksa esa lcls vf/d gksA
y y
A
A f(x)
f(x)

f(a) f(a)

x x
O a–b a a+b O a–b a a+b

fp=k 29.7 fp=k 29.8

,d iQyu f ( x ) dk ,d fcUnq x = a ij fufEu"B (vFkok LFkkuh; fufEu"B) eku rc gksrk gS tc

b ds lHkh i;kZIr dkiQh NksVs /ukRed ekuksa ds fy, f ( a ) ≥ f ( a ± b ) gksa] tgk¡ a − b < a < a + b gSA
fp=k 29.8 esa] iQyu f (x) dk x = a ij LFkkuh; fufEu"B eku gSA
,d iQyu dk fufEu"B (vFkok LFkkuh; fufEu"B) eku og gS tks fufnZ"V fcUnq ds nksuksa vksj] rqjUr
vklUu izfros'kh fcUnqvksa] ij iQyu ds lHkh ekuksa esa lcls de gksA
fVIi.kh% fcUnq x∈R dk izfros'k [kqys vUrjky ]x– ∈ [ ls ifjHkkf"kr gksrk gS] tgk¡ ∈> 0 gSA

29.11 mfPp"B vFkok fufEu"B ds fy, izfrca/

ge tkurs gSa fd tc iQyu o/Zeku gS] rks mldk vodyt /ukRed gksrk gS rFkk tc iQyu
ßkleku gS] rks vodyt ½.kkRed gksrk gSA ge bl ifj.kke dk iz;ksx dj fdlh iQyu dk mfPp"B
vFkok fufEu"B gksus ds fy, izfrca/ Kkr djsaxsA fp=k 29.6 dks nsf[k,A fcUnq B,D rFkk F mfPp"B ds
fcUnq gS rFkk fcUnq A,C,E fufEu"B ds fcUnq gaSA
B ds ckb± vksj] iQyu o/Zeku gSA vr% f ' ( x ) > 0 gSA ysfdu B dh nk;ha vksj iQyu ßkleku gSA
vr% f ' ( x ) < 0 ;g rHkh laHko gS] tc f '(x) chp esa dgha 'kwU; gks tk,A ge bls fuEu izdkj
ls fy[k ldrs gSa %
,d iQyu f ( x ) dk ,d fcUnq ij mfPp"B eku gS] ;fn (i) f '(x) = 0 rFkk (ii) f '(x) ml fcUnq
ij tgk¡ f '(x) = 0 ds izfros'k (neighbourhood) esa /ukRed ls ½.kkRed gksrk gS (tc fcUnq
ck;sa ls nk;ha vksj fy, tkrs gSa)

268 xf.kr
 vodyt ds vuqiz;ksx
vc] fcUnq C ds ck;ha vksj (fp=k 29.6) iQyu f ( x ) ßkleku gSSA blfy, f '(x) < 0 gS rFkk C ds nk;ha ekWM;
~ y
w - VIII
vksj iQyu o/Zeku gS vkSj blhfy, f '(x) > 0 gSA ,d ckj fiQj] /ukRed eku gksus ls igys dyu
f ' ( x ) = 0 gksxkA ge bls fuEu izdkj ls fy[krs gSa %

,d iQyu f ( x ) dk ,d fcUnq ij fufEu"B eku gS] ;fn ( i ) f ' ( x ) = 0 rFkk (ii) f ' ( x ) ml fcUnq]
tgk¡ f ' ( x ) = 0 gS] ds izfros'k esa ½.kkRed ls /ukRed gksrk gSA
fVIi.kh
gesa ;g è;ku j[kuk pkfg, fd mfPp"B ;k fufEu"B ds fy, f ' (x) = 0

,d vko';d izfrca/ gS] ijUrq i;kZIr ughaA ge ,slk ,d iQyu Kkr dj ldrs gS tks o/Zeku gS]
fiQj vpj rFkk fiQj o/Zeku gSA bl fLFkfr esa] f ' ( x ) viuk fpUg ugha cnyrk A vr% og eku tgk¡
f ' ( x ) = 0 gS
mfPp"B vFkok fufEu"B fcaUnq ugha gSA ,sls fcUnq dks ufr ifjorZu fcUnq (Point of
Inflexion) dgrs gSaA

mnkgj.kr;k] iQyu f ( x ) = x 3 ds fy,] x=0 ,d ufr ifjorZu fcUnq gS D;ksafd tc x ] 0 ls

gksdj tkrk gS] rks f ' ( x ) = 3x 2 viuk fpUg ugha cnyrkA D;ksafd f ' ( x ) fcUnq 0 ds nksuksa vksj /
ukRed gS] D;ksfa d Li'kZ js[kk,¡ x-v{k ds lkFk U;wu dks.k cukrh gaS (nsf[k, fp=k 29.9)A vr%
f ( x ) = x3 dk x=0 ij ,d ufr ifjorZu fcUnq gSA
os fcUnq] tgk¡ f ' ( x ) = 0 gks LrC/ fcUnq (stationary points) dgykrs gSa] D;ksafd ogk¡ iQyu dh
ifjorZu nj 'kwU; gSA vr%] mfPp"B rFkk fufEu"B fcUnq LrC/ fcUnq gSaA
fVIi.kh%
LrC/ fcUnq] tgk¡ iQyu LFkkuh; mfPp"B vFkok LFkkuh; fufEu"B eku ikrk gS] pje eku Hkh
dgykrs gSa rFkk nksuksa LFkkuh; mfPp"B rFkk LFkkuh; fufEu"B eku iQyu f (x) ds pje eku Hkh
dgykrs gSaA vr% ,d iQyu fcUnq x = a ij pje eku ikrk gS] ;fn f (a) ;k rks LFkkuh; mfPp"B
gks ;k LFkkuh; fufEu"B gksA

29.12 mfPp"B rFkk fufEu"B Kkr djus dh fof/

fdlh iQyu ds mfPp"B rFkk fufEu"B Kkr djus dh fof/ uhpss nh x;h gS %
(i) f ' ( x ) Kkr dhft,

(ii) f ' (x) = 0 eku dj LrC/ fcUnq Kkr dhft,

(iii) LrC/ fcUnqvksa ds izfros'k esa f ' (x) dk fpUg nsf[k,A ;fn ;g /ukRed ls ½.kkRed esa
cnyrk gS] rks ml fcUnq ij f (x) dk mfPp"B eku gS vkSj ;fn f ' (x) dk fpUg ½.kkRed
ls /ukRed esa cnyrk gS] rks ml fcUnq ij f (x) dk fufEu"B eku gSA
(iv) ;fn f ' (x) dk fpUg fdlh fcUnq ds lkehI; esa ugha cnyrk rks mls ufr ifjorZu fcUnq dgrs
gSA

xf.kr 269
 vodyt ds vuqiz;ksx
ekWM~;wy - VIII mnkgj.k 29.30. iQyu f ( x ) = x 3 − 3x 2 − 9x ds mfPp"B (LFkkuh; mfPp"B) rFkk fufEu"B
dyu (LFkkuh; fufEu"B) fcUnq Kkr dhft,A
gy % ;gk¡ f ( x ) = x 3 − 3x 2 − 9x

f ' ( x ) = 3x 2 − 6x − 9
fVIi.kh pj.k I : vc f ' ( x ) = 0 , 3x 2 − 6x − 9 = 0

⇒ x 2 − 2x − 3 = 0
⇒ ( x − 3) ( x + 1) = 0
⇒ x = 3, − 1
∴ LrC/ fcUnq gaS % x = 3, x = − 1

pj.k II : x =3 ij x<3 ds fy, f ' ( x ) < 0 gS

rFkk x >3 ds fy, f ' (x) > 0

∴ f '(x), 3 ds izfros'k esa viuk fpUg ½.kkRed ls /ukRed esa cnyrk gSA
∴ x =3 ij f (x) dk fufEu"B eku gSA
pj.k III : x = –1 ij]
x < −1 ds fy, f ' ( x ) > 0 gSA
rFkk x > −1 ds fy, f ' ( x ) < 0 gSA

∴ f ' ( x ) , −1 ds izfros'k esa viuk fpUg /ukRed ls ½.kkRed esa cnyrk gSA vr% x = −1 ij
f (x) dk mfPp"B eku gSA
∴ x = −1 vkSj x = 3 ls gesa Øe'k% mfPp"B rFkk fufEu"B ds fcanq izkIr gksrs gSaA
vc mfPp"B eku (fufEu"B eku) Kkr djus ds fy, gesa izkIr gS%
3 2
iQyu dk mfPp"B eku = f ( −1) = ( −1) − 3 ( −1) − 9 ( −1)
= −1 − 3 + 9 = 5
rFkk fufEu"B eku 2
= f ( 3) = 33 − 3 ( 3) − 9 ( 3) = −27

∴ LFkkuh; mfPp"B rFkk LFkkuh; fufEu"B ds fcanq Øe'k% ( −1,5 ) vkSj ( 3, −27 ) gSaA

mnkgj.k 29.31. iQyu f ( x ) = x 2 − 4x ds LFkkuh; mfPp"B rFkk LFkkuh; fufEu"B fcUnq Kkr
dhft,A
gy % f ( x ) = x 2 − 4x
∴ f ' ( x ) = 2x − 4 = 2 ( x − 2 )
f ' (x)=0 ls gesa feyrk gS] 2 (x – 2) = 0, vFkkZr~ x = 2 A vc gesa tkap djuh gS fd x = 2 LFkkuh;
mfPp"B fcUnq gS ;k LFkkuh; fufEu"B fcUnq gS ;k buesa ls dksbZ ugh gSA

270 xf.kr
 vodyt ds vuqiz;ksx
vkb, x = 1.9 tks fd 2 ds ck;ha vksj gS rFkk x = 2.1 tks 2 ds nk;ha vksj gS ysa] rFkk f ' ( x ) dk eku ekWM;
~ y
w - VIII
bu ij Kkr djasaA dyu
f ' (1.9 ) = 2 (1.9 − 2 ) < 0
f ' ( 2.1) = 2 ( 2.1 − 2 ) > 0
tc ge 2 dh vksj cka;h vksj ls igq¡prs gSa] rks f ' ( x ) < 0 gS rFkk tc ge 2 dh vksj nka;h vksj
ls igq¡prs gSa] rks f ' ( x ) > 0 gSA vr% x = 2 ij ,d LFkkuh; fufEu"B gSA fVIi.kh
ge f (x) ds fpUg ds fo"k; esa viuh [kkst dks ,d rkfydk] tks uhps nh xbZ gS] esa ns jgs gSaA
f' (x) dk fpUg

fcUnq x=2

2 ds ck;ha vksj 2 ds nk;ha vksj

f '( x ) < 0 f '( x ) > 0

LFkkuh; fufEu"B
mnkgj.k 29.32. iQyu f ( x ) = 2x 3 − 3x 2 − 12x + 8 ds lHkh LFkkuh; mfPp"B RkFkk LFkkuh;
fufEu"B Kkr dhft,A
gy % f ( x ) = 2x 3 − 3x 2 − 12x + 8

∴
2
(
f ' ( x ) = 6x 2 − 6x − 12 = 6 x − x − 2 )
∴ f ' ( x ) = 6 ( x + 1) ( x − 2 )
vc f '(x)=0 dks x ds fy, gy djus ij] ge ikrs gSa %
6 (x+1) (x–2) = 0
⇒ x = − 1, 2
vr%] x = –1,2 ij f '(x) = 0
vc ge tk¡p djsaxs fd D;k ;s fcUnq LFkkuh; mfPp"B fcUnq gSa ;k LFkkuh; fufEu"B fcUnq gSa ;k buesa
ls dksbZ ugha gaSA
fcUnq x = –1 dks yhft,A
vkb, ge x = − 1.1 ysa tks –1 ds ck;ha vksj gS rFkk x = –0.9 ysa tks –1 ds nk;ha vksj gS rFkk f' (x)
dk eku bu fcanqvksa ij Kkr djsaA
f ' ( −1.1) = 6 ( −1.1 + 1)( −1.1 − 2 ) , tks fd /ukRed gS] vFkkZr~ f '(x)>0 gSA
f ' ( −0.9 ) = 6 ( −0.9 + 1)( −0.9 − 2 ) , tks fd ½.kkRed gS] vFkkZr~ f '(x)<0 gSA
vr%] x = –1 ij ,d LFkkuh; mfPp"B gSA
vkb, vc x = 2 ysaA

xf.kr 271
 vodyt ds vuqiz;ksx
ekWM~;wy - VIII vc] ge x = 1.9 ysrs gSa tks x = 2 ds ck;ha vksj gS rFkk x = 2.1 ysrs gSa tks x = 2 ds nk;ha vksj gS rFkk
dyu bu fcUnqvksa ij f' (x) ds eku Kkr djrs gSaA
f ' (1.9 ) = 6 (1.9 + 1)(1.9 − 2 )
= 6×(/ukRed la[;k)×(½.kkRed la[;k) = ,d ½.kkRed la[;k
vFkkZr~ f '(1.9) < 0 gSA
fVIi.kh lkFk gh f '(2.1) = 6(2.1+1)(2.12), tks fd /ukRed gSA
vFkkZr~ f'(2.1)>0 gSA
f ′ (x) = 0

f ′ (x) < 0 f ′ (x) > 0

x=2
pw¡fd f '(x) < 0 gS tc ge 2 dh vksj ck,¡ ls tkrs gSa
rFkk f ' (x) >0 gS tc ge 2s dh vksj nk¡;s ls tkrs gSa
∴ x = 2 ,d LFkkuh; fufEu"B fcUnq gS
vr%] f(x) dk x = –1 ij LFkkuh; mfPp"B fcUnq gS rFkk f(x) dk mfPp"B eku = 2–3 + 12 + 8 = 15
gSA f(x) dk x = 2 ij LFkkuh; fufEu"B fcUnq gS rFkk f(x) dk fufEu"B eku = 2 (8) –3(4) –12 (2) +8
= –12 gSA

f '(x) dk fpUg
fcUnq x = –1 fcUnq x=2

–1 dss ck;ha vksj –1 ds nk;ha vksj 2 ds ck;ha vksj 2 ds nk;ha vksj

/ukRed ½.kkRed ½.kkRed /ukRed
LFkkuh; mfPp"B LFkkuh; fufEu"B

mnkgj.k 29.33. fuEufy[kr iQyu dk LFkkuh; mfPp"B rFkk LFkkuh; fufEu"B] ;fn dksbZ gS]
Kkr dhft, %
x
f (x) =
1+ x2
x
gy % f (x) =
1+ x2

rc f ' (x) =
(1 + x 2 ) 1 − ( 2x ) x
=
1− x2

( )
1 + x 2 2
( )
1 + x 2 2

LFkkuh; mfPp"B fcUnq vFkok LFkkuh; fufEu"B fcUnq Kkr djus ds fy, f '(x) = 0 jf[k,A
1− x2
=0
vFkkZr~]
( )
2
1+ x2

272 xf.kr
 vodyt ds vuqiz;ksx
⇒ 1− x2 = 0 ekWM;
~ y
w - VIII
vFkkZr~ (1 + x ) (1 − x ) = 0 vFkkZr~ x = 1,–1 gSA dyu
eku x = 1 yhft,A
x ds 1 ls FkksM+s NksVs eku ysus ij rFkk 1 ls FkksM+s cM+s eku ysus ij] f'(x) dk eku /ukRed ls ½.kkRed
esa cnyrk gSA vr% x = 1 ij ,d LFkkuh; mfPp"B fcUnq gS rFkk ;gk¡ LFkkuh; mfPp"B eku
A fVIi.kh
1 1 1
= = =
1 + (1)
2 1+1 2
vc eku x = –1 yhft,A
f'(x) viuk fpUg ½.kkRed ls /ukRed esa cnyrk gS] tc x, –1 ls gksdj tkrk gSA vr% x = −1
1
ij iQyu dk ,d LFkkuh; fufEu"B fcUnq gS] bl izdkj LFkkuh; fufEu"B eku =−
2

π
mnkgj.k 29.34. iQyu f (x) = sin x + cos x, 0 < x < ds fy, LFkkuh; mfPp"B rFkk LFkkuh;
2
fufEu"B] ;fn dksbZ gS] Kkr dhft,A
gy % gesa fn;k gS % f (x) = sin x + cos x
∴ f '(x) = cos x − sin x
ZLFkkuh; mfPp"B@fufEu"B ds fy,] f '(x) = 0 gksxkA
∴ cos x − sin x = 0
π π
vFkkZr~ tan x = 1 ⇒ x= , 0 < x < esa
4 2
π
x= ij]
4
π
x < ds fy, cos x > sin x
4
∴ f ' ( x ) = cos x − sin x > 0
π
x > ds fy, cos x − sin x < 0
4
∴ ( )
f ' x = cos x − sin x < 0
π
vr% ds izfros'k esa f'(x) viuk fpUg /ukRed ls ½.kkRed esa cnyrk gS A
4
π
∴x= ,d LFkkuh; mfPp"B dk fcUnq gSA
4
π 1 1
mfPp"B eku =f   = + = 2
4 2 2

π 
vr%] LFkkuh; mfPp"B fcUnq  , 2 gSA
4 

xf.kr 273
 vodyt ds vuqiz;ksx
ekWM~;wy - VIII
dyu ns[ksa vkius fdruk lh[kk 29.9
fuEufyf[kr iQyuksa ds fy, LFkkuh; mfPp"B fcUnq rFkk LFkkuh; fufEu"B fcUnq Kkr dhft,A mu
fcUnqvksa ij mfPp"B rFkk fufEu"B Hkh Kkr dhft,
x 2 − 8x + 12 x 3 − 6x 2 + 9x + 15
fVIi.kh 1. 2.
3. 2x 3 − 21x 2 + 36x − 20 4. x 4 − 62x 2 + 120x + 9
x −1
5. ( x − 1)( x − 2 )2 6. 2
x +x+2

29.13 iQyu dk mfPp"B rFkk fufEu"B Kkr djus ds fy, f}rh;

vodyt dk mi;ksx
vc ge ml iQyu] ftlds f}rh; vodyt dk vfLrRo gS] ds fy,] LFkkuh; mfPp"B vkSj fufEu"B
Kkr djus dh ,d nwljh fof/ crk;asxsA blds fofHkUu pj.k bl izdkj gSa %
(i) eku yhft, fd fn;k x;k iQyu f(x) }kjk O;Dr fd;k tkrk gSA
(ii) f '(x) Kkr dhft, rFkk mls 'kwU; ds cjkcj jf[k,A
(iii) f '(x) = 0 dks gy dhft,A eku yhft, fd bldk ,d okLrfod ewy x = a gSA
(iv) bldk f}rh; vodyt f "(x) Kkr dhft,A pj.k (iii) esa izkIr x ds izR;sd eku a ds fy,
f " ( a ) dk eku Kkr dhft,A
rc ;fn f "(a) < 0 gS] rks x = a ,d LFkkuh; mfPp"B fcUnq gS]
f "(a)>0 gS] rks x = a ,d LFkkuh; fufEu"B fcUnq gS]
f "(a) = 0 gS] rks ge 'a' ds ck;ha vksj rFkk nk;ha vksj ds fcUnqvksa ij f'(x) ds fpUg
dk mi;ksx djrs gSa rFkk ifj.kke ij igq¡prs gSaA
mnkgj.k 29.35. iQyu 2x 3 − 21x 2 + 36x − 20 ds fy, LFkkuh; mfPp"B rFkk LFkkuh; fufEu"B
Kkr dhft, A
gy % eku yhft, fd f ( x ) = 2x 3 − 21x 2 + 36x − 20 gSA

rc] f ' ( x ) = 6x 2 − 42x + 36

( )
= 6 x 2 − 7x + 6 = 6 ( x − 1) ( x − 6 )
LFkkuh; mfPp"B vFkok fufEu"B ds fy,]
f ' (x) = 0
vFkok 6 ( x − 1) ( x − 6 ) = 0 ⇒ x = 1, 6
d
vc] f "(x) = f ' (x)
dx

274 xf.kr
 vodyt ds vuqiz;ksx
ekWM;
~ y
w - VIII
=
d 
dx 
 ( )
6 x 2 − 7x + 6 
 dyu
= 12x − 42
= 6(2x − 7)
x =1 ds fy,] f " (1) =6 (2.1 – 7)= – 30 < 0
fVIi.kh
vr% x=1 ,d LFkkuh; mfPp"B fcUnq gSA bl ij iQyu dk eku
f (1) = 2(1)3 − 21(1)2 + 36(1) − 20 = − 3 gSA vr% LFkkuh; mfPp"B eku −3 gSA
x = 6 ds fy,]
f " (6)=6 (2.6 –7)=30 > 0
vr% x = 6 ,d LFkkuh; fufEu"B fcUnq gSA
rFkk f (6) = 2(6)3 − 21(6)2 + 36(6) − 20 = − 128 gS] tks iQyu dk LFkkuh; fufEu"B eku gSA

mnkgj.k 25.36. (a) vUrjky [–3,–1] esa iQyu 2x 3 − 24x + 107 dk mfPp"B eku Kkr dhft,
(b) mijksDr iQyu dk vUrjky [1,3] esa fufEu"B eku Kkr dhft,A

gy% (a) ekuk f ( x ) = 2x 3 − 24x + 107

∴ f ' ( x ) = 6x 2 − 24

LFkkuh; mfPp"B vFkok fufEu"B ds fy,

f ' (x) = 0
vFkkZr 6x 2 − 24 = 0 ⇒ x = − 2, 2
dsoy (–2) vUrjky (–3,–1) esa gSA vr% ge iQyu dk mfPp"B dsoy x = –2 ij Kkr djsaxsA
vc f " ( x ) = 12x
∴ f " ( −2 ) = −24 < 0
tks crkrk gS fd x = –2 ij iQyu dk mfPp"B eku gS
3
∴ okafNr mfPp"B eku = 2 ( −2 ) − 24 ( −2 ) + 107
=139
(b) f "(x) =12 x
∴ f" (2) = 24 > 0, [Q dsoy 2 vUrjky [1,3] esa gSa]
tks crkrk gS fd iQyu f(x) dk fufEu"B eku x = 2 ij gS
∴ okafNr fufEu"B eku = 2(2)3 − 24(2) + 107
=75

xf.kr 275
 vodyt ds vuqiz;ksx
ekWM~;wy - VIII π
mnkgj.k 29.37. iQyu f ( x ) = cos 4x; 0 < x < ds fy, LFkkuh; mfPp"B rFkk fufEu"B ;fn
dyu 2
dksbZ gS] Kkr dhft, A
gy % f ( x ) = cos 4x
∴ f ' ( x ) = − 4sin 4x
fVIi.kh vc
f '( x ) = 0 ⇒ −4sin 4x = 0
vFkok sin 4x = 0 vFkok 4x = 0, π, 2π
π π
vFkok x = 0, ,
4 2
π π
D;ksafd 0<x< , vr% dsoy ,d gh eku laHko gSA
2 4
vc f " ( x ) = −16 cos 4x
π
x= ij] f "( x ) = −16cos π = −16 ( −1) = 16 > 0
4
π
∴ x= ij] f (x) fufEu"B gS
4
π
U;wure eku f   = cos π = −1
4
mnkgj.k 29.38. iQyu f ( x ) = sin x (1 + cos x ) ds vUrjky [0, π] esa
mfPp"B rFkk fufEu"B eku Kkr dhft,A
gy % gesa fn;k x;k gS f ( x ) = sin x (1 + cos x )
f ' ( x ) = cos x (1 + cos x ) + sin x ( − sin x )
= cos x + cos 2 x − sin 2 x

= cos x + cos 2 x − (1 − cos 2 x ) = 2 cos 2 x + cos x − 1

LrC/ fcUnqvksa ds fy,] f '( x ) = 0
∴ 2 cos 2 x + cos x − 1 = 0
−1 ± 1 + 8 −1 ± 3 1
∴ cos x = = = −1,
4 4 2
π
∴ x = π,
3
vc , f ( 0) = 0
π π π 3 1 3 3
f   = sin 1 + cos  = 1 +  =
3 3 3 2  2 4
rFkk f ( π) = 0

276 xf.kr
 vodyt ds vuqiz;ksx

π 3 3
ekWM;
~ y
w - VIII
∴ f (x) dk fcUnq x = ij mfPp"B eku gS rFkk fcUnqvksa x = 0 rFkk x = π. ij fufEu"B dyu
3 4
eku 0 gS

ns[ksa vkius fdruk lh[kk 29.10

fVIi.kh
f}rh; vodyt ds mi;ksx ls fuEufyf[kr esa ls izR;sd iQyu dk LFkkuh; mfPp"B rFkk LFkkuh;
fufEu"B eku Kkr dhft,A
1. 2x 3 + 3x 2 − 36x + 10 2. − x 3 + 12x 2 − 5
3. ( x − 1) ( x + 2)2 4. x 5 − 5x 4 + 5x 3 − 1
π π
5. sin x (1 + cos x ) , 0 < x < 6. sin x + cos x, 0 < x <
2 2
−π π
7. sin 2x − x, ≤x≤
2 2
29.14 mfPp"B rFkk fufEu"B dk O;kogkfjd leL;kvksa esa vuqiz;ksx
iQyuksa ds mfPp"B rFkk fufEu"B eku Kkr djus dh leL;kvksa ds gy djus esa vodyt dk mi;ksx
,d 'kfDr'kkyh gfFk;kj gSA bl izdkj dh leL;kvksa dks gy djus ds fy, ge fuEufyf[kr pj.kksa
dk mi;ksx djrs gSaA
(i) vkadM+ksa esa fn;s x;s pjkadksa ds :i esa iQyu dks cuk,¡A
(ii) nh xbZ 'krksZ dh lgk;rk ls iQyu dks ,d gh pj esa O;Dr dhft,A
(iii) igys fd;s x;s iz'uksa dh Hkkafr mfPp"B rFkk fufEu"B dh 'krs± yxk;saA
mnkgj.k 29.39. og nks /ukRed okLrfod la[;k,a Kkr dhft, ftudk ;ksx 70 rFkk xq.kuiQy
vf/dre gS
gy % ekuk ,d la[;k x gSA D;ksafd mudk ;ksx 70 gS] blfy, nwljh la[;k 70–x gSA
eku yhft, mudk xq.kuiQy f(x) gSA
∴ f (x) = x(70 − x) = 70x − x 2
gesa f(x) dks vf/dre cukuk gSA
vr% ge f '(x) Kkr dj mls 'kwU; ds cjkcj j[ksaxs
f '(x) = 70 –2x
vf/dre xq.kuiQy ds fy,] f' (x) = 0
vFkok 70 –2x = 0 vFkok x = 35
vc f " (x) = –2 tks ½.kkRed gSA vr% f(x) dk eku vf/dre gS tc x = 35
nwljh la[;k gS 70 –x = 70 –35 = 35
vr% okafNr la[;k,a 35, 35 gSaA

xf.kr 277
 vodyt ds vuqiz;ksx
ekWM~;wy - VIII mnkgj.k 29.40. n'kkZb, fd fn;s x, {ks=kiQy ds vk;rksa esa ls oxZ dk ifjeki U;wure gksrk gSA
dyu gy % ekuk vk;r dh yEckbZ rFkk pkSM+kbZ Øe'k% x rFkk y gSaA
mldk {ks=kiQy = xy
D;ksafd mldk {ks=kiQy A fn;k gS] vr% A = xy
A
y=
fVIi.kh vFkkZr] x
... (i)

vc] vk;r dk ifjeki P = 2(x + y)

 A
vFkkZr P = 2 x + 
 x
dP  A
∴ = 2 1 − 2  ...(ii)
dx  x 
dP
U;wure P ds fy,] =0
dx
 A
⇒ 2 1 − 2  = 0
 x 
⇒ A = x2 vFkok A =x
d2P 4A
vc , 2
= , tks /ukRed gS
dx x3
A x2
vr% ifjeki U;wure gS tc A=x , y =
x
= =x (Q A = x 2 )
x
vr% ifjeki U;wure gksxk tc vk;r oxZ gksxkA

mnkgj.k 29.41. oxkZdkj vk/kj okyk ,d [kqyk cDlk fn;s x;s a 2 {ks=kiQy okyh 'khV ls cuk;k
a3
tkuk gSA n'kkZb, fd cDls dk vf/dre vk;ru gSA
6 3
gy % ekuk oxkZdkj vk/kj dh Hkqtk x gS rFkk mldh Å¡pkbZ y gS

vr% cDls dk dqy i`"Bh; {ks=kiQy = x 2 + 4xy

a2 − x2
⇒ x 2 + 4xy = a 2 ⇒ y=
4x
 a2 − x2 
cDls dk vk;ru V = x 2 y = x 2  
 4x 
vFkok
1
(
V = a 2 x − x3
4
) ...(i)

∴
dV 1 2
= a − 3x 2
dx 4
( )
278 xf.kr
 vodyt ds vuqiz;ksx
dV ekWM;
~ y
w - VIII
mfPp"B@fufEu"B ds fy,] =0
dx dyu
∴
4
(
1 2
a − 3x 2 = 0 )
a2 a
;k x2 = ⇒x= ...(ii)
3 3
fVIi.kh
(i) rFkk (ii) ls gesa feyrk gS]

vk;ru = 
 3
1 a
−

( )
a3  a3
= ..(iii)
4  3 3 3  6 3
 

d2V
fiQj
dx 2
=
d 1 2
dx 4
( ) 3
a − 3x 2 = − x
2
D;ksafd x cDls dh Hkqtk gS] vr% /ukRed gS
d 2V
∴ <0
dx 2
∴ vk;ru vf/dre gSA
a3
vr% cDls dk vf/dre vk;ru =
6 3
mnkgj.k 29.42. n'kkZb, fd ,d o`Ùk ds vUrZxr ftrus Hkh vk;r cuk;s tk ldrs gSa] muesa oxZ
dk {ks=kiQy vf/dre gksrk gSA
gy % ekuk ABCD ,d vk;r gS tks ,d o`Ùk] ftldh f=kT;k r gS] ds vUrZxr cuk;k x;k gS] rks O;kl
AC = 2r
2
rc AB2 + BC2 = AC2 vFkok x 2 + y 2 = ( 2r ) = 4r 2 ......(i)

vc vk;r dk {ks=kiQy A = xy

∴ A = x 4r 2 − x 2

dA x ( − 2x ) 4r 2 − 2x 2
∴ = + 4r 2 − x 2 ⋅1 =
dx 2 4r 2 − x 2 4r 2 − x 2

dA
vf/dre {ks=kiQy ds fy,] =0
dx

4r 2 − 2x 2
= 0 ⇒ x = 2r
2 2
4r − x

xf.kr 279
 vodyt ds vuqiz;ksx
ekWM~;wy - VIII
dyu 2
d A
(
4r 2 − x 2 ( − 4x ) − 4r 2 − 2x 2 ) 2 (4r−2x
2
)
− x2
vc =
dx 2 ( 4r 2 − x 2 )
=
( ) (
− 4x 4r 2 − x 2 + x 4r 2 − 2x 2 )
fVIi.kh 3
( 4r − x )
2 2 2

 d2A 
 2 =
( )
− 4 2 2r 2 + 0
3
 dx at ... (Putting x = 2r )
x = 2r
( 2r )
2 2

− 8 2r 3
= = −4 < 0
2 2r 3
vr% A vf/dre gS tc x = 2r

vc (i) ls] y = 4r 2 − 2r 2 = 2 r
∴ x=y
vr% ABCD ,d oxZ gksxkA
mnkgj.k 29.43. n'kkZb, fd ,d fn;s x;s vk;ru okys cUn yEc o`rh; csyu] ftldk i`"Bh;
{ks=kiQy U;wure gS] dh mQ¡pkbZ mlds O;kl ds cjkcj gSA
gy % ekuk csyu dk vk;ru V, f=kT;k r rFkk mQ¡pkbZ h gS
∴ V = πr 2h
V
⇒ h= 2 ... (i)
πr
vc i`"Bh; {ks=kiQy S = 2π rh + 2πr 2
V 2V
= 2π r. 2 + 2π r 2 = + 2π r 2
πr r
dS − 2V
vc = 2 + 4π r
dr r
dS
U;wure i`"Bh; {ks=kiQy ds fy,] =0
dr
− 2V
∴ + 4π r = 0
r2
⇒ V = 2π r 3

280 xf.kr
 vodyt ds vuqiz;ksx
ekWM;
~ y
w - VIII
2π r 3
(i) rFkk (ii) ls] h= = 2r ..(ii) dyu
πr 2
d 2S 4V
iqu% = + 4 π = 8π + 4 π ... [(ii) dk mi;ksx djus ij]
dr 2 r3
= 12π > 0
∴ S U;wure gS tc h = 2r fVIi.kh

mnkgj.k 29.44. n'kkZb, fd can yEc o`Ùkh; csyu] ftldk i`"Bh; {ks=kiQy fn;k x;k gS] dk
vk;ru vfèkdre gksxk ;fn mldh mQ¡pkbZ mldss O;kl ds cjkcj gksA
gy % eku yhft, fd S rFkk V can ml yEc o`Ùkh; csyu ds i`"Bh; {ks=kiQy rFkk vk;ru gSa ftlds
vk/kj dh f=kT;k r rFkk mQ¡pkbZ h gSA
rks S = 2πrh + 2πr 2 .....(i)
(;gk¡ i`"Bh; {ks=kiQy vpj gS rFkk fn;k x;k gS)
V = πr 2h
 S − 2π r 2  r
∴ V = πr 2   = S − 2π r 2 
 2 π r  2  

Sr
V= − πr3
2
dV S
= − π 3r 2
dr 2
( )
dV
mfPp"B@fufEu"B ds fy,, =0
dr

vFkkZr]
S
2
( )
− π 3r 2 = 0

vFkok] S = 6π r 2
(i) ls gesa feyrk gS] 6πr 2 = 2πrh + 2π r 2
⇒ 4π r 2 = 2π rh
⇒ 2r = h ...(ii)

d 2V d S 2  d S 
rFkk] =  2 − 3π r  = − 6π r, Q dr  2  = 0
dr 2 dr    
= ,d ½.kkRed la[;k
vr% yEc o`Ùkh; csyu dk vk;ru vf/dre gksxk ;fn mldh mQ¡pkbZ mldh f=kT;k dh nqxquh gks]
vFkkZr h = 2r

xf.kr 281
 vodyt ds vuqiz;ksx
ekWM~;wy - VIII
mnkgj.k 29.45. 48 lseh Hkqtk okyh oxkZdkj /krq dh pknj ds dksuksa esa ls cjkcj oxkZdkj VqdM+s
dyu dkVs x, gSa vkSj 'ks"k Hkqtkvksa dks bl izdkj eksM+k x;k gS fd ,d [kqyk cDlk cu tk,A dkVs x;s
oxZ dh Hkqtk Kkr dhft, rkfd cDls dk vk;ru vf/dre gksA
gy % eku yhft, fd dkVs x, oxZ dh Hkqtk x lseh gSA vr% cuus okys cDls dh Hkqtk 48–2x lseh
rFkk mQ¡pkbZ x lseh gksxh
fVIi.kh x > 0, 48–2x > 0, vFkkZr x < 24
v c

x dk eku 0 vkSj 24 ds chp gksxk

vFkkZr 0 < x < 24
vc cDls dk vk;ru V
= ( 48 − 2x ) ( 48 − 2x ) x

vFkkZr 2
V = ( 48 − 2x ) ⋅ x
dV 2
∴ = ( 48 − 2x ) + 2 ( 48 − 2x ) ( − 2 ) x
dx
= ( 48 − 2x ) ( 48 − 6x )
dV
mfPp"B rFkk fufEu"B ds fy,] =0
dx
vFkkZr ( 48 − 2x ) ( 48 − 6x ) = 0
vr% ;k rks x = 24 ;k x=8
Q 0 < x < 24 vr% x = 8

d2V
vc = 24x − 384
dx 2

 d2V 
 2 = 192 − 384 = − 192 < 0
 dx  x =8
vr% x = 8 ds fy, vk;ru vf/dre gSA
vr% dkVs x;s oxZ dh Hkqtk 8 lseh gksxhA
mnkgj.k 29.46. x oLrq,a izfrfnu cspus okyh ,d iQeZ dk ykHk P (#- esa) bl izdkj fn;k x;k
gS % P(x) = (150 – x ) x − 1625
oLrqvksa dh la[;k Kkr dhft, tks iQeZ dks vf/dre ykHk ds fy, cukuh pkfg,¡A
gy % ;g fn;k x;k gS fd iQeZ izfrfnu x oLrq,¡ cukrh gS rFkk csprh gSA vf/dre ykHk ds fy,
dP
P ' ( x ) = 0 vFkkZr~ =0
dx

282 xf.kr
 vodyt ds vuqiz;ksx
d ekWM;
~ y
w - VIII
⇒ (150 − x ) x − 1625 = 0
dx  dyu
⇒ 150–2x = 0
⇒ x = 75
d
vc P ' ( x ) = P " ( x ) = − 2 , ,d ½.kkRed la[;k
dx fVIi.kh
vr% x = 75 ds fy, P (x) vf/dre gSA vr% vf/dre ykHk ds fy, iQeZ dks izfrfnu 75 oLrq,a
cukuh pkfg,aA
vc] vf/dre ykHk = P ( 75)

= (150 − 75) 75 − 1625

= (75×75–1625) :
= (5625–1625) :
= 4000 :
mnkgj.k 29.47. r lseh f=kT;k okys xksys ds vUrZxr cus vf/dre vk;ru okys csyu dk vk;ru
Kkr dhft,A
gy % ekuk vUnj cus csyu dh mQ¡pkbZ h rFkk vk/kj dh f=kT;k R gSA
rc V = πR 2h ...(i)
∆ OCB ls gesa feyrk gS
2
h
r2 =   + R 2
2
( 2 2
... Q OB = OC + BC
2
)
h2
∴ R 2 = r2 − ...(ii)
4
 h2  h3
vc V = π  r 2 −  h = πr 2h − π
 4  4

dV 3π h 2
∴ = πr 2 −
dh 4
vf/dre rFkk U;wure ds fy,]
dV
=0
dh
3π h 2
∴ πr 2 − =0
4
4r 2 h=
2r
⇒ h2 = ⇒
3 3

xf.kr 283
 vodyt ds vuqiz;ksx
ekWM~;wy - VIII d2V 3π h
vc 2
=−
dyu dh 2

d2V  2r  3π× 2r
∴ 2 
h= ij  = −
dh  3  2× 3
= − 3π r < 0
fVIi.kh
∴ V vf/dre gksxk tc h = 2r
3
2r
(ii) esa h = j[kus ij] gesa feyrk gS
3
2 4r 2 2r 2
2
R =r − =
4×3 3
2
∴ R= r
3
csyu dk vf/dre vk;ru = π R 2 h
3
 2  2r 4π r
= π ⋅  r2  =
3  3 3 3

ns[ksa vkius fdruk lh[kk 29.11

1. os la[;k,a Kkr dhft, ftudk ;ksx 15 gS rFkk ,d ds oxZ rFkk nwljs ds ?ku dk xq.kuiQy
vfèkdre gksA
2. os nks /ukRed la[;k,a Kkr dhft, ftudk ;ksx 15 gS rFkk ftuds oxksZ dk ;ksx U;wure gSA
3. fl¼ dhft, fd fn;s x, ifjeki ds vk;rksa esa ls oxZ dk {ks=kiQy vf/dre gksxkA
4. fl¼ dhft, fd fn;s x, d.kZ okys ledks.k f=kHkqt dk ifjeki vf/dre gksxk ;fn og
f=kHkqt lef}ckgq gksA
5. ,d f[kM+dh vk;rkdkj gS] ftlds mij ,d v¼Zo`r gSA ;fn f[kM+dh dk ifjeki 30 ehVj
gks rks] mldh foek,¡ Kkr dhft,] rkfd vf/dre laHko izdk'k dh ek=kk vUnj tk ldsA
6. ,d 100 ?ku lseh vk;ru okys cUn yEc o`rh; csyu dh f=kT;k Kkr dhft, ftldk dqy
i`"Bh; {ks=kiQy U;wure gSA
7. ,d ,slk yEc o`rh; csyu cukuk gS fd mldh f=kT;k rFkk mQ¡pkbZ dk ;ksx 6 ehVj gks ,sls
csyu dk vf/dre vk;ru Kkr dhft,A
8. fl¼ dhft, fd ,d mPpre vk;ru okyk csyu] ftls ,d yEc o`Ùkh; 'kadq ds vUrxZr
cuk;k tk lds] dh (csyu dh) m¡QpkbZ 'kadq dh mQ¡pkbZ dk ,d frgkbZ gksxhA
9. ,d nh xbZ /kfjrk (vk;ru) dk 'kaDokdkj VSaV cukuk gSA 'kadq dh mQ¡pkbZ vkSj vk/kj dh
f=kT;k dk vuqikr Kkr dhft;s] ;fn VSaUV cukus ds fy, dSuol dh ek=kk U;wure gksA

284 xf.kr
 vodyt ds vuqiz;ksx
10. ,d fuekZrk dks 16 π ?kuehVj vk;ru ds csyukdkj ik=k dh vko';drk gSA mldh foek,¡ Kkr ekWM;
~ y
w - VIII
dhft, ftlds i`"B cukus esa U;wure ek=kk esa inkFkZ (/krq) mi;ksx gksA dyu
11. ,d pyfp=k gky dk izca/d fVdV dh dher 55 :i;s ls de djus ij fopkj dj jgk
gS] rkfd vf/d xzkgd vk,¡A fofHkUu ckrksa dh tk¡p ds i'pkr mlus fu'p; fd;k fd
izfrfnu vkSlr xzkgdksa dh la[;k 'q' fuEufyf[kr iQyu }kjk nh tkrh gS %
q = 500 + 100x
fVIi.kh
tcfd x, fVdV dh ?kVk;h gqbZ jkf'k gSA fVdV dk og ewY; Kkr dhft, fd vf/dre jktLo
izkIr gksA
C

1A
% +
vkb;s nksgjk,¡

y = f(x), x dk ,d iQyu gSA
x ds lkis{k] y esa izfr bdkbZ ifjorZu dh nj

dy
, x ds lkis{k y esa ifjorZu dh nj fu:fir djrk gSA
dx
;fn y = f(t) rFkk x = g(t)
dy dy / dt dx
vr% = , ≠0
dx dx / dt dt
dy

∆y = ∆x + ε.∆x
dx
Q ε.∆x dh cgqr gh NksVh jkf'k gS bls ux.; eku ldrs gSa] blfy,
dy
∆y = ⋅ ∆x, lfUudVr%
dx

oØ y = f (x) osQ fcUnq ( x1, y1 ) ij Li'kZ js[kk dk lehdj.k gS %

y − y1 = [f '(x)] x
( 1 ,y1 ) ij {x − x1}

oØ y = f (x) osQ fcUnq ( x1, y1 ) ij vfHkyac dk lehdj.k gS

 −1 
y − y1 =   ( x − x1 )
 f ' ( x ) ( x ) ij
1 ,y1

oØ y = f (x) osQ fdlh ,d fcUnq ( x1, y1 ) ij Li'kZ js[kk dk lehdj.k tks x-v{k osQ
lekUrj gS y = y1 gS rFkk tks y-v{k osQ lekUrj gS x = x1 gSA

o/Zeku iQyu% ,d iQyu f(x) dks ,d cUn vUrjky [a,b] esa o/Zeku iQyu dgk tkrk gS
;fn f ( x 2 ) ≥ f ( x1 ) gks tc x 2 > x1 gksA

xf.kr 285
 vodyt ds vuqiz;ksx
ekWM~;wy - VIII
ßkleku iQyu % ,d iQyu f(x) dks ,d cUn vUrjky [a,b] esa âkleku iQyu dgk tkrk
dyu gS ;fn f ( x 2 ) ≤ f ( x1 ) gks tc x 2 > x1 gksA

f(x) ,d [kqys vUrjky ]a,b[ esa o/Zeku iQyu gksxk ;fn lHkh x ∈ [a, b] ds fy, f '(x) > 0

f(x) ,d [kqys vUrjky ]a,b[ âkleku iQyu gksxk ;fn lHkh ds fy, x ∈ [a, b] f '(x) < 0

,dfn"V iQyu %
fVIi.kh
(i) ,d iQyu dks ,dfn"V (o/Zeku) dgrs gSa ;fn ;g fn;s gq, vUrjky esa fujUrj
c<+rk gSA
(ii) ,d iQyu dks ,dfn"V (ßkleku) dgrs gSa ;fn fn;s gq, vUrjky esa og fujUrj
?kVrk gSA
;fn ,d iQyu ,d vUrjky esa o/Zeku rFkk ßkleku gS] rks og ,dfn"V iQyu ugha gks
ldrkA

,d vUrjky esa ,d iQyu f(x) ds fcUnq x = a ds izfros'k esa
(i) ;fn fcUnq 'a' ds ckb± vksj f'(x) > 0 rFkk fcUnq x=a ds nkb± vksj f'(x) < 0 gks rks] fcUnq
x = a ij f(x) dk ,d LFkkuh; mfPp"B gksxkA
(ii) ;fn fcUnq 'a' ds ckb± vksj f'(x) < 0, rFkk fcUnq x = a ds nkb± vksj f'(x) > 0 gks rks
x = a ij f(x) dk ,d LFkkuh; fufEu"B gksxkA

;fn x = a ij f(x) dk LFkkuh; mfPp"B vFkok LFkkuh; fufEu"B gS rFkk f(x) vodyuh; gS]
rc f'(a) = 0
(i) tc x fcUnq a ds vklikl ls tkrk gS rFkk f'(x) /ukRed ls ½.kkRed fpUg cnyrk
gS] rks f(x) dk x=a ij LFkkuh; mfPp"B gksrk gSA
(ii) tc x fcUnq a ds vkl&ikl ls tkrk gS rFkk f(x) ½.kkRed ls /UkkRed fpUg cnyrk
gS] rks f(x) dk x = a ij LFkkuh; fufEu"B gksrk gSA

f}rh; vodyt tkap (Test)
(i) ;fn f '(a) = 0 rFkk f "(a) < 0; rks f (x) dk x = a ij LFkkuh; mfPp"B gksrk gSA
(ii) ;fn f '(a) = 0 rFkk f "(a) >0; rks f (x) dk x = a ij LFkkuh; fufEu"B gksrk gSA
(iii) ;fn f '(a) = 0 rFkk f " (a) = 0; rks x = a ij mfPp"B vFkok fufEu"B Kkr djus ds fy,
f '(x) ds fpUg ifjorZu dh tk¡p djrs gSa tc x, 'a' ds vkl&ikl ls gksdj tkrk gSA

lgk;d osclkbV

http://mathworld.wolfram.com/PartialDerivative.html

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partial_derivative

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integral

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=f0pMPjnfars

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ySFtitDsCIs

286 xf.kr
 vodyt ds vuqiz;ksx
ekWM;
~ y
w - VIII
vkb, vH;kl djsa dyu
1. ,d oxZ dh Hkqtk 0.2 lseh/lsdUM dh nj ls c<+ jgh gSA oxZ ds ifjeki dh o`f) dh
nj Kkr dhft,A
2. ,d o`Ùk dh f=T;k 0.7 lseh/lsdUM dh nj ls c<+ jgh gSA bldh ifjf/k dh o`f) dh
nj D;k gS\ fVIi.kh

3. ,d vkneh 4.5 fdeh/?kUVk dh nj@pky ls 120 eh Å¡ps Vkoj ds ikn dh vksj vk jgk
gSA Vkoj ds 'kh"kZ ij igq¡pus dh mldh D;k nj gS] tcfd og Vkoj ls 50 eh nwj gS\
4. ,d ikbi ls jsr 12 lseh3/lsdUM dh nj ls fxj jgk gSA fxjrh jsr tehu ij ,d
,slk 'kadq cukrh gS ftldh Å¡pkbZ lnSo vk/kkj dh f=T;k dk NBk Hkkx gSA jsr ls
cus 'kadq dh Å¡pkbZ fdl nj ls c<+ jgh gS tcfd Å¡pkbZ 4 lseh gS\
5. 2eh Å¡pkbZ dk ,d vkneh 5eh Å¡ps fctyh ds [kaHks ls 6eh/feuV dh leku pky ls
pyrk gSA mldh Nk;k dh yEckbZ dh o`f) nj Kkr dhft,A
6. ,d d.k] oØ y = x3 + 2 ds vuqfn'k ?kwerk gSA oØ ij mu fcUnqvksa dks Kkr dhft,
tcfd x-funsZ'kkad dh rqqyuk esa y-funsZ'kkad 8 xquh rhozrk ls ifjofrZr gks jgk gSA
7. ,d fLFkj >hy esa ,d iRFkj Mkyk tkrk gS vkSj rjaxs o`Ùk esa 3.5 lseh/lsdUM dh xfr
ls pyrh gSa tc o`Ùkkdkj rjax dh f=T;k 7.5 lseh gS rks ml {k.k] f?kjk gqvk {ks=Qy
fdruh rsth ls c<+ jgk gS\
8. ,d iRFkj fLFkj rkykc esa Mkyk tkrk gS rFkk og ,d dsUnzh; o`Ùk Üka`[kyk cukrk gSA
nj Kkr dhft, tc muesa ls ,d dk O;kl 12 lseh gks ;g ekudj fd izkjEHk esa
dsUnz ij rjax dh nj 3 lseh/lsdUM gSA
9. oØ y2 = 8x ij og fcUnq Kkr dhft,] ftlds fy, x-funsZ'kkad rFkk y-funsZ'kkad ds
ifjorZu dh nj leku gSA
2 3
10. ,d d.k oØ y = x + 1 ds vuqxr xfr dj jgk gSA oØ ij mu fcUnqvksa dks Kkr
3
dhft, tcfd x-funsZ'kkad dh rqyuk esa y-funsZ'kkad 2 xquk rhozrk ls cny jgk gSA
11. fdlh mRikn dh x bdkb;ksa ds foØ; ls izkIr dqy vk; R(x) = 3x2 + 36x + 5
¼#i;ksa essa½ ls iznÙk gSA lhekar vk; Kkr dhft, tcfd 5 bdkb;ksa dk mRiknu cspk
x;k gSA
12. ,d oLrq dh x bdkb;ksa ds mRiknu ls lEcU/k dqy ykxr ¼#i;ksa esa½

C(x) = 0.005 x3 − 0.02 x 2 + 30 x + 5000

ls iznÙk gSA lhekar ykxr Kkr dhft, tcfd 3 bdkbZ;ksa dk mRiknu fd;k x;k gSA
vodyksa dk iz;ksx djds fuEufyf[kr dk lfUudV eku Kkr dhft, (13 – 19)
13. 25.02 14. 49.5

xf.kr 287
 vodyt ds vuqiz;ksx
ekWM~;wy - VIII 15. (i) 401 (ii) 0.24
dyu 1
16. (i) 0.0037 (ii) (26) 3
1 1
17. (i) (66) 3 (ii) (82) 4

1 1
fVIi.kh (31.9) 5
18. (i) (32.15) 5 (ii)
1 1
19. (i) (ii)
(2.002) 2 25.1
20. f(3.02) dk lfUudV eku Kkr dhft,] tgk¡ f(x) = 3x2 + 15x + 5
21. Hkqtk esa 3% o`f) ds dkj.k Hkqtk x ds ?ku ds vk;ru esa lfUudV ifjorZu Kkr dhft,A
22. x ehVj Hkqtk okys ?ku dh Hkqtk esa 1% gzkl ds dkj.k ?ku ds i`"B {ks=Qy esa gksus
okys lfUudV ifjorZu Kkr dhft,A
23. x ehVj Hkqtk okys ?ku dh Hkqtk esa 1% o`f) ds dkj.k ?ku ds vk;ru esa gksus okyk
lfUudV ifjorZu Kkr dhft,A
24. f(5.001) dk lfUudV eku Kkr dhft,] tgk¡
f(x) = x3 – 7x2 + 15
25. fuEu esa ls izR;sd oØ ij fLFkr bafxr fcUnqvksa ij Li'kZ js[kk rFkk vfHkyac dh izo.krk Kkr
dhft, %
(i) y = x , x = 9 ij (ii) y = x 3 + x , x = 2 ij

π
(iii) x = a(θ − sin θ), y = a(1 + cos θ) , θ = ij
2

(iv) y = 2x 2 + cos x , x = 0 ij (v) xy = 6 , (1,6) ij

π
26. oØ x = a cos3 θ , y = a sin 3 θ osQ fcanq θ = ij Li'kZ js[kk rFkk vfHkyac osQ
4
lehdj.k Kkr dhft,A
x 2 y2
27. oØ − = 1 ij og fcUnq Kkr dhft, tgk¡ Li'kZ js[kk y-v{k osQ lekUrj gSA
9 16

28. oØ y = x 2 − 2x + 5 ij Li'kZ js[kk dk lehdj.k Kkr dhft, tks

(i) 2x + y + 7 = 0 osQ lekUrj gSA (ii) js[kk 5(y − 3x) = 12 ij yEcor~ gSA
29. n'kkZb, fd oØ y = 7x 3 + 11 osQ fcUnqvksa x = 2 rFkk x = − 2 ij Li'kZ js[kk,¡ lekUrj gSaA

288 xf.kr
 vodyt ds vuqiz;ksx
ekWM;
~ y
w - VIII
30. ( )
oØ ay2 = x 3 osQ fcUnq am 2 , am3 ij vfHkyac dk lehdj.k Kkr dhft,A
dyu
2
31. n'kkZb, fd lHkh x ∈ R ds fy, f (x) = x u rks o/Zeku iQyu gS vkSj u gh ßkl eku
iQyuA fuEufyf[kr iQyuksa ( 2 − 5) ds fy, og vUrjky Kkr dhft, tgk¡ iQyu o/Zeku
vFkok ßkleku gS %
32. 2x 3 − 3x 2 − 12x + 6 fVIi.kh

x 4
33. + ,x ≠ 0
4 x
34. x 4 − 2x 2
35. sin x − cos x, 0 ≤ x ≤ 2π
fuEufyf[kr iQyuksa ds fy, LFkkuh; mfPp"B vFkok fufEu"B Kkr dhft, %
36. (a) x 3 − 6x 2 + 9x + 7 (b) 2x 3 − 24x + 107
(c) x 3 + 4x 2 − 3x + 2 (d) x 4 − 62x 2 + 120x + 9
1 x
37. (a) 2 (b) ( x − 1)( x − 4 ) , 1 < x < 4
x +2
(c) x 1− x , x < 1
1 π
38. (a) sin x + cos 2x , 0 ≤ x ≤ (b) sin 2x , 0 ≤ x ≤ 2π
2 2
(c) −x + 2sin x , 0 ≤ x ≤ 2π

39. vUrjky [0,5] esa x ds fdl eku ds fy, oØ x 3 − 6x 2 + 9x + 4 ij Li'kZ js[kk dh izo.krk
vf/dre gSA og fcUnq Hkh Kkr dhft,A
40. oØ − x 3 + 3x 2 + 2x − 27 ds ,d fcUnq ij Li'kZ js[kk dh izo.krk vf/dre gSA og fcUnq
Hkh Kkr dhft,
41. ,d can yEc o`Ùkh; csyukdkj ik=k cukuk gS ftldk lEiw.kZ i`"Bh; {ks=kiQy 24 π oxZehVj
gksA ik=k dk vk;ru vf/dre gksus ds fy, mldh foek,¡ Kkr dhft,A
42. ,d gksVy dkWEiysDl ftlesa 400 dejs gSa] ds 300 dejs] 360 :i;s izfrfnu ds fdjk, ij
p<+s gSaA izcU/u dh [kkstchu ls irk pyrk gS fd ;fn fdjk;k x :i;s de dj fn;k tk,]
5
rks fdjk;s ij p<+s gq, dejs q = x + 300, 0 ≤ x ≤ 80 }kjk iznf'kZr gksrs gSaA
4
og fdjk;k Kkr dhft,] fd jktLo vf/dre gksA vf/dre jktLo Hkh Kkr dhft,A

xf.kr 289
 vodyt ds vuqiz;ksx
ekWM~;wy - VIII
dyu
mÙkjekyk

ns[ksa vkius fdruk lh[kk 29-1

1. 64 lseh2/feuV 2. 900 lseh3/lsdUM
fVIi.kh 3. 12π lseh2/lseh 4. 11.2π lseh2/lsdUM
5. 75 lseh3/lseh

ns[ksa vkius fdruk lh[kk 29-2

1. 6.05 2. 2.926
3. 1.96875 4. 5.1
5. 3.92π eh3 6. 3%

ns[ksa vkius fdruk lh[kk 29.3

1 2 5
1. (i) 10, − (ii) − , (iii) 1, − 1
10 5 2
2. p = 5, q = − 4 3. ( 3, 3 ), ( − 3, − 3 ) 4. ( 3, 2 )

ns[ksa vkius fdruk lh[kk 29.4

Li'kZ js[kk vfHkyac
1. (i) y + 10x = 5 x − 10y + 50 = 0
(ii) 2x − y = 1 x + 2y − 3 = 0
(iii) 24x − y = 52 x + 24y = 483

xx1 yy1 xx 0 yy0

2. + =1 3. − =1
a2 b2 a2 b2
4. x + 14y − 254 = 0, x + 14y + 86 = 0

ns[ksa vkius fdruk lh[kk 29.6

 1 − 43 
2.  , 
 196 14 

ns[ksa vkius fdruk lh[kk 29.8

1. o/Zeku âkleku
7 7
(a) x> ds fy, x< ds fy,
2 2

290 xf.kr
 vodyt ds vuqiz;ksx
ekWM;
~ y
w - VIII
5 5
(b) x> ds fy, x< ds fy, dyu
2 2

2. (a) x > 6 ds fy, – 2< x < 6 ds fy,

(b) x > 4 vFkok x < 2 ds fy, vUrjky ]2,4[ esa
3. (a) x< –2 ds fy, x> –2 ds fy, fVIi.kh
(b) vUrjky − 1 < x < − 2 esa x > − 1 vFkok x < − 2 ds fy,
4. (a) lnk
(b) x>2 vUrjky 0 < x < 2
(c) x > 2 vFkok x < − 2 vUrjky − 2 < x < 2
3π 7π 3π
5. (c) ≤x≤ 0≤x≤
8 8 8

3π 7π
fcUnq tgk¡ Li'kZ js[kk,¡ x–ds lekUrj gSa x = rFkk x =
8 8
ns[ksa vkius fdruk lh[kk 29.9
LFkkuh; fufEu"B LFkkuh; mfPp"B
1. x = 4 ij – 4 —
2. x = 3 ij 15 x = 1 ij 19
3. x = 6 ij – 128 x = 1ij – 3
4. x = – 6 ij – 1647, x = 5 ij – 316 x = 1ij 68
5. x = 0 ij – 4 x = – 2 ij 0.

1
6. x = – 1 ij − 1 x = 3 ij
7
ns[ksa vkius fdruk lh[kk 29.10
LFkkuh; fufEu"B LFkkuh; mfPp"B
1. x = 2 ij –34 x = –3 ij 91
2. x = 0 ij –5 x = 8 ij 251
3. x = 0 ij &4 x = –2 ij 0
4. x = 3ij &28 x = 1 ij 0
x = 0 ij u mfPp"B u fufEu"B

xf.kr 291
 vodyt ds vuqiz;ksx
ekWM~;wy - VIII π 3 3
5. µ x= ij
dyu 3 4

π
6. µ x= ij 2
4

fVIi.kh 7. π − 3 π π 3 π
x=− ij + x= ij −
6 2 6 6 2 6

ns[ksa vkius fdruk lh[kk 29.11

1. la[;k, gSa % 6]9 2. nks Hkkx gSa % 7.5, 5.5
30 30
5. nksukas foek,¡ gSa , eh
π+4 π+4

1 1

f=kT;k =   3 lseh] mQ¡pkbZ = 2   3 lseh

50 50
6.
 π  π 
7. vf/dre vk;ru =32 eh3
9. h = 2r 10. r = 2 eh] h = 4 eh

11. 3000 #

vkb, vH;kl djsa

1. 0.8 lseh/lsdUM 2. 1.4π lseh/lsdUM
45 1
3. fdeh/?kUVk 4. lseh/lsdUM
26 48π
 −31
5. 4 ehVj/feuV 6. (4, 11),  −4, 
3 
7. 52.5π lseh2/lsdUM 8. 36π lseh3/lsdUM

 5  1
9. (2, 4) 10.  1,  ,  −1, 
3 3

11. ` 66 12. ` 30.015

13. 5.002 14. 7.0357
15. (i) 20.025 (ii) 0.49 16. (i) 0.0608 (ii) 2.963
17. (i) 4.0417 (ii) 3.0093 18. (i) 2.001875 (ii) 1.99875

292 xf.kr
 vodyt ds vuqiz;ksx

19. (i) 0.2495 (ii) 0.1996 20. 77.66

ekWM;
~ y
w - VIII
dyu
21. 0.09x3 eh3 ;k 9% 22. 0.12x2 eh2
23. 0.03x3 eh3 ;k 3% 24. –34.995

1 1 1
25. (i) , −6 (ii)13, − (iii)1, − 1 (iv) 0, ifjHkkf"kr ugha (v) − 6,
6 13 6 fVIi.kh
26. 2 2 ( x + y ) = a; x + y = 0 27. ( 3, 0 ) , ( − 3, 0 )

28. (i) 2x + y − 5 = 0 (ii)12x + 36y = 155

30. (
2x + 3my − am 2 2 + 3m 2 = 0 )
o/Zeku âkleku
32. x > 2 vFkok x< –1 ij vUrjky –1 < x < 2 esa
33. x > 4 vFkok x < – 4 vUrjky ]–4,4[ esa
34 . x > 1 vFkok – 1 < x < 0 esa x < –1 vFkok 0 < x < 1 esa

3π 7π 3π 7π
35- 0≤x≤ vFkok ≤ x ≤ 2π esa ≤x≤ . esa
4 4 4 4
LFkkuh; mfPp"B LFkkuh; fufEu"B
36. (a) x = 1 ij 11 x = 3 ij 7
(b) x = −2 ij 139 x = 2 ij 75

1 40
(c) x = −3 ij 20 x= ij
3 27
(d) x = 1 ij 68 x = 5 ij −316 rFkk x = – 6 ij – 1647

1
37. (a) x = 0 ij
2
(b) x = 2 ij –1 −

2 2
(c) x= ij −
3 3 3

π 3 π 1
38. (a) x= ij x= ij
6 4 2 2

5π π 3π
(b) x= rFkk x = ij 1 x= ij –1
4 4 4

xf.kr 293
 vodyt ds vuqiz;ksx
ekWM~;wy - VIII π −π 5π − 5π
(c) x= ij + 3 x= ij − 3
dyu 3 4 3 3
39. vf/dre izo.krk x = 5 ij 24; fcUnq (5, 24)
40. vf/dre izo.krk x = 1 ij 5; fcUnq (1,–23)
41. vk/kkj dh f=kT;k = 2 eh] csyu dh mQ¡pkbZ =4 ehVj
fVIi.kh
42. ?kVk gqvk fdjk;k% 300 # vf/dre jktLo = 112500 #

294 xf.kr
 lekdyu
ekWM;
~ y
w - VIII
dyu

30
fVIi.kh

lekdyu
fiNys ikB esa] vkius ,d iQyu ds vodyt dh ladYiuk dk vè;;u fd;kA vkius fofHkUu
fLFkfr;ksa esa vodyt ds vuqiz;ksx Hkh lh[ksA
vc bldk foijhr iz'u yhft, tgk¡ ewy iQyu Kkr djuk gS] tcfd bldk vodyt (iQyu ds
:i esa) fn;k x;k gSA bl foijhr izfØ;k dks lekdyu dk uke fn;k x;k gSA bl ikB esa ge
lekdyu dh ladYiuk bldh fofHkUu fof/;ksa rFkk rduhdksa dk vè;;u djsxsaA

mís';
bl ikB ds vè;;u ds ckn vki fuEufyf[kr esa leFkZ gks tk;saxs %

lekdyu dks vodyu dh izfrykse fØ;k crkuk
1 x

x n , sin x, cos x, sec 2 x, cosec 2 x, sec x tan x, cosec x cot x, , e vkfn ljy iQyuksa
x
ds lekdyu Kkr djuk

fuEufyf[kr ifj.kkeksa ds dFku nsuk %
(i) ∫ [ f ( x ) ± g ( x ) ] dx = ∫ f ( x ) dx ± ∫ g ( x ) dx
(ii) ∫ [ ± kf ( x ) ] dx = ± k ∫ f ( x ) dx

chth;] f=kdks.kferh;] izfrykse f=kdks.kferh; rFkk pj?kkrkadh; (exponential) iQyuksa ds
lekdyu Kkr djukA

izfrLFkkiu }kjk lekdyu Kkr djukA

fuEufyf[kr izdkj ds lekdyksa ds eku Kkr djuk %
dx dx dx dx dx
∫ x 2 ± a 2 , ∫ a 2 − x 2 ,∫ x2 ± a2
, ∫ a2 − x2
,∫
ax 2 + bx + c
,

dx ( px + q ) dx ( px + q ) dx
∫ ax 2 + bx + c
,∫
ax 2 + bx + c
, ∫ ax 2 + bx + c
f '( x )

ifj.kke ∫ f (x) = ln f ( x ) + C dk O;qRiUu djuk rFkk bldk mi;ksx djukA

xf.kr 295
 lekdyu
ekWM~;wy - VIII
[kaM'k% lekdyu fof/ dks crkuk rFkk bldk mi;ksx djukA
dyu
fuEufyf[kr izdkj ds lekdyksa ds eku Kkr djuk %
∫ ∫ ∫e ∫e
ax ax
x 2 ± a 2 dx, a 2 − x 2 dx, sin bx dx, cos bx dx ,
−1 x −1 x
∫ ( px + q ) ax 2 + bx + c dx , ∫ sin dx , ∫ cos dx ,
dx dx
fVIi.kh ∫ sin
n
x cos m x dx , ∫ a + b sin x , ∫ a + b cos x

ifj.kke ∫ e x [ f ( x ) + f ' ( x ) ] dx = e x f ( x ) + c dks O;qRiUu djuk rFkk bldk mi;ksx djuk

vkaf'kd fHkUu ds mi;ksx ls ifjes; O;atdksa ds lekdy Kkr djukA

iwoZ Kku

fofHkUu iQyuksa dk vodyu

lery T;kfefr dk ewy Kku

chth; O;atd dk xq.ku[k.Mu

izfrykse f=kdks.kferh; iQyuksa dk Kku

30.1 lekdyu
lekdyu dk 'kkfCnd vFkZ gS ladyuA mnkgj.kkFkZ uhps fn, x;s fp=k esa {ks=k ALBM ds {ks=kiQy
Kkr djus ds fo"k; ij fopkj dhft, (fp=k 30.1)
B

L M

fp=k 30.1
bl {ks=kiQy dks Kkr djus ds fy, ,d iz;ksxkRed fof/ dk iz;ksx fd;k tk ldrk gS] ijUrq og
fof/ lnSo mi;qDr ugha dgh tk ldrhA blfy, ge bl izdkj dh leL;kvksa dks gy djus ds
fy, lekdyu (vFkkZr ladyu) dh lgk;rk ysrs gSaA blds fy, ge mijksDr fp=k dks NksVs&NksVs
vk;rkdkj {ks=kksa esa ckaV ysrs gSaA (fp=k 30.2) nsf[k,A
B
P3
P2
A P1

R1 R2 Rn
L Q1 Q2 Q3 M

fp=k 30.2

296 xf.kr
 lekdyu
bu vk;rkdkj {ks=kksa dk {ks=kiQy rc rd Kkr ugha fd;k tk ldrk tc rd fd mudh pkSM+kbZ U;wUre ekWM;
~ y
w - VIII
(vFkkZr → 0) u gks tk,A dyu
vkfdZfeMht us 2000 o"kZ iwoZ blh rduhd dk mi;ksx {ks=kiQy] vk;ru] vkfn Kkr djus esa fd;k
FkkA U;wVu (1642&1727) rFkk fycuht+ (1646&1716) ds uke izk;% vk/qfud vody o
lekdy xf.kr (dyu) ds tUenkrk ds :i esa fy, tkrs gSaA
iQyuksa ds lekdyu ds v?/;u dks lekdy xf.kr dgrs gSaA bl fo"k; ds vusdksa vuqiz;ksx
fVIi.kh
T;kfefr] ;kaf=kdh] izkd`frd foKku rFkk vU; fo"k;ksa esa ik, tkrs gSaA
bl ikB esa ge cgqinh; f=kdks.kferh; pj?kkrkadh;] y/qx.kdh; rFkk ifjes; iQyuksa dk lekdy
djuk lh[ksaxsa ftlesa lekdyu dh fofHkUu rduhdksa dk mi;ksx fd;k tk,xkA

30.2 lekdyu] vodyu dh foijhr fØ;k ds :i esa

fuEufyf[kr mnkgj.kksa ij fopkj dhft, %

(i)
d
dx
( )
x 2 = 2x (ii)
d
dx
( sin x ) = cos x (iii)
d
dx
( )
ex = ex

vkb;s vc mi;qZDr mnkgj.kksa dks ,d vU; :i esa ysaA

(i) x 2 dk vodyu djus ij iQyu 2x izkIr gksrk gSA
⇒ x 2 dks 2x dk izfrvodyt dgrs gSaA
(ii) sin x dk vodyu djus ij cos x izkIr gksrk gSA
⇒ sin x dks cos x dk izfrvodyt dgrs gSaA
(iii) blh izdkj e x , iQyu e x dk izfrvodyt dgykrk gSA
lkekU;r% izfrvodyt /kkj.kk dks ,d lafØ;k ds :i esa O;Dr fd;k tkrk gSA bl lafØ;k dks
lekdyu dh lafØ;k dgrs gSaA
ge fy[krs gSa %
1. 2x dk lekdyu x 2 gSA
2. cos x dk lekdyu sin x gSA

3. ex dk lekdyu e x gSA

lekdyu lafØ;k dks izrhd ∫ ds }kjk fu:fir fd;k tkrk gSA

bl izdkj %

∫2xdx = x ∫ cos x d x ∫e
2 x
1. 2. = sin x 3. d x = ex

;kn jf[k, fd x ds lkis{k lekdyu lafØ;k ds fu:i.k esa izrhd ∫ ds lkFk izrhd dx Hkh fy[kk
tkrk gSA lekdfyr fd;s tkus okys iQyu dks ∫ rFkk dx ds chp esa j[kk tkrk gSA
d
ifjHkk"kk % ;fn [ f ( x ) ] = f ' ( x ) rks f (x), f ' (x) dk lekdy dgykrk gS rFkk ge bls
dx
fy[krs gSa %

xf.kr 297
 lekdyu
ekWM~;wy - VIII ∫ f '(x)dx = f (x)
dyu ;gk¡ lekdfyr fd;s tkus okyk iQyu f ' (x) lekdY; dgykrk gSA
lekdyu dk fLFkjkad %
dy
;fn y = x 2 rks = 2x
dx
∫ 2xdx = x
2
fVIi.kh ∴

vc
d
dx
(
x 2 + 2 vFkok
d
dx
)
x2 + c ( ) tcfd c dksbZ okLrfod fLFkjkad gS] ij fopkj dhft,
buesa ls izR;sd 2x ds cjkcj gSA blfy, ge ns[krs gSa fd 2x dk lekdy vf}rh; ugha gSA
∫ 2x dx ds fofHkUu ekuksa esa fLFkjkad dk vUrj gksrk gSA bl izdkj ∫ 2 x d x = x 2 + c tgk¡ c
lekdyu dk fLFkjkad dgykrk gSA
blh izdkj ∫e
x
d x = e x + c rFkk ∫ cos x d x = sin x + c
lkekU;r% ∫ f '(x) d x = f ( x ) + c fLFkjkad c dk eku dksbZ Hkh gks ldrk gSA
ge ns[krs gSa fd%
,d lekdy dk vodyu lekdY; ds leku gksrk gSA
fVIi.kh% ∫ f (x) dx , ∫ f (y) dy , ∫ f (z) dz gksrs gSa ijUrq ∫ f (z) dx ugha gksrkA

30.3 ljy iQyuksa dk lekdyu

lekdy tkap
x n +1 d  x n +1 
Q dx  n + 1 + c  = xn
1. ∫ x n dx =
n +1
+c
 
tcfd n ,d fLFkjkad gS rFkk n ≠ −1
d
2. ∫ sin x dx = − cos x + c Q ( − cos x + c ) = sin x
dx
d
3. ∫ cos x dx = sin x + c Q ( sin x + c ) = cos x
dx
d
4. ∫ sec
2 x dx = tan x + c Q ( tan x + c ) = sec2 x
dx
d
5. ∫ cosec
2 x dx = − cot x + c Q ( − cot x + c ) = cosec 2 x
dx
d
6. ∫ sec x tan x dx = sec x + c Q ( sec x + c ) = sec x tan x
dx
d
7. ∫ cosec x cot x dx = − cosec x + c Q ( − cosec x + c ) = cosec x cot x
dx

8. ∫
1
dx = sin −1 x + c Q
d
dx
( sin −1 x + c =) 1
1− x2 1 − x2

298 xf.kr
 lekdyu
ekWM;
~ y
w - VIII
9.
1
∫ 1 + x 2 dx = tan
−1 x +c
d
( −1
Q dx tan x + c = )
1
1 + x2 dyu
10. ∫x
1
dx = sec−1 x + c
d
( −1
Q dx sec x + c = )1
x2 −1 x x2 − 1
11. ∫e
x
dx = e x + c Q
d
dx
(
ex + c = ex )
ax d  ax  x fVIi.kh
∫ a dx = + =a
x +c
12. 
Q dx log a c
log a  
1 d 1
13. ∫ x dx = log x +c Q ( log x + c ) = if x > 0
dx x
è;ku nhft,
1. xn dk lekdy Kkr djus ds fy, x ds ?kkarkd esa ,d tksM+ks rFkk ifj.kke dks ubZ ?kkarkd
ls Hkkx djks vkSj fLFkjkad c tek djksA
1
2. ∫ f ( x ) dx dks izk;% ∫f (x)
dx fy[kk tkrk gSA

ns[ksa vkius fdruk lh[kk 30.1

5
1.
∫ x2 dx ds dksbZ ikap fofHkUu eku fyf[k,A
2. fuEufyf[kr esa ls izR;sd dk vfuf'pr lekdy fyf[k, %
(a) x 5 (b) cos x (c) 0
3. eku Kkr dhft, %
−7 1 −x
(a) ∫x
6
dx (b) ∫x dx (c) ∫ x dx (d) ∫ 3x ( 5 ) dx

1
(e) ∫
3
x dx (f) ∫ x −9 dx (g) ∫ x
dx (h) ∫
9
x −8 dx

4. eku Kkr dhft, %

cos θ sin θ
(a) ∫ sin 2 θ dθ (b) ∫ cos2 θ dθ
cos 2 θ + sin 2 θ 1
(c) ∫ cos 2 θ
dθ (d) ∫ sin 2 θ dθ
30.4 lekdyksa ds xq.k/eZ
;fn fdlh iQyu dks nks ;k nks ls vf/d iQyuksa ds ;ksx ds :i esa fy[kk tk lds rks ,sls iQyu
dk lekdy blds lHkh ?kVdksa ds lekdyksa dk ;ksx gksrk gSA
tSls ;fn f (x) = x 7 + x3 gks rks

xf.kr 299
 lekdyu
ekWM~;wy - VIII ∫ f ( x ) dx = ∫ [ x + x ] dx
7 3

dyu
= ∫ x 7 dx + ∫ x 3dx

x8 x 4
= + +c
8 4
blfy, lkekU;r% nks iQyuksa ds ;ksx dk lekdy muds vyx&vyx lekdyksa ds ;ksx ds cjkcj
fVIi.kh gksrk gSA

vFkkZr ∫ [ f ( x ) + g ( x ) ] dx = ∫ f ( x ) dx + ∫ g ( x ) dx
blh izdkj ;fn fn;k x;k iQyu f ( x ) = x 7 − x 2 gks rks ge fy[k ldrs gSa fd
x8 x 3
∫ f ( x ) dx = ∫( )
x 7 − x 2 dx = ∫ x dx − ∫ x dx = 8 − 3 + c
7 2

nks iQyuksa ds vUrj dk lekdy mu nksuksa ds vyx&vyx lekdyksa ds vUrj ds cjkcj gksrk gSA
vFkkZr ∫ [ f ( x ) − g ( x ) ] dx = ∫ f ( x ) dx − ∫ g ( x ) dx
;fn ,d iQyu f(x) fdlh fLFkjkad (k) rFkk fdlh vU; iQyu g ( x ) dk xq.kuiQy gSA vFkkZr
f (x) = kg (x) , rc ge f ( x ) dk lekdyu bl izdkj djrs gSa

∫ f ( x ) dx = ∫ kg ( x ) dx = k ∫ g ( x ) dx

mnkgj.k 30.1. eku Kkr dhft, %

x ( )− x
∫4 ∫(2)
x dx
(i) (ii) 3 dx

4x
∫ 4 dx =
x
gy % (i) +c
log 4
x
2
x  
( ) ( − ) 2x 2 3 +c
∫ 2 3 dx = ∫ 3x dx = ∫  3  dx =
x x
(ii)
log  
2
3
è;ku nhft, (ii) esa ;g dguk Bhd ugha gS fd
x −x
∫2 3 dx = ∫ 2x dx ∫ 3− x dx
x
2
2x  3− x   
−x 3 +c
D;ksafd ∫ 2 dx ∫ 3 dx =
x
 +c≠
log  
log 2  log 3  2
3
nks iQyuksa ds xq.ku dk lekdy lnSo mu iQyuksa ds vyx&vyx lekdyksa ds xq.kuiQy ds leku
ugha gksrkA ge iQyuksa ds xq.kuiQy ds lekdy ij vxys ikB esa fopkj djsxsaA

300 xf.kr
 lekdyu
mnkgj.k 30.2. eku Kkr dhft, % ekWM;
~ y
w - VIII
dyu
dx sin 2 θ + cos 2 θ
(i) ∫ cosn x , tcfd n = 0 vkSj n = 2 (ii) ∫− sin 2 θ
dθ

dx dx dx
gy % (i) tc n = 0, ∫ cosn x =∫ coso x = ∫ 1 ∫
= dx

fVIi.kh
∫ dx ∫x
0
vc dks dx fy[kk tk ldrk gSA

x 0 +1
∫ dx =∫ x dx =
0 +c=x+c
∴
0 +1
tc n = 2,
dx dx
∫ cosn x =∫ cos2 x = ∫ sec2 x dx = tan x + c

sin 2 θ + cos 2 θ −1
(ii) ∫− sin 2 θ
dθ = ∫ sin 2 θ dθ = − ∫ cosec2θ dθ = cot θ + c

mnkgj.k 30.3. eku Kkr dhft, %

x2 + 1
(i) ∫ ( sin x + cos x ) dx (ii) ∫ x3
dx

1− x  1 1 
(iii) ∫ x dx (iv) ∫  2
−  dx
1+ x 1 − x2 
gy % (i) ∫ ( sin x + cos x ) dx = ∫ sin x dx + ∫ cos x dx = − cos x + sin x + c
x2 + 1  x2 1  1 1
(ii) ∫ x3
dx = ∫  3 + 3  dx =
x x  ∫ x dx + ∫ x3 dx

x −3+1 1
= log x + + c = log x − 2 + c
−3 + 1 2x

(iii)
1− x  1 x 
∫ x dx = ∫  x − x  dx =
(
∫ x
−
1
2 − x2
1
) dx = 2 x −
2 3/ 2
x +c
3
 1 1  dx dx
(iv) ∫  1 + x 2 −  dx = ∫ − ∫ = tan −1 x − sin −1 x + c
1 − x2  1 + x2 1 − x2

mnkgj.k 30.4. eku Kkr dhft, %

 x 3 
(i) ∫ 1 − sin 2θ dθ (ii) ∫  4e −
2
x x −1 
 dx

 x −1
6
(iii) ∫ ( tan x + cot x )
2
dx (iv) ∫  x 2 − 1  dx
xf.kr 301
 lekdyu
ekWM~;wy - VIII gy % (i) 1 − sin 2θ = cos 2 θ + sin 2 θ − 2 sin θ cos θ
dyu Q sin 2 θ + cos 2 θ = 1  =
  ( cos θ − sin θ )2 = ± ( cos θ − sin θ )
(fpUg dk p;u θ ds eku ij fuHkZj djrk gSA)
(a) ;fn 1 − sin 2θ = cos θ − sin θ rc ∫ 1 − sin 2θ dθ = ∫ ( cos θ − sin θ ) dθ
fVIi.kh ∫ cos θ dθ − ∫ sin θ dθ = sin θ + cos θ + c
=

(b) ;fn ∫ 1 − sin 2θ dθ = ∫ ( − cos θ + sin θ ) dθ

= − ∫ cos θ dθ + ∫ sin θ dθ = − sin θ − cos θ + c

 3  3
∫  4e ∫ 4e ∫x
x − x dx
(ii)  dx = − dx
2
x x −1  x2 −1
dx
= 4∫ e x dx − 3 ∫ = 4e x − 3 sec−1 x + c
x x2 −1

∫ ( tan )
2
∫ ( tan x + cot x ) dx = 2 x + cot 2 x + 2 tan x cot x dx
(iii)

∫ ( tan ) ∫ ( tan )
= 2 x + cot 2 x + 2 dx = 2 x + 1 + cot 2 x + 1 dx

∫ ( sec )
x + cosec 2 x dx = ∫ sec2 x dx + ∫ cosec2 x dx
2
=

= tan x − cot x + c

 x6 − 1   4 2 
∫  x 2 + 1  dx = ∫  x − x + 1 − x 2 + 1  dx [dividing x 6 − 1 by x 2 + 1]
2
(iv)

dx
∫x − ∫ x 2dx + ∫ dx − 2∫
= 4 dx
x2 + 1

x5 x3
= − + x − 2 tan −1 x + c
5 3
mnkgj.k 30.5. eku Kkr dhft, %
1 3  5x 4x 
(i) 
∫  x +  dx (ii) ∫  4e − 9e − 3  dx
x   e 3x


 1 3  3/ 2 1 1 1 
gy % (i) ∫  x +  dx = ∫  x + 3x + 3 x + 3 / 2  dx
 x   x x x 
1 dx
∫x + 3∫ x dx + 3∫ ∫ x3 / 2
= 3 / 2dx dx +
x

302 xf.kr
 lekdyu
x5 / 2 x3 / 2 x1 / 2 2 ekWM;
~ y
w - VIII
= 5
+3 3
+3 1
− +c
2 2 2 x dyu
5 3 1 1
2 −
= x 2 + 2x 2 + 6x 2 − 2x 2 + c
5
 4e5x − 9e 4x − 3  4e5x 9e4x 3dx
(ii) ∫  e3x
 dx =

∫ e3x
dx − ∫ e3x
dx − ∫ e3x fVIi.kh

= 4 ∫ e2x dx − 9 ∫ e x dx − 3 ∫ e−3x dx

= 2e2x − 9e x + e−3x + c

ns[ksa vkius fdruk lh[kk 30.2

1. eku Kkr dhft, %
 1 −x 2  1 
(a) ∫  x +  dx (c) ∫  10x − x +
9
 2
(b) ∫ 1 + x2 dx

 dx
x 
 5 + 3x − 6x2 − 7x4 − 8x6  x4  2 2
(d) ∫ 
x6
 dx (e) ∫ 1 + x2 dx (f) ∫  x +

 dx
x 
 
2. eku Kkr dhft, %
dx 2 cos x
(a) ∫ 1 + cos 2x (b) ∫ tan
2 xdx (c) ∫ dx
sin 2 x
dx sin x
(d) ∫ 1 − cos 2x (e) ∫ cos2 x dx (f) ∫ ( cosec x − cot x ) cosec x dx
3. eku Kkr dhft, %
1
(a) ∫ 1 + cos 2x dx (b) ∫ 1 − cos 2x dx (c) ∫ 1 − cos 2x dx

4. eku Kkr dhft, %

∫ x + 2 dx

30.5 lekdyu dh rduhdsa (Techniques of Integration)

30.5.1 izfrLFkkiu }kjk lekdyu
bl fof/ esa ge ∫ f ( x ) dx dks fdlh nwljs pjkad esa] :ikUrj dj nsrs gSa ftlls fd ifj.kkeh
iQyu fiNys vuqPNsn esa nh xbZ fof/;ksa }kjk lekdfyr fd;k tk ldsA
lcls igys ge f ( ax + b ) , a ≠ 0 dh rjg ds iQyuksa dk lekdy Kkr djsxsa tcfd f ( x ) ,d
ekud iQyu gSA

xf.kr 303
 lekdyu
ekWM~;wy - VIII
dyu mnkgj.k 30.6. eku Kkr dhft, %

∫ sin ( ax + b ) dx
gy % ∫ sin ( ax + b ) dx
eku yhft, ax + b = t .
fVIi.kh
dt dt
rc a= ;k dx =
dx a
dt
∴ ∫ sin ( ax + b ) dx = ∫ sin t a
(;gka lekdyu xq.kd dks dt fy[kk tk,xk)
1 1 cos ( ax + b )
=
a ∫ sin t dt = ( − cos t ) + c = −
a a
+c

mnkgj.k 30.7. eku Kkr dhft, %

1
(i)
n
∫ ( ax + b ) dx , tcfd n ≠ −1 (ii) ∫ ( ax + b ) dx
gy % (i) ∫ ( ax + b )n dx , tcfd n ≠ −1
dt dt
eku yhft, ax + b = t ⇒ a = ;k dx =
dx a
n 1 n 1 t n +1
∴ ∫ ( ax + b ) dx = a∫
t dt = ⋅
a ( n + 1)
+c

n +1
1 ( ax + b )
= ⋅ +c tcfd n ≠ −1
a n +1
1
(ii) ∫ ( ax + b ) dx
eku yhft, ax + b = t
1
⇒ dx = dt
a
1 1 dt 1 1
∴ ∫ ( ax + b ) dx = ∫ a ⋅ t
= log t + c = log ax + b + c
a a

mnkgj.k 30.8. eku Kkr dhft, %

5x + 7
∫ e dx
5x + 7
gy % ∫ e dx
eku yhft, 5x + 7 = t

304 xf.kr
 lekdyu
dt ekWM;
~ y
w - VIII
⇒ dx =
5 dyu
5x + 7 1 t 1 t 1 5x + 7
∴ ∫ e dx = 5 ∫ e dt = 5 e + c = 5 e + c
ax + b 1 ax + b
blh izdkj ∫ e dx = a e + c
è;ku nhft,% fVIi.kh
n +1
n 1 ( ax + b )
∫ ( ax + b ) dx =
a n +1
+ c, n ≠ −1

1 1
∫ ( ax + b ) dx =
a
log ax + b + c

1
∫ sin ( ax + b ) dx = − cos ( ax + b ) + c
a
1
∫ cos ( ax + b ) dx = sin ( ax + b ) + c
a
1
∫ sec ( ax + b ) dx
2 = tan ( ax + b ) + c
a
1
∫ cosec ( ax + b ) dx
2 = − cot ( ax + b ) + c
a
1
∫ sec ( ax + b ) tan ( ax + b ) dx = sec ( ax + b ) + c
a
1
∫ cosec ( ax + b ) cot ( ax + b ) dx = − cosec ( ax + b ) + c
a
mnkgj.k 30.9. eku Kkr dhft, %

(i) ∫ sin
2 x dx (ii) ∫ sin 3 x dx (iii) ∫ cos
3 x dx (iv) ∫ sin 3x sin 2x dx
gy % iQyu dks x ds xq.kt ds lkbu vkSj dkslkbu ds :i esa fy[kus ds fy,] ;gka ge f=kdks.kfeÙkh;
loZlfedkvksa dk mi;ksx djrs gSaA
1 − cos 2x  1 − cos 2x 
(i) ∫ sin
2 x dx = ∫ dx Q sin 2 x = 
2  2
1 1 1
= ∫ ( 1 − cos 2x ) dx = ∫ 1dx − ∫ cos 2x dx
2 2 2
1 1 sin 2x 1 1
= x− + c = − sin 2x + c
2 2 2 2 4
3 sin x − sin 3x
∫ sin x dx = ∫ Q sin 3x = 3 sin x − 4 sin 3 x 
3 dx
(ii)  
4
1 1 cos 3x 
4∫
= ( 3 sin x − sin 3x ) dx = − 3 cos x + +c
4  3 

xf.kr 305
 lekdyu
ekWM~;wy - VIII cos 3x + 3 cos x
∫ cos x dx = ∫ dx Q cos 3x = 4 cos3 x − 3 cos x 
3
(iii)  
4
dyu
1 1  sin 3x 
=
4 ∫ ( cos 3x + 3 cos x ) dx = 
4 3
+ 3 sin x  + c

1
(iv) ∫ sin 3x sin 2x dx = 2 ∫ 2 sin 3x sin 2x dx
fVIi.kh [Q 2 sin A sin B = cos ( A − B ) − cos ( A + B ) ]
1 1 sin 5x 
=
2 ∫ ( cos x − cos 5x ) dx =  sin x −
2 5 
+c

ns[ksa vkius fdruk lh[kk 30.3

1. eku Kkr dhft, %
∫ sin ( 4 − 5x ) dx ∫ sec ( 2 + 3x ) dx
2
(a) (b)

 π
(c) ∫ sec  x + 4  dx (d) ∫ cos ( 4x + 5 ) dx
(e) ∫ sec ( 3x + 5 ) tan ( 3x + 5 ) dx (f) ∫ cosec ( 2 + 5x ) cot ( 2 + 5x ) dx
2. eku Kkr dhft, %
dx
(a) ∫ ( 3 − 4x )4 (b) ∫ ( x + 1)
4
dx (c) ∫ ( 4 − 7x )
10
dx

1 1
(d) ∫ ( 4x − 5 )
3
dx (e) ∫ 3x − 5 dx (f) ∫ 5 − 9x
dx

1
(g) ∫ ( 2x + 1 )
2
dx (h) ∫ x + 1 dx
3. eku Kkr dhft, %
1
(a) ∫e
2x +1dx
(b) ∫e
3−8x dx
(c) ∫ e( 7 + 4x ) dx
4. eku Kkr dhft, %

∫ cos x dx ∫ sin x cos x dx

2 3 3
(a) (b)
(c) ∫ sin 4x cos 3x dx (d) ∫ cos 4x cos 2x dx
f '( x )
30.5.2 dh rjg ds iQyuksa dk lekdyu
f (x)
f '( x )
∫ f ( x ) dx dk eku Kkr djus ds fy, ge f (x) = t j[k ysrs gSa] rc f ' (x) dx = dt
f '( x ) dt
∴ ∫ f ( x ) dx = ∫ t

306 xf.kr
 lekdyu
= log t + c = log f ( x ) + c ekWM;
~ y
w - VIII
,slk iQyu ftldk va'k] gj dk vody gks] mldk lekdy gj dk y?kqxq.kd gksrk gSA dyu
mnkgj.k 30.10. eku Kkr dhft, %
dx
(i)
2x
∫ x2 + 1 dx (ii) ∫ 2 x (3 + x ) fVIi.kh
gy % (i) ;gka x2
va'k 2x gj ( + 1 ) dk vody gS
∴ mijksDr fu;e dk mi;ksx djus ij gesa izkIr gksrk gS %
2x
∫ x 2 + 1 dx = log x2 + 1 + c

1
(ii) (3 + x ) dk vody
2 x
gS
dx
∫ 2 x (3 + x )
= log 3 + x + c

mnkgj.k 30.11. eku Kkr dhft, %

e x + e− x e2x − 1
(i) ∫ ex − e− x dx (ii) ∫ e2x + 1 dx
gy : (i) e x − e − x dk vody e x + e− x gS
e x + e− x
∴ ∫ ex − e− x dx = log e x − e− x + c

nwljh fof/ % ekuk e x − e− x = t. rc ( ex + e−x ) dx = dt

ex + e− x dt
∴ ∫ ex − e− x dx = ∫ = log t + c = log e x − e − x + c
t
e2x − 1
(ii) ∫ e2x + 1 dx
;gk¡ e2x − 1 (va'k)] e2x + 1 (gj) dk vody ugha gS ijUrq ;fn ge va'k vkSj gj nksuksa dks
e− x ls xq.kk dj nsa rks fn;k x;k iQyu cu tkrk gS
e x − e− x
∫ ex + e− x dx
e2x − 1 e x − e− x
∴ ∫ e2x + 1 dx = ∫ ex + e−x
= log e x + e − x + c (Q va'k e x − e− x gj e x + e− x dk vody gS)

xf.kr 307
 lekdyu
ekWM~;wy - VIII
dyu ns[ksa vkius fdruk lh[kk 30.4
1 eku Kkr dhft, %
x 2x + 1 2x + 9
(a) ∫ 3x 2 − 2 dx (b) ∫ x 2 + x + 1 dx (c) ∫ x 2 + 9x + 30 dx
fVIi.kh dx
x2 + 1 2x + 1
∫ x3 + 3x + 3 ∫ x2 + x − 5 (f) ∫
(d) dx (e) dx
(
x 5+ x )
dx
(g) ∫ x ( 8 + log x )
2. eku Kkr dhft, %
ex dx
(a) ∫ 2 + bex dx (b) ∫ ex − e− x
30.5.3 izfrLFkkiu }kjk lekdyu ds dqN vkSj mnkgj.k
mnkgj.k 30.12. eku Kkr dhft, %
(i) ∫ tan x dx (ii) ∫ sec x dx
sin x dx − sin x dx
gy% (i) ∫ tan x dx = ∫ cos x
= −∫
cos x
eku yhft, cos x = t. rc − sin x dx = dt
dt
∴ ∫ tan x dx = − ∫ t
= − log t + c = − log cos x + c

1
= log + c = log sec x + c
cos x
blh izdkj ∫ cot x dx = log | sin x | + c
(ii) ∫ sec x dx
sec x dk lekdyu ,sls gh ugha fd;k tk ldrk D;ksafd sec x Lo;a fdlh iQyu dk vody ugha
gSA tcfd iQyuksa sec2 x rFkk sec x tan x ds fy, ,slk ugha gSA
vc ∫ sec x dx dks ge fy[k ldrs gSa
( sec x + tan x ) (sec 2 x + sec x tan x)
= ∫ sec x dx = ∫ dx
( sec x + tan x ) sec x + tan x
eku yhft, sec x + tan x = t. rc (sec x tan x + sec2 x)dx = dt
dt
∴ ∫ sec x dx = ∫ t
= log t + c = log sec x + tan x + c

308 xf.kr
 lekdyu
mnkgj.k 30.13. eku Kkr dhft, % ekWM;
~ y
w - VIII
1 dyu
∫ a2 − x2 dx

gy % eku yhft, x = a sin θ ⇒ dx = a cos θ dθ

1 a cos θ
∴ ∫ a 2 − x 2 dx = ∫ a 2 − a 2 sin 2 θ dθ fVIi.kh
1 cos θ 1 1 1
= ∫ 2
a 1 − sin θ
dθ = ∫
a cos θ
dθ = ∫ sec θ dθ
a
1 1 1 + sin θ
= log sec θ + tan θ + c = log +c
a a cos θ
x
1+
1 a 1 a+x
= log 2
+ c = log +c
a x a a2 − x2
1− 2
a
1 a+x 1
= log + c = 1 log  a + x  2 + c
a a−x a  
a−x
1 a+x
= log +c
2a a−x
1
mnkgj.k 30.14. eku Kkr dhft, % ∫ x 2 − a 2 dx
gy % eku yhft, fd x = a sec θ ⇒ dx = a sec θ tanθ dθ
1 a sec θ tan θ dθ
∴ ∫ x 2 − a 2 dx = ∫ a 2 sec2 θ − a 2
1 s ec θ tan θ
= ∫
a 2
tan θ
dθ (
tan 2 θ = sec 2 θ − 1 )
1 sec θ 1 1 1
= ∫ dθ = ∫ dθ = ∫ cosec θ dθ
a tan θ a sin θ a
1 1 1 − cos θ
= log cosec θ − cot θ + c = log +c
a a sin θ
a
1−
1 x 1 x−a
= log 2
+ c = log +c
a a a x2 − a2
1− 2
x
1 x−a 1 x−a
= log +c = log +c
a x+a 2a x+a

xf.kr 309
 lekdyu
ekWM~;wy - VIII 1
dyu
mnkgj.k 30.15. eku Kkr dhft, % ∫ a 2 + x 2 dx
gy% eku yhft, fd x = a tan θ ⇒ dx = a sec2 θ dθ

1 a sec 2 θ
∴ ∫ a2 + x2 dx = ∫ a 2 ( 1 + tan 2 θ ) dθ
fVIi.kh
1 1 x −1 x = θ 
=
a ∫ dθ = θ + c
a
 = tan θ ⇒ tan
a a


1 x
= tan −1 + c
a a
1
mnkgj.k 30.16 eku Kkr dhft, % ∫ a2 − x2
dx

gy % eku yhft, fd x = a sin θ

⇒ dx = a cos θ dθ
1 a cos θ
∴ ∫ a2 − x2
dx = ∫
a 2 − a 2 sin 2 θ
dθ

a cos θ
=∫ d θ = ∫ dθ
a cos θ
−1 x
= θ + c = sin a + c
1
mnkgj.k 30.17. eku Kkr dhft, % ∫ 2 2 dx
x −a
gy % eku yhft, fd x = a sec θ ⇒ dx = a sec θ tan θ dθ
1 a sec θ tan θ
∴ ∫ x2 − a2
= ∫a sec2 θ − 1
dθ

= ∫ sec θdθ = log sec θ + tan θ + c

x 1
= log + x2 − a2 + c
a a

= log x + x2 − a2 + c

1
mnkgj.k 30.18 eku Kkr dhft, % ∫ a2 + x2
dx

gy % eku yhft, fd x = a tan θ

⇒ dx = a sec2 θ dθ

310 xf.kr
 lekdyu
1 ekWM;
~ y
w - VIII
∴ = ∫ a2 + x2
dx = ∫ sec θ dθ (tSlk fd mnkgj.k 11.17 esa)
dyu
1 2 x
= log sec θ + tan θ + c = log a + x2 + +c
a a

= log a2 + x2 + x + c
fVIi.kh
uksV% mnkgj.k la[;k 11-12 ls 11-18 ds ifj.kkeksa dks lw=k ds :i esa ;kn jf[k,
x2 + 1
mnkgj.k 30.19. eku Kkr dhft, % ∫ x 4 + 1 dx
gy % D;ksfa d x2 iQyu ( x 4 + 1) dk vody ugha gS blfy, ge fn, x, lekdy dks fy[k ldrs gSa
1
2
1+
∫ 2 x 1 dx
x + 2
x
1
ge eku ysrs gSa fd x − = t.
x
 1 
∴  1 + 2  dx = dt
 x 
1 1
rFkk x2 − 2 + 2
= t2 ⇒ x2 + 2
= t2 + 2
x x
1
1+
x 2 dx = dt dt
∴ ∫ ∫ t2 + 2 = ∫
( t )2 + ( 2 )
1 2
x2 + 2
x
x−1 
1 t 1  x +c
= tan −1 +c= tan −1  
2 2 2  2 
 

x2 − 1
mnkgj.k 30.20. eku Kkr dhft, % ∫ x 4 + 1 dx
1
2 1−
x −1 x 2 dx
gy % ∫ x 4 + 1 dx = ∫ 1
x2 + 2
x
1
eku yhft, fd x+ = t.
x

xf.kr 311
 lekdyu
ekWM~;wy - VIII  1 
rc  1 − 2  dx = dt
dyu  x 
1
rFkk x2 + 2 + = t2
x2
1
⇒ x2 + = t2 − 2
x2
fVIi.kh
1
1− dt
x 2 dx = dt
∫ ∫ t2 − 2 = ∫
( t )2 − ( 2 )
∴ 1 2
x2 + 2
x
1
x+ − 2
1 t− 2 1 x
= log +c = log +c
2 2 t+ 2 2 2 1
x+ + 2
x

x2
mnkgj.k 30.21. eku Kkr dhft, % ∫ x 4 + 1 dx
gy % ge fn, x, lekdy dks gy djus ds fy,] bls mnkgj.k 11.19 rFkk mnkgj.k 11.20 esa fn;s
x;s lekdy ds :i esa ifjofrZr djsaxsA
x2 1  x2 + 1 x2 − 1 
∫ x4 + 1 dx =
2 ∫  x4 + 1 x4 + 1 
 +  dx

1 x2 + 1 1 x2 − 1
2 ∫ x4 + 1 2 ∫ x4 + 1
= dx + dx mnkgj.k 11.19 rFkk 11.20 ls

 x−1  1 
  x + − 2 
1 1 −1 x + 1 x
=  tan   log +c
2 2 2 2 1
  x+ + 2 
   x 
1
mnkgj.k 30.22. eku Kkr dhft, % ∫ x 4 + 1 dx
gy % ge fn, x, lekdy dks fuEufyf[kr :i esa fy[k ldrs gSa
1 (
x2 + 1 − x2 − 1 ) ( )
2∫
dx
x4 + 1
1 x2 + 1 1 x2 − 1
2 ∫ x4 + 1 2 ∫ x4 + 1
= dx − dx mnkgj.k 11.21 ls

 x−1  1 
  x + − 2 
1 1 −1 x 1 x
=  tan  − log +c
2 2 2  2 2 1
 x+ + 2 
   x 

312 xf.kr
 lekdyu

1 x2 − 1
ekWM;
~ y
w - VIII
mnkgj.k 30.23. eku Kkr dhft, % (a) ∫ (b) ∫ 4 dx dx
dyu
x2 − x + 1 x + x2 + 1
1 1 1
gy % (a) ∫ x 2 − x + 1 dx = ∫ 1 1
dx = ∫
2
dx
2
x − x + − +1 x−  +
1 3
4 4  
 2 4
 1 fVIi.kh
1  x− 
1
=∫ 2
dx = tan −1  2 +c
2
x− 1 + 3 3  3 
     
 2 2 2  2 
 
1
1−
x2 − 1 x2
(b)
∫ x 4 + x 2 + 1 dx = ∫ 1
dx
x2 +1+ 2
x
1  1 
eku yhft, fd x+ = t. ⇒  1 − 2  dx = dt
x  x 
1
rFkk x2 + 2 + = t2
x2
1
⇒ x2 + 1 + = t2 − 1
x2
1 1
1− −1 x+
x2 dt 1 t −1 1 x
∴ ∫ 1
dx = ∫ t2 − 1
= log
2 t +1
+ c = log
2 1
+c
x2 +1+ 2 x + +1
x x

mnkgj.k 30.24. eku Kkr dhft, % ∫ tan x dx

gy % eku yhft, fd tan x = t 2 ⇒ sec2 x dx = 2t dt

2t 2t
⇒ dx = 2
dt = dt
sec x 1 + t4
 2t  2t 2
∴ ∫ tan xdx = ∫  1 + t4 
t   dt = ∫ 1 + t 4 dt
 t2 + 1 t2 − 1  t2 + 1 t2 − 1
= ∫ 4 + 4
 t +1 t +1
 dt = ∫ t4 + 1 dt + ∫ t 4 + 1 dt
blds ckn mnkgj.k 30.19 rFkk 30.20 dh Hkkafr gy dhft,A
mnkgj.k 30.25. eku Kkr dhft, % ∫ cot x dx

gy % eku yhft, fd cot x = t 2 ⇒ −cosec2 x dx = 2t dt

xf.kr 313
 lekdyu
ekWM~;wy - VIII dx =
−2t
dt = −
2t
dt
⇒ 2 4
dyu cosec x t +1
 2t  2t 2  t2 + 1 t2 − 1 
∴ ∫ cot x dx = − ∫ t  4  dt = − ∫ 4
 t +1
dt = − ∫  4 + 4  dt
t +1  t +1 t +1
blds ckn mnkgj.k 30.19 rFkk 30.20 dh Hkkafr gy dhft,A

∫( )
fVIi.kh tan x + cot x dx
mnkgj.k 30.26. eku Kkr dhft, %
gy % eku yhft, fd sin x − cos x = t ⇒ ( cos x + sin x ) dx = dt
rFkk 1 − 2 sin x cos x = t 2 ⇒ 1 − t 2 = 2 sin x cos x
1 − t2
⇒ = sin x cos x
2
 sin x cos x 
vc\ ∫( tan x + cot x ) dx = ∫ 
 cos x
+ 
sin x 
sin x + cos x dt
∫ cos x sin x
dx = ∫ 1 − t2 = 2∫
dt
∴
2 1 − t2

= 2 sin −1 [ sin x − cos x ] + c

(mnkgj.k 30.16 ds ifj.kke dk mi;ksx djus ij)
mnkgj.k 30.27. eku Kkr dhft, %
dx dx
(a) ∫ (b) ∫ x ( 1 − 2x )
8 + 3x − x 2
dx dx dx
gy % (a) ∫ = ∫ = ∫
8 + 3x − x 2 (
8 − x 2 − 3x ) 8 −  x 2 − 3x +  +
9 9
 4 4

 3
dx  x − 
= sin −1  
2
= ∫ 2 2  41 
+c
 41  x− 3
  −    2 
 2   2

 2x − 3 
= sin −1  +c
 41 
dx dx 1 dx
(b) ∫ x ( 1 − 2x )
= ∫ x − 2x 2
=
2
∫ x
− x2
2

314 xf.kr
 lekdyu
1 dx 1 dx ekWM;
~ y
w - VIII
=
2 ∫ 1  2 x 1 
=
2 ∫ 2 2 dyu
− x − + 1 −x− 1
16  2 16   
4



4
 1 
x− 
1 −   4   + c = 1 sin −1 4x − 1 + c
= 1
sin   ( )
2   1 
  2 fVIi.kh
  4  

ns[ksa vkius fdruk lh[kk 30.5

1. eku Kkr dhft, %
x2 ex x
(a) ∫ x2 − 9 dx (b) ∫ e2x + 1 dx (c) ∫ 1 + x 4 dx
dx dx dx
(d) ∫ 16 − 9x 2
(e) ∫ 1 + 3 sin 2 x (f) ∫ 3 − 2x − x 2
dx dx dx
(g) ∫ 3x 2 + 6x + 21 (h) ∫ 5 − 4x − x 2
(i) ∫x 3x 2 − 12
dθ e x dx 1+ x
(j) ∫ sin 4 θ + cos4 θ (k) ∫ 1+ e2x
(l) ∫ 1− x
dx

dx 3x 2 ( x + 1)
(m) ∫ x2
(n) ∫ dx (o) ∫ dx
2ax − 9 − 16x 6 x2 +1
dx sin θ sec2 x
(p) ∫ (q) ∫ dθ (r) ∫ tan 2 x − 4
dx
9+ 4x 2 4 cos 2 θ −1
1 1
(s) ∫ ( x + 2 )2 + 1 dx (t) ∫ dx
16x 2 + 25

30.6 [kaM'k% lekdyu (Integration by Parts)

vodyu esa vkius lh[kk gS fd
d d d
( fg ) = f ( g ) + g ( f )
dx dx dx
d d d
;k f ( g ) = ( fg ) − g ( f ) (1)
dx dx dx
d
vki ;g Hkh tkurs gSa fd ∫ ( fg ) dx = fg
dx
(1) dk lekdyu djus ij gesa izkIr gqvk]

xf.kr 315
 lekdyu
ekWM~;wy - VIII d d d
∫ f dx ( g ) dx = ∫ dx ( fg ) dx − ∫ g dx ( f ) dx
dyu
d
= fg − ∫ g ( f ) dx (2)
dx
d
;fn ge ysa f = u ( x ); (g) = v( x ),
dx
fVIi.kh rc (2) cu tkrk gS]
∫ u ( x ) v ( x ) dx
 d 
= u ( x ) ⋅ ∫ v ( x ) dx − ∫  (u(x)) ∫ v ( x ) dx  dx
 dx
= iFzke iQyu × nwljs iQyu dk lekdy − ∫ [ izFke iQyu dk vodyu
× nl
w js iQyu dk lekdyu ] dx
(A) (B)
;gka nks iQyuksa ds xq.ku esa egRoiw.kZ Hkkx gS fd izFke vkSj f}rh; iQyu dk pquko dSls fd;k tk,
D;ksafd buesa ls dksbZ Hkh izFke vFkok f}rh; iQyu fy;k tk ldrk gSA
blds fy, mijksDr ifj.kke dk Hkkx B bldk lwpd gksxkA izFke iQyu ,slk gksuk pkfg, fd vkxs
vodyuksa ds mijkUr ;k rks og vxys in y?kqrj ;k fLFkj in esa ifjofrZr gks tk,A
x sin x, x cos 2 x, x 2 e x tSls iQyuksa ds lekdyuksa esa]
(i) chth; iQyu dks izFke iQyu fy;k tkuk pkfg,A
(ii) ;fn dksbZ chth; iQyu ugha gS rks izFke iQyu bl izdkj fy;k tk, fd mlls mijksDr dh
Hkkafr 'B' esa xq.kuiQy dks ljy cuk;k tk ldsA izFke iQyu dk pquko djus ds fy, ojh;rk
ds uhps fn, x, Øe dk mi;ksx fd;k tk ldrk gS %
(i) izfrykse iQyu
(ii) y?kqx.kdh; iQyu
(iii) f=kdks.kferh; iQyu
(iv) pj?kkarkdh iQyu
fuEufyf[kr mnkgj.k izFke iQyu ds pquko dh vo/kj.kk dk vH;kl djk;saxsaA
izFke iQyu nwljk iQyu
1. ∫ x cos x dx x (D;ksafd ;g chth; gS) cosx

∫ x e dx
2 x
2. x 2 (D;ksafd ;g chth; gS) ex

∫x x2
2 log x dx
3. log x
1
log x
4. ∫ ( 1 + x2 ) dx log x
( 1 + x )2
5. ∫ x sin
−1 x dx sin −1 x x

316 xf.kr
 lekdyu
6. ∫ log x dx log x 1 ekWM;
~ y
w - VIII
(tc y?kqx.kdh; ;k izfrykse dyu
f=kdks.kferh; iQyu vdsys gksa
rks '1' dks nwljk iQyu fy;k
tkrk gSA)
7. sin −1 x dx sin −1 x 1
fVIi.kh
mnkgj.k 30.28. eku Kkr dhft, %

∫x
2 sin x dx

gy % chth; iQyu x2 dks izFke iQyu rFkk 'sin x' dks nwljk iQyu ysus ij gesa izkIr gqvk
x 2 sin x dx = x 2 ∫ sin x − ∫  ( ) ∫ sin x dx  dx
d
x2
∫ I II 
 dx

= − x 2 cos x − 2∫ x ( − cos x ) dx

= − x 2 cos x + 2∫ x cos x dx (1)

rFkk ∫ x cos x dx = x sin x + cos x + c (2)

(2) dk eku (1) esa j[kus ij gesa izkIr gqvk]

∫x
2 sin x dx = − x 2 cos x + 2 [ x sin x + cos x ] + c

= − x 2 cos x + 2x sin x + 2 cos x + c

∫x
2 log x dx dk eku Kkr dhft, %
mnkgj.k 30.29.

gy % ojh;rk ds Øe ds vuqlkj ge log x dks izFke iQyu ysrs gSaA

x3 1 x3 x3 x2
∫ log x x dx
2
∴ =
3
log x − ∫ ⋅
x 3
dx =
3
log x − ∫ 3
dx
I II

x3 1  x3  x3 x3
= log x −  +c= log x − +c
3 3 3  3 9
−1
mnkgj.k 30.30. ∫ sin x dx dk eku Kkr dhft, %

x
gy % ∫ sin
−1 x dx = ∫ sin −1 x ⋅ 1 ⋅ dx = x sin −1 x − ∫ dx
1 − x2
eku yhft, fd 1 − x2 = t
⇒ −2x dx = dt

xf.kr 317
 lekdyu
ekWM~;wy - VIII −1
x dx =
⇒ dt
2
dyu
x 1 dt
∴ ∫ 1− x 2
dx = − ∫
2 t
= − t + C = − 1 − x2 + C

−1 x dx = x sin −1 x + 1 − x 2 + c
∴ ∫ sin
fVIi.kh

ns[ksa vkius fdruk lh[kk 30.6

eku Kkr dhft, %
∫ x sin x dx ∫ ( 1 + x ) cos 2x dx ∫ x sin 2x dx
2
1. (a) (b) (c)

∫ x tan x dx ∫x
2 2
2. (a) (b) sin 2 x dx

3. (a) ∫ x log 2x dx
3
(b) ( 1 − x 2 ) log x dx (c) ∫ ( log x )
2
dx
log x log ( log x )
4. (a) ∫ xn
dx (b) ∫ x
dx

∫x ∫x e
2e3x dx 4x dx
5. (a) (b)
2
6. ∫ x ( log x ) dx
7. (a) ∫ sec−1 x dx (b) ∫ x cot
−1 x dx

30.7 ∫ ex [ f ( x ) + f ' ( x ) ] dx ds :i ds lekdy

∫ e [ f ( x ) + f ' ( x ) ] dx
x
esa f (x) dk vodyt f '(x) gSA
lekdyu ds ,sls izdkjksa esa [kaM'k% fof/ }kjk lekdyu djus ij e x [ f ( x ) ] + c gy izkIr gksrk
gSA

∫ e [ tan x + log sec x ] dx

x
mnkgj.k ds fy, ij fopkj dhft,A (1)
eku yhft, fd f ( x ) = log sec x ,
sec x tan x
rc f '( x ) = = tan x
sec x
vr% (1) dks iqu% bl izdkj fy[kk tk ldrk gSA

∫ e [ f ' ( x ) + f ( x ) ] dx = e [ f ( x ) ] + C = e log sec x + C

x x x

vU;Fkk ge bls fuEufyf[kr izdkj Hkh gy dj ldrs gSa

∫ e [ tan x + log sec x ] dx = ∫ e tan x dx + ∫ e log sec x dx

x x x

I II
318 xf.kr
 lekdyu
= e x log sec x − ∫ e x log sec x dx + ∫ e x log sec x dx ekWM;
~ y
w - VIII
dyu
= e x log sec x + c
mnkgj.k 30.31. fuEufyf[kr esa ls izR;sd dk eku Kkr dhft, %
1 1   1 + x log x 
∫e ∫e
(a) x (b) x
 − 2  dx   dx
x x   x 
fVIi.kh
x ex  1 + sin x 
(c) ∫ ( x + 1 )2 dx (d)
∫ ex  1 + cos x  dx

gy %
1 1  x 1 d  1  x 1 
∫e  − 2  dx = ∫ e  +
x
(a)    dx = e  
x x   x dx  x   x
 1 + x log x  x 1  
( log x )  dx
d
∫e  dx = ∫ e  + log x  dx ∫e
x x
(b)   log x +
 x  x   dx 

= ∫ e x ( f ( x ) + f ' ( x ) ) dx = e x log x + C

x ex x +1−1  1 1 
∫ ( x + 1 )2 ∫ ( x + 1 )2 ∫  x + 1 − ( x + 1 )2
dx = x dx x
(c) e = e  dx

 
 1 d  1  x 1 +c
= ∫ ex  +    dx = e  
 x + 1 dx  ( x + 1 )   x +1
 1 + 2 sin x cos x 
x  1 + sin x  x  2 2  dx
(d) ∫ e  1 + cos x  dx = ∫ e  x 
 2 cos 2 
 2 
1 x x
= ∫ e x  sec 2 + tan  dx
2 2 2
 x d x  x
= ∫ e x  tan +  tan   dx = e x tan + c
 2 x 2  2
mnkgj.k 30.32. fuEufyf[kr esa ls izR;sd dk eku Kkr dhft, %

∫ sec ∫e
3 x dx x sin x dx
(a) (b)

∫ sec x dx
3
gy % (a)
eku yhft, fd I = ∫ sec x ⋅ sec2 x dx
= sec x ⋅ tan x − ∫ sec x tan x ⋅ tan x dx

∴ I = sec x tan x − ∫ ( sec3 x − sec x ) dx ( ∵ tan 2 x = sec2 x − 1 )

;k I = sec x tan x − ∫ sec3 x dx + ∫ sec x dx

xf.kr 319
 lekdyu
ekWM~;wy - VIII ;k 2I = sec x tan x + ∫ sec x dx
dyu ;k I = sec x tan x + log sec x + tan x + c1
1
;k I= [ sec x tan x + log sec x + tan x ]+c
2

∫e
x
(b) sin x dx
fVIi.kh
eku yhft, fd I = ∫ ex sin x dx
= e x ( − cos x ) − ∫ e x ( − cos x ) dx = −e x cos x + ∫ e x cos x dx

(
= −e x cos x + e x sin x − ∫ e x sin x dx )
∴ I = −e x cos x + e x sin x − I
;k 2I = −e x cos x + e x sin x
ex
;k I= ( sin x − cos x ) + c
2
mnkgj.k 30.33. eku Kkr dhft, %

∫ a 2 − x 2 dx

gy % eku yhft, fd I = ∫ a 2 − x 2 dx = ∫ a 2 − x 2 .1 dx
1 dks nwljk iQyu ysdj [kaM'k fof/ }kjk lekdyu djus ij

I= ( a2 − x2 x − ) ∫2
1
a2 − x2
( −2x ) ⋅ x dx

x2
= x a2 − x2 + ∫ a2 − x2
dx

(
a2 − a2 − x2 ) dx
=x a2 − x2 + ∫ a2 − x2
1
= x a2 − x2 + a2 ∫ dx − ∫ a 2 − x 2 dx
a2 − x2
x
∴ I = x a 2 − x 2 + a 2 sin −1   − I
a 
x
;k 2I = x a 2 − x 2 + a 2 sin −1  
a 
1  x 
;k I=  x a 2 − x 2 + a 2 sin −1    + c
2  a 

320 xf.kr
 lekdyu

x x2 − a2 a2
ekWM;
~ y
w - VIII
blh izdkj ∫ x 2 − a 2 dx =
2
−
2
log x + x2 − a2 + c
dyu
x a2 + x2 a2
∴ ∫ a 2 + x 2 dx =
2
+
2
log x + a 2 + x 2 + c

uksV% mnkgj.k la[;k 30-33 ds ifj.kkeksa dks lw=k ds :i eas ;kn jf[k,A
fVIi.kh
mnkgj.k 30.34. eku Kkr dhft, %

(a) ∫ 16x 2 + 25 dx (b) ∫ 16 − x 2 dx (c) ∫ 1 + x − 2x 2 dx

gy %
2
25 5
(a) ∫ 16x 2 + 25 dx = 4 ∫ x 2 +
16
dx = 4 ∫ x 2 +   dx
4

∫ ( x + a ) dx ds lw=k dk mi;ksx djus ij] gesa izkIr gksrk gS %

2 2

x 25 25 25 
∫ 16x 2 + 25 dx = 
2
x2 + +
16 32
log x + x2 + +c
16 

x 25
= 16x 2 + 25 + log 4x + 16x 2 + 25 + c
8 8

∫ ( a − x ) dx ds lw=k dk mi;ksx djus ij] gesa izkIr gksrk gS %

2 2
(b)

2
∫ 16 − x 2 dx = ∫ (4) − x
2
dx

x 16 −1 x
= 16 − x 2 + sin +c
2 2 4

1 x
(c) ∫ 1 + x − 2x 2 dx = 2∫ + − x 2 dx
2 2

1  x 1  1 
= 2 ∫  −  x2 − + + dx
2  2 16  16 

2
3  1 2
= 2 ∫   −  x −  dx
4  4

x− 1 2 x −
1
 4 9 −  x − 1  + 9 sin −1 4+c
= 2  
16  4 16 × 2 3 
 2 
 4 

xf.kr 321
 lekdyu
ekWM~;wy - VIII
dyu ns[ksa vkius fdruk lh[kk 30.7
eku Kkr dhft, %
∫e sec x [ 1 + tan x ] dx (b) ∫ e [ sec x + log ] dx
x x sec x + tan x
1. (a)
x −1  −1 
fVIi.kh 2. (a) ∫ x 2
e x dx (b) ∫e
x
 sin x −
1
 dx
 1− x 2 
( x − 1) xe x
∫e ∫ ( x + 1 )2 dx
x dx
3. 4.
( x + 1 )3
x + sin x
5. ∫ 1 + cos x dx 6. ∫e
x sin 2x dx

30.8 vkaf'kd fHkUuksa dk mi;ksx djds lekdyu djuk

vHkh rd vki lekdyu dh fofHkUu fof/;ka lh[k pqds gSaA
4x + 5
ijUrq fiQj Hkh dh rjg dh fLFkfr gks ldrh gS tcfd izfrLFkkiu ;k [kaM'k% fof/
2
x +x−6
vf/d lgk;d ugha gSA ,slh fLFkfr esa ge ,d nwljh rduhd ftls vkaf'kd fHkUuksa ds mi;ksx ls
lekdyu dh rduhd dgk tkrk gS] dh lgk;rk ysrs gSaA
p( x )
fdlh Hkh mfpr ifjes; fHkUu q ( x ) dks ,slh ifjes; fHkUuksa ds ;ksx ds :i esa O;Dr fd;k tk
ldrk gS] ftuesa ls izR;sd dk gj q (x) dk ,d ljy xq.ku[kaM gksA bl izdkj dh izR;sd fHkUu dks
vkaf'kd fHkUu dgrs gSa rFkk bl izfØ;k dks fo;kstu ;k nh xbZ fHkUu dks vkaf'kd fHkUuksa eas foHkDr
djuk dgrs gSaA
3 5 8x + 7 8x + 7
mnkgj.k ds fy,] x + 2 + x − 1 = ( x + 2 ) ( x − 1 ) = x 2 + x − 2
3 5 8x + 7
;gk¡ rFkk , 2 dh vkaf'kd fHkUu dgykrh gSaA
x+2 x −1 x + x − 2
f (x)
;fn g ( x ) ,d mfpr fHkUu gS] rFkk g(x) dk okLrfod xq.ku[kaM+ksa esa foHkDr fd;k tk ldrk gS]
rc
A
(a) izR;sd vukorhZ jSf[kd xq.ku[kaM (ax + b) ds laxr ,d ds :i okyh vkaf'kd fHkUu
ax + b
gksrh gSA
2
(b) ( ax + b ) ds fy, nks vkaf'kd fHkUuksa dk ;ksx fy;k tkrk gSA
A B
+
ax + b ( ax + b ) 2

322 xf.kr
 lekdyu

( ax + b )3 ds fy, rhu vkaf'kd fHkUu gksrh gSaA

ekWM;
~ y
w - VIII
dyu
A B C
+ +
ax + b ( ax + b ) 2
( ax + b )3 vkfn
Ax + B
(c) fdlh vxq.ku[kaMh; f}?kkr O;atd ax 2 + bx + c ds fy, ,d vkaf'kd fHkUu
ax 2 + bx + c
gksrh gSA fVIi.kh
f (x)
blfy, ;fn fdlh mfpr fHkUu g ( x ) esa g (x) dk okLrfod xq.ku[kaMksa eas foHkDr fd;k tk ldrk
f (x)
gks] rks g ( x ) dks fuEufyf[kr :i esa fy[kk tk ldrk gS%

gj ds xq.ku[kaM laxr vkaf'kd fHkUu

A B
( ax + b ) ( x + d ) +
ax + b cx + d
A B
+
( ax + b )2 ( ax + b ) ( ax + b )2

A B C
+ +
( ax + b )3 ax + b ( ax + b ) 2
( ax + b )3
Ax + B
ax 2 + bx + c 2
ax + bx + c
Ax + B Cx + D
+
( ax 2 + bx + c )
2
( )
2
ax + bx + c 2
ax 2 + bx + c

tcfd A,B,C rFkk D LosPN vpj gSA

2x + 5
mnkgj.k 30.35. ∫ x 2 − x − 2 dx dk eku Kkr dhft, %

2x + 5 2x + 5
gy % =
x2 −x−2 ( x − 2 ) ( x + 1)
2x + 5 A B
eku yhft, fd ( x − 2 ) ( x + 1 ) = x − 2 + x + 1 (1)

gesa izkIr gksrk gS %

2x + 5 = A ( x + 1 ) + B ( x − 2 )
x = 2 j[kus ij gesa izkIr gksrk gS % 9 = 3A ;k A = 3
x = − 1 j[kus ij gesa izkIr gksrk gS % 3 = − 3B ;k B = −1
bu ekuksa dks (1) esa j[kus ij gesa feyrk gS %

xf.kr 323
 lekdyu
ekWM~;wy - VIII 2x + 5
=
3
−
1
dyu ( x − 2 ) ( x + 1) x − 2 x + 1
2x + 5 3 1
⇒ ∫ x 2 − x − 2 dx = ∫ x − 2 dx − ∫ x + 1 dx
= 3 log x − 2 − log x + 1 + c

fVIi.kh mnkgj.k 30.36. x3 + x + 1

∫ x2 − 1
dx dk eku Kkr dhft, %

x3 + x + 1
gy % eku yhft, fd I= ∫ dx
x2 − 1
x3 + x + 1 2x + 1 2x + 1
vc =x+ =x+
x2 −1 x2 −1 ( x + 1) ( x − 1)
 2x + 1 
I = ∫ x +
( x + 1 ) ( x − 1 ) 
∴ dx (1)

2x + 1 A B
eku yhft, fd = + (2)
( x + 1) ( x − 1) x + 1 x − 1
⇒ 2x + 1 = A ( x − 1 ) + B ( x + 1 )
3
x = 1 j[kus ij gesa izkIr gksrk gS % B=
2
1
x = −1 j[kus ij gesa izkIr gksrk gS % A=
2
A vkSj B ds bu ekuksa dks (2) esa j[kus ij rFkk lekdyu djus ij gesa izkIr gksrk gS %
2x + 1 1 1 3 1
∫ ( x 2 − 1 ) dx = 2 ∫ ( x + 1 ) dx + 2 ∫ x − 1 dx
1 3
= log x + 1 + log x − 1 (3)
2 2
(1) vkSj (3) ls gesa izkIr gksrk gS %
x2 1 3
I= + log x + 1 + log x − 1 + C
2 2 2
mnkgj.k 30.37. eku Kkr dhft, %
8
∫ ( x + 2 ) ( x 2 + 4 ) dx
8 A Bx + C
gy % eku yhft, fd = + 2 ( ∵ x 2 + 4 vfo;ksT; gS)
( x + 2 ) ( x2 + 4 ) x+2 x +4

nksuksa i{kksa dks ( x + 2 ) ( x 2 + 4 ) ls xq.kk djus ij gesa izkIr gksrk gS %

324 xf.kr
 lekdyu

( )
8 = A x 2 + 4 + ( Bx + C ) ( x + 2 ) ekWM;
~ y
w - VIII
x dh ?kkrkadks ds laxr xq.kkdksa dh nksuksa i{kksa esa rqyuk djus ij gesa izkIr gksrk gS % dyu
0=A+B 

0 = 2B + C  ⇒ A = 1, B = −1, C = 2
8 = 4A + 2C 
8 1 x−2 fVIi.kh
∴ ∫ ( x + 2 ) x 2 + 4 dx = ∫ x + 2 dx − ∫ x 2 − 4 dx
( )
1 1 2x dx
= ∫ x + 2 dx − 2 ∫ x 2 + 4 dx + 2∫ x 4 + 4
1 1 x
= log x + 2 − log x 2 + 4 + 2 ⋅ tan −1 + C
2 2 2
1 x
= log x + 2 − log x 2 + 4 + tan −1 + C
2 2
mnkgj.k 30.38. eku Kkr dhft, %
2 sin 2θ − cos θ
∫ 4 − cos2 θ − 4 sin θ dθ
2 sin 2θ − cos θ
gy % eku yhft, fd I = ∫ 4 − cos2 θ − 4 sin θ dθ
( 4 sin θ − 1 ) cos θdθ
= ∫
3 + sin 2 θ − 4 sin θ
eku yhft, fd sin θ = t, rc cos θ dθ = dt
4t − 1
∴ I= ∫ 3 + t 2 − 4t dt
4t − 1 A B
eku yhft, fd = +
3 − t 2 − 4t t − 3 t −1
rc 4t − 1 = A ( t − 1 ) + B ( t − 3 )
3
t = 1 j[kus ij B = −
2
11
t = 3 j[kus ij A = 2
11  1  3 dt 11 3
∴ I= ∫   dt − ∫
2  t−3 2 t −1
=
2
log t − 3 − log t − 1 + c
2
11 3
= log sin θ − 3 − log sin θ − 1 + c
2 2

xf.kr 325
 lekdyu
ekWM~;wy - VIII
dyu ns[ksa vkius fdruk lh[kk 30.8
fuEufyf[kr ds eku Kkr dhft, %
1. (a) ∫ 4x 2 − 5 dx (b) ∫ x 2 + 3x dx (c) 3 − 2x − 2x 2 dx
x +1 x
fVIi.kh
2. (a)
∫ ( x − 2 ) ( x − 3 ) dx (b) ∫ x 2 − 16 dx
x3 2x 2 + x + 1
3. (a) ∫ x2 − 4 dx (b) ∫ ( x − 1 )2 ( x + 2 ) dx
x2 + x + 1
4. ∫ ( x − 1 )3
dx

sin x 1 − cos x
5. (a) ∫ sin 4x dx (b) ∫ cos x ( 1 + cos x ) dx
C

1A
% +
vkb;s nksgjk,¡
• lekdyu] vodyu dh izfrykse fØ;k gS
• vfuf'pr lekdyksa ds dqN ekud :i %
x n+1
∫x
n
(a) dx = +c (n ≠ −1)
n +1
1
(b) ∫ x
dx = log | x | +c

(c) ∫ sin x dx = − cos x + c

(d) ∫ cos x dx = sin x + c

∫ sec
2
(e) x dx = tan x + c

(f) ∫ cos ec2 x dx = − cot x + c

(g) ∫ sec x tan x dx = sec x + c

(h) ∫ cos ec x cot x dx = − cos ecx + c

1
(i)
∫ dx = sin −1 x + c
2
1− x
1
(j)
∫ 1 + x 2 dx = tan −1 x + c

1
(k)
∫ dx = sec −1 x + c
2
x x −1

326 xf.kr
 lekdyu
(l) ∫ e x dx = ex + c ekWM;
~ y
w - VIII
dyu
ax
(m) ∫ a dx x = + c ( a > 0 and a ≠ 1)
log a
• vfuf'pr lekdyksa ds xq.k/eZ %
(a) ∫  f ( x ) ± g ( x )  dx = ∫ f ( x ) dx ± ∫ g ( x ) dx
fVIi.kh
(b) ∫ kf ( x ) dx = k ∫ f ( x ) dx
n +1
n 1 ( ax + b )
• (i) ∫ ( ax + b ) dx a
=
n +1
+ c, ( n ≠ −1)

1 1
(ii) ∫ dx = log ax + b + c
ax + b a
−1
(iii) ∫ sin ( ax + b ) dx = cos ( ax + b ) + c
a
1
(iv) ∫ cos ( ax + b ) dx = sin ( ax + b ) + c
a
1
(v) ∫ sec2 ( ax + b ) dx = tan ( ax + b ) + c
a
1
(vi) ∫ co sec2 ( ax + b ) dx = − cot ( ax + b ) + c
a
1
(vii) ∫ sec ( ax + b ) tan ( ax + b ) dx = sec ( ax + b ) + c
a
1
(viii) ∫ co sec ( ax + b ) cot ( ax + b ) dx = − co sec ( ax + b ) + c
a
1 ax + b
(ix) ∫ eax +bdx = e +c
a
f '( x )
(x) ∫ f ( x ) dx = log f ( x ) + c

• (i) ∫ tan x dx = − log cos x + c = log sec x + c

(ii) ∫ cot x dx = log sin x + c

(iii) ∫ sec x dx = log sec x + tan x + c

(iv) ∫ co sec x dx = log co sec x − cot x + c

1 1 a+x 1 1 x −a
• (i) ∫ a 2 − x 2 dx = 2a log a − x +c (ii) ∫ x 2 − a 2 dx = 2a log x + a +c

1 x
1 1 −1 x
∫ dx = sin −1 +c
(iii) ∫ x 2 + a 2 dx = a tan a
+c (iv)
a2 − x2 a

xf.kr 327
 lekdyu
ekWM~;wy - VIII 1
(v) ∫ dx = log x + x 2 − a 2 + c
dyu x2 − a2
dx
(vi) ∫ 2 2
= log x + x 2 + a 2 + c
x +a
• nks iQyuksa ds xq.kuiQy dk lekdy
= I iQyu × II iQyu dk lekdy −
fVIi.kh
∫[I iQyu dk vodyu × II iQyu dk lekdy ] dx
• ∫e
x
f ( x ) + f ' ( x )  dx = e x f ( x ) + c
1  x 
• ∫ a 2 − x 2 dx =  x a 2 − x 2 + a 2 sin −1    + c
2  a 
x x2 − a2 a2
∫ x 2 − a 2 dx =
2
− log x + x 2 − a 2 + c
2
x a2 + x2 a2
∫ a 2 + x 2 dx =
2
+ log x + a 2 + x 2 + c
2
• ifjes; fHkUu fuEufyf[kr nks izdkj dh gksrh gS%
(i) mfpr fHkUu tcfd va'k esa pjkad dh ?kkr φ gj esa pjkad dh ?kkr ls de gksrh gSA
(ii) vuqfpr fHkUu tcfd va'k esa pjkad dh ?kkr ≥ gj esa pjkad dh ?kkr ds cjkcj ;k
mlls vf/d gksrh gSA
f (x)
• ,d mfpr fHkUu g ( x ) esa ;fn g(x) dks okLrfod xq.ku[kaMksa esa foHkDr fd;k tk ldrk
f (x)
gks] rks g x dks fuEufyf[kr :i ls fy[kk tk ldrk gS%
( )
gj ds xq.ku[kaM laxr vkaf'kd fHkUu
A B
( ax + b )( cx + d ) +
ax + b cx + d
A B
+
( ax + b )2 ax + b ( ax + b ) 2
A B C
3 + +
( ax + b ) ax + b ( ax + b ) 2 ( ax + b )3
Ax + B
2
ax + bx + c ax 2 + bx + c
Ax + B Cx + D
+
( ax )
2
( )
2 2 2
+ bx + c ax + bx + c ax 2 + bx + c
tcfd A, B, C, D LosPN vpj gSaA
328 xf.kr
 lekdyu
ekWM;
~ y
w - VIII
lgk;d osclkbV dyu
• http://www.bbc.co.uk/education/asguru/maths/12methods/04integration/
index.shtml
• http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/integration
• http://www.sosmath.com/calculus/integration/byparts/byparts....
fVIi.kh

vkb, vH;kl djsa

fuEufyf[kr iQyuksa ds x ds lkis{k lekdyu dhft, %
sin 3 x + cos3 x
1. 2. 1 + sin 2x
sin 2 x cos 2 x
cos 2x
3.
cos 2 x sin 2 x
4. ( tan x − cot x )2
4 1 2sin 2 x
5. 2
− 6.
1+ x 1− x2 1 + cos 2x
2
2 cos 2 x  x x
7. 8.  sin + cos 
1 − cos 2x  2 2
2
 x x
9.  cos − sin  10. cos ( 7x − π )
 2 2
11. sin ( 3x + 4 ) 12. sec 2 ( 2x + b )

dx 1
13.
∫ sin x − cos x 14. ∫ dx
( )
1 + x 2 tan −1 x

cos ecx cot x

15. ∫  x
dx 16. ∫ 3 + 4 log sin x dx
log  tan 
 2

dx ex + 1
17. ∫ sin 2x log tan x 18. ∫ e x − 1 dx
∫ sec ∫e
4 x
19. x tan x dx 20. sin e x dx

x dx sec 2 x
21. ∫ 22. ∫ tan x
dx
2x 2 + 3
23. ∫ 25 − 9x 2 dx 24. ∫ 2ax − x 2 dx

xf.kr 329
 lekdyu
ekWM~;wy - VIII 25. ∫ 3x 2 + 4 dx 26. ∫ 1 + 9x 2 dx
dyu
x 2 dx dx
27. ∫ 28. ∫ sin 2 x + 4 cos2 x
x2 − a2
dx dx
29. ∫ 2 + cos x 30. ∫ x 2 − 6x + 13
fVIi.kh
dx x2
31. ∫ 1 + 3sin 2 x 32. ∫ x 2 − a 2 dx
dx sin x
33. ∫ 4 34. ∫ sin 3x dx
x 9+x
dx
35. ∫ 1 − 4 cos2 x 36. ∫ sec ( ax + b ) dx
2

dx x5
37. ∫ x ( 2 + log x ) 38. ∫ 1 + x 6 dx
cos x − sin x cot x
39. ∫ sin x + cos x dx 40. ∫ log sin x dx
sec 2 x sin x
41. ∫ a + b tan x dx 42. ∫ 1 + cos x dx
∫ cos ∫ sin
2 x dx 3 x dx
43. 44.

∫ sin 5x sin 3x dx ∫ sin

2 x cos3 x dx
45. 46.

1
47. ∫ sin x dx
4
48. ∫ 1 + sin x dx
cos x − sin x
49. ∫ tan
3 x dx 50. ∫ 1 + sin 2x
dx

cosec 2 x 1 + x + cos 2x
51. ∫ 1 + cot x dx 52. ∫ x 2 + sin 2x + 2x dx
sec θ cosec θ dθ cot θ dθ
53. ∫ log tanθ 54. ∫ log sin θ
dx 1 − tan θ
55. ∫ 1 + 4x 2 56. ∫ 1 + tan θ dθ
1
1 − sin x cos x dx
57. ∫ x2 e x dx 58. ∫ a 2 sin 2 x + b2 cos2 x

330 xf.kr
 lekdyu

dx x  cos −1 x − 1  ekWM;
~ y
w - VIII
59. ∫ sin x + cos x 60. ∫ 
e 
2
1− x 
 dx
dyu
 sin x + cos x  1 − cos x
∫e
x −1
61. 
 cos 2 x
 dx

62. ∫ tan 1 + cos x
dx

 −1  1− x  sin −1 x
63. ∫ cos  2 cot    dx
 1+ x 
64. ∫ 3
dx fVIi.kh
(1 − ) 2
x 2

65. ∫ x log x dx 66. ∫e

x
( 1 + x ) log ( xe x ) dx
log x
67. ∫ ( 1 + x )2 dx 68. ∫e
x sin 2 x dx

69. ∫ cos ( log x ) dx 70. ∫ log ( x + 1 ) dx

x2 + 1 sin θ cos θ
71. ∫ ( x − 1 )2 ( x + 3 ) dx 72. ∫ cos2 θ − cos θ − 2 dθ
dx x2 + 1
73. ∫ x ( x5 + 1 ) 74. ∫ ( x 2 + 2 )( 2x 2 + 1 ) dx
log x dx
75. ∫ x ( 1 + log x ) ( 2 + log x )
dx 76. ∫ 1 − ex

mÙkjekyk
ns[ksa vkius fdruk lh[kk 30.1
7 7 7 7 7
2 2 2 2 2 2
1. x + 1, x 2 + 2, x 2 + 3, x 2 + 4, x 2 + 5
7 7 7 7 7
x6
2. (a) +c (b) sin x + c (c) 0
6
x7 1
+c
3. (a) +c (b) (c) log x + c
7 6x 6
x
3
  4
5 +c 3 3 −1
(d) (e) x +c (f) +c
log  
3 4 8x8
5
1
(g) 2 x +c (h)
9x 9 +c

xf.kr 331
 lekdyu
ekWM~;wy - VIII 4. (a) −cosec θ + c (b) sec θ + c
dyu (c) tan θ + c (d) − cot θ + c

ns[ksa vkius fdruk lh[kk 30.2

x2 1
1. (a) + x+c (b) − x + tan −1 x + c
2 2
fVIi.kh 3
2 1 3 2 7
(c) x10 − x 2 + 2 x + c (d) − 5
− 4
+ 3
+ − 8x + c
3 x 4x 3x x

x3 x2
(e) − x − tan −1 x + c (f) + 4x + 4 log x + c
3 2
1
2. (a) tan x + c (b) tan x − x + c
2
1
(c) −2 cosec x + c (d) − cot x + c
2
(e) − sec x + c (f) − cot x + cosec x + c
3. (a) 2 sin x + c (b) − 2 cos x + c
1
(c) − cot x + c
2
2 3
4. (a) ( x + 2 )2 + c
3

ns[ksa vkius fdruk lh[kk 30.3

1 1
1. (a) cos ( 4 − 5x ) + c (b) tan ( 2 + 3x ) + c
5 3
 π  π
(c) log sec  x +  + tan  x +  + c
 4  4
1
(d) sin ( 4x + 5 ) + c
4
1 1
(e) sec ( 3x + 5 ) + c (f) − cosec ( 3 + 5x ) + c
3 5
1 1
2. (a) 3
+c (b) ( x + 1 )5 + c
12 ( 3 − 4x ) 5
1 1
(c) − ( 4 − 7x )11 + c (d) ( 4x − 5 )4 + c
77 16
1 2
(e) log 3x − 5 + c (f) − 5 − 9x + c
3 9

332 xf.kr
 lekdyu
1 ekWM;
~ y
w - VIII
(g) ( 2x + 1 )3 + c (h) log x + 1 + c
6 dyu
1 2x +1 1
3. (a) e +c (b) − e3−8x + c
2 8
1
(c) − +c
4e( 7 + 4x )
fVIi.kh
1 sin 2x  1  3 1 
4. (a) x+ +c (b)  − cos 2x + cos 6x  + c
2 2  32  2 6 
1  cos 7x  1  sin 6x sin 2x 
(c)  − − cos x  + c (d) + +c
2 7  2  6 2 

ns[ksa vkius fdruk lh[kk 30.4

1
1. (a) log 3x 2 − 2 + c (b) log x 2 + x + 1 + c
6
1
(c) log x 2 + 9x + 30 + c (d) log x 3 + 3x + 3 + c
3
(e) log x 2 + x − 5 + c (f) 2 log 5 + x + c
(g) log 8 + log x + c

2. (a)
1
b
log a + be x + c (b) ( )
tan −1 e x + c

ns[ksa vkius fdruk lh[kk 30.5

3 x−3
1. (a) x+
2
log
x+3
+c (b) ( )
tan −1 e x + c

1 −1  3x 
(c)
1
2
( )
tan −1 x 2 + c (d)
3
sin  +c
 4 
1  x +1
(e) tan −1 ( 2 tan x ) + c (f) sin −1  +c
2  2 
1  x +1 x+2
(g) tan −1  +c (h) sin −1  +c
3 6  6   3 

1 x 1  tan 2 θ − 1 
(i) sec−1 +c (j) tan −1  +c
2 3 2 2  2 tan θ 

(k) log e x + 1 + e 2x + c (l) sin −1 x − 1 − x 2 + c

x−a 1 −1  4 3 
(m) sin −1  +c (n) sin  x  + c
 a  4 3 

xf.kr 333
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ekWM~;wy - VIII 1 2x + 9 + 4x 2
(o)
2
x + 1 + log x + x + 1 + c 2
(p) 2 log +c
dyu 2

1
(q) − log 2 cos θ + 4 cos 2 θ − 1 + c
2

(r) log tan x + tan 2 x − 4 + c

fVIi.kh
2
−1  x + 2 
1 5
(s) tan  +c (t) log x + x 2 +   + c
 1  4 4

ns[ksa vkius fdruk lh[kk 30.6

1. (a) − x cos x + sin x + c

(b)
1
2
( )
1 + x 2 sin 2x +
x cos 2x sin 2x
2
−
4
+c

− x cos 2x 1 sin 2x
(c) + +c
2 2 2
2. (a) x tan x − log sec x − x + c

1 3 1 2 1 1
(b) x − x sin 2x − x cos 2x + sin 2x + c
6 4 4 8
 x3  x3
x 4 log 2x x 4  x −  log x − x + +c
3. (a) − +c (b) 3 9
4 16  
2
(c) x ( log x ) − 2x log x + 2x + c

x1−n x1−n
4. (a) log x − +c (b) log x.  log ( log x ) − 1 + c
1− n (1 − n )2
 x 2 2x 2 
e3x  − + +c e 4x e4x
5. (a) (b) x − +c
 3 9 27  4 16

x2 
( log x )2 − log x +  + c
1
6. 
2  2

7. (a) x sec−1 x − log x + x 2 − 1 + c

x2 x 1
(b) cot −1 x + + cot −1 x + c
2 2 2

334 xf.kr
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ns[ksa vkius fdruk lh[kk 30.7 ekWM;
~ y
w - VIII
e x log sec x + tan x + c dyu
1. (a) e x sec x + c (b)
1 x
2. (a) e +c (b) e x sin −1 x + c
x
ex ex
3. 2
+c 4. +c fVIi.kh
(1 + x ) 1+ x
x 1 x
5. x tan +c 6. e ( sin 2x − 2 cos 2x ) + c
2 5

ns[ksa vkius fdruk lh[kk 30.8

5 5 5
1. (a) x x2 − − log x + x 2 − + c
4 4 4

( 2x + 3) 9  3
x 2 + 3x − log  x +  + x 2 + 3x + c
(b)
4 8  2

1 7  2x + 1 
(c) ( 2x + 1) 3 − 2x − 2x 2 + sin −1  +c
4 4 2  7 
2. (a) 4 log | x − 3 | −3log | x − 2 | + c
1
(b) log | x − 4 | + log | x + 4 | + c
2
x2
3. (a) − 2 [ log | x − 2 | + log | x + 2 |] + c
2
11 7 4
(b) log | x − 1| + log ( x + 2 ) − +c
9 9 3 ( x − 1)
3 3
4. log | x − 1| − − +c
( x − 1) 2 ( x − 1)2

1 1
5. (a) log 1 − sin x − 1 + sin x
8 8
1 1
− log 1 − 2sinx + log 1 + 2 sin x + c
4 2 4 2
x
(b) log sec x + tan x − 2 tan +c
2
vkb, vH;kl djsa
1. sec x − cosec x + c 2. sin x − cos x + c
3. − cot x − tan x + c 4. tan x − cot x − 4x + c

xf.kr 335
 lekdyu
ekWM~;wy - VIII 5. 4 tan −1 x − sin −1 x + c 6. tan x − x + c
dyu 7. − cot x − x + c 8. x − cos x + c
sin ( 7x − π )
9. x + cos x + c 10. +c
7
− cos ( 3x + 4 ) tan ( 2x + b )
11. +c 12. +c
fVIi.kh 3 2
1  π  π
13. log cos ec  x −  − cot  x −  + c
2  4  4
x
14. log tan −1 x + c 15. log log tan +c
2
1 1
16. log 3 + 4 log sin x + c 17. log log tan x + c
4 2
x −x 1
18. 19. sec 4 x + c
2 log e2 − e2 +c 4

2x 2 + 3
20. − cos e x + c 21. +c
2
22. 2 tan x + c

23.
1
6
x ( 25 − 9x 2 ) + 256 sin −1  53 x  + c
x −a 
( x − a ) 2ax − x 2 + a 2 sin −1 
1 1
24. +c
2 2  a 

x 3x 2 + 4 2 3x + x 2 + 4
25. + log +c
2 3 2

x 9x 2 + 1 1
26. + log 3x + 1 + 9x 2 + c
2 6
1 2 2 1 2 2 2 
27.  2 x x − a + 2 a log x + x − a  + c

  x 
 tan  2  
tan     + c
2 −1
1  tan x 
28. tan −1  +c 29. 3  3 
2  2 
 

1  x −3 1
30. tan −1  +c 31. tan −1 ( 2 tan x ) + c
2  2  2

336 xf.kr
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ekWM;
~ y
w - VIII
a x−a 1 9 + x4 − 3
32. x + log +C 33. log +c dyu
2 x+a 12 9 + x4 + 3

1 3 + tan x 1 tan x − 2
34. log +c 35. log +c
2 3 3 − tan x 2 2 tan x + 2

1 fVIi.kh
36. tan ( ax + b ) + c 37. log ( 2 + log x ) + c
a

log (1 + x 6 ) + c
1
38. 39. log sin x + cos x + c
6
1
40. log log ( sin x ) + C 41. log a + b tan x + c
b
1 sin 2x 1
42. − log 1 + cos x + c 43. + x+c
2 2 2

cos3 x 1 sin 2x 1 sin 8x

44. − cos x + +c 45. − +c
3 2 2 2 8

1 3 sin 5 x 1
46. sin x − +c 47. [12x − 8sin 2x + sin 4x ] + c
3 5 32

tan 2 x
48. tan x − sec x + c 49. + log cos x + c
2
−1 1
50. +c 51. log +c
cos x + sin x 1 + cot x
1
52. log x 2 + sin 2x + 2x + c 53. log tan θ + c
2
1
54. log log sinθ + c 55. tan −1 2x
2
1
56. log cos θ + sin θ + c 57. −
e x +c
1
log a 2sin 2 x + b 2 cos 2 x + c
58.
(
2 a −b2 2
)
1  π  π
59. log sec  x −  + tan  x −  + c
2  4  4
60. e x cos −1 x + c 61. e x sec x + c
1 2 1
62. x +c 63. − x2 + c
4 2

xf.kr 337
 lekdyu
ekWM~;wy - VIII x sin −1 x 1 2 2
3
2
64. + log 1 − x 2 + c 65. x  log x −  + c
dyu 1− x2 2 3  3

66.
 ( )
xe x log xe x − 1 + c

67. −
1
1+ x
log x + log x − log x + 1 + c

1 x ex x
e − ( 2sin 2x + cos 2x ) + c  cos ( log x ) + sin ( log x )  + c
fVIi.kh 68. 2
69.
2 10
70. x log x + 1 − x + log x + 1 + c

3 1 5
71. log x − 1 − + log x + 3 + c
8 2 ( x − 1) 8

2 1 1 x5
72. − log cos θ − 2 − log cos θ + 1 + c 73. log 5 +c
3 3 5 x +1

2
1  −1  x   ( 2 + log x )
74.  tan 
3 2
 + tan
 2
−1
( )
2x  + c

75. log
1 + log x
+c

ex
76. log +c
1 − ex

338 xf.kr
 fuf'pr lekdyu
ekWM;
~ y
w - VIII
dyu

31
fVIi.kh

fuf'pr lekdyu
geus fiNys ikB esa izfrvodyt vFkkZr~ iQyu ds lekdyu dh ppkZ dh gSA
okLro esa] lekdyu 'kCn dk vFkZ gS% ifj.kkeksa ds dqN izdkj ds ladyu (;ksx) vFkok la;kstuA
vc iz'u mBrk gS fd ge xf.kr dh bl 'kk[kk dks D;ksa i<+rs gSa\ okLro esa] lekdyu og gS
ftldh lgk;rk ls oØksa }kjk ifjc¼ {ks=kiQyksa dks Kkr fd;k tkrk gS] tc bldh fuf'pr lhek,¡
Kkr gSA vkxs ge ns[ksaxs fd bl 'kk[kk dk vuqiz;ksx] lkaf[;dh] HkkSfrdh] tho foKku] okf.kT; rFkk
vU; fo"k;ksa ds fofHkUu iz'uksa esa Hkh fd;k tkrk gSA
bl ikB esa] ge fuf'pr lekdy dh T;kferh; ifjHkk"kk nsaxs rFkk bldh O;k[;k djasxs] mi;qDr xq.kksa
ds iz;ksx }kjk fuf'pr lekdyksa dk eku Kkr djsaxs rFkk ,d ifjc¼ {ks=k dk {ks=kiQy Kkr djus esa
fuf'pr lekdyksa dk iz;ksx djsaxsA

mís';
bl ikB ds vè;;u ds ckn] vki fuEufyf[kr esa leFkZ gks tk;saxs %

;ksx dh lhek ds :i esa fuf'pr lekdy dks ifjHkkf"kr djuk rFkk bldh T;kferh; O;k[;k
djuk

mQij nh xbZ ifjHkk"kk dks iz;ksx djrs gq,] fn, x, fuf'pr lekdy dk eku Kkr djuk

lekdy xf.kr dh ewyHkwr izes; dk dFku nsuk

fuf'pr lekdyksa dk eku Kkr djus ds fy,] fuEufyf[kr xq.kksa ds dFku nsuk rFkk mudk
iz;ksx djuk%
b a c b c
(i) ∫ f ( x ) dx = − ∫ f ( x ) dx (ii) ∫ f ( x ) dx = ∫ f ( x ) dx + ∫ f ( x ) dx
a b a a b
2a a a
(iii) ∫ f ( x ) dx =∫ f ( x ) dx + ∫ f ( 2a − x ) dx
0 0 0
b b
(iv) ∫ f ( x ) dx = ∫ f ( a + b − x ) dx
a a

xf.kr 339
 fuf'pr lekdyu
ekWM~;wy - VIII a a

dyu (v) ∫ ∫
f ( x ) dx = f ( a − x ) dx
0 0

2a a
(vi) ∫ ∫
f ( x ) dx = 2 f ( x ) dx ;fn f ( 2a − x ) = f ( x )
0 0
fVIi.kh
= 0 ;fn f ( 2a − x ) = −f ( x )
a a
(vii) ∫ ∫
f ( x ) dx = 2 f ( x ) dx , ;fn 'f', x dk ,d le iQyu gS
−a 0

= 0, ;fn f, x dk ,d fo"ke iQyu gS

ifjc¼ {ks=k dk {ks=kiQy Kkr djus esa] fuf'pr lekdyksa dk iz;ksx djukA
iwoZ Kku

lekdyu dk Kku

ifjc¼ {ks=k dk {ks=kiQy

31.1 ;ksx dh lhek ds :i esa fuf'pr lekdy

bl vuqPNsn esa] ge ,sls {ks=k dk {ks=kiQy fudkyus dh ppkZ djsaxs] ftldh lhek dh tkudkjh gesa
ugha gS (fp=k 31.1 nsf[k,)

fp=k 31.1 fp=k 31.2

vkb,] ge vius è;ku dks ,sls {ks=kksa ds {ks=kiQy Kkr djus rd gh lhfer djsa] tgka lhek] ftldh
tkudkjh gesa ugha gS] x-v{k ds dsoy ,d i{k esa (tSlk fp=k 31.2 esa) gSA ;g blfy, gS] D;ksafd
ge vk'kk djrs gSa fd ;g laHko gS fd fdlh {ks=k dks mlh dh rjg ds NksVs&NksVs mi{ks=kksa esa ck¡V
dj buds {ks=kiQy Kkr djds] vUr esa bUgsa tksM+k tk,] rks iwjk {ks=kiQy Kkr gks tk,xk (fp=k 31.1
nsf[k,)A vc] ekuk cUn varjky [a, b] esa] ,d lrr iQyu f (x) ifjHkkf"kr gSA
vHkh ;g eku dj pysa fd f (x) }kjk fy, x, lHkh eku ½.ksrj gSa] ftlls fd iQyu dk vkys[k
x-v{k ds mQij dh oØ gS (fp=k 31.3 nsf[k,)A

340 xf.kr
 fuf'pr lekdyu
Y ekWM;
~ y
w - VIII
dyu

fVIi.kh

X
O a b

fp=k 31.3
bl oØ] x-v{k rFkk dksfV;ksa x = a vkSj x = b ds chp ds {ks=k] ij vFkkZr~ (fp=k 31.3 esa) Nk;kafdr
{ks=kA vc iz'u gS Nk;kafdr {ks=k dk {ks=kiQy Kkr fd;k tk,A
bl iz'u dks gy djus ds fy,] ge rhu fof'k"V fLFkfr;ksa] vk;rkdkj {ks=k] f=kHkqtkdkj {ks=k rFkk
leyach; {ks=k ij fopkj djrs gSaA
bu {ks=kksa dk {ks=kiQy = vk/kj × vkSlr mQ¡pkbZ
O;kid :i esa] varjky [a, b] ij fdlh iQyu f (x) ds fy,]
ifjc¼ {ks=k (fp=k 31.3 esa Nk;kafdr {ks=k) dk {ks=kiQy = vk/kj × vkSlr Å¡pkbZ
izk¡r vUrjky [a, b] dh yEckbZ vk/kj gS] fdlh fcUnq x ij f (x) dk eku ml fcUnq dh mQ¡pkbZ gSA
vr% vUrjky [a,b] esa f }kjk fy, x, ekuksa dk vkSlr gh vkSlr mQ¡pkbZ gksrh gS(bls Kkr djuk
bruk vklku ugha gS] D;ksafd mQ¡pkbZ ,dleku :i ls ugha cnyrh) gekjh leL;k gS fd varjky
[a,b] esa f dk vkSlr eku dSls Kkr djsaA
;fn varjky [a,b] esa f ds ekuksa dh la[;k ifjfer gks] rks ge vklkuh ls vkSlr eku fuEu lw=k }kjk
Kkr dj ysrs gSa %
[ a, b ] esa f ds ekuksa dk ;kxs
varjky [a,b] esa f dk vkSlr eku =
ekuksa dh l[a;k
ijUrq gekjs iz'u esa] vUrjky [a, b] esa f }kjk fy, x, ekuksa dh la[;k vifjfer gSA ,slh fLFkfr esa
vkSlr dSls Kkr fd;k tk,\ mijksDr lw=k gekjh lgk;rk ugha djrkA vr%] gesa f ds vkSlr eku
dk vkdyu djus ds fy,] fuEu fof/ dk vkJ; ysuk iM+rk gS %
izFke vkdyu% dsoy a ij f dk eku yhft,A a ij f dk eku f (a) gSA ge bl eku] vFkkZr~ f (a),
dks vUrjky [a,b] esa f dk ,d jiQ (rough) vkSlr eku vkadrs gSaA
varjky [a, b] esa f dk vkSlr eku (izFke vkdyu) = f (a) (i)
f}rh; vkdyu % [a, b] dks nks cjkcj Hkkxksa] vFkkZr~ mivarjkyksa esa ck¡fV,A ;fn izR;sd mivarjky
b−a
dh yEckbZ h gS] rks h = gSA mivarjkyksa ds ck;sa fljksa ds fcUnqvksa ij f ds ekuksa dks yhft,A
2
;s eku f (a) rFkk f (a + h) gSa (fp=k 31.4)A

xf.kr 341
 fuf'pr lekdyu
ekWM~;wy - VIII Y
dyu

f(a) f(a + h)

fVIi.kh X
O (a + h) b

fp=k 31.4
[a, b] esa f dk vkSlr bu nksuksa ekuksa dk vkSlr yhft,A
[a, b] esa f dk vkSlr eku (f}rh; vkdyu)
f (a) + f (a + h) b−a
= , h= (ii)
2 2
vk'kk dh tkrh gS fd ;g vkdyu] izFke vkdyu ls vPNk gSA blh izdkj vkxs c<+rs gq,] varjky
b−a
[a,b] dks h yEckbZ ds n mivarjkyksa esa ck¡fV, (fp=k 31.5), h = A
n
y
f (a + (n – 1)h)
f (a + 2h)
f (a + h)
f (a)

x
O a a + h a + 2h a + (n – 1)h b

fp=k 31.5

n mivarjkyksa
ds ck,a fljs ds fcUnqvksa ij f ds eku yhft,A ;s eku f ( a ) ] f (a + h),......,
f [a + (n−1) h] gSaA [ a, b ] esa f ds bu n ekuksa dk vkSlr yhft,A

[a, b] esa f dk vkSlr eku (n oka vkdyu)

f ( a ) + f ( a + h ) + .......... + f [ a + ( n − 1 ) h ] b−a
= , h = (iii)
n n

n dscM+s ekuksa ds fy, vk'kk dh tkrh gS fd (iii) vf/d vPNk vkdyu gS] tks ge [a, b] esa f
ds vkSlr eku ds fy, <wa<+rs gSaA
bl izdkj] [a, b] esa f ds vkSlr eku ds fy,] vkdyuksa dk ge fuEu vuqØe ikrs gSa %

342 xf.kr
 fuf'pr lekdyu
f (a) ekWM;
~ y
w - VIII
1 b−a dyu
[f ( a ) + f ( a + h )], h=
2 2
1 b−a
[ f ( a ) + f ( a + h ) + f ( a + 2h ) ] , h =
3 3
.........
......... fVIi.kh
1 b−a
{ f ( a ) + f ( a + h ) + ........ + f [ a + ( n − 1 ) h ] } , h =
n n
tSls&tSls ge bl vuqØe ds vuqfn'k vkxs c<+rs gSa] oSls&oSls ge vius ifj.kke vFkkZr~ [a, b] esa f
}kjk fy;s x;s vkSlr eku ds fudV vkSj vf/d fudV igqaprs tk jgs gSa] A vr% ;g rdZlaxr gS
fd bu vkdyuksa dh lhek dks [a, b] esa f dk vkSlr eku le>k tk,A nwljs 'kCnksa esa]
[a, b] esa] f dk vkSlr eku
1
= lim { f ( a ) + f ( a + h ) + f ( a + 2h ) + ...... + f [ a + ( n − 1 ) h ] } ,
n →∞ n
b−a
tcfd h = (iv)
n
= lim h { f ( a ) + f ( a + h ) + .... + f [ a + ( n − 1 ) h ] } ,
h →0
;g fl¼ fd;k tk ldrk gS fd cUn varjky [a, b] ij lHkh lrr iQyuksa ds fy, bl lhek dk
vfLrRo gksrk gSA
vc gekjs ikl fp=k 31.3 esa Nk;kafdr Hkkx dk {ks=kiQy Kkr djus dk lw=k gSA vk/kj (b–a) gS vkSj
vkSlr mQ¡pkbZ (iv) ls izkIr gSA oØ f (x), x- v{k] dksfV;ksa x = a rFkk x = b }kjk ifjc¼ {ks=kiQy
1
= ( b − a ) lim { f ( a ) + f ( a + h ) + f ( a + 2h ) + ...... + f [ a + ( n − 1 ) h ] } ,
n →∞ n
b−a
tcfd h= (v)
n
(v) ds nk,¡ i{k ds O;tad dks ge ,d fuf'pr lekdy dh ifjHkk"kk ds :i esa ysrs gSaA bl
b
lekdy dks ∫ f ( x ) dx }kjk O;Dr fd;k tkrk gS vkSj bl izdkj i<+k tkrk gS % ^a ls b rd f ( x )
a
b
dk lekdy*A ladsr ∫ f ( x ) dx esa la[;kvksa a rFkk b dks Øe'k% lekdyu dh fuEu lhek o
a
mPp lhek dgrs gSa] rFkk f ( x ) dks lekdY; dgrs gSaA
fVIi.kh% [a, b] esa f ds vkSlr ekuksa ds vkdyuksa dks izkIr djus ds fy,] geus mivarjkyksa ds
ck,¡ i{kksa ds fljs ds fcUnqvksa dks fy;k gSA ck,¡ i{kksa ds fljksa ds fcUnqvksa dks gh D;ksa fy;k\ D;ksa
ugha mivarjky ds nk,¡ i{k fljs ds fcUnqvksa dks fy;k\
ge mivarjky ds nk,¡ i{k ds fljs ds fcUnqvksa dks Hkh ys ldrs gSaA rc lw=k gesa bl izdkj dk
feysxkA

xf.kr 343
 fuf'pr lekdyu
ekWM~;wy - VIII b
1
∫ f ( x ) dx = ( b − a ) nlim { f ( a + h ) + f ( a + 2h ) + ...... + f ( b ) } ,
dyu a
→∞ n

b−a
tcfd h =
n
= lim h [ f ( a + h ) + f ( a + 2h ) + ...... + f ( b ) ] (vi)
h →0
fVIi.kh
2
mnkgj.k 31.1. ∫ x dx dks ;ksx dh lhek ds :i esa Kkr dhft,A
1
gy % ifjHkk"kk ls]
b
1
∫ f ( x ) dx = ( b − a ) nlim [ f ( a ) + f ( a + h ) + ........ + f { a + ( n − 1 ) h } ] ,
→∞ n
a
b−a
tcfd h =
n
1
;gk¡] a = 1, b = 2, f (x) = x vkSj h = A
n
2
1  1  n −1 
∴ ∫ x dx = nlim
→∞ n 
f ( 1 ) + f  1 +  + ........ + f  1 +
 n 

n  
1
1   1  2  n −1 
= lim  1 +  1 + n  +  1 + n  ........ +  1 + n  
n →∞ n

1  1 2 n −1 
= lim + 1 +
 1
 ...... +1 +  + + ........ + 
n →∞ n  n ckj n n n  


{1 + 2 + ...... + ( n − 1 ) } 
1 1
= lim  n +
n →∞ n n 

1  ( n − 1 ) .n   ( n − 1 ) .n 
= lim  n +   ∵ 1 + 2 + 3 + .... + ( n − 1 ) = 
n →∞ n  n.2   2 
1  3n − 1  3 1  3
= lim   = lim  − =
n →∞ n  2  n →∞  2 2n  2

2
mnkgj.k 31.2. ∫e dx dks ;ksx dh lhek ds :i esa Kkr dhft,A
x

0
gy % ifjHkk"kk ls]
b
∫ f ( x ) dx = hlim h [ f ( a ) + f ( a + h ) + f ( a + 2h ) + ..... + f { a + ( n − 1 ) h } ] ,
→0
a

344 xf.kr
 fuf'pr lekdyu

h =
b−a ekWM;
~ y
w - VIII
tcfd
n dyu
2−0 2
;gk¡ a = 0, b = 2, f ( x ) = e x rFkk h = = A
n n
2

∴ ∫e
x dx = lim h [ f ( 0 ) + f ( h ) + f ( 2h ) + ....... + f ( n − 1 ) h ]
h →0
0 fVIi.kh
= lim h  e0 + e h + e 2h + ....... + e( n −1 ) h 
h →0  
  h n 
  e ( )− 1  
= lim h  e0 
h →0 eh − 1  
   
  rn − 1  
 D;kfsad a + ar + ar 2 + ....... + ar n −1 = a  
  r −1 
 e nh − 1  h  e2 − 1 
= lim h  h  = lim  
h →0  e − 1  h →0 h   eh − 1  
( ∵ nh = 2 )
  h  
 
e2 − 1 e2 − 1  eh − 1 
= lim h
= = e2 − 1  ∵ lim = 1
h →0 e −1 1  h →0 h 
h
mnkgj.k 31.1 rFkk 31.2 esa] ge ns[krs gSa fd fuf'pr lekdy dk eku ;ksx dh lhek ds :i esa
fudkyuk dkiQh dfBu gSA bl dfBukbZ ds lek/ku ds fy,] gekjs ikl lekdyu xf.kr dh ewyHkwr
izes; gS ftldk dFku gS %
izes; 1 : ;fn [a,b] esa f lrr gS rFkk [a,b] esa f dk ,d izfr vodyt F gS]
b
rks ∫ f ( x ) dx = F ( b ) − F ( a ) ......(1)
a

lkekU;r%] vUrj F ( b ) − F ( a ) dks [ F ( x ) ]ab }kjk O;Dr fd;k tkrk gS] ftlls (1) dks bl izdkj
fy[kk tk ldrk gS %
b
∫ f ( x ) dx = F ( x ) ]a
b
;k [ F ( x ) ]ab
a
nwljs 'kCnksa esa] ;g izes; gesa crkrh gS fd
b
∫ f ( x ) dx = (mPp lhek b ij izfrvodyt dk eku) −
a
(mlh izfrvodyt dk fuEu lhek a ij eku)

xf.kr 345
 fuf'pr lekdyu
ekWM~;wy - VIII mnkgj.k 31.3. fuEu ds eku Kkr dhft, %
dyu π
2
2
(b) ∫ e dx
2x
(a) ∫ cos x dx 0
0

fVIi.kh
gy % (a) ge tkurs gSa fd ∫ cos x dx = sin x + c
π
π
2 π
∴ ∫ cos x dx = [ sin x ]02 = sin
2
− sin 0 = 1 − 0 = 1
0
2 2
 e2x  Q e x dx = e x 
(b) ∫ e 2x dx = 
 2 0
 ,  ∫ 
0

 e4 − 1 
= 
 2 
izes; 2 % ;fn [a,b] esa f rFkk g nks lrr iQyu gSa rFkk c vpj gS] rks
b b
(i) ∫ c f ( x )dx = c∫ f ( x ) dx
a a
b b b
(ii) ∫ [ f ( x ) + g ( x ) ] dx = ∫ f ( x ) dx + ∫ g ( x ) dx
a a a
b b b
(iii) ∫ [ f ( x ) − g ( x ) ] dx = ∫ f ( x ) dx −∫ g ( x ) dx
a a a
2
∫ ( 4x )
2 − 5x + 7 dx dk eku Kkr dhft,A
mnkgj.k 31.4.
0
2 2 2 2
gy % ∫( 4x 2 − 5x + 7 dx = ) ∫ 4x 2dx − ∫ 5x dx + ∫ 7 dx
0 0 0 0
2 2 2
= 4 ∫ x 2dx − 5∫ xdx + 7 ∫ 1 dx
0 0 0
2 2
 x3   x2 
 + 7 [ x ]0
2
= 4.   − 5 
 3 0  2 0
8 4
= 4.   − 5   + 7 ( 2 )
3 2
32 44
= − 10 + 14 =
3 3

346 xf.kr
 fuf'pr lekdyu
ekWM;
~ y
w - VIII
ns[ksa vkius fdruk lh[kk 31.1 dyu
5
1. ∫ ( x + 1 ) dx dks ;ksx dh lhek ysdj Kkr dhft,A
0
1
∫e
x
2. dx dks ;ksx dh lhek ysdj Kkr dhft,A fVIi.kh
−1
π π
4 2
3. (a) ∫ sin x dx dk eku Kkr dhft,A (b) ∫ ( sin x + cos x ) dx dk eku Kkr dhft,A
0 0
1 2
1
∫ 1 + x2 dx dk eku Kkr dhft,A (d)
∫ ( 4x )
3 − 5x 2 + 6x + 9 dx Kkr dhft,A
(c)
0 1

31.2 izfrLFkkiu }kjk fuf'pr lekdy dk eku Kkr djuk

fuf'pr lekdy dk eku Kkr djus ds fy,] eq[; ckr gS lacaf/r vfuf'pr lekdy Kkr djukA
iwoZ ikBksa esa] vfuf'pr lekdy Kkr djus ds fy,] geus cgqr lh fof/;ksa dh ppkZ dh gSA vfuf'pr
lekdy Kkr djus dh fof/;ksa esa ,d egRoiw.kZ fof/ izfrLFkkiu fof/ gSA tc ge fuEu fuf'pr
lekdyksa tSls lekdyksa dk eku Kkr djus ds fy, izfrLFkkiu fof/ dk iz;ksx djrs gSa %
π
3
x 2
∫ 1 + x2 dx , sin x
∫ 1 + cos2 x dx,
2 0
rks fuEufyf[kr pj.kksa dk ikyu djrs gSa%s
(i) fn, gq, lekdy dks ,d leqfpr izfrLFkkiu }kjk ,d Kkr :i esa cny fy;k tk, rFkk
lekdyu ;ksX; cuk fy;k tk,A lekdy dks u, pj ds inksa esa fyf[k,A
(ii) u, pj ds lkis{k u, lekdY; dk lekdyu dhft,A
(iii) rnuqlkj lhekvksa dks cnyk tk, rFkk mPp vkSj fuEu lhekvksa ij ekuksa dk vUrj Kkr dhft,A

fVIi.kh% ;fn ge lhek dks u, pj ds lkis{k ugha cnyrs] rks lekdyu ds i'pkr u, pj ds
fy, iqu% izfrLFkkiu dhft, rFkk ewy pj esa mÙkj fyf[k,A lekdy dh nh gqbZ lhekvksa ls vc
mÙkj Kkr dj yhft,A
mnkgj.k 31.5. eku Kkr dhft, %
π π π
2 2 2
sin x sin 2θ dx
(a) ∫ 1 + cos2 x dx (b) ∫ sin 4 θ + cos4 θ dθ (c) ∫ 5 + 4 cos x
0 0 0
gy % (a) ekuk cos x = t gSA
rc] sin x dx = −dt

xf.kr 347
 fuf'pr lekdyu
ekWM~;wy - VIII π π
tc x = 0, t = 1 rFkk x = , t = 0 gS] tc x, 0 ls rd fopj.k djrk gS] rks t esa laxr fopj.k
dyu 2 2
1 ls 0 rd gksrk gSA
π
2 0
sin x 1
dt = − [ tan −1 t ]1
0
∴ ∫ 1 + cos2 x dx = − ∫ 1 + t 2
fVIi.kh 0 1
 π π
= −  tan −1 0 − tan −1 1  = −  0 −  =
 4 4
π π
2 2
sin 2θ sin 2θ
(b) I = ∫ sin 4 θ + cos4 θ dθ = ∫ dθ
( )
2
0 0 sin 2 θ + cos 2 θ − 2 sin 2 θ cos 2 θ
π
2
sin 2θ
= ∫ 1 − 2 sin 2 θ cos2 θ dθ
0
π
2
sin 2θ dθ
= ∫ 1 − 2 sin 2 θ ( 1 − sin 2 θ )
0

ekuk sin 2 θ = t gSA

rc] 2 sin θ cos θ dθ = dt
vFkkZr~ sin 2θ dθ = dt
π
tc θ = 0, t = 0 rFkk tc θ = ,t =1
2
π
tSl&s tSls θ , 0 ls rd fopj.k djrk gS oSl&s oSls u, pj 't' dk laxr fopj.k 0 ls 1 rd gksrk gSA
2
1 1
1 1
∴ I= ∫ 1 − 2t ( 1 − t ) dt = ∫ 2t 2 − 2t + 1 dt
0 0
1 1
1 1
dt = 2 ∫
1 1
= ∫ 2
dt
2 t2 − t + 1 + 1 0t − 1  + 1 2
0    
4 4  2   2
1
 t−1 
1 1   
= .  tan −1  2 −1 −1
  =  tan 1 − tan ( −1 ) 
2 1 1
  
2  2  0
π  π π
= −−  =
4  4 2

348 xf.kr
 fuf'pr lekdyu
x
1 − tan 2
ekWM;
~ y
w - VIII
(c) ge tkurs gSa fd cos x = 2 dyu
x
1 + tan 2
2
π π
2 2
1 1
∴ ∫ 5 + 4 cos x dx = ∫  x 
dx
4  1 − tan 2   
fVIi.kh
0 0
 2 
5+ 
(
1 + tan 2 x 
2 )
π
2 sec 2 x 
2
= ∫ 9 + tan 2 x  dx (1)
0 2
x
ekuk tan =t
2
x π
rc] sec 2 dx = 2dt gS] tc x = 0 , t = 0 rFkk tc x = , t = 1
2 2
π
2 1
1 1
∴ ∫ 5 + 4 cos x
dx = 2 ∫
9 + t 2
dt .....[(1) ls]
0 0

2  −1 t 1 2  −1 1 
= tan = tan
3  3  0 3  3 

31.3 fuf'pr lekdyksa ds dqN xq.k

lhekvksa a rFkk b ds eè; f(x) dk fuf'pr lekdy igys gh fuEu :i esa ifjHkkf"kr fd;k tk
pqdk gS %
b
d
∫ f ( x ) dx = F ( b ) − F ( a ) , tgk¡ [ F ( x ) ] = f ( x ) , tgk¡
dx
a
a rFkk b Øe'k% lekdyu dh fuEu rFkk mPp lhek,¡ gSaA vc ge ,sls fuf'pr lekdyksa ds dqN
egRoiw.kZ rFkk mi;ksxh xq.kksa ds dFku uhps ns jgs gSa %
b b b a
(i) ∫ f ( x ) dx = ∫ f ( t ) dt (ii) ∫ f ( x ) dx = −∫ f ( x ) dx
a a a b
b c b
(iii) ∫ f ( x ) dx = ∫ f ( x ) dx + ∫ f ( x ) dx, tgk¡ a < c < b gSA
a a c
b b
(iv) ∫ f ( x ) dx = ∫ f ( a + b − x ) dx
a a

xf.kr 349
 fuf'pr lekdyu
ekWM~;wy - VIII 2a a a

dyu (v) ∫ f ( x ) dx = ∫ f ( x ) dx + ∫ f ( 2a − x ) dx
0 0 0
a a
(vi) ∫ f ( x ) dx = ∫ f ( a − x ) dx
0 0

fVIi.kh  0, ;fn f ( 2a − x ) = −f ( x )
2a
 a
∫ f ( x ) dx = 
 2∫ f ( x ) dx, ;fn f ( 2a − x ) = f ( x )
(vii)
0
 0
 0, ;fn f ( x ) , x dk ,d fo"ke iQyu gS
a
 a
(viii)
∫ f ( x ) dx =  2 f ( x ) dx, ;fn f ( x ) , x dk ,d le iQyu gS
−a  ∫
 0
cgqr ls fuf'pr lekdy] tks vU;Fkk cgqr dfBu gksrs gSa] mijksDr xq.kksa }kjk vklkuh ls Kkr fd,
tk ldrs gSaA
fuEu mnkgj.kksa esa fuf'pr lekdy dk eku Kkr djus esa] bu xq.kksa ds iz; ksx dks Li"V fd;k
x;k gS
mnkgj.k 31.6. n'kkZb, fd

π
π
2 x
(a) ∫ log | tan x | dx = 0 (b) ∫ 1 + sin x dx = π
0 0

π
2
gy % ekuk I= ∫ log | tan x | dx ....(i)
0
a a
xq.k ∫ f ( x ) dx = ∫ f ( a − x ) dx dk iz;ksx djrs gq,] gesa izkIr gksrk gS %
0 0
π π
2 2
 π 
I= ∫ log  tan  2 − x   dx = ∫ log ( cot x ) dx
0 0
π π
2 2
−1
= ∫ log ( tan x ) dx = − ∫ log tan x dx = − I
0 0
[(i) dk iz;ksx djus ij]
∴ 2I = 0

350 xf.kr
 fuf'pr lekdyu
π ekWM;
~ y
w - VIII
2
vFkkZr~] I=0 ;k ∫ log | tan x | dx = 0 dyu
0
π
x
(b) ∫ 1 + sin x dx
0
π fVIi.kh
x
ekuk I= ∫ 1 + sin x dx (i)
0
π  a a 
π−x
∴ I= ∫ 1 + sin ( π − x ) dx Q ∫ f ( x ) dx = ∫ f ( a − x ) dx 
0  0 0 
π
π−x
= ∫ 1 + sin x dx (ii)
0
(i) rFkk (ii) dks tksM+us ij]
π π
x+π−x 1
2I = ∫ 1 + sin x
dx = π∫
1 + sin x
dx
0 0
π π
1 − sin x
;k 2I = π∫
1 − sin 2 x
(
dx = π ∫ sec 2 x − tan x sec x dx )
0 0
π
= π [ tan x − sec x ]0 = π [ ( tan π − sec π ) − ( tan 0 − sec 0 ) ]

= π [ 0 − ( −1 ) − ( 0 − 1 ) ] = 2π
∴ I=π

mnkgj.k 31.7. eku Kkr dhft, %

π π
2 2
sin x sin x − cos x
(a) ∫ sin x + cos x
dx (b) ∫ 1 + sin x cos x dx
0 0
π
2
sin x
gy % (a) ekuk I= ∫ sin x + cos x
dx (i)
0
π π
2 sin  − x 
lkFk gh] 2 
I= ∫  π   π 
dx
0 sin  − x  + cos  − x 
2  2 
a a
(xq.k ∫ f ( x ) dx = ∫ f ( a − x ) dx dk iz;ksx djus ij)
0 0

xf.kr 351
 fuf'pr lekdyu
ekWM~;wy - VIII π
2
dyu cos x
= ∫ cos x + sin x
dx (ii)
0

(i) vkSj (ii) dks tkM+us ij] gesa izkIr gksrk gS %

π π
fVIi.kh 2 2 π
sin x + cos x π
2I = ∫ sin x + cos x
dx = ∫ 1.dx = [ x ]02 =
2
0 0
π
∴ I=
4
π
2
sin x π
vFkkZr~] ∫ sin x + cos x
dx =
4
0
π
2
sin x − cos x
(b) eku yhft, I= ∫ 1 + sin x cos x dx (i)
0
π π π
2sin  − x  − cos  − x   a a 
rc] I= ∫ 2
π
 2
π
 dx ......  Q
 0
∫ f ( x ) dx = ∫ f ( a − x ) dx 

 − x  cos  − x  0
0 1 + sin    
2  2 
π
2
cos x − sin x
= ∫ 1 + cos x sin x dx (ii)
0
(i) rFkk (ii) dks tksM+us ij] gesa feyrk gS %
π π
2 2
sin x − cos x cos x − sin x
2I = ∫ 1 + sin x cos x + ∫ 1 + sin x cos x dx
0 0
π
2
sin x − cos x + cos x − sin x
= ∫ 1 + sin x cos x
dx = 0
0
∴ I=0
mnkgj.k 31.8. eku Kkr dhft, %
a 2 3
xe x
(a) ∫ 1 + x 2 dx (b) ∫ x + 1 dx
−a −3
2
xe x
gy % (a) ;gk¡ f (x) = gSA
1 + x2

352 xf.kr
 fuf'pr lekdyu

xe x
2 ekWM;
~ y
w - VIII
∴ f ( −x ) = − = −f ( x )
1 + x2 dyu
∴ f ( x ) , x dk ,d fo"ke iQyu gSA
a 2
xe x
∴ ∫ 1 + x2 dx = 0
−a fVIi.kh
3
(b) ∫ x + 1 dx
−3

 x + 1, ;fn x ≥ −1
x +1 = 
 − x − 1, ;fn x < −1
3 −1 3

∴ ∫ x + 1 dx = ∫ x + 1 dx + ∫ x + 1 dx [xq.k (iii) dk iz;ksx djds]

−3 −3 −1
−1 3
= ∫ ( − x − 1 ) dx + ∫ ( x + 1 ) dx
−3 −1
−1 3
 −x 2   x2 
= − x +  + x
 2  −3  2  −1
1 9 9 1
= − + 1 + − 3 + + 3 − + 1 = 10
2 2 2 2
π
2
mnkgj.k 31.9. ∫ log ( sin x ) dx dk eku Kkr dhft,A
0
π
2
gy % ekuk I= ∫ log ( sin x ) dx .....(i)
0
π
2
 π 
lkFk gh] I= ∫ log  sin  2 − x   dx [xq.k (iv) dk iz;ksx djds]
0
π
2
= ∫ log ( cos x ) dx .....(ii)
0
(i) vkSj (ii) dks tksM+us ij] gesa izkIr gksrk gS %
π π
2 2
2I = ∫ [ log ( sin x ) + log ( cos x ) ] dx = ∫ log ( sin x cos x ) dx
0 0

xf.kr 353
 fuf'pr lekdyu
ekWM~;wy - VIII π π π
2 2 2
dyu  sin 2x 
= ∫ log  2
 dx =
 ∫ log ( sin 2x ) dx − ∫ log ( 2 ) dx
0 0 0
π
2
π
fVIi.kh
= ∫ log ( sin 2x ) dx − 2 log 2 (iii)
0
π
2
iqu%] ekuk] I1 = ∫ log ( sin 2x ) dx gSA
0
1
2x = t jf[k,] ftlls dx = dt
2
π
tc x = 0, t = 0 rFkk tc x = ,t = π
2
π
1
2∫
∴ I1 = log ( sin t ) dt
0
π
2
1
2 ∫
= .2 log ( sin t ) dt , [xq.k (vi) dk iz;ksx djds]
0
π
2
1
2 ∫
= .2 log ( sin x ) dt [xq.k (i) dk iz;ksx djds]
0

∴ I1 = I gS [(i) lss] .....(iv)

(iii) esa bl eku dks j[kus ij] gesa izkIr gksrk gS %
π π
2I = I − log 2 ⇒ I = − log 2
2 2
π
2
π
vr%] ∫ log ( sin x ) dx = − 2 log 2
0

ns[ksa vkius fdruk lh[kk 31.2

fuEufyf[kr lekdyksa ds eku Kkr dhft, %
π
1 1
2 2 2x + 3
1. ∫ xe x dx 2. ∫
dx
3. ∫ 5x 2 + 1 dx
0 5 + 4 sin x 0
0

354 xf.kr
 fuf'pr lekdyu

5 2
π ekWM;
~ y
w - VIII
2
4. ∫ x + 2 dx 5. ∫x 2 − xdx 6. sin x
∫ cos x + sin x dx dyu
−5 0 0
π π
a 4
2 x 3e x 2
7. ∫ log cos x dx 8. ∫ 1 + x 2 dx 9. ∫ sin 2x log tan x dx
0 −a 0 fVIi.kh
π
2
cos x
10. ∫ 1 + sin x + cos x dx
0

31.4 lekdyu ds vuqiz;ksx

ekuk vUrjky [a, b] esa nks lrr iQyu f rFkk g ,sls gSa fd izR;sd x ∈ [a, b]
ds fy,] f ( x ) ≥ g ( x )
vFkkZr~ oØ y = f ( x ) vUrjky [a,b] esa oØ y = g(x) dk uhps ls izfrPNsnu ugha djrk gSA vc iz'u
;g gS fd mQij ls y = f ( x ) ] uhps ls y = g(x) rFkk nksuksa vksj x = a vkSj x = b ls ifjc¼
(f?kjs) {ks=kiQy dks dSls Kkr djsaA iqu%] D;k gksrk gS tc Åijh oØ y = f (x) uhps okys oØ
y = g(x) dks ;k rks ckb± i{k lhek x = a ;k nkb± i{k lhek x = b vFkok nksuksa ij dkVrk gS\

31.4.1 oØ] x- v{k rFkk dksfV;ksa }kjk ifjc¼ (f?kjk) {ks=kiQy

y
eku yhft, oØ f (x), AB gS rFkk CA vkSj DB Øe'k% B

x = a vkSj x = b ij nks dksfV;ka gSaA iqu% eku yhft, fd S Q

y = f (x) varjky a ≤ x ≤ b esa x dk ,d o/Zeku A P R
iQyu gSA
ekuk P ( x, y ) oØ ij dksbZ fcUnq gS rFkk
Q ( x + δx, y + δy ) bl ij ,d fudVorhZ fcUnq gSA X
O C M N D
budh dksfV;ksa PM rFkk QN dks [khafp,A
fp=k 31.6
;gk¡ ge ns[krs gSa fd tSls&tSls x cnyrk gS] oSls&oSls
{ks=kiQy (ACMP) Hkh cnyrk gSA
ekuk A= {ks=kiQy (ACMP) gSA
rc] {ks=kiQy (ACNQ) = A + δA
{ks=kiQy (PMNQ) = {ks=kiQy (ACNQ)–{ks=kiQy (ACMP)
= A + δA − A = δA
vk;r PRQS dks iwjk dhft,A rc {ks=kiQy (PMNQ) vk;rksa PMNR rFkk SMNQ ds {ks=kiQy ds
eè; esa fLFkr gSA vFkkZr~
δA ] y δ x rFkk ( y + δy ) δx ds eè; esa fLFkr gSA

xf.kr 355
 fuf'pr lekdyu
ekWM~;wy - VIII δA
, y rFkk
⇒ y + δy ds eè; esa fLFkr gSA
dyu δx
lhekar dh fLFkfr esa] tc Q → P, δx → 0 rFkk δy → 0 gSA
δA
∴ lim , y rFkk lim ( y + δy ) ds eè; esa fLFkr gSA
δx → 0 δx δy → 0
dA
fVIi.kh ∴ =y
dx
x = a ls x = b rd] nksuksa i{kksa dk x ds lkis{k lekdyu djus ij gesa izkIr gksrk gS %
b b
dA
⋅ dx = [ A ]a
b
∫ y dx = ∫ dx
a a
= ({ks=kiQy tc x = b ) – ({ks=kiQy tc x = a )
= {ks=kiQy (ACDB) – 0 = {ks=kiQy (ACDB)
b
vr% {ks=kiQy (ACDB) = ∫ f ( x ) dx
a
oØ y = f (x), x-v{k rFkk dksfV;ksa x = a vkSj x = b }kjk ifjc¼ {ks=kiQy
b b
∫ f ( x ) dx ;k ∫ y dx gS]
a a

tgk¡ y = f ( x ) ,d larr ,dekuh iQyu gS rFkk vrajky a ≤ x ≤ b esa y fpUg ugha cnyrkA

mnkgj.k 31.10. oØ y = x, x-v{k rFkk js[kkvksa x = 0 vkSj x = 2 }kjk ifjc¼ {ks=kiQy Kkr dhft,A
gy % fn;k gqvk oØ y = x gSA
∴ oØ y = x, x-v{k rFkk dksfV;ksa x = 0 vkSj x = 2 }kjk ifjc¼ vHkh"V {ks=kiQy (tSlk fd fp=k
12.7 esa fn[kk;k x;k gS) y
2 2 y=x
 x2 
= ∫ x dx =  
0  2 0
= 2 − 0 = 2 oxZ bdkbZ

mnkgj.k 31.11. o`Ùk x 2 + y 2 = a 2 rFkk x-v{k }kjk O x

izFke prqFkk±'k esa f?kjs Hkkx dk {ks=kiQy Kkr fp=k 31.7
dhft,A x=0 x=2

gy % fn;k gqvk oØ x 2 + y 2 = a 2 ,d o`Ùk gS] ftldk dsUnz (0,0) rFkk f=kT;k a gSA vr% gesa o`Ùk
x 2 + y 2 = a 2 ] x-v{k rFkk dksfV;ksa x=0 vkSj x = a }kjk f?kjs Hkkx dk {ks=kiQy Kkr djuk gSA
a
vHkh"V {ks=kiQy = ∫ y dx
0

356 xf.kr
 fuf'pr lekdyu
a
ekWM;
~ y
w - VIII
= ∫ a 2 − x 2 dx (Q izFke prqFkk±'k esa y /ukRed gS)
dyu
0 y (0, a)
a
x a2  x 
= a2 − x2 + sin −1    x2 + y2 = a2
2 2  a  0

a2 a2
=0+ sin −1 1 − 0 − sin −1 0 x′
(0, 0)
x fVIi.kh
2 2 O (a, 0)
a2 π  −1 π −1 
= .  Q sin 1 = , sin 0 = 0 
2 2  2  fp=k 31.8
πa 2
= oxZ bdkbZ y′
4

ns[ksa vkius fdruk lh[kk 31.3

1. oØ y = x 2 , x − v{k rFkk js[kkvksa x = 0 vkSj x = 2 }kjk ifjc¼ {ks=kiQy Kkr dhft,A
2. oØ y = 3x, x − v{k rFkk js[kkvksa x = 0 vkSj x = 3 }kjk ifjc¼ {ks=kiQy Kkr dhft,A
31.4.2 oØ x = f (y), y-v{k rFkk js[kkvksa y = c, y = d }kjk ifjc¼ {ks=kiQy Kkr djuk
ekuk AB oØ x = f ( y ) gS rFkk CA vkSj DB y D B

Øe'k% y = c vkSj y = d ij Hkqt gSaA N

S Q(x + δx, y + δy)

ekuk P ( x, y ) oØ ij dks b Z fcUnq gS rFkk M R

P(x, y)
Q ( x + δ x, y + δ y )) bl
ij ,d fudVorhZ fcUnq C A
gSA PM rFkk QN, y-v{k ij Øe'k% P rFkk Q ls
yEc [khafp,A tc y cnyrk gS] rks {ks=kiQy (ACMP) x
o
Hkh cnyrk gS rFkk Li"Vr% ;g y dk ,d iQyu fp=k 31.9
gSA ekuk A, {ks=kiQy (ACMP) dks O;Dr djrk gS
rc {ks=kiQy (ACNQ), A + δ A gksxkA
∴ {ks=kiQy (PMNQ) = {ks=kiQy (ACNQ) –{ks=kiQy (ACMP)
= A + δA − A = δA
vk;r PRQS dks iwjk dhft,A rc {ks=kiQy (PMNQ), {ks=kiQy (PMNS) rFkk {ks=kiQy RMNQ ds
eè; fLFkr gS] vFkkZr~
δA , x δ y rFkk ( x + δ x ) δ y ds eè; fLFkr gksxkA
δA
⇒ , x rFkk x + δ x ds eè; fLFkr gksxkA
δy
lhekar fLFkfr esa] tc Q → P, δx → 0 rks δy → 0 gSA

xf.kr 357
 fuf'pr lekdyu
ekWM~;wy - VIII δA
∴ lim , x rFkk lim ( x + δx ) ds eè; fLFkr gksxhA
δy → 0 δy δx → 0
dyu
dA
⇒ =x
dy
lhekvksa c ls d rd ds lkis{k nksuksa i{kksa dk lekdyu djus ij] gesa izkIr gksrk gS %
d d
dA
fVIi.kh
∫ x dy = ∫ dy ⋅ dy
c c

= [ A ]dc
= ({ks=kiQy tc y = d )&({ks=kiQy tc y = c)
= {ks=kiQy (ACDB) − 0
= {ks=kiQy (ACDB)
d d
vr%] {ks=kiQy (ACDB) = ∫ x dy = ∫ f ( y ) dy
c c

oØ x = f ( y ) , y − v{k rFkk js[kkvksa y=c vkSj y=d }kjk ifjc¼ {ks=kiQy

d d
∫ x dy ;k ∫ f ( y ) dy gS
c c
y y=x
tgk¡ x = f ( y ) ,d lrr ,dekuh iQyu gS vkSj
varjky c ≤ y ≤ d esa x dk fpUg ugha cnyrkA y=3

mnkgj.k 31.12. oØ x = y , y − v{k rFkk

js[kkvksa y = 0 vkSj y = 3 }kjk ifjc¼ {ks=kiQy Kkr
y=0
dhft,A x′ o x
gy % fn;k gqvk oØ x = y gSA
∴ oØ] y-v{k rFkk js[ kkvksa y = 0, y = 3 }kjk y′
ifjc¼ vHkh"V {ks=kiQy fp=k 31.10
3 3 3
 y2 
= ∫ x dy = ∫ y dy =  
0 0  2 0
9 9
= −0 = oxZ bdkbZ
2 2

mnkgj.k 12.13. o`Ùk x 2 + y 2 = a 2 rFkk y-v{k }kjk izFke prqFkk±'k esa f?kjk {ks=kiQy Kkr dhft;sA
gy % fn;k gqvk oØ o`Ùk x 2 + y2 = a 2 gS] ftldk dsUnz (0]0) rFkk f=kT;k a gSA vr% gesa o`Ùk
x 2 + y 2 = a 2 , y-v{k rFkk Hkqtksa y = 0 vkSj y = 1 }kjk f?kjk {ks=kiQy Kkr djuk gSA

358 xf.kr
 fuf'pr lekdyu
y
a a ekWM;
~ y
w - VIII
vHkh"V {ks=kiQy = ∫ x dy = ∫ a 2 − y 2 dy
(0, a) dyu
0 0
(Q izFke prqFkkZa'k esa x /ukRed gksrk gS)
a
y 2 a2  y 
= a − y2 + sin −1    x′ x
2 2  a  0 o (a, 0)
fVIi.kh
a2 a2
=0+ sin −1 1 − 0 − sin −1 0
2 2
π
fp=k 31.11
πa 2  −1 −1
= oxZ bdkbZ  Q sin 0 = 0, sin 1 = 
4  2 y′

fVIi.kh% ;g {ks=kiQy ogh gS] tks mnkgj.k 31.11 esa gSA bldk dkj.k gS fd oØ v{kksa ds lkis{k
lefer gSaA ,sls iz'uksa esa ;fn gels oØ dk {ks=kiQy iwNk x;k gS] rks fcuk fdlh #dkoV ds] ge
nksuksa esa ls fdlh ,d fof/ ls Kkr dj ldrs gSaA

mnkgj.k 12.14. o`Ùk x 2 + y2 = a 2 dk iwjk {ks=kiQy Kkr dhft,A

gy % oØ dk lehdj.k x 2 + y 2 = a 2 gSA o`Ùk nksuksa v{kksa ds lkis{k lefer gSA vr% o`Ùk dk
{ks=kiQy o`Ùk ds izFke prqFkkZa'k dss {ks=kiQy dk pkj xquk gSA vFkkZr~] y

o`Ùk dk {ks=kiQy = 4 × OAB dk {ks=kiQy B

πa 2
= 4× (mnkgj.kksa 12.11 rFkk 12.13 ls)
4 x
A′ O A
= πa 2 oxZ bdkb;k¡

x2 y2 B′ fp=k 31.12
mnkgj.k 12.15. nh?kZo`Ùk + = 1 dk iwjk {ks=kiQy Kkr dhft,A
a2 b2

x2 y2
gy % nh?kZo`Ùk dk lehdj.k + = 1 gSA
a2 b2
nh?kZo`Ùk] nksuksa v{kksa ds lkis{k lefer gSA y
vr% nh?kZo`Ùk dk iwjk {ks=kiQy izFke prqFkk±'k esa f?kjs {ks=kiQy dk B
pkj xquk gSA vFkkZr~ nh?kZo`Ùk dk iwjk {ks=kiQy = 4 × ( OAB) dk
{ks=kiQy] izFke prqFkk±'k esa A′ O A
x

y2 x2 b 2
=1− ;k y= a − x2 B′
b2 a2 a
fp=k 31.13
vc {ks=kiQy (OAB) ds fy, x, 0 ls a rd ifjofrZr gksrk gSA

xf.kr 359
 fuf'pr lekdyu
ekWM~;wy - VIII b
a a

dyu ∴ (OAB) dk {ks=kiQy = ∫ y dx = a ∫ a 2 − x 2 dx

0 0
a
bx 2 a2  x 
=  a − x2 + sin −1   
a2 2  a  0

fVIi.kh b  a2 −1 1 − 0 − a sin −1 0 
2
abπ
=  0 + sin  =
a  2 2  4
abπ
nh?kZo`Ùk dk iwjk {ks=kiQy = 4 × = πab oxZ bdkbZ
4
31.4.3 nks oØksa ds chp dk {ks=kiQy
y
y = f (x)
ekuk varjky [a,b] ij nks iQyu f (x) rFkk
g (x) lrr vkS j ½.ks r j gS aA ,s l k gS fd
f (x) ≥ g(x) ∀x ∈ [ a, b ] vF kk Zr ~
y = g (x)
x ∈ [a, b] ds fy, oØ y = f (x) oØ y = g (x)
dks uhps ls ugha dkVrkA ge y = f (x) }kjk mQij
x
O x=a x=b
y = g ( x ) }kjk
uhps rFkk nksuksa i{kksa esa x = a vkSj fp=k 31.14

x = b }kjk ifjc¼ {ks=kiQy Kkr djuk pkgrs gSaA

A = [y = f(x) ds uhps {ks=kiQy] − [y = g(x) ds uhps {ks=kiQy] .....(1)

vc] oØ y = f ( x ) , x-v{k rFkk dksfV;ksa x = a vkSj x=b }kjk ifjc¼ {ks=kiQy dh ifjHkk"kk dk
iz;ksx djrs gq,] gesa izkIr gS %
b
y = f (x) ds uhps dk {ks=kiQy = ∫ f ( x ) dx ...(2)
a
b
blh izdkj] y = g (x) ds uhps dk {ks=kiQy = ∫ g ( x ) dx ...(3)
a
(2) vkSj (3) lehdj.kksa dk iz;ksx (1) esa djrs gq, gesa izkIr gS]
b b b
A = ∫ f ( x ) dx − ∫ g ( x ) dx = ∫ [ f ( x ) − g ( x ) ] dx ...(4)
a a a

D;k gksrk gS tc g ds eku ½.kkRed Hkh gkas\ f ( x ) vkSj g ( x ) tc rd x-v{k ds mQij u gks tk,¡
,slk LFkkukarj.k djds bl lw=k dks foLr`r fd;k tk ldrk gSA blds fy, ekuk [a, b] ij g ( x ) dk
U;wure eku −m gS (fp=k 31.15 nsf[k,)A

360 xf.kr
 fuf'pr lekdyu
y y y = f (x) + m ekWM;
~ y
w - VIII
dyu
y = f (x)

{ks=kiQy
{ks{ks=kiQy
=kiQy {ks=kiQy
x=b
x=a y = g(x) + m fVIi.kh
x x=a x=b
O x
O
y = g(x)

fp=k 31.15 fp=k 31.16

pwafd g ( x ) ≥ −m ⇒ g(x) + m ≥ 0

vc iQyu g ( x ) + m rFkk f ( x ) + m , [a, b] ij ½.ksrj gS (fp=k 31.16 nsf[k,)A varKkZu ls

;g Li"V gS fd f?kjs Hkkx dk {ks=kiQy LFkkukarj.k }kjk vifjofrZr jgrk gSA vr% f vkSj g ds eè;
dk {ks=kiQy A ogh {ks=kiQy gS tks f ( x ) + m rFkk g ( x ) + m ds eè; gSA bl izdkj
A = [ f(x) + m ds
uhps {ks=kiQy] − [g(x) + m ds uhps {ks=kiQy] ....(5)
vc] oØ y = f (x), x-v{k rFkk dksfV;ksa x = a vkSj x = b }kjk ifjc¼ {ks=kiQy dh ifjHkk"kk dk iz;ksx
djds gesa izkIr gS %
b
y = f ( x ) + m ds uhps dk {ks=kiQy = ∫ [ f ( x ) + m ] dx ....(6)
a
b
rFkk y = g ( x ) + m ds uhps dk {ks=kiQy = ∫ [ g ( x ) + m ] dx ....(7)
a

lehdj.kksa (5)] (6) rFkk (7) }kjk

b b
A= ∫ [ f ( x ) + m ] dx −∫ [ g ( x ) + m ] dx
a a
b
= ∫ [ f ( x ) − g ( x ) ] dx
a

;g ogh gS tks (4) gSA bl izdkj]

;fn f ( x ) rFkk g ( x ) varjky [a,b] ij lrr iQyu gSa rFkk f ( x ) ≥ g ( x ) ] ∀x ∈ [ a, b ] rks
y = f (x) }kjk mQij ls y = g (x) }kjk uhps ls x = a }kjk ck,¡ ls rFkk x=b }kjk nk,¡ ls ifjc¼
{ks=kiQy
b
= ∫ [ f ( x ) − g ( x ) ] dx
a

xf.kr 361
 fuf'pr lekdyu
ekWM~;wy - VIII mnkgj.k 31.16. oØ y = x 2 rFkk y = x + 6 ds }kjk f?kjs Hkkx dk {ks=kiQy Kkr dhft;sA
dyu gy % ge tkurs gSa fd y = x 2 ijoy; dk lehdj.k gS tks y
8
y-v{k ds lkis{k lefer gS vkSj ewy fcUnq 'kh"kZ gSA y = x + 6 7
ljy js[kk dk lehdj.k gS (nssf[k, fp=k 31.17) A 6
5
y = x2
fVIi.kh {ks=k dk vkys[k n'kkZrk gS fd uhps dh lhek y = x gS rFkk
2 6 4
+
x 3
=
mQij dh lhek y = x + 6 gSA ;g nksuksa oØ nks fcUnqvksa A y
2
rFkk B ij dkVrs gSaA bu nksuksa lehdj.kksa dks gy djus ij 1
gesa izkIr gSA O 1 2
x

x2 = x + 6 ⇒ fp=k 31.17
x2 − x − 6 = 0
⇒ ( x − 3)( x + 2) = 0 ⇒ x = 3, −2
tc x = 3, y = 9 rFkk tc x = −2, y = 4 gSA
;gk¡ f ( x ) = x + 6, g ( x ) = x 2 , a = −2, b = 3
3
3  x2 x3 
vHkh"V {ks=kiQy = ∫−2  ( x + 6 ) −  dx =  + 6x − 
x2
 2 3  −2
27  22  125
= −−  = oxZ bdkbZ
2  3  6

mnkgj.k 31.17. oØksa y2 = 4x rFkk y = x ls ifjc¼ {ks=kiQy Kkr dhft,A

gy % ge tkurs gSa fd y2 = 4x ijoy; dk lehdj.k gS] tks x-v{k ds lkis{k lefer gS vkSj
'kh"kZ ewy fcUnq gSA y = x ewy fcUnq ls tkus okyh js[kk dk lehdj.k gS (fp=k 31.18 nsf[k,)A {ks=k
2
dk vkys[k n'kkZrk gS fd uhps dh lhek y = x gS vkSj mQij dh lhek y = 4x gSA ;s nksuksa oØ
fcUnqvksa O rFkk A ij dkVrs gSaA bu nksuksa lehdj.kksa dks gy djus ij gesa izkIr gksrk gS %
y2
−y=0 y=x
4 y
⇒ y( y − 4) = 0 y2 = 4x
A
⇒ y = 0, 4
tc y = 0, x = 0 rFkk tc y = 4, x = 4 gSA
x
1 O
;gka f (x) = ( 4x ) 2 , g ( x ) = x, a = 0, b = 4

vr%] vHkh"V {ks=kiQy = ∫ ( 2x

4 1
2 )
− x dx fp=k 31.18
0

362 xf.kr
 fuf'pr lekdyu

 4 3 x2 
4 ekWM;
~ y
w - VIII
=  x2 −  = 32 − 8 = 8 oxZ bdkbZ dyu
3 2  3 3
 0

mnkgj.k 31.18. ijoy;ksa x 2 = 4ay rFkk y2 = 4ax ds mHk;fu"B Hkkx dk {ks=kiQy Kkr dhft,A

gy % ge tkurs gSa fd x 2 = 4ay rFkk y2 = 4ax ijoy; ds lehdj.k gS tks Øe'k% x-v{k
fVIi.kh
rFkk y-v{k ds lkis{k lefer gS vkSj nksuksa ds 'kh"kZ ewyfcUnq ij gaS (fp=k 31.19 nsf[k,)A
{ks=k dk Ldsp n'kkZrk gS fd uhps dh lhek x 2 = 4ay gS rFkk mQij dh lhek y2 = 4ax gS ;s nksuksa
oØ nks fcUnqvksa O rFkk A ij feyrs gSaA bu lehdj.kksa dks gy djus ij gesa izkIr gksrk gS %
y
x4
= 4ax x2 = 4ay
16a 2

⇒ (
x x 3 − 64a 3 = 0 ) A
y2 = 4ax
(4a, 4a)
⇒ x = 0, 4a
tc x = 0, y = 0 rFkk x = 4a, y = 4a gSA O
x

vr%] nksuksa ijoy; fcUnqvksa (0,0) rFkk (4a, 4a) ij dkVrs gSaA
x2
;gk¡ f (x) = 4ax , g ( x ) = , a = 0 rFkk b = 4a
4a fp=k 31.19
vr%] vHkh"V {ks=kiQy]
4a
4a
 x2   3 
= ∫  4ax −  dx  2.2 ax 2 x 3 
4a  = − 
0   3 12a  0
32a 2 16a 2 16 2
= − = a oxZ bdkbZ
3 3 3

ns[ksa vkius fdruk lh[kk 31.4

1. o`Ùk x 2 + y2 = 9 dk {ks=kiQy Kkr dhft,A
x 2 y2
2. nh?kZo`r + = 1 dk {ks=kiQy Kkr dhft,A
4 9
x 2 y2
3. nh?kZo`r + = 1 dk {ks=kiQy Kkr dhft,A
25 16
x2
4. oØksa y2 = 4ax rFkk y = }kjk ifjc¼ {ks=kiQy Kkr dhft;sA
4a
5. oØksa y 2 = 4x rFkk x 2 = 4y }kjk ifjc¼ {ks=kiQy Kkr dhft;sA
6. oØksa y = x 2 rFkk y = x + 2 }kjk f?kjs {ks=k dk {ks=kiQy Kkr dhft;sA

xf.kr 363
 fuf'pr lekdyu
ekWM~;wy - VIII

C
1A

dyu
% +
vkb;s nksgjk,¡

;fn [a,b] esa f lrr iQyu gS vkSj f dk izfrvodyt [a,b] esa F gS] rc
b
∫ f ( x ) dx = F ( b ) − F ( a )
fVIi.kh a

;fn [a,b] esa f vkSj g lrr iQyu gS rFkk c ,d vpj gS] rc
b b
(i) ∫ c f ( x ) dx = c∫ f ( x ) dx
a a
b b b
(ii) ∫ [ f ( x ) + g ( x ) ] dx = ∫ f ( x ) dx + ∫ g ( x ) dx
a a a
b b b
(iii) ∫ [ f ( x ) − g ( x ) ] dx =∫ f ( x ) dx − ∫ g ( x ) dx
a a a

oØ y = f (x), x-v{k rFkk dksfV;ksa x = a vkSj x = b }kjk ifjc¼ {ks=k gksrk gS
b b

∫ f ( x ) dx ;k ∫ y dx
a a

tcfd y = f ( x ) ,d lrr ,dekuh iQyu gS rFkk varjky a ≤ x ≤ b esa y fpUg ugha
cnyrk gSA

;fn f ( x ) rFkk g ( x ) varjky [a,b] esa lrr iQyu gS vkSj f ( x ) ≥ g ( x ) ∀x ∈ [ a, b ] ,
rc y = f (x) }kjk mij dh vksj ifjc¼ uhps dh vksj y = g(x) }kjk ifjc¼] ck;ha vksj x =
a rFkk nk;ha vksj x = b }kjk ifjc¼ {ks=k dk {ks=kiQy
b
∫ [ f ( x ) − g ( x ) ] dx
a

lgk;d osclkbV

http://mathworld.wolfram.com/DefiniteIntegral.html

http://www.mathsisfun.com/calculus/integration-definite.html

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ysvFgARjjBM

vkb, vH;kl djsa

fuEufyf[kr lekdyksa (1 ls 6 rd) ds eku ;ksx dh lhek ls Kkr dhft, %
b b 2
∫ x dx ∫ x2 ∫(x )
dx 2 + 1 dx
1. 2. 3.
a a 0

364 xf.kr
 fuf'pr lekdyu
fuEufyf[kr lekdyksa (4 ls 22 rd) ds eku Kkr dhft, % ekWM;
~ y
w - VIII
π
π dyu
2 2
∫ cot x dx
2
4. ∫ a 2 − x 2 dx 5. ∫ sin 2x dx 6.
π
0 0 4
π
1 1
2 −1 1 fVIi.kh
7. ∫ cos x dx
2
8. ∫ sin x dx 9. ∫ 1 − x2
dx
0 0 0
π
4 π
1 1 4
10. ∫ x 2 − 4 dx 11. ∫ 5 + 3 cos θ dθ 12. ∫ 2 tan
3 x dx
3 0 0
π π
2
2 2
13. ∫ sin
3
x dx 14. ∫x x + 2dx 15. ∫ sin θ cos5 θ dθ
0 0 0
π π π
x sin x
16. ∫ x log sin x dx 17. ∫ log ( 1 + cos x ) dx 18. ∫ 1 + cos2 x dx
0 0 0
π π
2 4
sin 2 x
19. ∫ sin x + cos x
dx 20. ∫ log ( 1 + tan x ) dx
0 0
21. oozQ x = y2, y-v{k rFkk js[kkvksa y = 0 vkSj y = 2 }kjk ifjc¼ {ks=kiQy Kkr dhft,A
22. oozQksa y = x2 rFkk y = x osQ }kjk f?kjs {ks=k dk {ks=kiQy Kkr dhft,A
23. oozQ y2 = 4x rFkk ljy js[kk x = 3 }kjk ifjc¼ {ks=kiQy Kkr dhft,A
24. ,d ,sls f=kHkqtkdkj {ks=k dk {ks=kiQy Kkr dhft, ftlosQ 'kh"kks± osQ funsZ'kkad (1, 0), (2, 2) ,oa
(3, 1) gSA

x 2 y2 x y
25. nh?kZo`Ùk + =1 rFkk ljy js[kk + =1 }kjk f?kjs NksVs {ks=k dk {ks=kiQy Kkr dhft,A
9 4 3 2
26. ijoy; y = x2 rFkk oozQ y = |x| }kjk f?kjs {ks=k dk {ks=kiQy Kkr dhft,A

mÙkjekyk
ns[ksa vkius fdruk lh[kk 31.1
35 1
1. 2. e −
2 e
2 −1 π 64
3. (a) (b) 2 (c) (d)
2 4 3

xf.kr 365
 fuf'pr lekdyu
ekWM~;wy - VIII ns[ksa vkius fdruk lh[kk 31.2
dyu e −1 2 1 1 3
1. 2. tan −1 3. log 6 + tan −1 5
2 3 3 5 5
24 2 π π
4. 29 5. 6. 7. − log 2
15 4 2
fVIi.kh 1π 
8. 0 9. 0 10.  − log 2 
22 

ns[ksa vkius fdruk lh[kk 31.3

8 27
1. oxZ bdkbZ 2. oxZ bdkbZ
3 2

ns[ksa vkius fdruk lh[kk 31.4

1. 9π oxZ bdkbZ 2. 6π oxZ bdkbZ 3. 20π oxZ bdkbZ
16 2 16 9
4. a oxZ bdkbZ 5. oxZ bdkbZ 6. oxZ bdkbZ
3 3 2

vkb, vH;kl djsa

b2 − a 2 b3 − a 3 14
1. 2. 3.
2 3 3
πa 2 1
4. 5. 1 6. log 2
4 2
π π π
7. 8. −1 9.
4 2 2
1 5 π
10. log 11. 12. 1 − log 2
4 3 4

13.
2
3
14.
16
15
(
2+ 2 ) 15.
64
231
π2 π2
16. − log 2 17. −π log 2 18.
2 4
π
19.
1
2
(
log 1 + 2 ) 20.
8
log 2 21.
8
3
oxZ bdkbZ
1 2
22. oxZ bdkbZ 23. 8 3 oxZ bdkbZ 24. oxZ bdkbZ
6 3
2 1
25. (π − 2) oxZ bdkbZ 26. oxZ bdkbZ
3 3

366 xf.kr
 vody lehdj.k
ekWM;
~ y
w - VIII
dyu

32
fVIi.kh

vody lehdj.k
vodyu rFkk lekdyu dh ladYiuk i<+ ysus ds ckn gekjs lkeus iz'u gS fd mudk iz;ksx dgkaa
fd;k tk,A
okLro esa ;s os lk/u gSa tks lgh&lgh izkjfEHkd pky] iz{ksi dks.k] vko';d iz.kksn rFkk vkUrfj{k
izekspu esa vU; lEcaf/r fof'k"Vrkvksa dks Kkr djus esa gekjh lgk;rk djrs gSaA
dsoy ;gha ugha] cfYd HkkSfrdh rFkk tho foKku esa dqN iz'uksa esa gesa ,sls lEcU/ feyrs gSa tks
vodyt ls lEc¼ gksrs gSaA
ds ds
,d ,slk lEcU/ = 4.9 t 2 gks ldrk gS tgka s nwjh gS] t le; gS] vr%] ] le; t ij osx
dt dt
(nwjh ds ifjorZu dh nj) fu:fir djrk gSA
,sls lehdj.kksa dks] ftuds in vodyt lEc¼ gksrs gSa] vody lehdj.k dgrs gSaA bl ikB esa
ge] ,sls lehdj.kksa ds gy rFkk mu ds iz;ksx i<+saxsA

mís';
bl ikB ds vè;;u ds ckn vki fuEufyf[kr esa leFkZ gks tk;saxs %

vody lehdj.k] bldh dksfV rFkk ?kkr dks ifjHkkf"kr dj lduk

vody lehdj.k dh dksfV rFkk ?kkr Kkr dj lduk

nh xbZ fLFkfr ls vody lehdj.k cuk lduk

mnkgj.k }kjk vody lehdj.k ds O;kid gy rFkk fof'k"V gy ds vFkZ dh O;k[;k dj
lduk

fuEu izdkj ds vody lehdj.kksa dks gy dj lduk
dy dy
(i) = f ( x) (ii) = f ( x ) g( y )
dx dx
dy f(x, y) dy
(iii) dx = g ( x, y ) (iv) + P( x)y = Q( x)
dx

fn, gq, lhek izfrcU/ksa ds fy,] fn, gq, vody lehdj.k ds fof'k"V gy Kkr djuk

xf.kr 367
 vody lehdj.k
ekWM~;wy - VIII iwoZ Kku
dyu
chth; iQyuksa] ifjes; iQyuksa rFkk f=kdks.kferh; iQyuksa dk lekdyu
32.1 vody lehdj.k
tSlk fd Hkwfedk esa o.kZu fd;k x;k gS fd HkkSfrdh] tho foKku rFkk lekt'kkL=k ds iz'uksa dks
fVIi.kh xf.krh; inksa esa tc lw=k.k fd;k tkrk gS rks ,sls lehdj.k curs gSa tks vodyt lEc¼ gksrs gSaA
,sls lehdj.kksa dks vody lehdj.k dgrs gSaA mnkgj.kkFkZ]
dy d2 y
(i) = cos x (ii) +y=0 (iii) xdx + ydy = 0
dx dx 2
2 3
 d2y  2  dy  = 0 dy  dy 
2
(iv)  2  + x   (vi) y= + 1+  
 dx   dx  dx  dx 

32.2 vody lehdj.k dh dksfV (Øe) rFkk ?kkr

dksfV % vody lehdj.k dh dksfV ml lehsdj.k esa vkus okys lcls cM+s vodyt dh dksfV gksrh gSA
?kkr % ;g vody lehdj.k esa lcls cM+h dksfV okys vodyt dh ?kkr gksrh gSA
mnkgj.kkFkZ]
vody lehdj.k Øe (dksfV) ?kkr
dy
(i) = sin x ,d ,d
dx
2
 dy  2
(ii)   + 3y = 5x ,d nks
 dx 

2 4
 d 2s  2  ds 
(iii)  2  +t   =0 nks nks
 dt   dt 

d3v 2 dv
(iv) + =0 rhu ,d
dr 3 r dr

2 5
 d4 y  3 d y
3 
(v)  4  +x  3  = sin x pkj nks
 dx   dx 

mnkgj.k 32.1. fuEu vody lehdj.k dh dksfV rFkk ?kkr Kkr dhft, %
d2 y   dy  
2
+  1 +   =0
dx 2   dx  

368 xf.kr
 vody lehdj.k


ekWM;
~ y
w - VIII
 dy  
2
d2 y
gy % fn;k gS] +  1 +   =0 dyu
dx 2   dx  

2
d2 y  dy 
i.e. +  + 1 = 0.
dx 2  dx 
vr% vody lehdj.k dk Øe nks gS rFkk ?kkr ,d gSaA fVIi.kh

fVIi.kh% vody lehdj.k dh ?kkr rHkh ifjHkkf"kr gksrh gS ;fn og lehdj.k vodytksa osQ
lanHkZ esa ,d cgqin lehdj.k gSA

32.3 jSf[kd rFkk vjSf[kd vody lehdj.k

,sls vody lehdj.k dks ftl esa vkfJr pj rFkk ml ds lHkh vodyt dh ?kkr ,d gS vkSj
mudk ijLij xq.kk Hkh ugha gS] jSf[kd vody lehdj.k dgrs gSaA tks vody lehdj.k jSf[kd ugha
gSa os vjSf[kd lehdj.k dgykrs gSaA
mnkgj.kkFkZ] vody lehdj.k
d2 y d3 y dy
+ y = 0 rFkk cos 2 x + x3 + y = 0 jSf[kd gSaA
dx 2 dx 3 dx
2
 dy  y dy
vody lehdj.k   + = log x vjSf[kd gS D;ksafd dh ?kkr nks gSA
 dx  x dx

d2 y
iqu%] vody lehdj.k y − 4 = x jSf[kd ugha gSa D;ksafd vkfJr pj y rFkk blds vodyt
dx 2
d2 y
dk ijLij xq.kk gSA
dx 2
32.4 vody lehdj.k cukuk
ewy fcUnq ls tkus okyh lHkh ljy js[kkvksa ds ifjokj ij fopkj dhft, (fp=k 32.1)
y
js[kkvksa ds ifjokj dks
y = mx .....(1)
y=

2x
y=

y=

x
–2x

ls iznf'kZr fd;k tk ldrk gSA y=

–x

nskuksa i{kksa dk vodyu djus ij gesa izkIr gksrk gS %

dy x′ x
O
=m .....(2)
dx
(1) rFkk (2) ls gesa] izkIr gqvk
dy
y= x .....(3)
dx
y′ fp=k 32.1

xf.kr 369
 vody lehdj.k
ekWM~;wy - VIII dy
vr% y = mx rFkk y = x ,d gh ifjokj dks iznf'kZr djrs gSaA
dyu dx
Li"Vr%] lehdj.k (3) ,d vody lehdj.k gSA
dk;Zdkjh fu;e% ,d lehdj.k ftlesa nks pj x rFkk y gSa rFkk dqN LoSfPNd vpj tSls a,b,c
bR;kfn gSa] ds laxr vody lehdj.k cukukA
fVIi.kh
(i) lehdj.k dks mruh ckj vodfyr djsa ftruh la[;k LoSfPNd vpjksa dh ml esa gSA
(ii) bu lehdj.kksa ls LoSfPNd vpjksa dk foyksiu djsaA

fVIi.kh% ;fn lehdj.k esa n LoSfPNd vpj gSa rks gesa ,d n dksfV dk vody lehdj.k izkIr
gksxkA

mnkgj.k 32.2. oØksa ds dqy dks iznf'kZr djus okys lehdj.k y = ax 2 + .bx dk vody lehdj.k
cukb;sA
gy % y = ax 2 + bx ......(1)
nksuksa i{kksa dks vodfyr djus ij
dy
= 2 ax + b ......(2)
dx
(2) dks iqu% vodfyr djus ij]
d2y
=2 a ......(3)
dx 2
1 d2 y
⇒ a= ......(4)
2 dx 2
(lehdj.k esa nks LoSfPNd vpj gSa] vr% geus] bl lehdj.k dks nks ckj vodfyr fd;k gS vkSj
vc 'a' vkSj 'b' dk foyksiu djuk gS)
'a' dk eku lehdj.k (2) esa j[kus ij] gesa izkIr gksrk gS %
dy d2y
= x + b
dx dx 2
dy d2 y
⇒ b = − x
dx dx 2
'a' vkSj 'b' ds eku lehdj.k (1) esa j[kus ij]
 1 d2 y   dy d2y 
y = x2  2 
+ x  − x 
 2 dx   dx dx 2 

x2 d2 y dy 2
2 d y
;k y= + x − x
2 dx 2 dx dx 2

370 xf.kr
 vody lehdj.k

dy x 2 d 2 y
ekWM;
~ y
w - VIII
;k y=x −
dx 2 dx 2 dyu
x2 d2 y dy
;k 2
−x +y=0
2 dx dx
tks vHkh"V vody lehdj.k gSA
fVIi.kh
mnkgj.k 32.3. oØksa ds dqy dks iznf'kZr djus okys lehdj.k y = a cos(x + b) dk vody
lehdj.k cukb;sA
gy % y = a cos (x +b) .....(1)
nksuksa i{kksa dks vodfyr djus ij] gesa izkIr gksrk gS %
dy
= −a sin(x + b) ....(2)
dx
iqu% vodfyr djus ij] gesa izkIr gksrk gS %
d2 y
= −a cos ( x + b ) ....(3)
dx 2
d2 y
(1) vkSj (3) ls] = −y
dx 2
d2 y
vFkkZr~ + y = 0 izkIr gqvkA
dx 2
;gh vHkh"V vody lehdj.k gSA
mnkgj.k 32.4. mu lHkh o`Ùkksa dk] tks ewy fcUnq ls gksdj tkrs gSa rFkk ftuds dsUnz x-v{k ij
gSa] vody lehdj.k Kkr dhft,A
gy % D;ksafd o`Ùkksa ds dsUnz x-v{k ij ga]S vr% bl dsUnz dk funs'Z kkad (a, 0) gksxkA
D;ksafd o`Ùk ewy fcUnq ls gksdj tkrs gS]a vr% f=kT;k a gSA
rc lehdj.k ( x − a )2 + y 2 = a 2 gksxkA (1)
laxr vody lehdj.k Kkr djus ds fy,] ge lehdj.k (1) dks vodfyr djrs gSa vkSj gesa fuEu
izkIr gksrk gS %
dy
2 ( x − a ) + 2y =0
dx
dy
vFkok x−a+y =0
dx
dy
vFkok a = y +x
dx
lehdj.k (1) esa 'a' dk eku j[kus ij gesa izkIr gksrk gS %

xf.kr 371
 vody lehdj.k
ekWM~;wy - VIII  dy 
2
 dy 
2
2
dyu x−y −x +y =y +x
 dx   dx 
2 2
 dy  2 2  dy  dy
vFkok y  +y = x +y  + 2xy
 dx   dx  dx

fVIi.kh vFkok dy
y 2 = x 2 + 2xy
dx
;gh vHkh"V vody lehdj.k gSA
fVIi.kh% ;fn lehdj.k esa ,d LoSfPNd vpj gS] rks laxr vody lehdj.k izFke Øe dk
gS rFkk ;fn lehdj.k esa nks LoSfPNd vpj gSa rks laxr vody lehdj.k dk Øe nks gSA

ns[ksa vkius fdruk lh[kk 32.1

dy
1. vody lehdj.k y = x + 1 dh dksfV rFkk ?kkr Kkr dhft,A
dx
2. fuEufyf[kr izR;sd vody lehdj.k dh dksfV rFkk ?kkr fyf[k;s %
2 3
 ds 
4
d 2s  d 2s   ds 
(a)   + 3s 2 = 0 (b)  2  + 3   +4=0
 dt  dt  dt   dt 

3. crkb, fd fuEufyf[kr vody lehdj.k jSf[kd gS vFkok vjSf[kd %

(a) ( xy2 − x ) dx + ( y − x 2 y ) dy = 0 (b) dx + dy = 0

dy dy
(c) = cos x (d) + sin 2 y = 0
dx dx
2 2
dk foyksiu djds ( x − a ) + ( y − b ) = r dk laxr vody lehdj.k
2
4. rFkk
'a' 'b'
cukb,A
5.
2 2
(a) y = m a − x
2
( ) dk laxr vody lehd.k cukb,A

(b) y 2 − 2ay + x 2 = a 2 dk laxr vody lehdj.k cukb,] tcfd a LoSfPNd vpj

gSA
(c) oØksa ds ifjokj y = Ae2x + Be−3x ds laxr vody lehdj.k cukb, tgka A rFkk
B LoSfPNd vpj gSaA
(d) mu lHkh ljy js[kkvksa dk vody lehdj.k cukb, tks (3, 2) ls gksdj tkrh gSaA
(e) mu lHkh o`Ùkksa dk vody lehdj.k cukb, tks ewy fcUnq ls gksdj tkrs gSa rFkk ftuds
dsUnz y-v{k fLFkr ij gSaA

372 xf.kr
 vody lehdj.k

32.5 O;kid rFkk fof'k"V gy ekWM;

~ y
w - VIII
vody lehdj.k dk gy izfrykse izfØ;k gSA ;gk¡ ge ,slk lehdj.k izkIr djus dk iz;Ru djrs dyu
gSa] ftldk vodyu djus ij rFkk vpjksa dk foyksiu djus ij geas nh xbZ vody lehdj.k izkIr
gksA bl izdkj izkIr lehdj.k dks vk| ;k vody lehdj.k dk gy djrs gSaA
fVIi.kh
1 . ;fn ge vk| dks vodfyr djrs gSa rks gesa vody lehdj.k izkIr gksrk gSA ;fn ge fVIi.kh
vody lehdj.k dk lekdyu djrs gSa rks gesa vk| izkIr gksrk gSA
2 . vody lehdj.k dk gy vody lehdj.k dks lUrq"V djrk gSA
d2 y
mnkgj.k 32.5. n'kkZb, fd y = C1 sin x + C 2 cos x vody lehdj.k + y = 0 dk gy
dx 2
gS tgka C1 rFkk C2 LoSfPNd vpj gSA
gy % y = C1 sin x + C2 cos x .....(1)
(1) dks vodfyr djus ij gesa izkIr gksrk gS %
dy
= C1 cos x − C 2 sin x .....(2)
dx
iqu% vodfyr djus ij gesa
d2 y
= −C1 sin x − C2 cos x
dx 2
d2 y
fn;s x;s vody lehdj.k esa rFkk y dk eku izfrLFkkiu djus ij gesa izkIr gksrk gS %
dx 2
d2 y
+ y = C1 sin x + C2 cos x + (−C1 sin x − C2 cos x)
dx 2
d2 y
⇒ + y= 0
dx 2
lekdyu esa LoSfPNd vpjksa dk egRoiw.kZ LFkku gSA vpjksa ds fHkUu ekuksa ds fy, vody lehdj.k
ds fHkUu gy gesa izkIr gksrs gSaA ftl gy esa vody lehdj.k dh dksfV ds leku LoSfPNd vpj
jgrs gSa mls O;kid gy dgrs gSaA
;fn ge vpjksa dks fof'k"V eku nsrs gSa] rks gy fof'k"V gy dgykrk gSA
fVIi.kh% O;kid gy esa LoSfPNd vpjksa dh la[;k vody lehdj.k dh dksfV ds cjkcj
gksrh gSA
a dy dx
mnkgj.k 32.6. n'kkZb, fd y = cx + (tgka c vpj gS) vody lehdj.k y = x dx + a dy
c
dk ,d gy gSA

xf.kr 373
 vody lehdj.k
ekWM~;wy - VIII a
gy % fn;k gS y = cx + .....(1)
dyu c
(1) dk vodyu djus ij izkIr gksrk gS
dy dx 1
=c ⇒ =
dx dy c
fVIi.kh
dy dx
vody lehdj.k ds nk,¡ i{k esa rFkk dy dk eku j[kus ij gesa izkIr gksrk gS
dx

1 a
x ( c ) + a   = cx + = y
c c
vFkkZr~ nk;k¡ i{k = ck;k¡ i{k
a
vr% fn, x, vody lehdj.k dk y = cx + ,d gy gSA
c
dy
mnkgj.k 32.7. ;fn vody lehdj.k − 6x = 0 dk O;kid gy y = 3x 2 + c gS rks fof'k"V
dx
gy Kkr dhft, tc y=3 rc x=2 gksA
gy % vody lehdj.k dk O;kid gy y = 3x 2 + c gS]
vc bl lehdj.k esa y = 3, x = 2 j[kus ij gesa izkIr gksrk gS
vFkok c = − 9
3 = 12 + c
c dk eku O;kid gy esa j[kus ij gesa izkIr gksrk gS%

y = 3x 2 − 9

;gh vHkh"V fof'k"V gy gSA

32.6 vody lehdj.k dks gy djus dh fof/;k¡
32.6.1 tc pjksa dks i`Fkd fd;k tk lds
dy
(i) = f (x) izdkj ds vody lehdj.k
dx
dy
= f (x) vFkok dy = f (x) dx izdkj ds vody lehdj.k ij fopkj djsaA
dx

nksuksa i{kksa dk lekdyu djus ij gesa izkIr gqvk

∫ dy = ∫ f ( x ) dx
;k y = ∫ f ( x ) dx + c

tgka c LoSfPNd vpj gSA ;gh fn, x, vody lehdj.k dk O;kid gy gSA
374 xf.kr
 vody lehdj.k
fVIi.kh% O;kid gy esa c dk fy[kuk vko';d gS] vU;Fkk ;g fof'k"V gy cu tk;sxkA ekWM;
~ y
w - VIII
dyu
dy
mnkgj.k 32.8. ( x + 2 ) = x 2 + 4x − 5 dks gy dhft,A
dx

(x + 2)
dy
gy % fn;k x;k vody lehdj.k gS % = x 2 + 4x − 5
dx
fVIi.kh
dy x 2 + 4x − 5 dy x 2 + 4x + 4 − 4 − 5
;k = ;k =
dx x+2 dx x+2
2
dy ( x + 2 ) 9 dy
= x+2−
9
;k = − ;k
dx x+2 x+2 dx x+2

 9 
;k dy =  x + 2 −  dx .....(1)
 x+2
(1) ds nksuksa i{kksa dks lekdfyr djus ij gesa izkIr gksrk gS %
 9 
∫ dy = ∫  x + 2 − x + 2  dx
x2
;k y= + 2x − 9 log | x + 2 | + c tgk¡ c LoSfPNd vpj gSA
2
;gh vHkh"V O;kid gy gSA
dy
mnkgj.k 32.9. = 2x 3 − x dks gy dhft,] fn;k gS fd tc x = 0 rks y = 1
dx
dy
gy % fn;k x;k vody lehdj.k gS % = 2x 3 − x
dx

;k (
dy = 2x 3 − x dx ) ...(1)
(1) ds nksuksa i{kksa dk lekdyu djus ij gesa izkIr gksrk gS %
x4 x2
∫ dy = ∫( 2x 3 − x dx ) ;k y = 2.
4
−
2
+c

x4 x2
;k y= − + c izkIr gksrk gS .....(2)
2 2
D;ksafd y = 1 rFkk x = 0
∴ ;fn ge bu ekuksa dks (2) esa j[ksa rks gesa izkIr gksrk gS %
1=0−0+c ⇒ c=1
iqu% c ds ekuksa dks (2) esa j[kus ij gesa izkIr gksrk gS %
y=
1 4
2
(
x − x2 + 1 )
;k
1
( )
y = x 2 x 2 − 1 + 1 tks vHkh"V fof'k"V gy gSA
2

xf.kr 375
 vody lehdj.k
ekWM~;wy - VIII dy
(ii) = f (x) ⋅ g(y) ds izdkj ds vody lehdj.k
dyu dx

dy dy
= f (x) ⋅ g(y) ;k = f (x) dx ds izdkj ds vody lehdj.k ij fopkj djsaA..(1)
dx g(y)
lehdj.k (1) esa x rFkk y ds in ijLij vyx gks tkrs gSaA vr% ,sls lehdj.k pj i`FkDdh
fVIi.kh vody lehdj.k dgykrs gSaA

,sls vody lehdj.k dks gy djus ds fy, ge nksuksa rjiQ dk lekdyu djrs gSa rFkk ,d rjiQ
LoSfPNd vpj tksM nsrs gSaA
vkb, ge dqN vkSj mnkgj.k ysaA
mnkgj.k 32.10. vody lehdj.k ( 1 + x 2 ) dy = ( 1 + y 2 ) dx dks gy dhft,A

gy % fn;k x;k vody lehdj.k gS] ( 1 + x 2 ) dy = ( 1 + y2 ) dx ftldks fuEu izdkj ls

fy[kk tk ldrk gS %
dy dx
= ---(;gk¡ pjksa dks i`Fkd dj fn;k tkrk gS) (1)
1+ y2 1 + x2
(1) ds nksuksa i{kksa dks lekdfyr djus ij gesa izkIr gksrk gS%
dy dx
∫ 1 + y2 = ∫ 1 + x 2
;k tan −1 y = tan −1 x + c tgk¡ c, LoSfPNd vpj gSA ;gh vHkh"V gy gSA
dy 2x
mnkgj.k 32.11. dx = dk fof'k"V gy Kkr dhft, ftlds fy, y ( 0) = 3 vFkkZr tc
3y 2 + 1
x = 0, y = 3
gy % fn;k gqvk vody lehdj.k fuEu gS %
dy 2x
= 2
dx 3y + 1

;k ( 3y2 + 1 ) dy = 2x dx (1)
;fn (1) ds nksuksa i{kksa dks lekdfyr djsa rks gesa fuEu izkIr gksrk gS %
∫ ( 3y )
+ 1 dy = ∫ 2x dx + c ,
2

y3 + y = x 2 + c tgk¡ c, LoSfPNd vpj gSA (2)

;g fn;k x;k gS fd y ( 0 ) = 3
y = 3 tc x = 0, (2) esa j[kus ij gesa izkIr gksrk gS %
27 + 3 = c

376 xf.kr
 vody lehdj.k
∴ c = 30 ekWM;
~ y
w - VIII
vr% vHkh"V fof'k"V gy gS dyu
y3 + y = x 2 + 30
32.6.2 le?kkrh; vody lehdj.k
fuEu vody lehdj.kksa ij fopkj djsa %
fVIi.kh
dy x3 + xy 2
(i) y2 + x 2
dy
dx
= xy
dy
dx
( )
(ii) x 3 + y3 dx − 3xy 2dy = 0 (iii)
dx
=
y2 x

lehdj.k (i) esa] ge ns[krs gSa fd izR;sd in dh ?kkr 2 gSA [ tSls y 2 dh ?kkr 2 gS] x2 dh ?kkr
2 gS rFkk xy dh ?kkr 1+1=2 gS]
lehdj.k (ii) esa] izR;sd in dh ?kkr 3 gSA
lehdj.k (iii) esa] izR;sd in dh ?kkr 3 gSA
,sls lehdj.kksa dks le?kkrh; lehdj.k dgk tkrk gSA
fVIi.kh% le?kkrh; lehdj.k esa vpj ugha gksrsA
mnkgj.k ds fy,] vody lehdj.k ( x 2 + 3yx ) dx − ( x 3 + x ) dy = 0 le?kkrh; lehdj.k
ugha gSa D;ksafd izR;sd in dh ?kkr leku ugha gSA x2 dh ?kkr 2 gS] 3xy dh ?kkr 2 gS] x3 dh
3 gS] x dh 1 gSA
32.6.3 le?kkrh; vody lehdj.k ds gy
,sls lehdj.k ds gy ds fy,
(i) ,d pj y dks vx ;k pj x dks vy eku yhft, tgk¡ v Hkh ,d pj gSA
(ii) vody lehdj.k esa y = vx (;k x = vy) fyf[k,A vkSj bl izdkj ls izkIr vody lehdj.k
i`FkDdh vody lehdj.k gks tk;sxkA
(iii) bl lehdj.k dks vc oSls gh gy djsas tSls fd vkius igys gy fd;k gSA

mnkgj.k 32.12. ( x 2 + 3xy + y2 ) dx − x 2dy = 0 dks gy dhft,A

gy % fn;k x;k vody lehdj.k gS %
( x2 + 3xy + y2 ) dx − x2dy = 0
dy x 2 + 3xy + y 2
;k = .....(1)
dx x2
;g nks ?kkr dk le?kkrh; lehdj.k gSA y = vx fy[kus ij ge izkIr djrs gSa %
dy dv
=v+x
dx dx
∴ (1) ls]

xf.kr 377
 vody lehdj.k
ekWM~;wy - VIII dv x 2 + 3x.vx + ( vx )
2 dv  1 + 3v + v 2 
v+x = ;k v+x = x2  
dyu dx x2 dx  x2 
dv dv
;k v+x = 1 + 3v + v 2 ;k x = 1 + 3v + v 2 − v
dx dx
dv dv dx
fVIi.kh ;k x = v 2 + 2v + 1 ;k =
dx v2 + 2v + 1 x
dv dx
;k 2
= .....(2)
( v + 1) x

(2) ds nksuksa i{kksa dk lekdyu djus ij gesa izkIr gksrk gS %

−1
+ c = log x tgk¡ c , LoSfPNd vpj gSA
v +1
blesa v dk eku j[kus ij gesa izkIr gksrk gS %
x
+ log x = c tgk¡ c , LoSfPNd vpj gSA
y+x
tks fn, gq, vody lehsdj.k dk vHkh"V gy gSA
dx P(x, y)
fVIi.kh% ;fn le?kkrh; lehdj.k dks dy = Q(x, y) ds :i esa fy[kk tk, rks x = vy

izfrLFkfir djds gy Kkr fd;k tkrk gS

dy
32.6.4
dx
+ Py = Q ds izdkj ds vody lehdj.k] tgk¡ P rFkk Q, dsoy x ds
iQyu gSaA
dy
lehdj.k + Py = Q .....(1)
dx
ij fopkj djsa tgka P rFkk Q,x ds iQyu gSaA ;g dksfV ,d dk jSf[kd lehdj.k gSA
lehdj.k (1) dks gy djus ds fy, ge (1) ds nksuksa i{kksa dks e∫ Pdx ( ftls lekdyu xq.kd
dgk tkrk gS) ls xq.kk djrs gSaA bl izdkj gesa fuEu izkIr gksrk gS
dy
e∫ + Py e ∫ = Qe ∫
Pdx Pdx Pdx
dx

;k
d
dx (
ye ∫
Pdx
) = Qe∫ Pdx
.....(2)

 d
(
Q dx ye )
∫ Pdx = e ∫ Pdx dy + Py.e ∫ Pdx 
dx 

lekdyu djus ij] gesa izkIr gksrk gS

378 xf.kr
 vody lehdj.k
ye ∫ ekWM;
~ y
w - VIII
∫ Qe∫
Pdx Pdx
= dx + c .....(3)
dyu
− ∫ Pdx  Qe ∫ Pdx dx + c 
 ∫
;k y=e 
fVIi.kh 1

e∫
Pdx dks lehdj.k dk lekdyu xq.kd dgrs gSa vkSj la{ksi esa bls I.F. fy[kk tkrk gSA fVIi.kh
fVIi.kh 2

(i) ge us ns[kk fd jSf[kd vody lehdj.k (1) dk ck;k¡ i{k

d
dx
ye ∫(Pdx
) cu tkrk

gS tc ge bls e ∫ Pdx ls xq.kk djrs gSaA

(ii) jSf[kd vody lehdj.k

dy
dx
+ Py = Q dk gy ye ∫ Pdx =
∫ Q ( e∫
Pdx
) dx + c gS
tgka P rFkk Q dsoy x ds iQyu gSA
dy
(iii) ;fn dk xq.kkad 1 ugha gS rks lehdj.k dks bl ls Hkkx nsdj xq.kkad 1 cuk ysuk pkfg,A
dx
(iv) dqN lehdj.k ,sls ik, tkrs gSa] tgka y dk O;ogkj] LorU=k pj dh rjg vkSj x vkfJr
pj dh rjg] gksrk gSA
dx
+ Px = Q jSf[kd vody lehdj.k gS tgka P rFkk Q dsoy y ds iQyu gSaA
dy

bl fLFkfr esa] I.F. = e ∫ Pdy

vkSj gy x ( I.F. ) = ∫ Q. ( I.F. )dy + c gSA
dy y
mnkgj.k 32.13. + = e − x dks gy dhft,A
dx x

gy % ;gka P = 1 , Q = e− x [ nsf[k;s fd P rFkk Q nksuksa x ds iQyu gSaA ]

x
1
lekdyu xq.kd e ∫ Pdx = e ∫ x = elog x = x
dx
( x > 0)
vr% fn, gq, lehdj.k dk gy gS%
−x
∫ xe dx + c
yx = tcfd c LoSfPNd vpj gSA
;k xy = − xe− x + ∫ e− x dx + c ;k xy = − xe− x − e− x + c
 x + 1  −x c
;k xy = −e − x ( x + 1 ) + c ;k y = − e +
 x  x
uksV % gy esa x > 0 gSA

xf.kr 379
 vody lehdj.k
ekWM~;wy - VIII dy
mnkgj.k 32.14. sin x + y cos x = 2 sin 2 x cos x dks gy dhft,A
dyu dx

dy
gy % fn;k gS sin x + y cos x = 2 sin 2 x cos x
dx
dy
fVIi.kh ;k + y cot x = 2 sin x cos x .....(1)
dx
;gka P = cot x, Q = 2 sin x cos x

I.F. = e ∫ = e∫
Pdx cot xdx
= elog sin x = sin x
vr% fn, gq, lehdj.k dk gy gS%
y sin x = ∫ 2 sin 2 x cos x dx + c , tgk¡ fd c LoSfPNd vpj gSA

2 3
;k y sin x = sin x + c
3
tks vody lehdj.k dk vHkh"V gy gSA

mnkgj.k 32.15. ( 1 + y2 ) dx
dy
= tan −1 y − x dks gy dhft,A

gy % fn;k x;k vody lehdj.k gS %

( 1 + y2 ) dx
dy
= tan −1 y − x

dx tan −1 y x
;k = 2
−
dy 1+ y 1 + y2
dx x tan −1 y
;k + = ....(1)
dy 1 + y 2 1 + y2

ftl dk :i dx + Px = Q gS] tgka P rFkk Q,y ds iQyu gSaA

dy
1
∫ dy
−1 y
I.F. = e ∫ Pdy =e 1+ y2 = e tan
vr% fn, gq, lehdj.k dk gy gS%
−1 y (tan −1 y) −1
x.e tan = ∫ 1+ y2
e tan y.dy + c

1
eku yhft, t = tan −1 y blfy, dt = dy
1 + y2

∴ ( etan −1 y ) x = ∫ et .tdt + c tcfd c LoSfPNd vpj gSA

380 xf.kr
 vody lehdj.k

( etan −1 y ) x = tet − ∫ et + c ekWM;

~ y
w - VIII
;k
dyu
;k ( )x = − + c
−1
e tan y te t et
;k ( etan −1 y ) x = tan −1 y etan −1 y − etan −1 y + c ( t = tan −1 y j[kus ij)
−1 y
;k x = tan −1 y − 1 + ce− tan
fVIi.kh

ns[ksa vkius fdruk lh[kk 32.2

d2 y
1. (i) D;k y = sin x ] + y = 0 dk ,d gy gS\
dx 2
dy
(ii) D;k y = x3 ] vody lehdj.k x − 4y = 0 dk ,d gy gS\
dx
dy
2. lehdj.k = 3x ds dqN gy uhps fn, x;s gSaA crkb, fd muesa dkSu ls fof'k"V gy
dx
rFkk dkSu ls O;kid gy gS\
3 2
(i) 2y = 3x 2 (ii) y= x +2
2
3
(iii) 2y = 3x 2 + C (iv) y = x2 + 3
2
3. crkb, fd D;k fuEufyf[kr vody lehdj.k le?kkrh; gSa vFkok ugha\
dy x2
(i) =
dx 1 + y 2
(ii) ( 3xy + y2 ) dx + ( x 2 + xy ) dy = 0
(iii) (x + 2)
dy
dx
= x 2 + 4x − 9 (iv) ( x3 − yx 2 ) dy + ( y3 + x3 ) dx = 0
d2 y
4. (a) n'kkZb, fd + 4y = 0 dk ,d gy y = a sin 2x gSA
dx 2
d3 y
(b) lR;kfir dhft, fd = 6 dk ,d gy y = x 3 + ax 2 + c gSA
dx 3
dy
5. = sec 2 x dk O;kid gy] y = tan x + c gSA fof'k"V gy Kkr dhft, tc
dx
π 2π
(a) x = , y = 1 (b) x = ,y = 0
4 3
6. fuEu vody lehdj.kksa dks gy dhft, %
(a)
dy
dx
= x 5 tan −1 x 3 ( ) (b)
dy
dx
= sin 3 x cos 2 x + xe x

(c) ( 1 + x2 )
dy
dx
=x (d)
dy
dx
= x 2 + sin 3x

xf.kr 381
 vody lehdj.k
ekWM~;wy - VIII ex
dy
= 4 dk fof'k"V gy Kkr dhft, tc fn;k gS fd y = 3 tc x = 0
7.
dyu dx
8. fuEufyf[kr vody lehdj.kksa dks gy dhft, %
(a) ( x 2 − yx 2 ) dx
dy
+ y 2 + xy 2 = 0 (b)
dy
dx
= xy + x + y + 1

dy
fVIi.kh (c) sec2 x tan y dx + sec2 y tan x dy = 0 (d) = e x − y + e− y x 2
dx
9. fuEufyf[kr vody lehdj.kksa dks gy dhft, %
dy y 2
(a) ( x 2 + y2 ) dx − 2xy dy = 0 (b) x
dx
+
x
=y

dy x 2 − y2 + y dy y y
(c) = (d) = + sin  
dx x dx x x
dy
10. + y sec x = tan x dks gy dhft, A
dx
11. fuEufyf[kr vody lehdj.kksa dks gy dhft, %

(a) ( 1 + x 2 ) dx
dy
+ y = tan −1 x 2
(b) cos x
dy
dx
+ y = tan x
dy
(c) x log x + y = 2 log x , x > 1
dx
12. fuEufyf[kr vody lehdj.kksa dks gy dhft, %
dy
(a) ( x + y + 1) =1
dx
dx dx dx
[ladsr: = x + y + 1 ;k − x = y + 1 dk :i + Px = Q gS ]
dy dy dy
dx dx x
(b) ( x + 2y 2)dy
dx
= y, y> 0 [ladsr: y
dy
= x + 2y 2 ;k
dy y
− = 2y ]

32.7 vody lehdj.k ls lacf/r dqN vU; mnkgj.k

d2 y
lR;kfir dhft, fd ( 1 − x 2 )
dy
mnkgj.k 32.16. − − m 2 y = 0 dk gy y = em sin −1x gSA
dx 2 dx
gy % fn;k x;k gS fd
−1 x
y = em sin .....(1)
x ds lkis{k (1) dk vodyu djus ij gesa izkIr gksrk gS
−1
dy mem sin x my
= =
dx 1− x 2
1 − x2
dy
;k 1 − x2 = my
dx

382 xf.kr
 vody lehdj.k

 dy  2 ekWM;
~ y
w - VIII
nksuksa i{kksa esa oxZ djus ij] ( 1 − x 2 )  2 2
 =m y
dyu
 dx 
nksuksa i{kksa dk vodyu djus ij]
2 2
 dy 
−2x   + 2 1− x
 dx 
(dx dx 2
)
2 dy . d y = 2m 2 y dy
dx
d2 y 2 fVIi.kh
;k − x
dy
dx
(
+ 1 − x2
dx 2 )
= m 2 y ;k ( 1 − x 2 ) dx
d y
2
−x
dy
dx
− m2 y = 0

−1 x
vr%] fn;k gqvk lEcU/ y = em sin
2
( 1 − x 2 ) dx
d y
2
−x
dy
dx
− m2 y = 0 dk gy gSA

mnkgj.k 32.17. ( y − yx ) dx + ( x + xy ) dy = 0 }kjk iznf'kZr oØ dk lehdj.k Kkr dhft,a

tks fcUnq (1,1) ls gksdj tkrk gSA
gy % fn;k gqvk vody lehdj.k gS %
( y − yx ) dx + ( x + xy ) dy = 0
;k ( x + xy ) dy = ( yx − y ) dx
;k x ( 1 + y ) dy = y ( x − 1 ) dx
(1 + y ) x −1
;k dy = dx .....(1)
y x
(1) ds nskuksa i{kksa dk lekdyu djus ij]
1+ y   x −1
∫ y  dy = ∫  x  dx
  
1   1
;k ∫  y + 1  dy =∫  1 − x  dx .....(2)

;k log y + y = x − log x + c
pwafd oØ (1, 1) fcUnq ls gksdj tkrk gS] blfy,
lehdj.k (2) esa x = 1, y = 1 j[kus ij]
1 = 1 + c ;k c = 0
vr% vHkh"V oØ dk lehdj.k gS
log y + y = x − log x ;k log ( xy ) = x − y

dy 3e2x + 3e4x
mnkgj.k 32.18. = dks gy dhft,A
dx e x + e− x
dy 3e2x + 3e4x
gy% fn;k gS fd =
dx e x + e− x

xf.kr 383
 vody lehdj.k
ekWM~;wy - VIII
;k
dy 3e
=
(
3x e − x + e x
) ;k
dy
= 3e3x
dyu dx e x + e− x dx
;k dy = 3e3x dx .....(1)
(1) ds nksuksa i{kksa dk lekdyu djus ij]

fVIi.kh y = ∫ 3e3x dx + c , tgk¡ fd c ,d LoSfPNd vpj gSA

e3x
;k y=3 +c ;k y = e3x + c
3
tks lehdj.k dk vHkh"V gy gSA

ns[ksa vkius fdruk lh[kk 32.3

d2 y
gks] rks fl¼ dhft, fd ( 1 + x 2 )
dy
1. (a) ;fn y = tan −1 x + 2x =0
dx 2 dx
d2 y dy
(b) ;fn y = e x sin x gks] rks fl¼ dhft, fd −2 + 2y = 0
dx 2 dx
dy
2. (a) = xy + x + y + 1 }kjk iznf'kZr oØ] tks fcUnq (2, 0) ls gksdj tkrk gS] dk
dx
lehdj.k Kkr dhft,A
dy π 
(b) + y cot x = 5ecos x }kjk iznf'kZr oØ] tks fcUnq  , 2  ls gksdj tkrk gS] dk
dx 2 
lehdj.k Kkr dhft,A
dy 4e3x + 4e5x
3. = dks gy dhft,A
dx e x + e− x
4. (a) dx + xdy = e− y sec2 y dy dks gy dhft,A

(b) (1 + x2 )
dy
dx
− 4x = 3 cot −1 x dks gy dhft,A

(c) ( 1 + y ) xy dy = ( 1 − x 2 ) ( 1 − y ) dx dks gy dhft,A

C

1A
% +
vkb;s nksgjk,¡

vody lehdj.k ,slk lehdj.k gksrk gS ftl esa LorU=k pj] vkfJr pj rFkk LorU=k pj
ds lkis{k vkfJr pj ds fHkUu fHkUu vodyt lEc¼ gksrs gSaA

vody lehdj.k dh dksVh ml lehdj.k esa vkus okys vf/dre vodyt dh dksfV gksrh gSA

,d vody lehdj.k dh ?kkr ml lehdj.k esa vf/dre dksfV okys vodyt dh ?kkr
gksrh gSA

384 xf.kr
 vody lehdj.k

vody lehdj.k dh ?kkr rHkh ifjHkkf"kr gksrh gS ;fn og lehdj.k vodytksa ds lanHkZ ekWM;~ y
w - VIII
esa ,d cgqin lehdj.k gSA dyu

ftl vody lehdj.k esa vkfJr pj rFkk blds vodyt dh ?kkr dsoy ,d (1) ikbZ
tk, rFkk mudk ijLij xq.kk u gks] ,sls vody lehdj.k dks jSf[kd vody lehdj.k
dgrs gSaA

jSf[kd vody lehdj.k izFke ?kkr dk gksrk gSA fVIi.kh

vody lehdj.k dk O;kid gy ,slk gy gksrk gS ftl esa LoSfPNd vpjksa dh la[;k
vody lehdj.k ds dksfV ds cjkcj gksrh gSA

O;kid gy] fof'k"V gy rc cu tkrk gS tc fd fn, gq, izfrcU/ksa dks lUrq"V djus okys
LoSfPNd vpjksa ds fof'k"V eku fu/kZfjr gks tkrs gSaA
dy

= f ( x ) ds izdkj ds vody lehdj.k dk gy izkIr djus ds fy,] mlds nksuks i{kksa
dx
dks x ds lkis{k lekdfyr djrs gSaA
dy

= f ( x ) g (y) ds izdkj ds vody lehdj.k dk gy pjksa dks i`Fkd dj ds vkSj nksuksa
dx
i{kksa dk lekdyu djds izkIr fd;k tkrk gSA

vody lehdj.k M (x, y) dx + N (x, y ) dy = 0 dks le?kkrh; dgk tkrk gS ;fn
M (x, y) rFkk N (x, y) le?kkrh; gSA

le?kkrh; vody lehdj.k dk gy y = vx vFkok x = vy izfrLFkkfir djds rc pjksa dks
i`Fkd djds] fudkyk tkrk gSA
dy

izFke dksfV ds jSf[kd lehdj.k + Py = Q dk gy
dx
ye ∫
Pdx
= ∫ Q ( e∫
Pdx
) dx + c gS tcfd c ,d LoSfPNd vpj gSA

O;atd e ∫ Pdx dks vody lehdj.k dk lekdyu xq.kd dgrs gSaA la{ksi esa bls I.F.. fy[kk
tkrk gSA

lgk;d osclkbV

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LloXYtsHyK4

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=arYcc6IQ-WU

vkb, vH;kl djsa

1. vody lehdj.k dh dksfV rFkk ?kkr Kkr dhft,%
2 4
 d2 y  2  dy 
(a)  2  +x   =0 (b) xdx + ydy = 0
 dx   dx 

xf.kr 385
 vody lehdj.k
ekWM~;wy - VIII d4 y dy dy
(c) −4 + 4y = 5 cos 3x (d) = cos x
dyu dx 4 dx dx
d2 y dy d2 y
(e) x2 2
− xy =y (f) +y=0
dx dx dx 2
2. Kkr dhft, fd fuEu lehdj.kksa esa dkSu ls jSf[kd rFkk dkSu ls vjSf[kd gSa %
fVIi.kh dy dy y
(a) = cos x (b) + = y 2 log x
dx dx x
3 2
 d2 y  2  dy  dy
(c)  2  +x   =0 (d) x −4=x
 dx   dx  dx
(e) dx + dy = 0
3. adk foyksiu djrs gq, y 2 − 2ay + x 2 = a 2 ds laxr vody lehdj.k cukb,A bl dh
dksfV rFkk ?kkr fyf[k,A
4. a,b,c dk foyksiu djrs gq, y = ax 2 + bx + c ls vody lehdj.k Kkr dhft,A bldh
dksfV rFkk ?kkr fyf[k,A
5. fuEu ds O;kid gy esa fdrus vpj gksaxs \
(a) f}dksfV dk vody lehdj.kA
(b) r`rh; dksfV dk vody lehdj.k
(c) ikap dksfV dk vody lehdj.k
d2 y dy
6. n'kkZb, fd vody lehdj.k x 2 +x + y = 0 dk gy
dx 2 dx
y = a cos ( log x ) + b sin ( log x ) gSA
7. fuEufyf[kr vody lehdj.kksa dks gy dhft, %
dy dy
(a) sin 2 x = 3 cos x + 4 (b) = e x − y + x 2e− y
dx dx
dy cos x sin y
(c) + =0 (d) dy + xydx = xdx
dx cos y

(e)
dy
dx
+ y tan x = x m cos mx (f) ( 1 + y2 ) dx
dy
= tan −1 y − x

mÙkjekyk
ns[ksa vkius fdruk lh[kk 32.1
1. dksfV 1] ?kkr 1
2. (a) dksfV 2] ?kkr 1 (b) dksfV 2] ?kkr 2
386 xf.kr
 vody lehdj.k
3. ( a ) vjSf[kd (b) jSf[kd ekWM;
~ y
w - VIII
(c) jSf[kd (d) vjSf[kd dyu
3 2
  dy  
2
2 d y 
2
4.  1 +    = r  2 
  dx    dx 
2 2
d2y  dy   dy 
5. (a) xy
dx 2
+ x  
 dx 
− y
dy
dx
= 0 (b) ( )
x 2 − 2y 2 
 dx
 − 4xy

dy
dx
− x2 = 0 fVIi.kh

d2 y
dy dy
(c) +
− 6y = 0 (d) y = ( x − 3) +2
dx 2
dx dx
2 dy − 2xy = 0
(e) ( x − y )
2
dx
ns[ksa vkius fdruk lh[kk 32.2
1. (i) gk¡ (ii) ugha
2. (i), (ii) rFkk (iv) fof'k"V gy (iiii) fof'k"V gy
3. (ii) (iv) le?kkrh;

5. (a) y = tan x (b) y = tan x + 3

6. (a)
1 6
6
y=
1
6
( )
1
x tan −1 x 3 − x 3 + tan −1 x 3 + c
6
( )
1 1
(b) y = cos x − cos x + ( x − 1 ) e + c
5 3 x
5 3
1 2 1 3 1
(c) y = log x + 1 + c (d) y = x − cos 3x + c
2 3 3
7. y = −4e− x + 7
x 1 1
=c+ + x2
8. (a) log (b) log y + 1 = x + +c
y x y 2
x3
(c) tan x tan y = c (d) e y = ex + +c
3
9. (
(a) x = c x 2 − y 2 )
(b) x + cy = y log | x |
−1  y 
(c) sin   = log | x | + c
x
y
(d) tan = cx
2x
10. y ( sec x + tan x ) = sec x + tan x − x + c
11. (a) y = tan −1 x − 1 + ce− tan x
(b) y = tan x − 1 + ce− tan x

xf.kr 387
 vody lehdj.k
ekWM~;wy - VIII c
(c) y = log x +
dyu log x

12. (a) x = ce y − ( y + 2 ) (b) x = y 2 + cy

ns[ksa vkius fdruk lh[kk 32.3

1 2
fVIi.kh 2. (a) log ( y + 1 ) = x +x−4
2
(b) y sin x + 5ecos x = 7

4 5x
3. y= e +c
5
4. (a) x = e− y ( c + tan y )

2 3 ( −1 ) 2
(b) y = 2 log 1 + x − cot x + c
2
x 2 y2
(c) log x + 2 log 1 − y = − − 2y + c
2 2
vkb, vH;kl djsa
1. (a) dksfV 2] ?kkr 3 (b) dksfV 1] ?kkr 1
(c) dksfV 4] ?kkr 1 (d) dksfV 1] ?kkr 1
(e) dksfV 2] ?kkr 1 (f) dksfV 2] ?kkr 1
2. (a), (d), (e) jSf[kd, (b), (c) vjSf[kd
2
 dy   dy 
3. ( x 2 − 2y 2 )  − 4xy 
 dx 
2
−x =0
 dx 

d3 y
4. . = 0 _ dksfV 3] ?kkr 1
dx 3
5. (a) nks (b) rhu (c) ik¡p
x3
7. (a) y + 3 cosec x + 4 cot x = c (b) ey = ex + +c
3
x2
(c) sin y = ce− sin x (d) log ( 1 − y ) + =c
2
x m +1
(e) y = cos x + c cos x
m +1
−1 y
(f) x = tan −1 y − 1 + ce− tan

388 xf.kr
 f=kfoeh; T;kfefr dk ifjp;
ekWM;
~ y
w - IX
33 lfn'k ,oa
f=kfoeh;
T;kfefr
f=kfoeh; T;kfefr dk ifjp;
fiNys ikBksa esa vkius i<+k gS fd ;fn lery esa ,d fcUnq fn;k x;k gks] rks nks la[;kvksa] tks fcUnq dh fVIi.kh
fLFkfr n'kkZrs gSa] dks <w<a uk lEHko gS ftUgsa lery esa fcUnq ds funs'Z kkad dgrs gSAa foykser% ;fn ,d
Øfer ;qXe (x, y) fn;k x;k gS] rks blds laxr lery esa ,d fcUnq gksxk ftl ds funs'Z kkad (x,y) gSAa
vkb;s ,d dejs esa ,d jcj dh xsan dks mèokZ/kj fLFkfr esa fxjk,aA iQ'kZ ds ml fcUnq x,y ftl ij
xasn Vdjkrh gS] dks dejs dh yEckbZ vkSj pkSM+kbZ ds vuqfn'k v{kksa ds lanHkZ eas vf}rh; :i esa Kkr
fd;k tk ldrk gSA ijUrq ;fn xsan mèokZ/kj :i esa okfil mNy dj mij tk,] rks fdlh {k.k ij
vkdk'k esa ml dh fLFkfr dks nks v{kksa ds lanHkZ esa ugha tkuk tk ldrk gSA fdlh {k.k ij xsan dh
fLFkfr dks rHkh tkuk tk ldrk gS ;fn nks v{kksa ds lkFk&lkFk ge iQ'kZ ls xsan dh mQ¡pkbZ Hkh tkurs
gksaA
;fn iQ'kZ ls xsan dh mQ¡pkbZ 2.5 lseh gks rFkk Hkwfe ij Vdjkus ds LFkku okyss fcUnq ds funsZ'kkad (5]4)
gksa] rks vkdk'k esa xsan dh fLFkfr dks fu/kZfjr djus dh ,d fof/] rhu la[;kvksa (5] 4] 2-5) dh
lgk;rk ls ml fcUnq dks fu:fir djuk gSA Z
Ball here
vr% vkdk'k esa ,d fcUnq dh fLFkfr dks rhu la[;kvksa
dh lgk;rk ls vf}rh; :i ls fu/kZfjr fd;k tk
ldrk gSA bl ikB esa ge funsZ'kkad fudk; rFkk vkdk'k
2.5 cm
esa ,d fcUnq ds funsZ'kkadksa] vkdk'k esa nks fcUnqvksa ds
chp dh nwjh] nks fcUnqvksa dks feykus okys js[kk [k.M
O
esa fn;s x, vkUrfjd@cká vuqikr esa foHkktu djus 5 cm
okys fcUnq dh fLFkfr rFkk ,d fcUnq@js[kk vkdk'k esa
iz{ksi ds ckjs esa foLrkj iwoZd vè;;u djsaxsA 4cm
(5, 4)
fp=k 33.1
mís';

bl ikB ds vè;;u ds ckn vki fuEufyf[kr esa leFkZ gks tk,axs %

vkdk'k esa ,d fcUnq ds funsZ'kkad Kkr djuk

vkdk'k esas nks fcUnqvksa ds chp dh nwjh Kkr djuk

nks fcUnqvksa dks feykus okys j[kk[k.M dks fn;s x, vuqikr esa vkUrfjd foHkktu] cká
foHkktu djus okys fcUnq ds funsZ'kkad Kkr djuk

vkdk'k esa fdlh js[kk ds fnd dkslkbu@vuqikr dks ifjHkkf"kr djuk

vkdk'k esa ,d js[kk ds fnd dkslkbu@vuqikr Kkr djus esa vkdk'k esa ,d js[kk[k.M dk
nwljh js[kk ij iz{ksi Kkr djukA

xf.kr 389
 f=kfoeh; T;kfefr dk ifjp;
ekWM~;wy - IX iwoZ Kku
lfn'k ,oa
f}foe funsZ'kkad T;kfefr
f=kfoeh;
f=kdks.kfefr ds ewy fl¼kUr
T;kfefr
33.1 funsZ'kkad fudk; vkSj vkdk'k esa ,d fcUnq ds funsZ'kkad
mNyrh gqbZ xsan dk mnkgj.k ;kn dhft, ftl
esa dejs dk ,d dksuk ewy fcUnq fy;k x;k FkkA Z
fVIi.kh
;g vko';d ugha fd ge dejs ds ,d fo'ks"k
dksus dks ewy fcUnq ysasA ge fdlh Hkh dksus dks X′
(;gk¡ rd fd dejs esa fdlh Hkh fcUnq dks) Ball here
lanHkZ ds fy, ewy fcUnq ys ldrs gSa rFkk bl O 2.5 cm
Y′ Y
ds vuqlkj fcUnq ds funsZ'kkad cny tkrs gSaA 5 cm
vr% dejs esa fdlh Hkh LoSfPNd fcUnq dks ge 4 cm (5, 4)

ewy fcUnq ys ldrs gSaA

fp=k 33.2
vkb, ge vkdk'k esa ,d fcUnq O ysa rFkk blesa X
Z′

ls rhu ikjLifjd yEc js[kk,¡ X'OX,Y'OY

vkSj Z'OZ ysaA bUgsa ge Øe'k% X-v{k] Y-v{k Z
X′
vkSj Z-v{k dgrs gSaA rhj }kjk v{kksa dh
èkukRed fn[kk,¡ fn[kkbZ xbZ gSaA X-v{k vkSj Y-
P
v{k }kjk fu/kkZfjr lery XY lery (XOY
lery ) vkSj blh izdkj YZ lery (YOZ
lery) vkSj ZX lery (ZOX lery) dgs
Z
tkrs gSaA bu rhu leryksa dks funsZ'kkad lery Y′
O
Y

dgrs gSaA rhu funsZ'kkad lery iwjs vkdk'k dks

A L
vkB Hkkxksa esa foHkkftr djrs gSa ftUgsa v"Vka'kd y

dgrs gSaA
Z′
eku yhft, fd vkdk'k esa dksbZ fcUnq P gSA P X
fp=k 33.3
ls XY lery ij PL yEc [khafp, tks ml
lery dks eku yhft,] L ij feyrk gSA fcUnq
L ls ,d js[kk LA v{k OY ds lekUrj [khafp,
C
tks OX dks A ij dkVrh gSA ;fn ge OA = x,
P
AL = y vkSj LP = z fy[ksa rks (x,y,z) fcUnq P ds z
funsZ'kkad dgykrs gSaA O B
y Y
x
iqu % ;fn ge P esa ls ledks.k lekUrj A
v"kV~iQyd dks iwjk djsa ftl ds fdukjs OA,OB
vkSj OC gSa tks ,d nwljs dks O ij feyrs gSa fp=k 33.4
X
390 xf.kr
 f=kfoeh; T;kfefr dk ifjp;
rFkk OP bldk eq[; fod.kZ gS rc yEckb;k¡ ekWM;
~ y
w - IX
(OA, OB, OC) vFkkZr~ (x, y, z) fcUnq P ds funs'Z kkad lfn'k ,oa
dgykrs gSaA f=kfoeh;
fVIi.kh% vki fp=k 33.4 esa voyksdj djsaA T;kfefr
P dk x-funsZ'kkad = OA = P ls YZ lery ij yEc dh yEckbZ
P dk y- funsZ'kkad = OB = P ls ZX lery ij yEc dh yEckbZ
P dk z- funsZ'kkad = OC = P ls XY lery ij yEc dh yEckbZ
fVIi.kh
vr% vkdk'k esa fdlh fcUnq P ds laxr ,d f=kd (x,y,z) gS tks vkdk'k esa fcUnq ds funsZ'kkad
dgykrs gSaA foykser% fdlh fn;s x, f=kd (x,y,z) ds laxr vkdk'k esa ,d fcUnq P gS ftl ds
funsZ'kkad (x,y,z) gSaA

fVIi.kh
1. tSls lery funsZ'kkad T;kfefr esa funsZ'kkad v{k lery dks pkj prqZFkk'kksa esa foHkkftr djrs
gSa] blh rjg f=kfoe T;kfefr esa] vkdk'k dks funsZ'kkad lery vkB v"Vka'kd esa foHkkftr
djrs gSa ftuds uke gSa
OXYZ, OX'YZ, OXY'Z, OXYZ',OXY'Z', OX'YZ',OX'Y'Z', vkSj OX'Y'Z
2. ;fn dksbZ fcUnq P izFke v"Vka'kd esa] rks nwljss izR;sd v"Vka'kd esa ,d ,slk fcUnq gksxk
ftldh funsZ'kkad lery ls nwfj;ka muds fcUnq P dh nwjh ds cjkcj gksxhA ;fn fcUnq P
(a,b,c) gks rks nwljs fcUnq Øe'k% gkasxs (-a,b,c), (a,b,c), (a,b,-c), (a,-b-c),(-a,b,-c), (-a,-b,c)
vkSj (-a,-b,-c),mlh Øe esa tks Øe mQij (i) esa fn;k x;k gSA
3. ,d fcUnq] tks XY-lery] YZ-lery rFkk ZX-lery esa gS] ds funsZ'kkad Øe'k% (a, b,
o), (o, b, c) rFkk (a, o, c) gSaA
4. X v{k Y-v{k vkSj Z-v{k ij fdlh fcUnq ds funsZ'kkad Øe'k% (a,0,0), (0,b,0) vkSj (0,0,c)
gSA
5. vki ns[k ldrs gSa fd (x,y,z) fcUnq P ds fLFkfr lfn'k ds laxr gS tks lfn'k OP ewy fcUnq
O ds lanHkZ esa gSaA

mnkgj.k 33.1. fuEu fcUnq fdl fdl v"Vka'kd esa fLFkr gS\
(a) (2, 6, 8) (b) (−1, 2, 3) (c) (−2, −5, 1)
(d) (−3, 1, −2) (e) (−6, −1, −2)
gy%
(a) D;ksafd lHkh funsZ'kkad ?kukRed gS
∴ (2, 6, 8) v"Vka'kd OXYZ esa fLFkr gSA
(b) D;ksafd x ½.kkRed gS vkSj y vkSj z /ukRed gSa
∴ (−1, 2, 3)v"Vka'kd OX'YZ esa fLFkr gSA

xf.kr 391
 f=kfoeh; T;kfefr dk ifjp;
ekWM~;wy - IX (c) D;ksafd x vkSj y ½.kkRed gSa vkSj z /ukRed
gS]
lfn'k ,oa ∴ (−2, −5, 1) v"Vka'kd OX'Y'Z esa fLFkr gSA
f=kfoeh; (d) (−3, 1, −2) v"Vka'kd OX'YZ' esa fLFkr gSA
T;kfefr (e) D;ksafd x,y vkSj z lHkh ½.kkRed g
∴ (−6, −1, −2) v"Vka'kd OX'Y'Z' esa fLFkr gSA

fVIi.kh ns[ksa vkius fdruk lh[kk 33.1

1. mu v"Vka'kdksa ds uke fyf[k, ftu esa fuEu fcUnq fLFkr gS%
(a) (−4, 2, 5) (b) (4, 3, −6) (c) (−2, 1, −3)
(d) (1, −1, 1) (f) (8, 9, −10)

33.2 nks fcUnqvksa ds chp nwjh Z

Electric iron
Q
eku yhft, fd dejs dh nhokj ij ,d fo|qr izSl s ,d est+
ij j[kh gSA fdrus U;wure rkj dh vko';drk gksxh ftlls
izl
S Iyx ls tqM tk,\ bl mnkgj.k ls gesa vkdk'k esa nks
fcUnqvksa ds chp dh nwjh dks tkuus dh vko';drk gqbAZ P(plug)

eku yhft, fd fcUnqvksa P vkSj Q ds funsZ'kkad Øe'k Y

O
( x1, y1, z1 ) vkSj ( x 2 , y 2 , z 2 ) gSaA PQ dks fod.kZ ekudj
fp=k 33.5
lekUrj v"ViQyd PMSNRLKQ iwjk dhft,A PK js[kk
KQ ij yEc gSA X
Z
∴ ledks.k ∆ PKQ esa ∠K = 90° N R
S Q
P L
∴ PQ2 = PK 2 + KQ2 M K

∴ iqu% ledks.k ∆ PKL esa ∠L = 90° z1

∴ PK 2 = KL2 + PL2 = MP 2 + PL2 ( ∵ KL = MP ) O z2

x1 Y
x2
∴ PQ2 = MP 2 + PL2 + KQ2 ...(i)
y1
MP, PL vkSj KQ funsZ'kkad v{kksa ds lekUrj gSaA
y2
∴ fcUnq P dh lery YOZ ls nwjh = x1 X fp=k 33.6
rFkk Q vkSj M dh lery YOZ ls nwjh = x 2 MP = x 2 − x1
blh izdkj PL = y 2 − y1 vkSj KQ = z 2 − z1
∴ PQ 2 = ( x 2 − x1 )2 + ( y 2 − y1 )2 + ( z 2 − z1 )2 ....[ (i) ls]

;k PQ = ( x2 − x1 )2 + ( y 2 − y1 )2 + ( z 2 − z1 )2

392 xf.kr
 f=kfoeh; T;kfefr dk ifjp;
ekWM;
~ y
w - IX
miizes;% ,d fcUnq dh ewy fcUnw ls nwjh lfn'k ,oa
;fn fcUnq Q ( x 2 , y2 , z 2 ) ewy fcUnq (0, 0, 0) ds laikrh gks] rks x 2 = y 2 = z 2 = 0 f=kfoeh;
T;kfefr
∴ ewy fcUnq ls P dh nwjh OP = ( x1 − 0 )2 + ( y1 − 0 )2 + ( z1 − 0 )2

= x12 + y12 + z12

fVIi.kh
lkekU;r% fcUnq P ( x, y, z ) dh ewy fcUnq 0 ls nwjh | OP |= x 2 + y 2 + z 2

mnkgj.k 33.2. fcUnqvksa ( 2, 5, − 4 ) vkSj ( 8, 2, − 6 ) ds chp nwjh Kkr dhft, A

gy % ekuk P ( 2, 5, − 4 ) vkSj Q ( 8, 2, − 6 ) fn;s x, fcUnq gSa
∴ PQ = ( 8 − 2 )2 + ( 2 − 5 )2 + ( −6 + 4 )2
= 36 + 9 + 4
= 49 = 7
fn;s gq, fcUnqvksa ds chp dh nwjh 7 bdkbZ gSA
mnkgj.k 33.3. fl¼ dhft, fd fcUnq ( −2, 4, − 3 ) , ( 4, − 3, − 2 ) vkSj ( −3, − 2, 4 ) ,d
leckgq f=kHkqt ds 'kh"kZ gSaA
gy % ekuk A ( −2, 4, − 3 ) , B ( 4, − 3, − 2 ) vkSj C ( −3, − 2, 4 ) fn;s x;s fcUnq gSaA

∴ AB = ( 4 + 2 )2 + ( −3 − 4 )2 + ( −2 + 3 )2
= 36 + 49 + 1 = 86

BC = ( −3 − 4 )2 + ( −2 + 3 )2 + ( 4 + 2 )2 = 86
CA = ( −2 + 3 )2 + ( 4 + 2 )2 + ( −3 − 4 )2 = 86

∴ AB = BC = CA
∆ ABC ,d leckgq f=kHkqt gSA
mnkgj.k 33.4. tkap dhft, fd uhps fn;s x, gSaA fcUnq ,d f=kHkqt cukrs gS ;k ugha %
(a) A ( −1, 2, 3 ) B ( 1, 4, 5 ) vkSj C ( 5, 4, 0 )
(b) ( 2, − 3, 3 ) , ( 1, 2, 4 ) vkSj ( 3, − 8, 2 )

gy % (a) AB = ( 1 + 1 )2 + ( 4 − 2 )2 + ( 5 − 3 )2

= 22 + 22 + 22 = 2 3 = 3.464 yxHkx

xf.kr 393
 f=kfoeh; T;kfefr dk ifjp;
ekWM~;wy - IX BC = ( 5 − 1 )2 + ( 4 − 4 )2 + ( 0 − 5 )2
lfn'k ,oa
= 16 + 0 + 25 = 41 = 6.4 yxHkx
f=kfoeh;
T;kfefr vkSj AC = ( 5 + 1 )2 + ( 4 − 2 )2 + ( 0 − 3 )2
= 36 + 4 + 9 = 7
∴ AB + BC = 3.464 + 6.4 = 9.864 > AC ,
fVIi.kh
blh izdkj AB + AC > BC

rFkk BC + AC > AB .
D;ksafd nks Hkqtkvksa dk ;ksx rhljh Hkqtk ls cM+k gS] vr% fcUnq A, B rFkk C ,d f=kHkqt cukrs gSaA
(b) ekuk fcUnq ( 2, − 3, 3 ) , ( 1, 2, 4 ) vkSj ( 3, − 8, 2 ) Øe'k% P,Q vkSj R }kjk fu:fir gksrs gSAa

∴ PQ = ( 1 − 2 )2 + ( 2 + 3 )2 + ( 4 − 3 )2
= 1 + 25 + 1 = 3 3

QR = ( 3 − 1 )2 + ( −8 − 2 )2 + ( 2 − 4 )2
= 4 + 100 + 4 = 6 3
rFkk PR = ( 3 − 2 )2 + ( −8 + 3 )2 + ( 2 − 3 )2
= 1 + 25 + 1
=3 3
bl voLFkk esa PQ + PR = 3 3 + 3 3 = 6 3 = QR
vr% fn;s x, fcUnq f=kHkqt ugha cukrsA okLro esa ;s fcUnq ,d js[kk ij fLFkr gSA
mnkgj.k 33.5. fn[kkb;s fd fcUnq A ( 1, 2, − 2 ) , B ( 2, 3, − 4 ) vkSj C ( 3, 4, − 3 ) ,d
ledks.k f=kHkqt cukrs gSaA
gy % AB2 = ( 2 − 1 )2 + ( 3 − 2 )2 + ( −4 + 2 )2 = 1 + 1 + 4 = 6

BC 2 = ( 3 − 2 )2 + ( 4 − 3 )2 + ( −3 + 4 )2 = 1 + 1 + 1 = 3

vkSj AC 2 = ( 3 − 1 )2 + ( 4 − 2 )2 + ( −3 + 2 )2 = 4 + 4 + 1 = 9
;gk¡ ij AB2 + BC2 = 6 + 3 = 9 = AC2
fn;s x, fcUnq ledks.k f=kHkqt cukrs gSaA
mnkgj.k 33.6. fn[kkb;s fd fcUnq A ( 0, 4, 1 ) , B ( 2, 3, − 1 ) , C ( 4, 5, 0 ) rFkk D ( 2, 6, 2 )
,d oxZ ds 'kh"kZ gSaA
gy% ;gk¡ AB = ( 2 − 0 )2 + ( 3 − 4 )2 + ( −1 − 1 )2 = 4 + 1 + 4 = 3 bdkbZ
394 xf.kr
 f=kfoeh; T;kfefr dk ifjp;
ekWM;
~ y
w - IX
BC = ( 4 − 2 )2 + ( 5 − 3 )2 + ( 0 + 1 )2 lfn'k ,oa
= 4 + 4 + 1 = 3 bdkbZ f=kfoeh;
T;kfefr
CD = ( 2 − 4 )2 + ( 6 − 5 )2 + ( 2 − 0 )2
= 4 + 1 + 4 = 3 bdkbZ
rFkk DA = ( 0 − 2 )2 + ( 4 − 6 )2 + ( 1 − 2 )2
fVIi.kh
= 4 + 4 + 1 = 3 bdkbZ
∴ AB = BC = CD = DA
vc AC2 = ( 4 − 0 )2 + ( 5 − 4 )2 + ( 0 − 1 )2
= 16 + 1 + 1 = 18 bdkbZ
∴ AB2 + BC2 = 32 + 32 = 18 = AC2
∴ ∠B = 90° prqHkZqt A B C D esa
AB = BC = CD = DA rFkk ∠B = 90°
∴ prqHkZqt A B C D ,d oxZ gSA

ns[ksa vkius fdruk lh[kk 33.2

1. fuEufyf[kr fcUnqvksa ds chp nwjh Kkr dhft, %
(a) ( 4, 3, − 6 ) vkSj ( −2, 1, − 3 ) (b) ( −3, 1, − 2 ) vkSj ( −3, − 1, 2 )

(c) ( 0, 0, 0 ) vkSj ( −1, 1, 1 )

2. fn[kkb;s fd ;fn fcUnqvksa ( 5, − 1, 7 ) vkSj ( a, 5, 1 ) ds chp dh nwjh 9 ,dd gks] rks "a"
dk eku 2 ;k 8 gksxkA
3. fn[kkb;s fd fcUnqvksa (a, b, c), (b, c, a) vkSj (c, a, b) }kjk cuk;k x;k f=kHkqt leckgq f=kHkqt gksxkA
4. fn[kkb;s fd fcUnq ( −1, 0, − 4 ) , ( 0, 1, − 6 ) vkSj ( 1, 2, − 5 ) ,d ledks.k f=kHkqt cukrs
gSaA
5. fn[kkb;s fd fcUnq ( 0, 7, 10 ) , ( −1, 6, 6 ) vkSj ( −4, 9, 6 ) ,d ledks.k lef}ckgq f=kHkqt
cukrs gSaA
6. fn[kkb, fd fcUnq ( 3, − 1, 2 ) , ( 5, − 2, − 3 ) , ( −2, 4, 1 ) rFkk ( −4, 5, 6 ) ,d lekarj
prqHkqZt cukrs gSaA
7. fn[kkb, fd fcUnq ( 2, 2, 2 ) , ( −4, 8, 2 ) , ( −2, 10, 10 ) rFkk ( 4, 4, 10 ) ,d oxZ cukrs
gSaA
8. fn[kkb;s fd izR;sd voLFkk esa rhuksa fn, fcUnq lajs[k gS %
(a) ( −3, 2, 4 ) , ( −1, 5, 9 ) vkSj ( 1, 8, 14 )

xf.kr 395
 f=kfoeh; T;kfefr dk ifjp;
ekWM~;wy - IX (b) ( 5, 4, 2 ) , ( 6, 2, − 1 ) vkSj ( 8, − 2, − 7 )
lfn'k ,oa (c) ( 2, 5, − 4 ) , ( 1, 4, − 3 ) vkSj ( 4, 7, − 6 )
f=kfoeh;
T;kfefr 33.3 ,d js[kk[k.M dks foHkkftr djus okys fcUnq ds funsZ'kkad
Z
Q
R
P
fVIi.kh

A O
C L
N
B
M
X
fp=k 33.7
ekuk fcUnq R (x, y, z) js[kk[k.M PQ dks l : m ds vkUrfjd vuqikr esa foHkkftr djrk gSA
ekuk P ds funsZ'kkad ( x1 , y1 , z1 ) gS rFkk Q ds funsZ'kkad ( x 2 , y 2 , z 2 ) gSaA
fcUnqvksa P,Q rFkk Q ls PL, RN vkSj QM lery XY ij yEc [khafp,a
LA, NC vkSj MB v{k OX ij yEc [khfp,
vc AC = OC − OA = x − x1
vkSj BC = OB − OC = x 2 − x
AC LN PR l
vc = = =
BC NM RQ m
x − x1 l
∴ =
x2 − x m
vFkok mx − mx1 = lx 2 − lx
vFkok ( l + m ) x = lx 2 + mx1
lx 2 − mx1
vFkok x =
l+m
blh izdkj ;fn ge Øe'k% OY vkSj OZ ij yEc [khapsa] rks
ly 2 + my1 lz 2 + mz1
y= vkSj z=
l+m l+m

 lx 2 + mx1 ly 2 + my1 lz 2 + mz1 

R ,d fcUnq  , ,  gSA
 l+m l+m l+m 

396 xf.kr
 f=kfoeh; T;kfefr dk ifjp;
l ekWM;
~ y
w - IX
;fn λ = gks] rks λ : 1 ds vuqikr esa js[kk[k.M PQ dks foHkkftr djus okys fcUnq R ds funsZ'kkad
m lfn'k ,oa
f=kfoeh;
 λx 2 + x1 λy 2 + y1 λz 2 + z1 
 , ,  , λ + 1 ≠ 0 gSA T;kfefr
 λ +1 λ +1 λ +1 
;g Li"V gh gS fd λ ds izR;sd eku ds fy,] js[kk PQ ij ,d laxr fcUnq gS rFkk PQ ij izR;sd
fcUnq R ds fy, λ dk dqN eku gSA ;fn λ ?kukRed gS rks R js[kk[k.M PQ ij fLFkr gksxk vkSj;fn
λ dk eku ½.kkRed gS rks R js[kk [k.M PQ ij ugha gksxkA
fVIi.kh
nwljh voLFkk esa vki dg ldrs gSa fd R js[kk [k.M PQ dks − λ : 1 ds cká vuqikr esa foHkkftr
djrk gSA
miizes; 1 % PQ dks l : m ds cká vuqikr esa foHkkftr djus okys fcUnq ds funsZ'kkad gSa
 lx 2 − mx1 ly 2 − my1 lz 2 − mz1 
 , , 
 l−m l−m l−m 
miizes; 2 % PQ ds eè; fcUnq ds funsZ'kkad gSa
 x1 + x 2 y1 + y 2 z1 + z 2 
 , , 
 2 2 2 

mnkgj.k 33.7. fcUnqvksa ( 2, − 4, 3 ) vkSj ( −4, 5, − 6 ) dks feykus okys js[kk[k.M dks 2%1 ds
vkUrfjd vuqikr esa foHkktu djus okys fcUnq ds funsZ'kkad Kkr dhft,A
gy % ekuk A ( 2, − 4, 3 ) vkSj B ( −4, 5, − 6 ) nks fcUnq gSa
ekuk P ( x, y, z) js[kk[k.M AB dks 2%1 ds vkUrfjd vuqikr esa foHkkftr djrk gS

2 ( −4 ) + 1.2 2.5 + 1 ( −4 )
∴ x= = −2 , y= =2
2 +1 2 +1
2 ( −6 ) + 1.3
vkSj z= = −3
2 +1
P ds funsZ'kkad ( −2, 2, − 3 ) gSaA
mnkgj.k 33.8. fcUnqvksa ( −1, − 3, 2 ) vkSj ( 1, − 1, 2 ) dks feykus okys js[kk[k.M dks 2%3 ds
cká vuqikr esa foHkktu djus okyk fcUnq Kkr dhft,A
gy % ekuk ( −1, − 3, 2 ) vkSj ( 1, − 1, 2 ) nks fcUnq gSa
ekuk R (x, y, z) js[kk[k.M PQ dks 2:3 ds cká vuqikr esa foHkkft djrk gSA
2 ( 1 ) − 3 ( −1 ) 2 ( −1 ) − 3 ( −3 )
vc x= = −5 , y= = −7
2−3 2−3
2( 2 ) − 3( 2 )
vkSj z= =2
2−3
∴ R ds funsZ'kkad gSa ( −5, − 7, 2 ) .

xf.kr 397
 f=kfoeh; T;kfefr dk ifjp;
ekWM~;wy - IX mnkgj.k 33.9. og vuqikr Kkr dhft, ftl esa fcUnqvksa ( 2, − 3, 5 ) vkSj ( 7, 1, 3 ) dks
lfn'k ,oa feykus okyk js[kk [k.M XY lery }kjk foHkkftr gksrk gSA
f=kfoeh;
gy % ekuk vHkh"V vuqikr ftlesa js[kk[kaM foHkkftr gksrk gS = l : m
T;kfefr
 7 l + 2m l − 3m 3l + 5m 
fcUnq ds funsZ'kkad gSa  l + m , l + m ,
∴ l+m 


D;ksafd ;g fcUnq XY lery esa gSA
fVIi.kh ∴ bldk Z- funsZ'kkad 'kwU; gS
3l + 5m l
=−
5
vFkkZr = 0 vkSj
l+m m 3
vr% XY lery dks 5:3 ds cká vuqikr esa foHkkftr djrk gSA

ns[ksa vkius fdruk lh[kk 33.3

1. ml fcUnq ds funsZ'kkad Kkr dhft, tks fcUnqvksa ( 2, − 5, 3 ) vkSj ( −3, 5, − 2 ) dks feykus
okys js[kk[k.M dks 1:4 ds vkUrfjd vuqikr esa foHkkftr djrk gSA
2. og fcUnq Kkr dhft, tks fcUnqvksa ( 2, − 3, 1 ) vkSj ( 3, 4, − 5 ) dks 3:2 ds vkUrfjd rFkk
cká vuqikr esa foHkkftr djrs gSaA
3. og vuqikr Kkr dhft, ftlesa fcUnqvksa ( 2, 4, 5 ) vkSj ( 3, 5, − 4 ) dks feykus okyk
js[kk[k.M YZ lery }kjk foHkkftr gksrk gSA
4. fn[kkb;s fd YZ lery fcUnqvksa ( 3, 5, − 7 ) vkSj ( −2, 1, 8 ) dks feykus okys js[kk[k.M
dks fcUnq  0, 13 , 2  ij 3:2 ds vuqikr esa foHkkftr djrk gSA
 5 
5. fn[kkb;s fd og vuqikr] ftlesa funsZ'kkad lery fcUnqvksa ( −2, 4, 7 ) vkSj ( 3, − 5, 8 )
dks feykus okys js[kk[k.M dks Øe'k% 2 : 3, 4 : 5 esa vkUrfjd vkSj 7 : 8 esa cká vuqikr
foHkktr djrs gSaA
6. ,d fcUnq R ds funsZ'kkad Kkr dhft, tks fcUnqvksa P ( x1, y1, z1 ) vkSj Q ( x 2 , y 2 , z 2 ) dks
feykus okys js[kk[k.M dks 2%1 ds cká vuqikr esa foHkkftr djrk gSApkap dhft, fd Q
js[kk[k.M PR dk eè; fcUnq gSA
C

1A
% +
vkb;s nksgjk,¡

vkdk'k esa vk;rkdkj funsZ'kkad v{kksa ds lanHkZ esa] fn;s x;s fcUnq P(x, y, z) ls ;fn ge rhu
funsZ'kkad leryksa ds lekUrj lery [khaps tks v{kksa dks A, B vkSj C esa feysa (ekuk)] rc OA
= x,OB = y vkSj OC = z tcfd O ewy fcUnq gSA

398 xf.kr
 f=kfoeh; T;kfefr dk ifjp;

foykser% ;fn rhu la[;k,¡ x, y vkSj z nh xbZ gksa] rks ge vkdk'k esa ,d vf}rh; fcUnq Kkr ekWM;
~ y
w - IX
dj ldrs gSa] ftl ds funsZ'kkad (x, y, z) gSaA lfn'k ,oa
fcUnqvksa P ( x1, y1, z1 ) vkSj Q ( x 2 , y 2 , z 2 ) ds chp dh nwjh f=kfoeh;
T;kfefr
PQ = ( x 2 − x1 )2 + ( y2 − y1 )2 + ( z 2 − z1 )2
fo'ks"kr;k] fcUnq P dh ewy fcUnq ls nwjh x12 + y12 + z12 .

fcUnqvksa P ( x1, y1, z1 ) vkSj Q ( x 2 , y 2 , z 2 ) dks feykus okys js[kk[k.M dks l : mds
fVIi.kh
vuqikr esa foHkkftr djus okys fcUnq ds funsZ'kkad gSA
 lx 2 + mx1 ly 2 + my1 lz 2 + mz1 
(a) (vkUrfjd foHkktu)  , , 
 l+m l+m l+m 

 lx 2 − mx1 ly 2 − my1 lz 2 − mz1 

(b) (cká foHkktu)  , , 
 l−m l−m l−m 
fo'ks"k :i ls] PQ ds eè; fcUnq ds funsZ'kkad gS%
 x1 + x 2 y1 + y 2 z1 + z 2 
 , , 
 2 2 2 

lgk;d osclkbV

http://www.mathguru.com/level3/introduction-to-three-dimensional-geometry-

http://www.goiit.com/posts/show/0/content-3-d-geometry-804299.htm

http://www.askiitians.com/iit-jee-3d-geometry

vkb, vH;kl djsa

1. fn[kkb;s fd fcUnq (0,7,10), (–1,6,6) vkSj (–4,9,6) ,d lef}ckgq ledks.k f=kHkqt cukrs gSaA
2. fl¼ dhft, fd fcUnq P, Q vkSj R ftu ds funs'Z kkad Øe'k% (3,2,–4), (5,4,–6) vkSj (9,8,–10)
gSAa ljs[k gSa rFkk og vuqikr Hkh Kkr dhft, ftl esa Q js[kk[k.M PR dks foHkkftr djrk gSA
3. fn[kkb;s fd fcUnq (0,4,1), (2,3,–1), (4,5,0) vkSj (2,6,2) ,d oxZ ds 'kh"kZ gSaA
4. fn[kkb;s fd fcUnq (4,7,8),(2,3,4), (–1,–2,1) vkSj (1,2,5) ,d lekUrj prqHkqZt ds 'kh"kZ gSaA
5. ,d lekUrj prqHkqt ds rhu 'kh"kZ (3,–4,7) , B(5,3,–2) rFkk C(1,2,–3) gS] pkSFkk 'kh"kZ Kkr
dhft,A

xf.kr 399
 f=kfoeh; T;kfefr dk ifjp;
ekWM~;wy - IX
lfn'k ,oa mÙkjekyk
f=kfoeh;
T;kfefr ns[ksa vkius fdruk lh[kk 33.1
1. (a) OX' YZ (b) OXYZ'
(c) OX' YZ' (d) OXY'Z
(e) OXYZ'
fVIi.kh
ns[ksa vkius fdruk lh[kk 33.2
1. (a) 7 (b) 2 5 (c) 3

ns[ksa vkius fdruk lh[kk 33.3

 13 6 13 
1. ( 1, − 3, 2 ) 2.  , , −  ; ( 5, 18, − 17 )
 5 5 5 

3. −2 : 3 6. ( 2x 2 − x1, 2y 2 − y1, 2z 2 − z1 )
vkb, vH;kl djsa
5. (–1, –5, –6)

400 xf.kr
 lfn'k
34 ekWM;
~ y
w - IX
lfn'k ,oa
f=kfoeh;
lfn'k T;kfefr

ge nSfud thou dh fLFkfrvksa esa HkkSfrd jkf'k;ksa tSls nwjh] pky] rkieku] vk;ru bR;kfn dk iz;ksx fVIi.kh
djrs gSaA ;g ek=kk,¡ fLFkfr ds ifjorZu] fLFkfr ds ifjorZu dh nj] oLrq ;k ,d fo'ks"k LFkku dk
rkieku rFkk ,d fo'ks"k LFkku esa ?ksjs gq, varfj{k dk o.kZu djus ds fy, i;kZIr gSaA gesa ,slh HkkSfrd
jkf'k;k¡& tSls foLFkkiu] osx] Roj.k] laosx bR;kfn Hkh ns[kus dks feyrh gSa] tksfd fHkUu izdkj dh gSaA
vkb, fuEu fLFkfr dk voyksdu djsaA eku yhft, ,d fuf'pr eh A
5 fd
fcUnq P ls pkj fcUnq A,B,C vkSj D leku nwjh (ekuk izR;sd 5
fdeh) ij gSaA ;fn vkidks fuf'pr fcUnq P ls 5 fdeh pyus ds P 5 fdeh B
fy, dgk tk,] rks vki A,B,C ;k D esa ls fdlh ,d fcUnq ij 5 fd e
h
igq ¡p ldrs gSaA vr% vkjfEHkd fcUnq vkSj nwjh] xUrO; LFkku dk
5 fdeh C
o.kZu djus ds fy, i;kZIr ugha gSaA fuf'pr fcUnq ls vUr;% fcUnq
dk fopkj fn'kk dh vko';drk n'kkZrk gSA fp=k 34.1 D

,d xfr'khy xsan dk mnkgj.k ysaA ;fn ge fdlh le; ij xsan dh fLFkfr ds ckjs esa lwpuk nsuk
pkgsa] rks gesa fdu ewyHkwr ckrksa dh vko';drk gksxh ftlls ge ;g iwokZuqeku dj ldsa \
eku yhft, vkjEHk esa xsan ,d fo'ks"k fcUnq A ij gSA ;fn ;g irk gks fd xsan ljy js[kk esa 5
lseh@lsfdUM dh pky ls py jgh gS] rks D;k ge 3 lsfdUM ds ckn xsan dh fLFkfr dks crk ldsaxs\
Li"Vr;k ughaA 'kk;n ge ;g dg nsa fd xsan fcUnq A ls 15 lseh dh nwjh ij gksxh rFkk blfy, ;g
dsUnz A rFkk 15 lseh f=kT;k ds o`Ùk ij fdlh fcUnq ij gksxhA
vr% dsoy pky vkSj le; dk Kku xsan dh fLFkfr dk o.kZu djus ds fy, i;kZIr ugha gSA tcfd
;fn ge ;g tkurs gSa fd xsan A ds iwoZ dh fn'kk esa 5 lseh@lsfdUM dh pky ls pyrh gS rks ge
bl fLFkfr esa gksaxs fd ;g crk ldsa fd 3 lsdsUM ds ckn xsan 15 lseh nwj ,d fcUnq P ij A ds
iwoZ dh fn'kk esa gksxhA
N
vr% ,d xsan ds t(3) lsfdUM esa foLFkkiu ds v?;;u ds
fy, gesa xfr dk ifjek.k (vFkkZr~ 5 lseh@lsfdUM) rFkk bl
dh fn'kk (A ds iwoZ) dh vko';drk gksxhA bl ikB esa] ge
,slh jkf'k;ksas ds fo"k; esa ppkZ djsaxs ftudk dsoy ifjek.k
P
gksrk gS& bUgsa vfn'k dgk tkrk gS rFkk ,slh jkf'k;ksa ds fo"k; W A E
esa Hkh i<+saxs ftudk ifjek.k vkSj fn'kk nksuksa gksrs gS& bUgsa
lfn'k dgrs gSaA lfn'kksa dks ge fn"V js[kk[k.Mksa }kjk n'kkZ;saxs
fp=k 34.2
rFkk muds ifj.kke vkSj fn'kk,¡ fu/kZfjr djsaxsA ge fofHkUu
izdkj ds lfn'kksa dk vè;;u djsaxs vkSj mu ij dqN lafØ;k,¡ S
djsaxs rFkk muds xq.kksa dk vè;;u djsaxsA ge vius vkidks

xf.kr 401
 lfn'k
ekWM~;wy - IX ,d fcUnq ds] fdlh ewyfcUnq dss lkis{k] fLFkfr lfn'k ds ckjs esa voxr djok;saxsA ge nks foekvksa
;k rhu foekvksa esa] nks ;k rhu ;qXer% yfEcd fn'kkvksa dk iz;ksx djrs gq,] ,d lfn'k ds ?kVd
lfn'k ,oa Kkr djsaxsA ge foHkktu lw=k dh Hkh mRifÙk djsaxs rFkk bls leL;kvksa esa iz;ksx djsaxsA ge nks lfn'kksa
f=kfoeh; ds vfn'k vkSj lfn'k xq.kuiQyksa dks Hkh ifjHkkf"kr djsaxsA
T;kfefr

mís';
bl ikB ds vè;;u ds ckn] vki fuEufyf[kr esa leFkZ gks tk,axs %
fVIi.kh
● fn'kk ds Kku dh vko';drk Li"V djuk
● vfn'k vkSj lfn'k dks ifjHkkf"kr djuk
● vfn'kksa vkSj lfn'kksa esa Hksn djuk
● lfn'kksa dks fn"V js[kk[k.Mksa ds :i esa fu:fir djuk
● lfn'k dk ifjek.k vkSj fn'kk Kkr djuk
● fHkUu fHkUu izdkj ds lfn'kksa dk oxhZdj.k djuk] fjDr rFkk ,dd (ek=kd) lfn'k
● nks lfn'kksa dh lekurk ifjHkkf"kr djuk
● ,d fcUnq ds fLFkfr lfn'k dks ifjHkkf"kr djuk
● lfn'kksa dk tksMuk vkSj ?kVkuk
● ,d lfn'k dh ,d vfn'k ls xq.kk djuk
● lfn'kksa ij fofHkUu lafØ;kvksa ds xq.kksa ds dFku nsuk vkSj mudk iz;ksx djuk
● f=kfoeh; vkdk'k dks le>uk
● ,d lfn'k dks nks ;k rhu yfEcd v{kksa ds vuqfn'k fo;ksftr djuk
● foHkktu lw=k dh mRifÙk djuk rFkk bldk iz;ksx djuk
● nks lfn'kksa ds vfn'k (MkV) xq.kuiQy]
rFkk lfn'k (Økl) xq.kuiQy dks ifjHkkf"kr djuk
● lfn'k ds fnd&dkslkbu ,oa fnd vuqikr dks ifjHkkf"kr djuk ,oa le>uk
● lfn'kksa ds f=kd xq.kuiQy dks ifjHkkf"kr djukA
● lfn'kksa ds vfn'k f=kd xq.kuiQy dks le>uk vkSj blds iz;ksx ls lekUrj "kViQyd dk
vk;ru Kkr djukA
● pkj fcUnqvksa ds leryh; gksus dh le>A

402 xf.kr
 lfn'k
iwoZ Kku ekWM;
~ y
w - IX
● lery T;kfefr vkSj funsZ'kkad T;kfefr dk Kku lfn'k ,oa
● f=kdks.kfefr dk Kku f=kfoeh;
T;kfefr
34.1 vfn'k rFkk lfn'k
,d HkkSfrd jkf'k ftls dsoy la[;k }kjk O;Dr fd;k tk ldrk gks] vfn'k dgykrh gSA nwljs 'kCnksa
esa og jkf'k ftldk dsoy ifjek.k gksrk gS vfn'k dgykrh gSA le;] nzO;eku] yEckbZ] pky] rkieku]
vk;ru] rki dh ek=kk] fd;k x;k dk;Z vkfn lHkh jkf'k;k¡ vfn'k gSaA fVIi.kh
HkkSfrd jkf'k;k¡ tks ifjek.k rFkk fn'kk j[krh gksa] lfn'k dgykrh gSaA foLFkkiu] osx] Roj.k] cy] Hkkj
bR;kfn lfn'kksa ds mnkgj.k gSaA
34.2 lfn'k ,d fn"V js[kk[k.M ds :i esa
vki ;kn dhft, fd ,d js[kk[k.M ,d nh xbZ js[kk dk ,d Hkkx
gksrk gS] ftlds nks vaR;% fcUnq gksrs gSaA dksbZ ,d js[kk l yhft, (tks l l

fd vk/kkj dgykrk gS)A l dk og Hkkx ftl ds vUr% fcUnq A vkSj

B
B gSa] ,d js[kk[k.M dgykrk gSA js[kk[k.M AB, A ls B dh fn'kk esa
}kjk iznf'kZr fd;k tkrk gS rFkk ,d fn"V js[kk[k.M dgykrk gSA A a
fcUnqvksa A vkSj B dks lfn'k ds Øe'k% vkfn rFkk vUr% fcUnq
dgrs gSaA fp=k 34.3
yEckbZ AB, lfn'k dk ifjek.k ;k ekikad dgykrh gS rFkk bls
uuur
| | }kjk n'kkZrs gSaA nwljs 'kCnksa esa] yEckbZ AB = AB gSA
r r r
vfn'kksa dks izk;% a,b,c bR;kfn }kjk izdV djrs gSa] tcfd lfn'kksa dks izk;% a, b, c bR;kfn }kjk n'kkZrs
r
gSaA lfn'k ar ds ifjek.k a dks izk;% izrhd 'a' }kjk fn[kkrs gSaA

34.3 lfn'kksa dk oxhZdj.k

34.3.1'kwU; lfn'k (fjDr lfn'k)
,d lfn'k ftldk ifjek.k 'kwU; gks] 'kwU; lfn'k dgykrk gSA 'kwU; lfn'k dh dksbZ fuf'pr fn'kk
→
ugha gksrhA lfn'k , 'kwU; lfn'k gSaA 'kwU; lfn'k dks izrhd 0 }kjk Hkh izdV djrs gSa] ftlls
blesa rFkk vfn'k 0 esa vUrj Li"V gks ldsA
34.3.2 ,dd lfn'k
→
,d lfn'k ftldk ifjek.k ,d bdkbZ gks] ,dd lfn'k dgykrk gSA vr% ,dd lfn'k a ds fy,]
→ → →
| a | = 1 gksrk gSA ,dd lfn'k dks izk;% â }kjk O;Dr fd;k tkrk gSA vr%] a = | a | â gSA
34.3.3 leku lfn'k b
→ →
nks lfn'k a vkSj b leku lfn'k dgykrs gSa ;fn mu ds ifj.kke leku
→ →
gksa vFkkZr | a | = | b | rFkk ,d gh fn'kk esa gksa tSlk fd fp=k 34.4 esa a
fn[kk;k x;k gSA fp=k 34.4

xf.kr 403
 lfn'k
→ →
ekWM~;wy - IX ladsr :i esa bls a = b }kjk n'kkZ;k tkrk gSA
lfn'k ,oa fVIi.kh% nks lfn'k rc Hkh leku gks ldrs gS]a ;fn muds vk/kj dh js[kk,¡ fHkUu gksa ijUrq lekUrj gksAa
f=kfoeh;
34.3.4 lefn'k lfn'k B
T;kfefr
lfn'k lefn'k dgykrs gSa] ;fn mudh fn'kk,¡ ,d gh gksa] mu dk A
ifjek.k pkgs dqN Hkh gksA fp=k 34.5 esa] lfn'k vkSj lfn'k D

lefn'k gSa ;|fi mu ds ifjek.k leku ugha gSaA fp=k 34.5

C
fVIi.kh 34.3.5 lfn'k dk ½.k
B
lfn'k lfn'k dk ½.k dgykrk gS] tc muds ifjek.k rks B
leku gksa ijUrq fn'kk,¡ foijhr gksaA fp=k 34.6
vFkkZr~]
34.3.6 lg&vkfn lfn'k A fp=k 34.6
nks ;k vf/d lfn'k lg&vkfn lfn'k dgykrs gSa] ;fn mudk vkfn A
fcUnq ,d gh gksA
C
layXu fp=k 34.7 esa] , vkSj ,d gh fcUnq A okys
lg&vkfn lfn'k gSaA D

34.3.7lajs[k lfn'k
lfn'k lajs[k gksrs gSa] ;fn og ,d gh js[kk ds lekUrj gksa] pkgs muds A B
fp=k 34.7
ifjek.k dqN Hkh gksaA layXu fp=k 34.8 esa] lfn'k , vkSj
lajs[k lfn'k gSaA lfn'k vkSj Hkh lajs[k gSaA
A B C D

E F

fp=k 34.8
34.3.8 leryh; lfn'k
d
os lfn'k leryh; lfn'k dgykrs gS]a tks ,d gh ry ds lekUrj
→ → → →
gksrs gSaA layXu fp=k 34.9 es]a lfn'k a , b , c vkSj d leryh; a
→ → → b
gSAa ;gk¡ ij a , b vkSj c rks ,d gh ry esa gaaS tcfd lfn'k
c
→ → → →
d ] lfn'kksa a , b rFkk c ds ry ds lekUrj ry esa fLFkr gSA
fp=k 34.9

fVIi.kh% (i) ,d 'kwU; lfn'k dks fdlh Hkh lfn'k ds lajs[k cuk;k tk ldrk gSA
(ii) dksbZ nks lfn'k lnk leryh; gksrs gSaA

404 xf.kr
 lfn'k
mnkgj.k 34.1. fuEu esa ls dkSu&dkSu vfn'k gSa rFkk dkSu&dkSu lfn'k gSa\ dkj.k nhft,A ekWM;
~ y
w - IX
(a) nzO;eku (b) Hkkj (c) laosx lfn'k ,oa
(d) rkieku (e) cy (f) ?kuRo f=kfoeh;
gy % (a), (d) vkSj (f) vfn'k gSa] D;ksafd buds dsoy ifjek.k gSaA T;kfefr
(b), (c) vkSj (e) lfn'k gSa] D;ksafd buds ifjek.k vkSj fn'kk nksuksa gSaA

mnkgj.k 34.2. vkys[k }kjk iznf'kZr dhft, %

(a) 40N dk ,d cy] ftldh fn'kk iwoZ ds mÙkj esa 60° gSA
fVIi.kh
(b) 30N dk ,d cy] ftldh fn'kk mÙkj ds iwoZ esa 40° gSA

gy % (a) N 40 N 20N ( b) N
30 N

40°
60°
W E W E

S S

fp=k 34.10 fp=k 34.11

ns[ksa vkius fdruk lh[kk 34.1

1. fuEu esa ls dkSu lh jkf'k vfn'k gS\
(a) foLFkkiu (b) osx (c) cy (d) yEckbZ
2. fuEu esa ls dkSu lh jkf'k lfn'k gS\
(a) nzO;eku (b) cy (c) le; (d) rkika'k
3. vkidks ,d 5 lseh dk foLFkkiu lfn'k fn;k x;k gS] tks iwoZ dh vksj gSA fp=k }kjk laxr
½.k lfn'k fn[kkb;sA
4. lefn'k lfn'kksa rFkk leku lfn'kksa esa vUrj crkb;sA
5. vkys[k }kjk iznf'kZr dhft,%
(a) 60 U;wVu dk ,d cy ftldh fn'kk mÙkj ds if'pe esa 60° gSA
(b) 100 U;wVu dk ,d cy ftldh fn'kk if'pe ds mÙkj esa 45° gSA

34.4 lfn'kksa dk ;ksx

vkius pkj ewy lfØ;k,¡ lh[kh gSaA ;s gSa & la[;kvksa esa (;ksx)] O;odyu] xq.kk vkSj HkkxA lfn'kksa
dk ;ksx (O;odyu)] la[;kvksa ds ;ksx (O;odyu) ls fHkUu gSA
okLro esa] nks lfn'kksa ds ifj.kkeh lfn'k dh ,d ladYiuk gS (;s nks osx ;k nks cy Hkh gks ldrs
gSa)A ge budks fuEu mnkgj.k }kjk Li"V djsaxs %

xf.kr 405
 lfn'k
ekWM~;wy - IX vkb;s ge ,d ukfod dk mnkgj.k ysrs gSa] tks viuh uko esa unh ikj djuk pkgrk gS rFkk vkjfEHkd
LFkku ds Bhd lkeus ,d LFkku ij igqapuk pkgrk gSA ;fn og fdukjs dh ykfEcd fn'kk esa pyuk
lfn'k ,oa
'kq: djrk gS] rks ikuh dk osx mls mlds ,sfPNd LFkku ls fHkUu LFkku ij ys tkrk gSA ;g mnkgj.k
f=kfoeh;
nks osxksa ds izHkko ls rhljs osx dh mRifÙk gksuk n'kkZrk gS] ftls ifj.kkeh osx dgrs gSaA
T;kfefr
vr% nks lfn'k] ftuds ifjek.k 3 vkSj 4 gSa] ;ksx djus ij laHko gS fd 7 ifjek.k dk ,d lfn'k
u nsaA ;g lfn'kksa dh fn'kkvksa vFkkZr~ muds chp ds dks.k ij fuHkZj djsxkA lfn'kksa esa ;ksx dh lafØ;k
lfn'kksa ds ;ksx ds f=kHkqt fu;e ds vuqlkj gksrh gSA
fVIi.kh 34.4.1 lfn'kksa ds ;ksx dk f=kHkqt fu;e
B

,d lfn'k ftldk izHkko nks lfn'kksa ds ifj.kkeh ;k la;qDr izHkko ds

cjkcj gks] bu lfn'kksa dk ;ksx ;k ifj.kkeh dgykrk gSA ;g lfn'kksa c
ds ;ksx ds f=kHkqt fu;e }kjk fd;k tkrk gSA layXu fp=k 34.12 esa] b

lfn'k nks lfn'kksa vkSj ds ;ksx ;k ifj.kkeh ds leku

gSA bls ge fuEu izdkj ls fy[krs gSa % O A
a
+ = fp=k 34.12
→ → →
;k a+ b = = c
→ →
vki ;g voyksdu dj ldrs gSa fd lfn'k a dk vaO; fcUnq] lfn'k b dk vkfn fcUnq gS rFkk
→ → → →
lfn'k a + b dk vkfn fcUnq lfn'k a dk vkfn fcUnq gS vkSj budk vUr% fcUnq lfn'k b dk
vUr% fcUnq gSA
34.4.2 nks ls vf/d lfn'kksa dk ;ksx
E
layXu fp=k 34.13 esa] nks ls vf/d lfn'kksa dk ;ksx fn[kk;k x;k gSA d
→ → → →
a + b+ c+ d D
= a + b + c + d a + b + c
c
= a + b C

= b
A
a B
=
a
fp=k 34.13
lfn'k fn;s x;s lfn'kksa dk ;ksx ;k ifj.kkeh dgykrk gSA
34.4.3 lfn'kksa ds ;ksx dk lekUrj prqHkqZt fu;e
;kn dhft, fd nks lfn'k leku gksrs gSa] tc muds ifjek.k vkSj fn'kk ogh gkasA ijUrq ;s lekUrj
Hkh gks ldrs gSa (nsf[k;s fp=k 34.14)A C B
layXu fp=k esa] lekUrj prqHkqZt OABC ls gesa izkIr gksrk gS]
a
b
ijUrq
∴ O A
b
fp=k 34.14
406 xf.kr
 lfn'k
tks fd lfn'kksa ds ;ksx dk lekUrj prqHkqZt fu;e gSA ;g fu;e gS % ekWM;
~ y
w - IX
;fn ,d lekUrj prqHkqZt dh nks vklUu Hkqtk,¡ nks lfn'kksa dks fu/kZfjr djrh gksa] rks muds
lfn'k ,oa
ifj.kkeh lfn'k dks vklUu Hkqtkvksa ds mHk;fu"B fcUnq ls gksdj tkus okyk fod.kZ fu/kZfjr
f=kfoeh;
djsxkA
T;kfefr
34.4.4 lfn'k dk ½.k
→ →
fdlh lfn'k a = ds fy,] a dk ½.k lfn'k }kjk fu/kZfjr gksrk gSA dk ½.k ogh
→
lfn'k gksxkA vr%] | | = | | = | a | vkSj =− . gksxkA ifjHkk"kk ls] ge ns[krs gSa fd
→ → fVIi.kh
fdlh lfn'k a ds fy,] → →
a + (− a ) = 0
34.4.5 nks fn;s x, lfn'kksa dk vUrj
→ → → →
nks fn;s x;s lfn'kksa a vkSj b ds fy,] vUrj a − b C B
→ →
dks lfn'k b ds ½.k vkSj lfn'k a dk ;ksx dgk
→ → → → b
tkrk gSA vFkkZr~ a − b = a + (− b ) A
→ uur r
layXu fp=k esa] ;fn = a rFkk oc = b gks] rks
→ O A
lekUrj prqHkqZt OABC esa] = a a
→ fp=k 34.15
vkSj = − b gksxkA
→ →
∴ a−b
mnkgj.k 34.3. nks 'kwU;srj lfn'kksa dk ;ksx 'kwU; dc gksrk gS \
gy % nks 'kwU;srj lfn'kksa dk ;ksx 'kwU; rc gksrk gS] tc muds ifjek.k leku gksa] ijUrq os foijhr
fn'kkvksa esa gksaA
→ → → →
mnkgj.k 34.4. fp=k }kjk fn[kkb;s fd a + b = b + a
gy % layXu fp=k 34.16 ls] C a B
ifj.kkeh lfn'k
→ → ....(i) b
= a+ b b
lekUrj prqHkqZt OABC dks iwjk dhft,A
→ → O
= b, = a a A
fp=k 34.16
vkSj
→ → .....(ii)
= b+ a
∴ → →
a + b = b+ a
→ → [(i) vkSj (ii) ls]

xf.kr 407
 lfn'k
D C
ekWM~;wy - IX
lfn'k ,oa ns[ksa vkius fdruk lh[kk 34.2
f=kfoeh; 1. ,d lekUrj prqHkqZt ABCD ds fod.kZ ,d nwljs dks
T;kfefr O
fcUnq O ij dkVrs gSaA lfn'kksa , , vkSj dk
;ksx Kkr dhft,A A B
fp=k 34.17
C
fVIi.kh

2. ,d f=kHkqt ABC dh ekfè;dk,¡ fcUnq O ij dkVrh gSaA F E

lfn'kksa , vkSj dk ;ksx Kkr dhft,A

A
34.5 ,d fcUnq dk fLFkfr lfn'k D
fp=k 34.18
B

ge varfj{k esa dksbZ fcUnq O ysrs gSaA varfj{k esa fdlh fn;s x, fcUnq P dks O ls feykb, rFkk lfn'k
izkIr dhft,A ;g lfn'k fcUnq P dk ewyfcUnq O ds lanHkZ esa A
fLFkfr lfn'k dgykrk gSA vr%] varfj{k esa izR;sd fcUnq dk
ewyfcUnq ds lanHkZ esa ,d vf}rh; fLFkfr gksrk gSA foykser% ;fn gesa
,d ewyfcUnq O fn;k x;k gks rks O vkfn fcUnq ds izR;sd lfn'k ds
laxr ,d fcUnq gS] tks varfj{k esa bldk vaR; fcUnq gksxkA
uuur
,d lfn'k AB yhft,A ekuk O ewyfcUnq gSA
O B
rc ⇒ fp=k 34.19
;k vaR; fcUnq B dk fLFkfr lfn'k & vkfn fcUnq A dk fLFkfr lfn'k
34.6 ,d lfn'k dk ,d vfn'k ls xq.ku
→
,d 'kwU;srj lfn'k a dk ,d vfn'k x ≠ 0 ds lkFk xq.kuiQy ,d lfn'k gksrk gS] ftldh yEckbZ
→ →
| x | | a | gksrh gS rFkk ftldh fn'kk ogh gksrh gS tks lfn'k a dh gS] ;fn x > 0 gS vkSj lfn'k
→ → →
a ls foijhr fn'kk gksrh gS] ;fn x < 0 gSA lfn'k a ds vfn'k x ls xq.kuiQy dks x ⋅ a ls O;Dr
→ →
fd;k tk ldrk gSA lfn'k a vkSj vfn'k 0 dk xq.kuiQy lfn'k 0 gksrk gSA
ifjHkk"kk ls] ;g fu"d"kZ fudyrk gS fd ,d 'kwU; lfn'k dk ,d 'kwU;srj vfn'k ls xq.kuiQy 'kwU;
→ → → →
lfn'k gksrk gSA vFkkZr~ x⋅ 0 = 0 rFkk 0 ⋅ a = 0 .
→ →
lfn'kksa ds xq.ku ds fu;e % ;fn a vkSj b lfn'k gksa rFkk x vkSj y vfn'k gksa] rks
→ →
(i) x(y a ) = (x y) a
→ → →
(ii) x a + y a = (x + y) a
→ → → →
(iii) x a + x b = x (a + b)
→ → →
(iv) 0 a+ x 0 = 0

408 xf.kr
 lfn'k
;kn dhft, fd nks lajs[k lfn'kksa dh fn'kk ogh gksrh gS] ijUrq ifjek.k fHkUu gks ldrs gSaA bldk vFkZ ekWM;
~ y
w - IX
→ →
;g gS fd lfn'k a rFkk 'kwU;srj lfn'k b lajs[k gS]a ;fn vkSj dsoy ;fn ,d vfn'k la[;k x lfn'k ,oa
,slh gks fd f=kfoeh;
→ →
a =xb T;kfefr
→ →
izes; 34.1 nks lfn'kksa a vkSj b ds lajs[k gksus ds fy, ,d vko';d vkSj i;kZIr izfrcU/ gS
→ → →
fd nks ,slh vfn'k la[;k,¡ x vkSj y (nksuksa bdV~Bs 'kwU; ugha) gksa] ftlls fd x a + y b = 0 gksaA
miifÙk % izfrcU/ vko';d gS
→ → fVIi.kh
ekuk a vkSj b laajs[k gSaA
→ →
ekuk ,d vfn'k la[;k l gS] ftlls a = l b gSA
→ → →
vFkkZr~ a + (−l ) b = 0
→ → →
geus nks vfn'k la[;k,¡ x ( = 1) vkSj y ( = −l ) <wa< yh gSa] ftlls x a + y b = 0 gSA è;ku nhft,
fd vfn'k 1 'kwU;srj gSA
izfrcU/ i;kZIr gS
→ → →
vc ;g fn;k x;k gS fd x a + y b = 0 vkSj bdV~Bs x ≠ 0 , y ≠ 0 gSA
eku yhft, y ≠ 0 gSA
→ → → x→ → →
∴ y b = −x a ⇒ b =− a ] vFkkZr~ a vkSj b lajs[k gSaA
y
→ → → → →
miizes;% nks lfn'k a vkSj b vlajs[k gSa] ;fn vkSj dsoy ;fn izR;sd lEcU/ x a + y b = 0 ls
x = 0 vkSj y = 0 izkIr gksaA

→ x→
[ladsr% ;fn x vkSj y esa ls dksbZ ,d 'kwU;srj gS] *ekuk y', rks b = − a , tks fojks/kHkkl gS]
y
→
mnkgj.k 34.5. og la[;k x Kkr dhft, ftlls 'kwU;srj lfn'k a dks xq.kk djus ij
(i) â (ii) − â izkIr gksA
→ →
gy% (i) x a = aˆ , vFkkZr~ x | a | aˆ = aˆ
1
⇒ x= →
| a |
→ →
(ii) x a = −aˆ , vFkkZr~ x | a | aˆ = −aˆ
1
x=− →
⇒ | a |
→ →
mnkgj.k lfn'k a vkSj b lajs[k ugha gSA ,slh la[;k x Kkr dhft,] ftlls lfn'k
34.6.
→ → → → → →
c = (x − 2) a + b vkSj d = (2x + 1) a − b lajs[k gks tk;saA
→
gy % c 'kwU;srj gS] D;ksafd b dk xq.kkad 'kwU;srj gSA
→ →
∴ ,d la[;k y gS] ftlls d = y c gksxkA

xf.kr 409
 lfn'k
→ → → →
ekWM~;wy - IX vFkkZr~ (2x + 1) a − b = y (x − 2) a + y b
→ →
lfn'k ,oa ∴ (yx − 2y − 2x − 1) a + (y + 1) b = 0
→ →
f=kfoeh; a vkSj b vlajs[k gSaA
T;kfefr ∴ yx − 2y − 2x − 1 = 0 vkSj y + 1 = 0
1
gy djus ij] y = −1 vkSj x = izkIr gksxkA
3
→ 5→ → → 5 → →
fVIi.kh ∴ c =− a + b vkSj d = a− b
3 3
→ →
ge ns[k ldrs gSa fd c vkSj d foijhr lfn'k gSaA vr% ;s lajs[k gSaA
→ → → →
mnkgj.k 34.7. nks fcUnqwvksa A rFkk B ds fLFkfr lfn'k Øe'k% 2 a + 3 b rFkk 3 a + b gSaA
Kkr dhft,A
gy % ekuk O lanHkZ dk ewyfcUnq gSA
rc = B dk fLFkfr lfn'k &A dk fLFkfr lfn'k
= −
→ → → →
= (3 a + b ) − (2 a + 3 b )
→ → → →
= (3 − 2) a + (1 − 3) b = a − 2 b
mnkgj.k 34.8. fn[kkb, fd fcUnq P,Q rFkk R, ftuds fLFkfr lfn'k Øe'k% → → → →
a− 2 b , 2 a+3b
→
rFkk − 7 b gSa] lajs[k gSaA
gy % = Q dk fLFkfr lfn'k & P dk fLFkfr lfn'k
→ → → →
= (2 a + 3 b ) − ( a − 2 b )
→ → ....(i)
= a+5 b
rFkk = R dk fLFkfr lfn'k & Q dk fLFkfr lfn'k
→ → →
= −7 b − (2 a + 3 b )
→ → →
= −7 b − 2 a − 3 b
→ →
= −2 a − 10 b
→ → ....(ii)
= −2( a + 5 b )
uuur uuur
(i) rFkk (ii) ls] gesa QR = − 2PQ feyrk gS] tks dk ,d vfn'k xq.kt gSA
∴ ||
ijUrq Q ,d mHk;fu"B fcUnq gSA
∴ rFkk lajs[k gSaA vr% ,Q rFkk R lajs[k
P,Q gSaA
410 xf.kr
 lfn'k
ekWM;
~ y
w - IX
ns[ksa vkius fdruk lh[kk 34.3 lfn'k ,oa
1. fn, x, ewyfcUnq ds lanHkZ esa nks fcUnqvksa A vkSj B ds
→
fLFkfr lfn'k Øe'k% a vkSj b gSaA
→ f=kfoeh;
T;kfefr
lfn'k Kkr dhft,A
2. fuEufyf[kr esa ls izR;sd dh O;k[;k dhft, %
→ →
(i) 3a (ii) −5 b
→ → → → → fVIi.kh
3. fcUnqvksa A,B,C rFkk D ds fLFkfr lfn'k Øe'k% 2 a , 3 →
b , 4 a + 3 b rFkk a + 2 b gSaA
rFkk Kkr dhft,A
→
4. lfn'k n vkSj vfn'k y ds xq.kuiQy dk ifjek.k Kkr dhft,A
5. crkb;s fd ,d lfn'k dks ,d vfn'k ls xq.kk djus ij lfn'k izkIr gksxk ;k vfn'kA
→ →
6. nks lfn'kksa p vkSj q ds lajs[k gksus ds fy, izfrcU/ fyf[k,A
→ → → → → →
7. fn[kkb, fd fcUnq ftuds fLFkfr lfn'k Øe'k% 5 a + 6 b , 7 a − 8 b rFkk 3 a + 20 b gSa]
lajs[k gksaxsaA
34.7 lfn'kksa dh leryh;rk
→ →
;fn nks valjs[k lfn'k a vkSj b fn;s x, gksa] rks mudks ,d
B C
ry esa j[kk tk ldrk gSA ;gk¡ ij (ry esa) lfn'k ,d nwljs
dks izfrPNsn djasxsA ge mudk mHk;fu"B fcUnq O ysrs gSa rFkk mb
→ → b
nksuks lfn'kksa dks vkSj ekurs gSaA ;fn a vkSj b ds c
→
leryh; rhljk lfn'k c fn;k x;k gks] rks ge bldk vkfn
fcUnq Hkh O dks pqu ldrs gSaA ekuk C bldk vaR; fcUnq gSA O
a
A

lfn'k dks fod.kZ ysdj lekUrj prqHkqZt dks iwjk dhft,A la

→ → fp=k 34.20
bl dh vklUu Hkqtk,¡ a vkSj b gSaA
∴ → → →
c = l a+ m b
→ → → → →
bl izdkj] a vkSj b ds leryh; dksbZ lfn'k c , a vkSj b ds jSf[kd la;kstu ds :i esa O;Dr
→ → →
fd;k tkrk gSA vFkkZr~] c = l a + m b
34.8 ,d lfn'k dk nks ykfEcd v{kksa ds vuqfn'k fo;kstu
nks ijLij yEc ,dd lfn'k î vkSj ˆj nks ijLij yEc v{kksa OX vkSj OY ds vuqfn'k yhft,A
→
geus ns[kk gS fd fdlh lfn'k r dks tks fd î vkSj ˆj ds ry esa gS] xiˆ + yjˆ ds :i esa O;Dr
fd;k tk ldrk gSA
→
∴ r = xiˆ + yjˆ

xf.kr 411
 lfn'k
→
ekWM~;wy - IX ;fn O lfn'k r dk vkfn fcUnq gS] rc OM = x
Y
vkSj ON = Y (fp=k 34.21) A
lfn'k ,oa
f=kfoeh; →
T;kfefr vkSj lfn'k r ds x-v{k vkSj y-v{k ds
vuqfn'k ?kVd dgykrs gSaA bl fo'ks"k O;oLFkk esa] N
→
vkSj dks lfn'k r ds fo;ksftr Hkkx
Hkh dgrs gSaA
fVIi.kh O X
M fp=k 34.21

34.9 ,d lfn'k dk rhu foekvksa esa rhu ijLij ykfEcd v{kksa

ds vuqfn'k fo;kstu
,d lfn'k dh rhu foekvksa esa rhu ijLij ykfEcd v{kksa ds vuqfn'k fo;kstu dh ladYiuk] ,d
lfn'k ds ry esa nks ykfEcd v{kksa ds vuqfn'k fo;kstu dk ,d foLrkj gSA
→
varfj{k esa fdlh lfn'k r dks rhu ijLij ykfEcd Z

v{kksa ds vuqfn'k ,dd lfn'kksa î , ˆj vkSj k̂ ds C B′

jSf[kd la;kstu ds :i esa O;Dr fd;k tk ldrk gS] P
tSls fd fp=k 34.22 esa fn[kk;k x;k gSA
zk
ge ledksf.kd lekarj"kViQyd dks iwjk dj ysrs gSaA r
→
blesa fod.kZ = r
B
Y
→ xi xj
rc] r = xiˆ + yjˆ + zkˆ
→ X fp=k 34.22
x î , y ˆj vkSj z k̂ lfn'k r ds rhu ijLij ykfEcd
v{kksa ds vuqfn'k fo;ksftr Hkkx dgykrs gSaA
→
bl izdkj] vkdk'k esa fdlh lfn'k r dks rhu ijLij ykfEcd ,dd lfn'kksa î , ˆj vkSj k̂ ds
jSf[kd la;kstu ds :i esa O;Dr fd;k tk ldrk gSA
fp=k 34.21 esa] OP 2 = OM 2 + ON 2 (nks foekvksa esa)
→
vFkkZr~ r 2 = x 2 + y2 ......(i)
vkSj fp=k 34.22 esa]
OP 2 = OA 2 + OB2 + OC 2
→
r 2 = x 2 + y2 + z2 .......(ii)
→ →
fLFkfr (i) esa] r dk ifjek.k =| r |= x 2 + y2
→ →
fLFkfr (ii) esa] r dk ifjek.k =| r |= x 2 + y2 + z2

412 xf.kr
 lfn'k
→ → →
fVIi.kh% ;fn rhu vleryh; lfn'k a , b vkSj c (vko';d ugha ;s ykfEcd ,dd lfn'k ekWM;
~ y
w - IX
→ → → →
gksa) fn;s x, gksa] rks dksbZ lfn'k d lfn'k a , b vkSj c ds jSf[kd la;kstu vFkkZr~ lfn'k ,oa
→ → → → f=kfoeh;
d = x a + y b + z c ds :i esa O;Dr fd;k tk ldrk gSA
T;kfefr
mnkgj.k 34.9. 10 U;wVu dk ,d lfn'k iwoZ ds 30° mÙkj esa gSA mlds iwoZ vkSj mÙkj fn'kk ds
vuqfn'k ?kVd Kkr dhft,A
gy % ekuk î vkSj ˆj v{kksa OX vkSj OY (Øe'k% Y mÙkj
fVIi.kh
iwoZ vkSj mÙkj) ds vuqfn'k ,dd lfn'k gSaA
N P
OP dk OX vkSj OY dh fn'kk esa fo;kstu djus ij]

∴ = + ^j
10 U;wVu
= 10 cos 30° î +10 sin 30° ˆj 30° X iwoZ
O
^i M
3ˆ 1
= 10. i + 10. ˆj fp=k 34.23
2 2
= 5 3 ˆi + 5 ˆj
iwoZ fn'kk ds vuqfn'k ?kVd = 5 3 U;wVu
vkSj mÙkj fn'kk ds vuqfn'k ?kVd = 5 U;wVu
mnkgj.k 34.10. fn[kkb;s fd fuEu lfn'k leryh; gSa%
→ → → → → →
a − 2 b , 3 a + b vkSj a + 4 b
gy % lfn'k leryh; gksaxs] ;fn nks vfn'k xvkSj y bl izdkj ds gksa fd
→ → → → → →
a + 4 b = x( a − 2 b ) + y(3 a + b )
→ → .....(i)
= (x + 3y) a + ( −2x + y) b
→ →
(i) ds nksuksa i{kksa esa a vkSj b ds xq.kkadkas dh rqyuk djus ij]
x + 3y = 1 vkSj −2x + y = 4

11 6
x vkSj y ds fy, gy djus ij] x = − vkSj y = izkIr gksrk gSA
7 7
→ → → → → →
D;ksafd a + 4 b dks a − 2 b rFkk 3 a + b ds jSf[kd la;kstu ds :i esa O;Dr fd;k tk ldrk
gS] blfy, rhuksa lfn'k leryh; gSaA
→ →
mnkgj.k 34.11. fn;k x;k gS r1 = ˆi − ˆj + kˆ vkSj r2 = 2iˆ − 4ˆj − 3kˆ fuEu ds ifjek.k Kkr
→ → → → → →
dhft, % (a) r1 (b) r2 (c) r1 + r2 (d) r1 − r2

gy % (a) →
| r1 | = | ˆi − ˆj + kˆ | = 12 + (−1) 2 + 12 = 3

xf.kr 413
 lfn'k
ekWM~;wy - IX (b) →
| r2 | = 22 + (−4) 2 + ( −3 )2 = 29
lfn'k ,oa → →
f=kfoeh; (c) r1 + r2 = (iˆ − ˆj + k)
ˆ + (2iˆ − 4ˆj − 3k)
ˆ = 3iˆ − 5jˆ − 2kˆ
T;kfefr → →
∴ | r1 + r2 | =| 3iˆ − 5jˆ − 2kˆ | = 32 + (−5) 2 + ( −2 )2 = 38

(d) → →
r1 − r2 = (iˆ − ˆj + k)
ˆ − (2iˆ − 4ˆj − 3k)
ˆ = −ˆi + 3jˆ + 4kˆ
fVIi.kh → →
∴ | r1 − r2 | =| − ˆi + 3jˆ + 4kˆ | = (−1) 2 + 32 + 42 = 26
→ →
mnkgj.k 34.12. nks lfn'kksa a = 3iˆ + 2ˆj − 4kˆ vkSj b = ˆi + ˆj + 2kˆ ds ifj.kkeh lfn'k ds
lekUrj ,dd lfn'k Kkr dhft,A
→ → →
gy % ifj.kkeh lfn'k R = a + b = (3iˆ + 2ˆj − 4k)
ˆ + (iˆ + ˆj + 2k)
ˆ
= 4iˆ + 3jˆ − 2kˆ
→ →
ifj.kkeh lfn'k R dk ifjek.k | R | = 42 + 32 + (−2)2 = 29
∴ ifj.kkeh lfn'k ds lekUrj ,dd lfn'k
R 1 4 ˆ 3 ˆ 2 ˆ
= = (4iˆ + 3jˆ − 2k)
ˆ = i+ j− k
→ 29 29 29 29
|R|
→ →
mnkgj.k 34.13. r − s fn'kk esa ,dd lfn'k Kkr dhft,] tcfd
→ →
r = ˆi + 2ˆj − 3kˆ rFkk s = 2iˆ − ˆj + 2kˆ gSA

gy % → → ˆ = − ˆi + 3jˆ − 5kˆ
r − s = (iˆ + 2ˆj − 3k)
ˆ − (2iˆ − ˆj + 2k)
→ →
∴ | r− s |= ( −1 )2 + ( 3 )2 + ( −5 )2 = 35
→ →
∴ ( r − s ) dh fn'kk esa ,dd lfn'k
=
1 ˆ = − 1 ˆi + 3 ˆj − 5 kˆ
(−ˆi + 3jˆ − 5k)
35 35 35 35
→ → →
mnkgj.k 34.34. 2 a + 3 b dh fn'kk esa ,dd lfn'k Kkr dhft,] tcfd a = ˆi + 3jˆ + kˆ
→
rFkk b = 3iˆ − 2ˆj − kˆ gSA
→ →
gy % 2 a + 3 b = 2 (iˆ + 3jˆ + k)
ˆ + 3 (3iˆ − 2 j − k)
ˆ

= (2iˆ + 6ˆj + 2k) ˆ = 11iˆ − kˆ .

ˆ + (9iˆ − 6 j − 3k)
→ →
∴ (11) 2 + (−1) 2 = 122
| 2 a+3 b | =
→ → 11 ˆ 1 ˆ
∴ (2 a + 3 b ) dh fn'kk esa ,dd lfn'k = i− k
122 122

414 xf.kr
 lfn'k
mnkgj.k 34.15. fn[kkb;s fd fuEu lfn'k leryh; gSa % ekWM;
~ y
w - IX
→ → → → → → → → → → → → lfn'k ,oa
4 a − 2 b − 2 c , −2 a + 4 b − 2 c vkSj −2 a − 2 b + 4 c , tcfd a , b vkSj c rhu
f=kfoeh;
vleryh; lfn'k gSaA
T;kfefr
gy % ;fn ;s lfn'k leryh; gSa] rks buesa ls ,d dks vU; nksuks lfn'kksa ds jSf[kd la;kstu ds :i
esa O;Dr fd;k tk ldrk gSA
ekuk −2 → → → → → → → → →
a − 2 b + 4 c = x (4 a − 2 b − 2 c ) + y (−2 a + 4 b − 2 c ) gSA
tcfd x vkSj y vfn'k gSaA fVIi.kh
→ →
nksuksa i{kksa esa a , →
b vkSj c ds xq.kkadksa dh rqyuk djus ij]
4x − 2y = −2 , −2x + 4y = −2 vkSj −2x − 2y = 4
;s rhuksa lehdj.k x = −1, y = −1 ds fy, larq"V gksrs gSaA

bl izdkj −2 → → → → → → → → →
a − 2 b + 4 c = (−1) (4 a − 2 b − 2 c ) + (−1) (−2 a + 4 b − 2 c )
vr% fn;s x;s rhuksa lfn'k leryh; gSaA

ns[ksa vkius fdruk lh[kk 34.4

→ →
1. lfn'k a , →
b vkSj c ds leryh; gksus ds fy, izfrcU/ fyf[k,A
→
2. ifj.kkeh lfn'k r Kkr dhft, ftlds nks vk;rkdkj dkrhZ; funsZ'kkad v{kksa ds vuqfn'k
?kVd Øe'k% 3 vkSj 4 bdkbZ gksaA Z

C
3. layXu fp=k esa] | OA | = 4, | OB | = 3 vkSj | OC | = 5
P
OP dks ?kVd lfn'kksa ds :i esa O;Dr dhft,A
→ →
4. ;fn r1 = 4iˆ + ˆj − 4kˆ , r2 = −2iˆ + 2ˆj + 3kˆ
→ Y
vkSj r3 = ˆi + 3jˆ − kˆ gks] rks fn[kkb;s fd O B

→ → → A
| r1 + r2 + r3 | = 7 X fp=k 34.24
→ →
5. lfn'kksa a = 2iˆ + 4ˆj − 5kˆ vkSj b = ˆi + 2jˆ + 3kˆ ds ifj.kkeh lfn'k ds lekUrj ,dd
lfn'k Kkr dhft,A
→ → →
6. 3 a − 2 b dh fn'kk es a ,d lfn'k Kkr dhft,] tcfd a = ˆi − ˆj − kˆ rFkk
→
b = ˆi + ˆj + kˆ gSA
7. fn[kkb;s fd fuEu lfn'k leryh; gSa%
→ → → → → → → → → → →
3 a − 7 b− 4 c , 3 a − 2 b+ c vkSj a + b + 2 c ] tcfd a , →
b vkSj c rhu
vleryh; lfn'k gSaA

xf.kr 415
 lfn'k
ekWM~;wy - IX 34.10 foHkktu lw=k
lfn'k ,oa ;kn dhft, fd varfj{k esa fdlh fcUnq P dk ewyfcUnq O ds lanHkZ esa fLFkfr lfn'k → gksrk gSA
r =
f=kfoeh;
T;kfefr vkxs vkus okyh iafDr;ksa esa ge ,sls fcUnq dk fLFkfr lfn'k Kkr djus dk iz;kl djsaxs] tks nks fcUnqvksa
dks feykus okys js[kk[k.M dks m : n ds vUr% vuqikr esa foHkkftr djrk gSA
A m P n B

fVIi.kh
a r
b

fp=k 34.25
→
eku yhft, A vkSj B nks fcUnq gSa rFkk muds ewyfcUnq O ds lanHkZ esa fLFkfr lfn'k Øe'k% a vkSj
→
b gaSA
→ →
vr% = a vkSj = b
eku yhft, fd fcUnq P js[kk[k.M AB dks m : n ds vUr% vuqikr esa foHkkftr djrk gSA
AP m
vFkkZr~ = ;k, n = m ....(i)
PB n

D;ksafd n = m

∴ n( − )= m( − )

;k (m + n) = m +n

;k =
→ →
;k → m b+n a ,
r =
m+n
→
tcfd r fcUnq P dk ewyfcanq O ds lanHkZ esa] fLFkfr lfn'k gSA
m
miizes; 1% ;fn = 1 ⇒ m = n gS] rc fcUnq P js[kk[k.M AB dk eè;&fcUnq gks tkrk gSA
n
1 → →
∴ nks fcUnqvksa dks feykus okys js[kk[k.M ds eè; fcUnq dk fLFkfr lfn'k ( a + b ) gksrk gS]
2
→ →
tcfd a vkSj b mu fcUnqvksa ds Øe'k% fLFkfr lfn'k gSaA
miizes; 2% fcUnq P ds fLFkfr lfn'k dks bl izdkj fy[kk tk ldrk gS]

416 xf.kr
 lfn'k
→m→ →
a+ b → ekWM;
~ y
w - IX
→ n a+ k b
r = = lfn'k ,oa
1+
m 1+ k , .....(ii)
n f=kfoeh;
T;kfefr
tcfd m,
k = k ≠ −1 gSA
n
→ →
(ii) ls ge ml fcUnq dk fLFkfr lfn'k ikrs gSa] tks nks fcUnqvksa] ftuds fLFkfr lfn'k a vkSj b
gSa] dks feykus okys js[kk[k.M dks k : 1 ds vuqikr esa foHkkftr djrk gSA fVIi.kh
miizes; 3% ml fcUnq P dk fLFkfr lfn'k] tks nks fcUnqvksa dks m : n ds cká vuqikr esa foHkkftr
djrk gS] fuEu gS %
→ →
→ n a− m b
r =
n−m
→ →
tcfd a vkSj b mu fcUnqvksa ds fLFkfr lfn'k gSaA
ladsr% ;g foHkktu −m : n ds vuqikr esa gSA
→
mnkgj.k 34.16. ml fcUnq dk fLFkfr lfn'k Kkr dhft,] tks nks fcUnqvksa ftuds fLFkfr lfn'k x
→
vkSj y gSa] dks feykus okys js[kk[k.M dks 2 :3 ds vUr% vuqikr esa foHkkftr djrk gSA
gy % ekuk vHkh"V fcUnq dk fLFkfr lfn'k →
r gSA
→ →
→ 3 x+ 2 y 1 → →
∴ r = = (3 x + 2 y )
3+2 5
mnkgj.k 34.17. js[kk[k.M AB ds eè;&fcUnq dk fLFkfr lfn'k Kkr dhft,] ;fn A rFkk B ds fLFkfr
→ → → →
lfn'k Øe'k% x + 2 y rFkk 2 x − y gSaA
gy % AB ds eè;&fcUnq dk fLFkfr lfn'k
→ → → →
( x + 2 y ) + (2 x − y ) = 3 → 1→
x+ y
=
2 2 2
→ →
mnkgj.k 34.18 ,d f=kHkqt ABC ds 'kh"kksZa A,B rFkk C ds fLFkfr lfn'k Øe'k% a , →
b rFkk c
gSaA ∆ABC ds dsUnzd dk fLFkfr lfn'k Kkr dhft,A
A( a )
gy% ekuk D, ∆ABC dh Hkqtk BC dk eè;&fcUnq gSA
ekuk G, ∆ABC dk dsUnzd gSA rc G js[kk[k.M AD dks 2 : 1 esa
2
foHkkftr djrk gS] vFkkZr~ AG : GD = 2 : 1.A G
→ → 1
vc D dk fLFkfr lfn'k = b + c B( b ) C( c )
2 D
→ → fp=k 34.26
b+ c → → → →
2⋅ +1⋅ a a + b+ c
∴ G dk fLFkfr lfn'k gS = 2 =
2 +1 3

xf.kr 417
 lfn'k
ekWM~;wy - IX
lfn'k ,oa ns[ksa vkius fdruk lh[kk 34.5
f=kfoeh; 1. fcUnq C dk fLFkfr lfn'k Kkr dhft,] ;fn ;g AB dks
T;kfefr 1 1
(i) : ds vuqikr esa foHkkftr djrk gS] (ii) 2 : − 3 ds vuqikr esa foHkkftr djrk gS]
2 3
→ →
tcfd ;g fn;k x;k gS fd A vkSj B ds fLFkfr lfn'k Øe'k% a vkSj b gSaA
→
2. og fcUnq Kkr dhft, tks P(→ p ) vkSj Q( q ) dks feykus okys js[kk[k.M dks 3 : 4 ds vUr%
fVIi.kh vuqikr esa foHkkftr djrk gSA
3. js[kk[k.M CD fcUnqvksa P vkSj Q ls lef=kHkkftr gksrk gSA ;fn fcUnqvksa C vkSj D ds fLFkfr
→ →
lfn'k Øe'k% c vkSj d gksa] rks lef=kHkktu djus okys fcUnqvksa ds fLFkfr lfn'k Kkr
dhft,A
4- lfn'k dh lgk;rk ls fl¼ dhft, fd f=kHkqt dh efè;dk,a laxkeh gksrh gSaA
5- lfn'k dh lgk;rk ls fl¼ dhft, fd fdlh f=kHkqt dh fdUgha nks Hkqtkvksa dk ekè; fcanqvksa
dks feykus okyk js[kk [kaM rhljh Hkqtk ds lekarj o mldk vk/k gksrk gSA
34-11 lfn'k ds fnd&dkslkbu
uuur uuur
layXu vkd`fr es]a AB varfj{k esa ,d lfn'k gS vkSj OP , fcUnq P(x, y, z), dk fLFkfr lfn'k bl izdkj
uuur uuur uuur
gS fd OP || AB . eku yhft, OP , x, y ,oa z v{kksa dh /kukRed fn'kkvksa ds lkFk Øe'k% α, β ,oa
uuur
γ dks.k cukrk gSA α, β ,oa γ lfn'k OP ds fnd~ dks.k vkSj cos α, cos β ,oa cos γ fnd~ dkslkbu
dgykrs gSAa
y B
P(x,y,z)

β
γ α
x
O A

z
fp= 34-27
uuur uuur uuur
D;ksafd OP || AB gS] blfy, cosα, cosβ ,oa cosγ, AB ds Hkh fnd~&dkslkbu gSA
fdlh lfn'k }kjk x, y ,oa z v{kksa dh /kukRed fn'kkvksa ds lkFk cus dks.kksa ds dkslkbu]
ml lfn'k ds fnd~&dkslkbu dgykrs gSaA
uuur uuur

;fn OP dh fn'kk dks myVk dj fn;k tk,] rks ge ns[krs gSa fd PO , x, y ,oa z
v{kksa dh /kukRed fn'kkvksa ds lkFk Øe'k% π – α, π – β ,oa π – γ dks.k cukrk uuu gSrA
blfy, cos(π – α) = –cos α, cos (π – β) = – cos β and cos(π – γ) = –cos γ, PO
ds fnd~& dkslkbu gSaA okLro esa varfj{k esa fdlh Hkh lfn'k dks nks fn'kkvksa esa c<+k;k
tk ldrk gS blfy, izR;sd lfn'k ds fnd~~&dkslkbu ds nks lewg gksrs gSaA ;fn (cosα,
cosβ, cosγ) fnd~&dkslkbu dk ,d lewg gS rks (–cosα, –cosβ, –cosγ) nwljk lewg
gksxkA fdlh Hkh lfn'k ds fnd~&dkslkbu ds ,d lewg dks ysuk gh i;kZIr gSA
418 xf.kr
 lfn'k

lkekU;r% ,d lfn'k ds fnd~&dkslkbu dks l, m ,oa n ls O;Dr fd;k tkrk gSA nwljs ekWM;
~ y
w - IX
'kCnksa esa l = cos α, m = cos β ,oa n = cos γ.
uuur uuur uuur uuur
lfn'k ,oa

D;ksafd OX v{kksa OX , OY ,oa OZ ds lkFk Øe'k% 0°, 90°, ,oa 90° dks.k cukrk gS( f=kfoeh;
blfy, cos 0°, cos 90°, cos 90° vFkkZr 1, 0, 0, x-v{k ds] fn~d&dkslkbu gSaA nh xbZ T;kfefr
vkd`fr esa] eku yhft,
uuuur
| OP | = r vkSj PA ⊥ OX.
OA
vc ledks.k f=Hkqt ∆OAP esa] = cos α fVIi.kh
OP
i.e. OA = OP cos α i.e. x = r.l ⇒ x = l r
blh izdkj y ,oa z v{kksa ij yEc [khapdj ge y = mr ,oa z = nr izkIr dj ldrs gSaA
vc x2 + y2 + z2 = r 2 (l 2 + m 2 + n 2 ) ...(i)
uuur uuur
ijUrq | OP | = x 2 + y 2 + z 2 vFkok | OP |2 = x 2 + y 2 + z 2 = r2
blfy, (i) l2 + m2 + n2 = 1
x y z
blds vfrfjDr] l = ,m= ,n=
r r r
x y z
vFkkZr~ l = ,m= ,n=
x2 + y 2 + z 2 x2 + y 2 + z 2 x2 + y 2 + z 2
uuur
vr%] ;fn P(x, y, z), varfj{k esa ,d fcUnq gS] rks OP ds fnd~&dkslkbu
x y z
, , gSaA
x2 + y 2 + z 2 x2 + y 2 + z 2 x2 + y 2 + z 2

34-11-1 nks fcUnqvksa dks feykus okys lfn'k ds fnd~&dkslkbu

uuur
layXu vkd`fr esa] P(x1, y1, z1) ,oa Q(x2, y2, z2) dks feykdkj lfn'k PQ cuk;k x;k gSA ;fn ge
funsZ'kkad v{kksa dh fn'kk dks ifjofrZr fd, fcuk ewy fcUnq dks fcUnq P(x1,y1,z1) ij LFkkukarfjr dj
uuur
nsa] rks fcUnq Q ds funsZ'kkad (x2 – x1, y2 – y1, z2 – z1) gks tkrs gSaA blfy, PQ ds fnd~&dkslkbu
x2 − x1 y2 − y1
, ,
( x2 − x1 ) 2 + ( y2 − y1 ) 2 + ( z2 − z1 ) 2 ( x2 − x1 ) 2 + ( y2 − y1 ) 2 + ( z2 − z1 ) 2

z2 − z1 y
Q )
( x2 − x1 ) 2 + ( y2 − y1 ) 2 + ( z2 − z1 ) 2
gSaA z
y 2, 2
( x 2,

P z)
, y 1, 1
(x 1

z
fp= 34-28

xf.kr 419
 lfn'k
ekWM~;wy - IX 34-11-2 lfn'k ds fnd~&vuqikr
lfn'k ,oa ,slh rhu okLrfod la[;k,¡ tks lfn'k ds fnd~&dkslkbuksa ds lekuqikrh gSa] lfn'k ds
f=kfoeh; fnd~&vuqikr dgykrh gSaA eku yhft, l, m, n ,d lfn'k ds fnd~&dkslkbu vkSj a, b, c
T;kfefr fnd~&vuqikr gSa]
a b c
rks] = = = λ (eku yhft,)
l m n

fVIi.kh ⇒ a = λ l , b = λm , c = λn

∴ a 2 + b 2 + c 2 = λ 2 (l 2 + m 2 + n 2 )
2 2 2
⇒ λ2 = a + b + c

vFkkZr~ λ = ± a 2 + b 2 + c 2
a b c
∴ l= ± 2 2 2
,m=±
2 2 2
,n = ±
a +b +c a +b +c a + b2 + c2
2

;fn a, b, c fdlh lfn'k ds fnd~&vuqikr gSa rks izR;sd λ ≠ 0, ds fy, λa, λb ,oa λc
Hkh lfn'k ds fnd~&vuqikr gSaA vr% ,d lfn'k ds vuUr fnd~&vuqikr gksrs gSaA
uuur

;fn P(x,y,z) varfj{k esa ,d fcUnq gS] rks OP ds fnd~&vuqikr x, y, z gSaA
uuur

;fn P(x1, y1, z1) rFkk Q(x2, y2, z2) varfj{k esa nks fcUnq gSa] rks PQ ds fnd~&vuqikr
x2 – x1, y2 – y1, z2 – z1 gSaA

l 2 + m 2 + n 2 = 1 ijUrq] O;kidr% a 2 + b 2 + c 2 ≠ 1.
uuur
mnkgj.k 34.19. eku yhft, varfj{k esa ,d fcUnq P bl izdkj gS fd OP = 3 vkSj OP , x, y ,oa
π π π
z v{kksa dh /kukRed fn'kkvksa ds lkFk Øe'k% , , dks.k cukrk gSA fcUnq P ds funsZ'kkad Kkr
3 4 3
dhft,A
uuur π π π 1 1 1
gy : OP ds fnd~&dkslkbu cos , cos , cos i.e. , ,
3 4 3 2 2 2
1 3
∴ fcUnq P ds funsZ'kkad x = lr = × 3 =
2 2
1 3
y = mr = × 3=
2 2
1 3
z = nr =
× 3= gSaA
2 2uuur
mnkgj.k 34.20. ;fn P(1, 2, – 3) varfj{k esa ,d fcUnq gS] rks OP ds fnd~&dkslkbu Kkr dhft,A

420 xf.kr
 lfn'k
x
=
1 ekWM;
~ y
w - IX
gy : l= 2 2 2
x +y +z 14 lfn'k ,oa
y 2 f=kfoeh;
m= =
2
x +y +z 2 2 14 T;kfefr
z −3
n= =
x2 + y2 + z 2 14

mnkgj.k 34.21. D;k  1 , 1 , 1  fdlh lfn'k ds fnd~&dkslkbu gks ldrs gSa\ fVIi.kh
 3 2 2
2 2 2
gy :  1  +  1  +  1  = 4 ≠ 1
 3  2  2 3
1 1 1
blfy, , , fdlh lfn'k ds fnd~&dkslkbu ugha gks ldrsA
3 2 2
uuur uuur
mnkgj.k 34.22. ;fn P(2, 3, –6) ,oa Q(3, –4, 5) varfj{k esa nks fcUnq gSa] rks OP, QO rFkk
uuur
PQ ds fnd~&dkslkbu Kkr dhft,] tcfd O ewy fcUnq gSA
uuur 2 3 −6
gy : OP ds fnd~&dkslkbu , ,
22 + 32 + (−6) 2 22 + 32 + (−6) 2 22 + 32 + (−6)2
2 3 −6
i.e. , , .
7 7 7
uuur −3 4 −5
bl izdkj QO ds fnd~&dkslkbZu , , gSaA
5 2 5 2 2
uuur 3− 2
PQ ds fnd~&dkslkbu] ,
2 2 2
(3 − 2) + (−4 − 3) + (5 + 6)
−4 − 3 5+ 6
, gSaA
(3 − 2) 2 + (−4 − 3)2 + (5 + 6) 2 (3 − 2) 2 + (−4 − 3) 2 + (5 + 6)2
1 −7 11
vFkkZr , , gSaA
171 171 171
mnkgj.k 34.23. ,d ,sls lfn'k ds fnd~&dkslkbu Kkr dhft, tks rhuksa v{kksa ds lkFk
leku dks.k cukrk gSA
uuur uuur uuur
gy : eku yhft,] og lfn'k OX , OY rFkk OZ esa ls izR;sd ds lkFk α dks.k cukrk gSA
∴ cos 2 α + cos 2 α + cos 2 α = 1
1
vFkkZr cosα = ±
3
 1 1 1 
∴ ml lfn'k ds fnd~&dkslkbu  , , gSaA
 3 3 3 

xf.kr 421
 lfn'k
uuur uuur
ekWM~;wy - IX mnkgj.k 34.24. ;fn P(1, 2, –3) ,oa Q(4, 3, 5) varfj{k esa nks fcUnq gSa rks] OP, QO rFkk
uuur
lfn'k ,oa PQ ds fnd~&vuqikr Kkr dhft, tcfd O ewy fcanq gSA
f=kfoeh; uuur
T;kfefr gy : OP ds fnd~&vuqikr 1, 2, –3 gSaA
uuur
QO ds fnd~&vuqikr (–4, –3, –5) vFkok (4, 3, 5)
uuur
PQ ds fnd~&vuqikr 4 –1, 3 –2, 5 – (–3)

fVIi.kh vFkkZr~ 3, 1, 8 gSaA

ns[ksa vkius fdruk lh[kk 34-6

1. fjDr LFkkuksa dh iwfrZ dhft, %
(i) y-v{k ds fnd~&dkslkbu ---------------- gSaA
(ii) ;fn l, m, n fdlh lfn'k ds fnd~&dkslkbu gS] rks l2 + m2 + n2 = ......... .
(iii) ;fn a, b, c fdlh lfn'k ds fnd~&vuqikr gSa] rks a2 + b2 + c2, 1 ds ......... gSaA
(iv) funsZ'kkad v{kksa ds lkFk leku dks.k cukus okys lfn'k ds fnd~&dkslkbu----------- gSaA
(v) ;fn nks lfn'k ijLij lekUrj gSa] rks muds fnd~&vuqikr ----------------- gSA
(vi) (1, –1, 1) fdlh Hkh lfn'k ds fnd~&dkslkbu ugha gSa D;ksafd-------------
(vii) ,d lfn'k ds fnd~&vuqikrksa dh la[;k --------------- gSa ¼lhfer@vlhfer½
uuur
2. ;fn P(3, 4, –5) varfj{k esa ,d fcUnq gS] rks OP ds fnd~&dkslkbu Kkr dhft,A
uuur
3. AB ds fnd~&dkslkbu Kkr dhft, tgk¡ A(–2, 4, –5) rFkk B(1, 2, 3) varfj{k esa nks
fcUnq gSaA
4. ;fn dksbZ lfn'k x, y, z v{kksa dh /kukRed fn'kkvksa ds lkFk Øe'k% 90°, 135° rFkk 45°
dks.k cukrk gS] rks lfn'k ds fnd~&vuqikr Kkr dhft,A
34.12 lfn'kksa dk xq.kuiQy
vuqPNsn 34.6 esa] vkius ,d lfn'k dks vfn'k ls xq.kk fd;kA lfn'k dks vfn'k ls xq.kk djus ij]
gesa ,d lfn'k feyrk gSA bl vuqPNsn esa] ge ,d lfn'k dks nwljs lfn'k ls xq.kk djus ds fLFkfr
ij fopkj djsaxsaA blds nks izdkj gSa%
(i) tc nks lfn'kksa dk xq.kuiQy ,d vfn'k gks] rks bls ge vfn'k xq.kuiQy dgrs gSaA ;g MkV
(fcanq) xq.kuiQy Hkh dgykrk gS] D;ksafd blesa lacf/r ladsr ' . ' iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA
(ii) tc nks lfn'kksa dk xq.kuiQy ,d lfn'k gks] rks bls ge lfn'k xq.kuiQy dgrs gSa] tks fd
lacfèkr ladsr '×' ds iz;ksx djus ls Økl xq.kuiQy Hkh dgykrk gSA
34.13 lfn'kksa dk vfn'k xq.kuiQy
→ →
ekuk a rFkk b nks ,sls lfn'k gSa] ftuds chp dk dks.k θ gSA

422 xf.kr
 lfn'k
→ →
vfn'k xq.kuiQy a . b dks bl izdkj ifjHkkf"kr fd;k tkrk gS % ekWM;
~ y
w - IX
→ → → → lfn'k ,oa
a ⋅ b =| a | | b | cos θ
→ →
b f=kfoeh;
Li"Vr% → →
a ⋅ b ,d vfn'k gS] D;ksafd | a |, | b | rFkk T;kfefr
θ
cos θ lHkh vfn'k gSaA
a
fVIi.kh fp=k 34.29
→ → → →
1. ;fn a rFkk b lefn'k lfn'k gks rks] a ⋅ b = ab cos θ = ab gksxk] tcfd a rFkk b
→ → fVIi.kh
Øe'k% a rFkk b ds ifjek.k gSaA
→ → → →
2. ;fn a rFkk b foijhr fn'kkvksa esa gSa] rks a ⋅ b = ab cos π = −ab gksxkA
→ →
→ → a⋅ b
3. lfn'kksa a rFkk b ds chp dk dks.k θ ] cos θ = → →
ls izkIr fd;k tk ldrk gSA
| a | | b |

→ → → → → → → → → → →
4. a ⋅ b = b ⋅ a rFkk a ⋅ ( b + c ) = ( a ⋅ b + a ⋅ c )
→ → → → → →
5. n ( a ⋅ b ) = (n a ) ⋅ b = a ⋅ (n b ) , tcfd n dksbZ okLrfod la[;k gSA

6. ˆi ⋅ ˆi = ˆj ⋅ ˆj = kˆ ⋅ kˆ = 1 rFkk ˆi ⋅ ˆj = ˆj ⋅ kˆ = kˆ ⋅ ˆi = 0 gksrk gS] D;ksafd î , ˆj rFkk k̂

ijLij ykfEcd ,dd lfn'k gSaA
→ → → → →
mnkgj.k 34.25. ;fn a = 3iˆ + 2ˆj − 6kˆ rFkk b = 4iˆ − 3jˆ + kˆ gS] rks a ⋅ b Kkr dhft,A a
→
rFkk b ds chp dk dks.k Hkh Kkr dhft,A
gy % → →
a ⋅ b = (3iˆ + 2ˆj − 6k)
ˆ ⋅ (4iˆ − 3jˆ + k)
ˆ
= 3 × 4 + 2 × ( −3) + ( −6) × 1
Q ˆi ⋅ ˆi = ˆj ⋅ ˆj = kˆ ⋅ kˆ = 1 vkSj ˆi ⋅ ˆj = ˆj ⋅ kˆ = kˆ ⋅ ˆi = 0 
 
= 12 − 6 − 6 = 0
→ →
eku yhft, a rFkk b ds chp dk dks.k θ gSA
→ →
a⋅ b
rc] cos θ = →
=0 ∴ θ = π
→
| a | | b | 2

34.14 nks lfn'kksa dk lfn'k xq.kuiQy

blls igys fd ge nks lfn'kksa ds lfn'k xq.kuiQy dks ifjHkkf"kr djsa] ge uhps nf{k.kgLr isap vkSj
okegLr isp ij ppkZ djrs gSa rFkk bls lfn'k f=kd ls lacf/r djrs gSaA
34.14.1 nf{k.kgLr isap
;fn ,d isap fy;k tk, rFkk bls ?kM+h dh lqb;ksa dh foijhr(okeko`r) fn'kk esa ?kqek,a] rks bldk i<+us
okys dh vksj LFkkukUrj.k gksrk gSA bls nf{k.kgLr isap dgrs gSaA
34.14.2 okegLr isap
xf.kr 423
 lfn'k
ekWM~;wy - IX ;fn ,d isap fy;k tk, rFkk bls ?kM+h dh lqb;ksa dh fn'kk esa (nf{k.kko`r) ?kqek;k tk,] rks bldk
i<+us okys ls nwj dh vksj LFkkukUrj.k gksrk gSA bls okegLr isap dgrs gSaA
lfn'k ,oa
f=kfoeh; vc ge bl isap dk lacU/ fn, x, Øfer lfn'k f=kd ls tksM+rs gSaA
→ →
T;kfefr ekuk a , →
b rFkk c rhu lfn'k gSa] ftudk vkfn fcUnq O gSA
c a

fVIi.kh
O b
O b

a c
(i) (ii)
fp=k 34.30
→ →
vc ;fn ,d nf{k.kgLr isap dks O ij j[k dj a ls b dh vksj <180° ds dks.k ij ?kqek;k tk,
→
rks bldk c ds vuqfn'k LFkkukUrj.k gksxk (fp=k 34.30 (i))A
→ →
blh izdkj] ;fn ,d okegLr isap dks O ij j[k dj a ls b dh vksj <180° ?kqek;k tk,] rks
→
bldk c ds vuqfn'k LFkkukUrj.k gksxk (fp=k 34.30 (ii)) ijUrqw bl ckj LFkkukUrj.k dh fn'kk igyh
fn'kk ls foijhr gksxhA
→ →
blkfy, a , →
b , c dk ,d Øfer lfn'k f=kd] nf{k.kgLr okegLr dgykrk gS] ;fn og 180° ls
→ →
de ds dks.k ij ?kqekus ij c dh fn'kk essa ;k c dh foijhr fn'kk esa pyrk gSA
34-14-2 lfn'kksa dk lfn'k xq.kuiQy
r r r r
;fn a rFkk b nks 'kwU;srj lfn'k gSa] rks mudk lfn'k xq.kuQy a × b }kjk O;Dr fd;k
r r r r
tkrk gS vkSj bls a × b = | a || b | sin θ.n$ }kjk ifjHkkf"kr fd;k tkrk gSA
r r
tgk¡ θ, a rFkk b ds e/; cuk gqvk dks.k gS] 0 ≤ θ ≤ π vkSj n$ ,d ,slk ek=d lfn'k
r r r r
gS tks a rFkk b nksuksa ij yEc gSA a, b rFkk n$ ,d nf{k.kkorhZ i)fr dks fufeZr djrs gSaA
r r
vFkkZr nf{k.kkorhZ i)fr a ls b dh rjQ ?kqekus ij ;g n$ dh fn'kk esa pyrh gSA
r r r r r r

a × b ,d lfn'k gS rFkk a × b = −b × a gSA
r r r r r r r

;fn a = 0 vFkok b = 0 gks, rks θ ifjHkkf"kr ugha gS vkSj bl fLFkfr esa a × b = 0 ysrs gSaA
r r r r r r

;fn a rFkk b 'kwU;rsj lfn'k gSa] rks a × b = 0 ;fn vkSj dsoy ;fn gS] tc a rFkk
r r r r r r
b lajs[k vFkok lekUrj lfn'k gSa vFkkZr a × b = 0 ⇔ a || b .
r r r r r r

fof'k"Vr% b × b = 0 vkSj b × (−b) = 0 D;ksafd izFke fLFkfr esa θ = 0 vkSj f}rh; fLFkfr
esa θ = π. bl izdkj nksuksa gh fLFkfr;ksa esa sinθ = 0 gks tkrk gSA

424 xf.kr
 lfn'k
r

$i × $i = $j × $j = k$ × k$ = 0 ^n ekWM;
~ y
w - IX


$i × $j = k$ , $j × k$ = $i, k$ × $i = $j rFkk $j × $i = − k$ , b
lfn'k ,oa
f=kfoeh;
k$ × $j = −$i, $i × k$ = − $j .
r r r r r r r T;kfefr

a × (b + c ) = a × b + a × c. θ
r r r r r r

λ ( a × b ) = (λ a ) × b = a × (λ b ) . a
r r

nks lfn'kksa a rFkk b ds e/; cuk dks.k θ, fp=k 34.31
r r fVIi.kh
–n^
|a×b|
sin θ = r r }kjk izkIr gksrk gSA
| a || b |
r r

;fn a rFkk b fdlh f=Hkqt dh layXu Hkqtkvksa dk fu:fir djrs gSa rks f=Hkqt dk
1 r r
{ks=Qy | a × b | }kjk iznÙk gSA
r 2 r

;fn a rFkk b fdlh lekUrj r r prqHkqZt dh layXu Hkqtkvksa dks fu:fir djrs gSa rks lekUrj
prqHkqZt dk {ks=Qy | a × b | }kjk iznÙk gSA
r

;fn a = a1$i + a2 $j + a3 k$ rFkk b$ = b1$i + b2 $j + b3 k$ , rks
$i $j k$
a$ × b$ = a1 a2 a3
b1 b2 b3

= (a2b3 − a3b2 )$i − (a1b3 − a3b1 ) $j + (a1b2 − a2b1 )k$

r r
r r a×b

a rFkk b nksuksa ds yEcor~ ek=d lfn'k r r gSA
|a×b|
r r
mnkgj.k 34.26. lfn'k xq.kuQy ds iz;ksx ls] lfn'kksa a = 2$i + $j − 3k$ rFkk b = 3$i − 2 $j + k$
ds chp dk dks.k Kkr dhft,A
$i $j k$
r r
gy : a × b = 2 1 −3 = $i(1 − 6) − $j (2 + 9) + k$ (−4 − 3)
3 −2 1
= −5$i − 11$j − 7k$
r r
| a × b | = 25 + 121 + 49 = 195
r
| a | = 4 + 1 + 9 = 14
r
| b | = 9 + 4 + 1 = 14
r r
|a×b| 195 195
∴ sinθ = r r = =
| a || b | 14. 14 14

xf.kr 425
 lfn'k
ekWM~;wy - IX −1  195 
⇒ θ = sin  
lfn'k ,oa  14 
f=kfoeh; r r
mnkgj.k 34.27. lfn'kksa a = 3$i + 2 $j − 3k$ rFkk b = $i + $j − k$ ds yEcor~ ek=d lfn'k Kkr
T;kfefr dhft,A
$i $j k$
r r
gy : a × b = 3 2 −3 = $i (−2 + 3) − $j (−3 + 3) + k$ (3 − 2)
1 1 −1
fVIi.kh
r r
a × b = $i + k$
r r
| a × b | = 1+1 = 2
r r
r r a×b $i + k$ 1 $ 1 $
∴ a rFkk b ds yEcor~ ek=d lfn'k = r r = = i+ k
|a×b| 2 2 2
mnkgj.k 34.28. ,d ,sls f=Hkqt dk {ks=Qy Kkr dhft, ftlds 'kh"kZ] A(1, 1, 1), B(1, 2,
3) rFkk C(2, 3, 1) gSaA
uuur
gy : AB = (1 − 1)$i + (2 − 1) $j + (3 − 1)k$ = $j + 2k$
ur
AC = (2 − 1)$i + (3 − 1) $j + (1 − 1)k$ = $i + 2 $j
$i $j k$
uuur uuur $ $ $
AB × AC = 0 1 2 = i(0 − 4) − j (0 − 2) + k (0 − 1)
1 2 0

= −4$i + 2 $j − k$
uuur uuur
∴ | AB × AC | = (−4)2 + (2)2 + (−1)2 = 16 + 4 + 1 = 21

1 uuur uuur 21
vr% ∆ABC dk {ks=Qy = AB × AC = oxZ bdkbZ
2 2
mnkgj.k 34.29. ,d ,sls lekUrj prqHkqZt dk {ks=Qy Kkr dhft, ftlds 'kh"kZ] A(5, –
1, 1), B(–1, –3, 4), C(1, –6, 10) rFkk D(7, –4, 7) gSaA
uuur
gy : AB = (−1 − 5)$i + (−3 + 1) $j + (4 − 1)k$ = −6$i − 2 $j + 3k$
uuur
AD = (7 − 5)$i + (−4 + 1) $j + (7 − 1)k$ = 2$i − 3 $j + 6k$
$i $j k$
uuur uuur
AB × AD = −6 −2 3 = $i(−12 + 9) − $j (−36 − 6) + k$ (18 + 4)
2 −3 6

= −3$i + 42 $j + 22k$
uuur uuur
∴ lekUrj prqHkqZt ABCD dk {ks=Qy | AB × AD | = 9 + 1764 + 484 = 2257 oxZ bdkbZ

426 xf.kr
 lfn'k
ekWM;
~ y
w - IX
ns[ksa vkius fdruk lh[kk 34-7 lfn'k ,oa
r r
f=kfoeh;
r r 2 r r
1. (i) ;fn a × b ,d ek=d lfn'k gS rFkk | a | = 3, | b | = ] rks a rFkk b ds e/; cuk T;kfefr
3
gqvk dks.k -------------------- gSA
r r r r r r
(ii) ;fn | a . b | = | a × b | gS, rks a rFkk b ds e/; cuk gqvk dks.k ------------ gSA

(iii) $i.( $j × k$ ) + $j . ($i × kˆ) + k$ . ($i × $j ) dk eku ----------------- gSA fVIi.kh

r r r r r
2. ( a + b) rFkk ( a − b) nksuksa ds yEocr~ ek=d lfn'k Kkr dhft, tgk¡ a = $i + $j + k$
r
rFkk b = $i + 2 $j + 3k$ .
3. ,d ,sls lekUrj prqHkqZt dk {ks=Qy Kkr dhft, ftldh layXu Hkqtk,¡ lfn'kksa
r r
a = 3$i + $j + 4k$ rFkk b = $i − $j + k$ }kjk fu:fir gSaA
r r
4. ;fn ar = 2iˆ + 2 ˆj + 2kˆ, b = −iˆ + 2 ˆj + kˆ, cr = 3iˆ + ˆj bl izdkj gSa fd ar + λb , cr
ij yEcor~ gS] rks λ dk eku Kkr dhft,A

34-15 vfn'k f=kd xq.kuiQy

r r r r r r
;fn a, b rFkk c rhu lfn'k rgSa rrks a × b dk c ds lkFk vfn'k xq.kuQy] vfn'k f=d xq.kuQy
r r r r
dgykrk
r rr gS
A ( a × b).c dks a, b rFkk c dk vfn'k f=d xq.kuQy dgrs gSaA lkekU;r% bls
[a.bc] ls O;Dr fd;k tkrk gSA
rrr

[ a b c] ,d vfn'k jkf'k gSA
r r r

( a × b).c ,d ,sls lekarj "kVQyd ds vk;ru dks O;Dr djrk gS ftlds lgkolkuh
r r r
fdukjs a, b rFkk c }kjk fu:fir gSaA
r r r r r r

( a × b).c = 0 , ;fn a, b rFkk c leryh; lfn'k gSa vFkok rhuksa esa ls dksbZ nks lfn'k
leku vFkok lekUrj gSaA

;fn lfn'kksa dk pØh; Øe cuk, j[kk tk, rks vfn'k f=d xq.kuQy esa MkWV ¼ - ½
vkSj Økl (×) dh fLFkfr dks ijLij ifjofrZr fd;k tk ldrk gSA
r r r r r r
( a × b).c = a . (b × c )
r r r r r r
(b × c).a = b . (c × a )
r r r r r r
(c × a ).b = c . ( a × b)
r r r r r r r r r

( a × b ) . c = (b × c ) . a = ( c × a ) . b
r r r r r r r r r

( a × b) . c = − (b × a ) . c = − c . (b × a )

xf.kr 427
 lfn'k
r r r r r r r r r
ekWM~;wy - IX (b × c ) . a = − ( c × b ) . a = − a . ( c × b )
lfn'k ,oa r r r r r r r r r
(c × a ) . b = − ( a × c ) . b = − b . ( a × c )
f=kfoeh; r r r
T;kfefr
;fn a = a1$i + a2 $j + a3 k$ , b = b1$i + b2 $j + b3 k$ , c = c1$i + c2 $j + c3 k$ gSa]
a1 a2 a3
r r r
rks ( a × b) . c = b1 b2 b3
c1 c2 c3
fVIi.kh
uuur uuur uuur

pkj fcUnq A, B, C rFkk D leryh; gksrs gSa ;fn AB, AC rFkk AD leryh; gSa vFkkZr~
uuur uuur uuur
( AB × AC ) . AD = 0
mnkgj.k 34.30. ,d ,sls lekUrj "kVQyd dk vk;ru Kkr dhft, ftlds fdukjs
r r r
a = 2$i − 3 $j + 4k$ , b = $i + 2 $j − k$ rFkk c = 3$i − $j + 2k$ }kjk fu:fir gSaA
2 −3 4
r r r
gy : vk;ru = ( a × b) . c = 1 2 −1
3 −1 2
= 2(4 − 1) + 3(2 + 3) + 4(−1 − 6)
= 6 + 15 − 28 = −7
_.kkRed fpUg dks NksMr+ s gq,] vHkh"V vk;ru = 7 ?ku bdkbZ
mnkgj.k 34.31. λ dk og eku Kkr dhft, ftlds fy, lfn'k
r
a = 2$i − $j + k$ , b = $i + 2 $j − 3k$ , c = 3$i + λ $j + 5k$ leryh; gSaA
r r r r rr
gy : lfn'k a, b rFkk c leryh; gksaxs] ;fn [abc ] = 0
2 −1 1
i.e. 1 2 −3 = 0
3 λ 5
i.e. 2(10 + 3λ ) + 1(5 + 9) + 1(λ − 6) = 0
i.e. 7λ + 28 = 0
⇒ λ = – 4.
mnkgj.k 34.32. n'kkZb, fd pkj fcUnq A, B, C rFkk D ftuds fLFkfr lfn'k Øe'k%
(4$i + 5 $j + k$ ), (− $j − k$ ), (3$i + 9 $j + 4k$ ) rFkk (−4$i + 4 $j + 4k$ ) gSa] leryh; gSaA
uuur
gy : AB = −4$i − 6 $j − 2k$
uuur
AC = −$i + 4 $j + 3k$
uuur
AD = −8$i − $j + 3k$

428 xf.kr
 lfn'k

−4 − 6 − 2
ekWM;
~ y
w - IX
uuur uuur uuur
( AB × AC ) . AD = −1 4 3 = −4(12 + 3) + 6(−3 + 24) − 2(1 + 32) lfn'k ,oa
−8 −1 3 f=kfoeh;
T;kfefr
= −60 + 126 − 66 = 0
vr% fcUnq A, B, C rFkk D leryh; gSaA
r r r r r r r r r
mnkgj.k 34.33. fl) dhft, fd [ a + b , b + c , c + a ] = 2[ a , b, c ]
fVIi.kh
r r r r r r
gy : ck;k¡ i{k = ( a + b) . [(b + c ) × c + a )]
r r r r r r r r r r
= ( a + b) . [(b × c + b × a + c × c + c × a ]
r r r r r r r r r r
= ( a + b) .[(b × c + b × a + c × a ] Q c×c = 0
r r r r r r r r r
= a . (b × c ) + a . (b × a ) + a . (c × a )
r r r r r r r r r
+ b . (b × c ) + b . (b × a ) + b . (c × a )
r r r r r r
= a . (b × c ) + b . (c × a ) [Q tc nks lfn'k leku gksa] rks
vfn'k f=d xq.kuQy 'kwU; gksrk gS]
rrr
= 2[ a b c ]
= nk;k¡ i{k

ns[ksa vkius fdruk lh[kk 34-8

r
1. ,d ,sls lekUrj "kVQyd dk vk;ru Kkr dhft, ftlds fdukjs a = 2$i − $j + k$ ,
r r
b = $i + 2 $j − 3k$ , c = 3$i + 2 $j + 5k$ }kjk fu:fir gSaA
r r
2. λ dk og eku Kkr dhft, ftlds fy, lfn'k a = −4$i − 6 $j + λ k$ , b = −$i + 4 $j + 3k$ rFkk
r
c = −8$i − $j + 3k$ leryh; gSaA
C

1A
% +
vkb;s nksgjk,¡

og HkkSfrd jkf'k ftls dsoy ,d la[;k }kjk izdV fd;k tk ldrk gS] vfn'k dgykrh gSA

og jkf'k] ftldk ifjek.k rFkk fn'kk nksuksa gksa] lfn'k dgykrh gSA

lfn'k] ftldk ifjek.k 'a' rFkk fn'kk A ls B dh vksj gks] dks }kjk iznf'kZr fd;k tkrk
gS rFkk bldk ifjek.k | | = a }kjk izdV fd;k tkrk gSA
→

,d lfn'k ftldk ifjek.k nwljs lfn'k a ds ifjek.k ds cjkcj gS] ijUrq fn'kk foijhr gS]
→
fn;s x;s lfn'k dk ½.k dgykrk gS rFkk bls − a }kjk n'kkZrs gSaA

xf.kr 429
 lfn'k
→
ekWM~;wy - IX
,dd lfn'k dk ifj.kke 1 bdkbZ gksrk gSA lfn'k a ds lekUrj ,dd lfn'k dks â }kjk
→
lfn'k ,oa a
n'kkZrs gSa rFkk ;g →
ds cjkcj gksrk gSA
f=kfoeh; | a |
T;kfefr →

'kwU; lfn'k 0 dk ifjek.k 0 gksrk gS rFkk bldh dksbZ fuf'pr fn'kk ugha gksrhA

vfn'kksa ds ;ksx ls fHkUu] lfn'kksa dk ;ksx lfn'kksa ds ;ksx ds f=kHkqt fu;e ds vuqlkj gksrk gSA
blh dkj.k nks lfn'kksa ds ;ksx dk ifjek.k muds ifjek.kksa ds ;ksx ls de ;k cjkcj gksrk gSA

nks ;k vf/d lfn'k lajs[k gksrs gSa] ;fn muds vk/kj ,d gh gksa ;k lekUrj gksaA
fVIi.kh

rhu ;k vf/d lfn'k leryh; gksrs gSa] ;fn muds vk/kj ,d gh ry ds lekUrj gksa ;k
,d gh ry esa fLFkr gksaA
→ → →

;fn a lfn'k vkSj x vfn'k gks] rc x a ,d ,slk lfn'k gS] ftldk ifjek.k lfn'k a
ds ifjek.k dk x xquk gS rFkk ftldh fn'kk oghs ;k foijhr bl ij fuHkZj djrh gS fd x
> 0 ;k x < 0 gSA

fdlh lfn'k dks tks nks vlajs[k lfn'kksa ds lkFk leryh; gS] muds ,d jSf[kd la;kstu ds
:i esa O;Dr fd;k tk ldrk gSA

varfj{k esa fdlh lfn'k dks fn;s x, rhu vleryh; lfn'kksa ds ,d jSf[kd la;kstu ds :i
esa O;Dr fd;k tkr ldrk gSA
→ →

,d fcUnq dk fLFkfr lfn'k] tks nks fcUnqvksa] ftuds fLFkfr lfn'k a vkSj b gS] dks feykus
okys js[kk[k.M dks m : n ds vUr%@ckã vuqikr esa foHkkftr djrk gS] Øe'k% fuEu gSa%
→ → → →
n a+ m b , n a− m b
m+n n−m
→ →

nks fcUnqvksa] ftuds fLFkfr lfn'k a vkSj b gSa] dks feykus okys js[kk[k.M ds eè;&fcUnq
→ →
dk fLFkfr lfn'k a + b gksxkA
2
→ → → → → →

nks lfn'k a vkSj b dk vfn'k xq.kuiQy] a ⋅ b =| a | | b | cos θ ls izkIr gksrk gS]
→ →
tcfd θ ] nksuks lfn'kksa a vkSj b ds chp dk dks.k gSA
→ → → → → →

nks lfn'k a vkSj b dk lfn'k xq.kuiQy a × b = | a | | b | sin θ nˆ ls izkIr gksrk gSA
→ → → →
tcfd a vkSj b ds chp dk dks.k θ gS rFkk n̂ ,d ,dd lfn'k gS] tks a vkSj b
ij yEcor~ gSA

,d lfn'k }kjk x, y ,oa z v{kksa dh /kukRed fn'kkvksa ds lkFk cus dks.kksa ds dkslkbu
ds eku ml lfn'k ds fnd~&dkslkbu dgykrs gSaA

,slh rhu okLrfod la[;k,¡ tks fdlh lfn'k ds fnd~&dkslkbuksa ds lekuqikrh gSa] ml
lfn'k ds fnd~ vuqikr dgykrh gSaA

lkekU;r% fdlh lfn'k ds fnd~&dkslkbuksa dks l, m, n rFkk fnd~&vuqikrksa dks a, b, c
ls O;Dr djrs gSaA

l2 + m2 + n2 = 1, ijUrq O;kidr% a2 + b2 + c2 ≠ 1.

430 xf.kr
 lfn'k
uuur uuur

;fn AB = xi$ + y $j + zk$ gS, rks AB ds fnd~&vuqikr x, y, z gSa rFkk fnd~&dkslkbu ekWM;
~ y
w - IX
±x ±y ±z lfn'k ,oa
, , gSaA f=kfoeh;
x2 + y 2 + z 2 x2 + y 2 + z 2 x2 + y 2 + z 2

,d lfn'k ds fnd~&dkslkbu vf}rh; gSa rFkk fnd~&vuqikr vuUr gSaA T;kfefr
r r r r r r

nks lfn'kksa a rFkk br dkr lfn'k xq.kuQy] a × b = | a r| | b | sin θr.n$ }kjk ifjHkkf"kr gksrk
gS tgk¡ θ, lfn'kksa a , b ds chp dk dks.k rFkk n$ , a rFkk b nksuksa ij yEc ek=d
lfn'k gSaA fVIi.kh
r r r r

a×b = −b×a.
r r r r r r r r r

a × b = 0 ;fn a = 0 vFkok b = 0 vFkok a rFkk b lekUrj gSa vFkok a rFkk b lajs[k
gSaA
r

$i × $i = $j × $j = k$ × k$ = 0
r

$i × $j = k$ , $j × k$ = $i, k$ × $i = j .
r

$j × $i = − k$ , k$ × $j = −$i, $i × k$ = − j .
r r r r r r r

a × (b + c ) = a × b + a × c
r r r r r r

λ ( a × b ) = (λ a ) × b = a × (λ b )
r r
|a×b|

sin θ = r r
| a ||b |
1 r r r r

f=Hkqt dk {ks=Qy = | a × b | tgk¡ a rFkk b f=Hkqt dh layXu Hkqtkvksa dks fu:fir
2
djrs gSaA
r r r r

lekUrj prqHkqZt dk {ks=Qy = | a × b | tgk¡ a rFkk b lekUrj prqHkqZt dh layXu Hkqtkvksa
dks fu:fir djrs gSaA
r r
r r a×b

a rFkk b nksuksa ij yEc ek=d lfn'k r r }kjk izkIr gksrk gSA
|a×b|

$i $j k$
r r r r

;fn a = a1$i + a2 $j + a3 k$ rFkk b = b1$i + b2 $j + b3 k$ rks a × b = a1 a2 a3
b1 b2 b3
r r r r r r

;fn a, b rFkk c dksbZ rhu lfn'k gSa rks (a × b) . c vfn'k f=d xq.kuQy dgykrk gS
rrr
vkSj lkekU;r% bls [a b c] ls O;Dr djrs gSaA
r r r r r r

lekUrj "kV~Qyd dk vk;ru = (a × b) . c , tgk¡ a, b, c lekUrj "kV~Qyd ds lgkolkuh
fdukjs gSaA

xf.kr 431
 lfn'k
r r r r r r
ekWM~;wy - IX
( a × b) . c = 0 , ;fn a, b rFkk c leryh; gSa vFkok rhuksa esa ls dksbZ nks lfn'k leku
lfn'k ,oa gS vFkok lekUrj gSaA
r r r ur r r
f=kfoeh;
( a × b) . c = a . (b × c)
T;kfefr r r r r r ur r r r

( a × b) . c = (b × c) . a = (c × a ) . b
r r r r ur r

( a × b) . c = − (b × a ) . c
uuur uuur uuur

;fn AB, AC rFkk AD leryh; gSa rks pkj fcUnq A, B, C rFkk D Hkh leryh; gksaxs
fVIi.kh uuur uuur uuur
i.e. ;fn ( AB × AC ) . AD = 0 , rks A, B, C, D leryh; gSaA
r r r

;fn a = a1$i + a2 $j + a3 k$ , b = b1$i + b2 $j + b3 k$ , c = c1$i + c2 $j + c3 k$ , rks
a1 a2 a3
r r r
( a × b) . c = b1 b2 b3
c1 c2 c3

lgk;d osclkbV

www.youtube.com/watch?v=ihNZlp7iUHE

http://emweb.unl.edu/math/mathweb/vectors/vectors.html

http://www.mathtutor.ac.uk/geometry_vectors

www.khanacademy.org/.../introduction-to-vectors-and-scalars

vkb, vH;kl djsa

→ → → → →
1. ekuk a , b vkSj c rhu ,sls lfn'k gSa fd buesa ls dksbZ nks vlajs[k gSaA ;fn lfn'k a + b
→ → → → → →
vkSj lfn'k c lajs[k gksa rFkk lfn'k b + c vkSj lfn'k a lajs[k gks]a rks lfn'kksa a , b
→
vkSj c dk ;ksx Kkr dhft,A
→ →
2. fl¼ dhft, fd dksbZ nks 'kwU;srj lfn'k a vkSj b lajs[k gksrs gSa] ;fn vkSj dsoy ;fn]
→ → →
nks la[;k,¡ x vkSj y (nksuksa bdê~Bs 'kwU; ugha gSa) bl izdkj gaS fd x a + y b = 0 gksA
3. ABCD ,d lekUrj prqHkqZt gS ftlesa Hkqtk CD dk eè;&fcUnq M gSA lfn'kksa vkSj
dks lfn'kksa vkSj ds inksa esa O;Dr dhft,A
→ → → →
4. D;k lfn'k a − b dh yEckbZ lfn'kksa a vkSj b dh yEckb;ksa ds ;ksx ls (i) de gks
ldrh gS] (ii) cjkcj gks ldrh gS ;k (iii) vf/d gks ldrh gS\
→ →
5. ekuk a vkSj b nks vlajs[k lfn'k gSaA la[;k,¡ x vkSj y Kkr dhft,] ;fn lfn'k
→ → → →
(2 − x) a + b vkSj y a + (x − 3) b cjkcj gSaA

432 xf.kr
 lfn'k
→ → → → → 2→ ekWM;
~ y
w - IX
6. lfn'k a vkSj b vlaj[s k gSaA x Kkr dhft,] ;fn lfn'k 3 a + x b vkSj (1 − x) a − b
3
lekUrj gSaA lfn'k ,oa
→ → f=kfoeh;
7. x vkSj y Kkr dhft,] ftlls lfn'k a = −2iˆ + 3jˆ + ykˆ rFkk lfn'k b = xiˆ − 6ˆj + 2kˆ T;kfefr
→ →
lajs[k gksaA a vkSj b ds ifjek.k Hkh Kkr dhft,A
→ → → → →
8. lfn'kksa a + b vkSj a − b ds ifjek.k Kkr dhft,] ;fn a = 3iˆ − 5jˆ + 8kˆ vkSj
→
b = −ˆi + ˆj − 4kˆ gSA
→
fVIi.kh
→
9. lfn'k a dh fn'kk esa ,dd lfn'k Kkr dhft,] tcfd a = −6iˆ + 3jˆ − 2kˆ gSA
10. lfn'kksa 3iˆ − 2ˆj + kˆ vkSj −2iˆ + 4ˆj + kˆ ds ifj.kkeh lfn'k ds lekUrj ,d ,dd lfn'k
Kkr dhft,A
11. fdlh d.k P ij fuEu cy yxs gSa %
→ → →
F1 = 2iˆ + ˆj − 3kˆ , F2 = −3iˆ + 2ˆj + 2kˆ vkSj F3 = 3iˆ − 2ˆj + kˆ , ftUgsa U;wVu esa ekik
x;k gSA
(a) ifj.kkeh cy Kkr dhft,A (b) ifj.kkeh cy dk ifjek.k Kkr dhft,A
12. fn[kkb;s fd fuEu lfn'k leryh; gSa%
→ → → → → → → → → → → →
( a − 2 b + c ) , (2 a + b − 3 c ) vkSj ( −3 a + b + 2 c ) , tcfd a , b vkSj c dksbZ
rhu vleryh; lfn'k gSaA
uuur uuur π π uuur
13. ,d lfn'k OX rFkk OY ds lkFk Øe'k% , dks.k cukrk gSA bl lfn'k }kjk OZ
3 3
ds lkFk cuk;k gqvk dks.k Kkr dhft,A
uuur
14. ;fn varfj{k esa ,d fcUnq P ( 3,1, 2 3) gS] rks OP ds fnd~&dkslkbu Kkr dhft,
tgk¡ O ewy fcUnq gSA
15. fcUnqvksa (−4,1, 7) rFkk (2, –3, 2) dks feykus okys lfn'k ds fnd~&dkslkbu Kkr dhft,A
uuur uuur
16. fnd~ vuqikrksa dh vo/kkj.kk ds iz;ksx ls n'kkZb, fd PQ || RS tgk¡ P, Q, R rFkk S
 3  5 
ds funsZ'kkad Øe'k% (0, 1, 2), (3, 4, 8),  −2, 2 , − 3 rFkk  2 , 6, 6 gSaA
17. ;fn fdlh lfn'k ds fnd~&vuqikr 3, 4, 0 gSa] rks blds fnd~&dkslkbu Kkr dhft,A
18. ,d ,sls lekUrj prqHkqZt dk {ks=Qy Kkr dhft, ftldh layXu Hkqtk,¡ $i + 2 $j + 3k$
rFkk 3$i − 2 $j + k$ }kjk fu:fir gSaA
19. ,d f=Hkqt ABC dk {ks=Qy Kkr dhft, ;fn A, B, C ds funsZ'kkad Øe'k% (3, –1, 2),
(1, –1, –3) rFkk (4, –3, 1) gSaA

20. lfn'kksa 2$i − 3 $j + k$ rFkk 3$i − 4 $j − k$ ds yEcor~ ,d ek=d lfn'k Kkr dhft,A
ur ur ur ur ur ur
21. ;fn A = 2$i − 3 $j − 6k$ rFkk B = $i + 4 $j − 2k$ , rks ( A + B ) × ( A − B ) Kkr dhft,A

xf.kr 433
 lfn'k
r r r r r r
ekWM~;wy - IX 22. fl) dhft, fd % ( a − b) × ( a + b) = 2( a × b) .
r r r ur r r r ur r ur r r
lfn'k ,oa 23. ;fn a × b = c × d vkSj a × c = b × d , rks n'kkZb, fd ( a − d ) rFkk (b − c ) ijLij
f=kfoeh; lekUrj gSaA
T;kfefr r
24. ,d ,sls lekUrj "kVQyd dk vk;ru Kkr dhft, ftlds fdukjs] a = 2$i − 4 $j + 5k$ ,
r r
b = $i − $j + k$ , c = 3$i − 5 $j + 2k$ }kjk fu:fir gSaA
r r r
25. n'kkZb, fd lfn'k] a = 2$i − $j + k$ , b = $i − 3 $j − 5k$ rFkk c = 3$i − 4 $j − 4k$ leryh; gSaA
fVIi.kh
26. ;fn fcUnq A(3, 2, 1), B(4, λ, 5), C(4, 2, –2) rFkk D(6, 5, –1) leryh; gSa] rks λ dk eku Kkr
dhft,A

mÙkjekyk
ns[ksa vkius fdruk lh[kk 34.1
1. (d) 2. (b)
3. N
5 cm
A′ B′
A B
5 cm
W E

fp=k 34.32
4. nks lfn'k lefn'k dgykrs gSa] ;fn mudh fn'kk ogh gks] pkgs muds ifjek.k dqN Hkh gksaA ijUrq
leku lfn'kksa esa ifjek.k vkSj fn'kk nksuksa ogh gksus pkfg;sA
N 50N 100 N N

60°
45°
W E W E
5.

S S
fp=k 34.33 fp=k 34.34

434 xf.kr
 lfn'k
ns[ksa vkius fdruk lh[kk 34.2 ekWM;
~ y
w - IX
→ →
1. 0 2. 0 lfn'k ,oa
f=kfoeh;
ns[ksa vkius fdruk lh[kk 34.3 T;kfefr
→ →
1. b− a
→ →
2. (i) ;g ,d lfn'k gS tks a dh fn'kk esa gS rFkk ftldk ifjek.k a ds ifjek.k dk
3 xquk gSA
→ → fVIi.kh
(ii) ;g b dh foijhr fn'kk esa ,d lfn'k gS] ftldk ifj.kke b ds ifjek.k dk 5 xquk
gSA
→ → → →
3. = b − a rFkk = 2 a+3 b
→ →
4. | y n | = y | n | , ;fn y > 0 5. lfn'k
→
= − y | n | , ;fn y < 0
= 0, ;fn y = 0
→ →
6. p = x q , x ,d 'kwU;srj lfn'k gSA

ns[ksa vkius fdruk lh[kk 34.4

→ → →
1. ;fn x vkSj y bl izdkj gksa fd c = x a + y b
→
2. r = 3iˆ + 4ˆj 3. = 4iˆ + 3jˆ + 5kˆ
1 ˆ 5 ˆ 5 ˆ
5.
1 ˆ
7
(
3i + 6ˆj − 2kˆ ) 6.
51
i−
51
j−
51
k

ns[ksa vkius fdruk lh[kk 34.5

1 → → → →
1. (i) (2 a + 3 b ) (ii) (3 a − 2 b )
5
1 → → 1 → → 1 → →
2. (4 p + 3 q ) 3. (2 c + d ) , ( c + 2 d )
7 3 3
ns[ksa vkius fdruk lh[kk 34.6
1. (i) (0, 1, 0) (ii) 1 (iii) leku ugha
1 1 1
(iv) , , (v) lekuqikrh
3 3 3
(vi) muds oxksZ dk ;ksx 1 ds leku ugha gS (vii) vuUr
32 2 −1 3 −2 8
2. , , 3. , , 4. 0, –1, 1
5 2 5 2 77 77 77

ns[ksa vkius fdruk lh[kk 34.7

π π
1. (i) (ii) (iii) 1
4 4
xf.kr 435
 lfn'k
ekWM~;wy - IX −$i 2 $j k$
2. + − . 3. 42 oxZ bdkbZ 4- 8
lfn'k ,oa 6 6 6
f=kfoeh;
ns[ksa vkius fdruk lh[kk 34.8
T;kfefr
1. 42 ?ku bdkbZ 2. λ = – 2

vkb, vH;kl djsa

fVIi.kh
1. r r r
a+b +c =0
uuur uuuur uuuur uuuur uuuur uuuur
3. BD = BM − MC , AM = BM + 2 MC
r r
4. (i) gk¡ a vkSj b ;k rks vljs[k lfn'k gSa ;k 'kwU;srj lfn'k] ftudh fn'kk ,d gh gSA
r r
(ii) gk¡ a vkSj b ;k rks foijhr fn'kkvksa esa gSa ;k de ls de ,d 'kwU; lfn'k gSA
r r
(iii) gk¡ a vkSj b foijhr fn'kkvksa esa gSaA
5. x = 4, y = –2 6. x = 2, –1
r r
7. x = 4, y = 1 | a | = 14, | b |= 2 14
r r r r
8. | a + b | = 6, | a + b |= 14
6ˆ 3 ˆ 2 ˆ 1
9. − i + j− k 10. ± (iˆ + 2 ˆj + 2kˆ)
7 7 7 3
11. 2iˆ + ˆj; 5

π 3π 3 1 3 6 −4 −5
13. vFkok 14. , , 15. , ,
4 4 4 4 2 77 77 77
3 4 1
17. , ,0 18. 8 3 oxZ bdkbZ 19. 165 oxZ bdkbZ
5 5 2
7iˆ + 5 ˆj + kˆ
20. 21. −60iˆ + 4 ˆj − 22kˆ 24. 8 ?ku bdkbZ
75
26. λ = 5

436 xf.kr
 lery
ekWM;
~ y
w - IX
35 lfn'k ,oa
f=kfoeh;
T;kfefr
lery
vius ?kj esa ,d dejs dks lw{erk ls nsf[k;sA bldh pkj nhokjsa gSa] ,d
fVIi.kh
Nr rFkk ,d iQ'kZ gSA iQ'kZ rFkk Nr nks lekUrj leryksa ds Hkkx gSa] tks E H
viuh lhek ls vifjfer :i ls iQSys gq, gSaA vki lekUrj nhokjksa ds
nks ;qXe Hkh n[ksxsa] tks lekUrj leryksa ds Hkkx gSaA blh izdkj] esatksa ds F G
Vki (Åijh i`"B)] dejksa ds njokts] bR;kfn leryksa ds Hkkxksa ds
mnkgj.k gSaA
D C
;fn ge fdlh lery esa nks fcUnq yas] rks budks feykus okyh js[kk iwjh
B
dh iwjh lery esa fLFkr gksrh gSA ;g lery dh fo'ks"krk gSA A
fp=k 35.1 dks nsf[k;sA vki tkurs gSa fd ;g ,d vk;rkdkj fMCcs dks fp=k 35.1
iznf'kZr djrk gSA blds 6 iQyd gSa] vkB 'kh"kZ rFkk 12 fdukjs gSaA
foijhr vkSj lekUrj iQydksa ds ;qXe gSa%
(i) ABCD vkSj FGHE
(ii) AFED vkSj BGHC
(iii) ABGF vkSj DCHE
rFkk lekUrj fdukjksa ds leqPp; fuEu gSa%
(i) AB, DC, EH vkSj FG
(ii) AD,BC, GH vkSj FE
(iii) AF, BG, CH vkSj DE
mQij fn;s x, 6 iQydksa esa ls izR;sd lery (ry) dk ,d Hkkx gS vkSj ;gk¡ lekUrj leryksa ds
rhu ;qXe gSa ftUgsa foijhr iQyd fu:fir djrs gSaA
bl ikB esa ge ,d lery dk O;kid lehdj.k fudkysaxs] rhu fcUnqvksa ls gksdj tkus okys lery
dk lehdj.k] lery ds lehdj.k dk vUr%[k.M Lo:i rFkk lery ds lehdj.k dk vfHkyEc
Lo:i Kkr djsaxsA

mís';
bl ikB ds vè;;u ds ckn] vki fuEufyf[kr esa leFkZ gks tk,axs %
• ,d lery dks igpkuuk
• ,d lery dk vfHkyac :i esa lehdj.k LFkkfir djuk
• ,d fn, x;s fcUnq ls gksdj tkus okys lery dk O;kid lehdj.k Kkr djuk

xf.kr 437
 lery
ekWM~;wy - IX • rhu fn;s x, fcUnqvksa ls gksdj tkus okys lery dk lehdj.k Kkr djuk
lfn'k ,oa • var%[k.M Lo:i vkSj vfHkyac Lo:i esa lery ds lehdj.k djuk
f=kfoeh; • nks leryksa ds chp dk dks.k Kkr djuk
T;kfefr
iwoZ Kku
• f=kfoe (f=kfoeh;) T;kfefr dk ewy Kku
• ,d js[kk dh fnd&dksT;k,¡ vkSj fnd&vuqikr
fVIi.kh • ,d js[kk[kaM dk vU; js[kk ij iz{ksi
• vkdk'k esa nks js[kkvksa ds yEc vFkok lekUrj gksus ds fy, izfrcU/
35-1 lery dk lfn'k lehdj.k
,d lery dks vf)rh; :i ls Kkr fd;k tk ldrk gS ;fn fuEufyf[kr esa ls dksbZ ,d Kkr gS %
(i) lery dk vfHkyac vkSj ewy fcUnq ls lery dh nwjhA
(ii) lery dk vfHkyac vkSj lery ij ,d fcUnq] fn;k gSA
(iii) ;g fn, x, rhu vlajs[k fcUnqvksa ls gksdj tkrk gSA

35-2 vfHkyac :i esa lery dk lehdj.k

eku yhft, ewy fcUnq O ls lery dh nwjh (OA) d gS vkSj n$ , lery ds vfHkyac ek=d
lfn'k gSA D;ksafd OA, ewy fcUnq O ls lery dh yEcor~
nwjh gS vkSj n$ lery ij yEc ek=d lfn'k gS %
uuur A P( r )
∴ OA = d n$
...(1)
uuur uuur uuur r
vc AP = OP − OA = r − d n$
...(2) d n^ n^
uuur uuur
OA lery ij yEc gS vkSj AP lery esa fLFkr gS]
uuur uuur O
blfy, OA ⊥ AP fp=k 35.2
uuur uuur
⇒ AP . OA = 0
r
i.e. (r − d n$ ).n$ = 0
r
i.e. r.n$ − d = 0
r
i.e. r.n$ = d ...(3)
;g lery ds lehdj.k dk lfn'k :i gSA

35-3 lery ds lehdj.k ds lfn'k :i dks dkrhZ; :i esa

ifjofrZr djuk
eku yhft, fcUnq P ds funsZ'kkad (x, y, z) gSa vkSj l, m, n ek=d lfn'k n$ ds fnd~&dkslkbu gSaA
438 xf.kr
 lery
r $ $ $ ekWM;
~ y
w - IX
rc r = xi + y j + zk
lfn'k ,oa
n$ = li$ + m $j + nk$ f=kfoeh;
r
r rFkk n$ dk eku lehdj.k (3) esa izfrLFkkfir djus ij] T;kfefr
( xi$ + y $j + zk$ ) . (li$ + m $y + nk$ ) = d
⇒ lx + my + nz = d
tks fd lery ds vfHkyac :i lehdj.k dk laxr dkrhZ; :i gSA fVIi.kh
r r
fVIi.kh% lehdj.k (3) esa ;fn r . n = d lery dk lehdj.k gS] rks d lery dh ewy fcUnq
r
ls nwjh ugha gSA lery dh ewy fcUnq ls nwjh Kkr djus ds fy, gesa nksuksa i{kksa dks | n |
r d
ls foHkkftr dj] n dks n$ esa ifjofrZr djuk iM+sxkA blfy, r lery dh ewy fcUnq ls
|n|
nwjh gSA
r
mnkgj.k 35.1. lery r . (6$i − 3 $j − 2k$ ) − 1 = 0 dh ewy fcUnq ls nwjh Kkr dhft,A lery
ij yEc ek=d lfn'k ds fnd~&dkslkbu Hkh Kkr dhft,A
r
gy : fn, gq, lehdj.k dks r . (6$i − 3 $j − 2k$ ) = 1 ds :i esa fy[kk tk ldrk gSA
| 6$i − 3 $j − 2k$ | = 36 + 9 + 4 = 7
fn, gq, lehdj.k ds nksuksa i{kksa dks 7 ls Hkkx djus ij
r
r . (6$i − 3 $j − 2k$ ) 1
=
7 7
r 6 3 2  1
i.e. r .  $i − $j − k$  =
7 7 7  7
1
blfy, lery dh ewy fcUnq ls nwjh = bdkbZ
7
6 −3 −2
lery ds vfHkyac ek=d lfn'k ds fnd~&dkslkbu , , gSaA
7 7 7

35-4 fn, gq, fcUnq ls gksdj tkus okys ,oa fn, gq, lfn'k ds
vfHkyEc lery dk lehdj.k
r
eku yhft,] fn, gq, fcUnq A dk fLFkfr lfn'k a gS rFkk
r
r lery ij fdlh LosPN fcUnq P dk fLFkfr lfn'k gSA A
r P( r )
(a)
n lery ij yEc ,d lfn'k gSA
uuur uuur uuur r r
vc AP = OP − OA = r − a
r r r
vc n ⊥ (r − a ) n
r r r
∴ (r − a) . n = 0 ...(4) O
fp=k 35.3
;g O;kid :i esa lery dk lfn'k lehdj.k gSA
xf.kr 439
 lery
ekWM~;wy - IX 35-5 dkrhZ; :i
lfn'k ,oa
f=kfoeh; eku yhft, fcUnq A ds funsZ'kkad (x1, y1, z1) rFkk fcUnq P ds funsZ'kkad (x, y, z) gSaA blds
r
T;kfefr vfrfjDr a, b, c vfHkyac lfn'k n ds fnd~&vuqikr gSaA
r
rc r = xi$ + y $j + zk$
r
a = x1$i + y1 $j + z1 k$
fVIi.kh r
n = ai$ + b $j + ck$
r r r
r , a rFkk n ds ekuksa dks lehdj.k ¼4½ esa izfrLFkkfir djus ij]
{( x − x1 )i + ( y − y1 ) j + ( z − z1 )k } .{ ai + bj + ck } =0

⇒ a ( x − x1 ) + b( y − y1 ) + c( z − z1 ) = 0
⇒ ax + by + cz = ax1 + by1 + cz1 = d ¼eku yhft,½
tks fd lery dk O;kid lehdj.k gSA
mnkgj.k 35.2. ,d (5, 5, –4) ls gksdj tkus okys rFkk 2, 3, –1 fnd~ vuqikr okyh js[kkvksa
ds yEcor~ lery dk lfn'k lehdj.k Kkr dhft,A
r
gy : ;gk¡ ij a = 5$i + 5 $j − 4k$
r
rFkk n = 2$i + 3 $j − k$
r
( )
∴ lery dk lehdj.k gS r − (5$i + 5 $j − 4k$ ) . (2$i + 3 $j − k$ ) = 0

35-6 rhu vlajs[k fcUnqvksa ls gksdj tkus okys lery dk lehdj.k

(a) lfn'k :i%
r r r
eku yhft, fcUnqvksa Q, R rFkk S ds fLFkfr lfn'k rØe'k% a, b rFkk c gSaA blds vfrfjDr
lery ij fdlh LosPN fcUnq P dk fLFkfr lfn'k r gSA
uuur r r uuur r r uuur r r uuur uuur
lfn'k QR = b − a, QS = c − a rFkk QP = r − a ,d gh ry esa fLFkr gSa vkSj QR × QS ,d ,slk
uuur uuur uuur uuur uuur
lfn'k gS tks QR rFkk QS nksuksa ij yEc gSA blfy, QR × QS , QP ij Hkh yEc gSA
P( r )
uuur uuur uuur
∴ QP . (QR × QS ) = 0 Q( a )

r r r r r r
{ }
(r − a ). (b − a ) × (c − a ) = 0 ...(5)

;g lery dk lfn'k lehdj.k gSA S( c )

R( b )

(b) dkrhZ ; :i% fp=k 35.4

eku yhft, fcUnq P, Q, R rFkk S ds funsZ'kkad Øe'k% (x, y, z), (x1, y1, z1), (x2, y2,
z2) rFkk (x3, y3, z3) gSaA

440 xf.kr
 lery
uuur r r ekWM;
~ y
w - IX
∴ QP = r − a = ( x − x1 )$i + ( y − y1 ) $j + ( z − z1 )k$
uuur r r lfn'k ,oa
QR = b − a = ( x2 − x1 )$i + ( y2 − y1 ) $j + ( z2 − z1 )k$ f=kfoeh;
uuur r r T;kfefr
QS = c − a = ( x3 − x1 )$i + ( y3 − y1 ) $j + ( z3 − z1 )k$
buds eku lehdj.k ¼5½ esa izfrLFkkfir djus ij
x − x1 y − y1 z − z1
x2 − x1 y2 − y1 z2 − z1 = 0 ...(6) fVIi.kh
x3 − x1 y3 − y1 z3 − z1
;g lery dk dkrhZ; :i esa lehdj.k gSA
mnkgj.k 35.3. fcUnqvksa Q(2, 5, –3), R(–2, –3, 5) rFkk S(5, 3, –3) ls gksdj tkus okys lery
dk lfn'k lehdj.k Kkr dhft,A
r r r r
gy : eku yhft,] a, b rFkk c Øe'k% Q, R rFkk S ds fLFkfr lfn'k gSa vkSj r lery ij
fdlh LosPN fcUnq dk fLFkfr lfn'k gSA
r r r r r r
lery dk lfn'k lehdj.k {r − a}.{ (b − a) × (c − a)} = 0
r
;gk¡ a = 2$i + 5 $j − 3k$
r
b = −2$i − 3 $j + 5k$
r
c = 5$i + 3 $j − 3k$
r r
b−a = −4$i − 8 $j + 8k$
r r
c−a = 3$i − 2 $j
r
blfy, {r − (2$i + 5 $j − 3k$ )}.{(−4$i − 8 $j + 8k$ ) × (3$i − 2 $j )} = 0
lery dk vHkh"V lehdj.k gSA
35.7 lery ds lehdj.k dk vUr%[k.M Lo:i
eku yhft, fd lery ds x, y vkSj z v{kksa ij dkVs x, vUr%[k.Mksa dh yEckb;k¡ Øe'k% a, b vkSj
c gSaA
nwljs 'kCnksa esa] lery fcUnqvksa (a,0,0), (0,b,0) vkSj (0,0,c) ls gksdj tkrk gSA
vr% x1 = a y1 = 0 z1 = 0
x2 = 0 y2 = b z2 = 0
x3 = 0 y3 = 0 z3 = c
lehdj.k (6) esa j[kus ij] lery dk lehdj.k gS%
x−a y z
−a b 0 =0
−a 0 c

xf.kr 441
 lery
ekWM~;wy - IX ;k bcx + acy + abz − abc = 0 (ljy djus ij)
x y z
lfn'k ,oa ;k + + =1 .....(7)
a b z
f=kfoeh;
T;kfefr lehdj.k (7) lery ds lehdj.k dk vUr%[k.M Lo:i dgykrk gSA
mnkgj.k 35.4. fcUnqvksa (0, 2, 3), (2, 0, 3) vkSj (2, 3, 0) ls gksdj tkus okys lery dk lehdj.k
Kkr dhft,A
gy % (6) dk iz;ksx djrs gq,] lery dk lehdj.k gS%
fVIi.kh x−0 y−2 z−3
2−0 0−2 3−3 =0
2−0 3−2 0−3
x y−2 z−3
;k 2 −2 0 =0
2 1 −3
;k x ( 6 − 0 ) − ( y − 2 ) ( −6 ) + ( z − 3 ) ( 2 + 4 ) = 0
;k 6x + 6 ( y − 2 ) + 6 ( z − 3 ) = 0
;k x+y−2+z−3=0 ;k x+y+z=5
mnkgj.k 35.5. fn[kkb;s fd fcUnqvksa (2, 2, 0), (2, 0, 2) vkSj (4, 3, 1) ls gksdj tkus okys lery dk
lehdj.k x = y + z gSA
gy % fcUnq (2, 2, 0) ls gksdj tkus okys lery dk lehdj.k gS%
a ( x − 2 ) + b ( y − 2 ) + cz = 0 .....(i)
fcUnq (2,0,2) esa ls gksdj tkrk gS
∴ a ( 2 − 2 ) + b ( 0 − 2 ) + 2c = 0
;k c=b .....(ii)
iqu% (i) fcUnq (4,3,1) ls gksdj tkrk gSA
∴ a(4 − 2) + b(3 − 2) + c = 0
;k 2a + b + c = 0 ....(iii)
(ii) vkSj (iii) ls] gesa izkIr gksrk gS %
2a + 2b = 0 ;k a = −b
∴ (i) gks tkrk gS % −b ( x − 2 ) + b ( y − 2 ) + bz = 0
;k −( x − 2) + y − 2 + z = 0
;k y+z−x =0
;k x = y+z
tks fd lery dk vHkh"V lehdj.k gSA
442 xf.kr
 lery
mnkgj.k 35.6. lery ds lehdj.k 4x − 5y + 6z − 60 = 0 dks vUr%[k.M Lo:i esa O;Dr ekWM;
~ y
w - IX
dhft,A blds funsZ'kkad v{kksa ij vUr%[k.M Kkr dhft,A lfn'k ,oa
gy % lery dk lehdj.k gS% f=kfoeh;
4x − 5y + 6z − 60 = 0 ;k 4x − 5y + 6z = 60 ....(i) T;kfefr
4x 5y 6z x y z
(i) dks iqu% fy[kis ij − + = 1 ;k + + =1
60 60 60 15 ( −12 ) 10
tks fd lery dk vUr%[k.M Lo:i esa vHkh"V lehdj.k gSA lkFk gh funsZ'kkad v{kksa x, y vkSj z ij
fVIi.kh
Øe'k% vUr% [k.M 15, −12 vkSj 10 gSA
mnkgj.k 35.7. fuEu esa ls izR;sd lery ds lehdj.k dks vfHkyEc Lo:i esa cnfy;s %
(i) 2x − 3y + 4z − 5 = 0 (ii) 2x + 6y − 3z + 5 = 0
nksuksa voLFkkvksa esa] ewyfcUnq ls leryksa ij yEc dh yEckb;k¡ Hkh Kkr dhft;sA
gy % (i) lery dh lehdj.k gS% 2x − 3y + 4z − 5 = 0 .......(A)

(A) dks 22 + ( −32 ) + 42 ;k 29 ls Hkkx nsus ij

2x 3y 4z 5
− + − =0
29 29 29 29
2x 3y 4z 5
;k − + =
29 29 29 29
tks fd lery dk vfHkyEc Lo:i esa lehdj.k gSA
5
∴ ewyfcUnq ls Mkys x, yEc dh yEckbZ gSA
29

(ii) lery dk lehdj.k gS% 2x + 6y − 3z + 5 = 0 .....(B)

(B) dks 22 + 62 + ( −3 )2 ;k −7 ls Hkkx nsus ij]

2x 6y 3z 5 2x 6y 3z 5
− − + − = 0 ;k − − + =
7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7
tks fd lery dk vfHkyEc Lo:i esa lehdj.k gSA
5
ewyfcUnq ls lery ij [khaps x;s yEc dh yEckbZ gSA
7
mnkgj.k 35.8. ewyfcUnq ls fdlh lery ij [khaps x;s yEc ds ikn ds funsZ'kkad (4]&2]&5)
gSA ml lery dk lehdj.k Kkr dhft;sA
gy % ekuk ewyfcUnq O ls lery ij [khaps x;s yEc dk ikn fcUnq P gSA
rc P ds funsZ'kkad (4,–2,–5) gSaA
fcUnq P (4,–2,–5) ls gksdj tkus okys lery dk lehdj.k gS %

xf.kr 443
 lery
ekWM~;wy - IX a ( x − 4) + b( y + 2) + c( z + 5) = 0 .....(i) O

lfn'k ,oa vc OP lery ij yEc gS rFkk OP dh fnDdksT;k,¡

f=kfoeh; fuEu ds lekuqikrh gS %
T;kfefr 4 − 0, −2 − 0, −5 − 0
;k 4, −2, −5 P (4, –2, –5)

(i) esa] a, b, c ds LFkku ij 4,–2,–5 j[kus ij gesa izkIr gksrk gS % fp=k 35.5
fVIi.kh 4( x − 4) − 2( y + 2) − 5( z + 5) = 0
;k 4x − 16 − 2y − 4 − 5z − 25 = 0
;k 4x − 2y − 5z = 45
tks fd lery dk vHkh"V lehdj.k gSA

ns[ksa vkius fdruk lh[kk 35.1

1. lery ds fuEu lehdj.kksa dks vfHkyEc Lo:i esa cnfy;s%
(i) 4x + 12y − 6z − 28 = 0 (ii) 3y + 4z + 3 = 0
2. ewyfcUnq ls ,d lery ij [khaps x, yEc dk ikn fcUnq (1, −3,1) gSA ml lery dk
lehdj.k Kkr dhft,A
3. ewyfcUnq ls lery ij [khps x, yEc ds ikn ds funsZ'kkad (1, −2,1). gSaA ml lery dk
lehdj.k Kkr dhft,A
4. fuEu fcUnqvksa ls gksdj tkus okys leryksa ds lehdj.k Kkr dhft, %
(a) ( 2, 2, − 1 ) , ( 3, 4, 2 ) vkSj ( 7, 0, 6 )
(b) ( 2, 3, − 3 ) , ( 1, 1, − 2 ) vkSj ( −1, 1, 4 )
(c) ( 2, 2, 2 ) , ( 3, 1, 1 ) vkSj ( 6, − 4, − 6 )
5. fn[kkb;s fd fcUnqvksa (3, 3,1) , (−3, 2 − 1) vkSj (8, 6, 3) ls gksdj tkus okys lery dk
lehdj.k 4x + 2y − 13z = 5 gSA
6- ,d ,sls lery dk lehdj.k Kkr dhft,] ftlds funsZ'kkad v{kksa ij dkVs x, vUr%[k.M
Øe'k% 2] 3 rFkk 4 gSaA
7. lery 2x + 3y + 4z = 24 }kjk funsZ'kkad v{kksa ij dkVs x, vUr%[k.M Kkr dhft,A
8. fn[kkb;s fd fcUnq ( −1, 4, −3 ) , ( 3, 2, −5 ) , ( −3, 8, −5 ) rFkk ( −3, 2,1 ) leryh; gSaA
9. (i) lery x – 4y + 3z = 7 ds vfHkyac ds fnd~&dkslkbu D;k gSa\
(ii) lery 2x + 3y – z = 17 dh ewy fcUnq ls nwjh D;k gS\
r r
(iii) lery r.($i − $j + 3k$ ) = 7 rFkk r.(3$i − 12 $j − 5k$ ) = 6, ijLij -------------- gSaA

444 xf.kr
 lery
r
10. lery ds lehdj.k r.(2$i + 3 $j − 4k$ ) = 1 dks dkrhZ; :i esa ifjofrZr dhft,A
ekWM;
~ y
w - IX
11. fcUnqvksa (1, 1, 0), (1, 2, 1) rFkk (–2, 2, –1) ls gksdj tkus okys lery dk lfn'k lfn'k ,oa
lehdj.k Kkr dhft,A f=kfoeh;
T;kfefr
12. fcUnq (1, 4, 6) ls gksdj tkus okys rFkk lfn'k $i − 2 $j + k$ ds vfHkyac lery dk lfn'k
lehdj.k Kkr dhft,A

35.8 nks leryksa ds chp dk dks.k

fVIi.kh
ekuk nks lery p1 vkSj p2 ds lehdj.k gSa%
a1x + b1y + c1z + d1 = 0 ....(i)

vkSj a 2 x + b2 y + c2 z + d 2 = 0 ....(ii)
ekuk nksuksa lery js[kk l esa izfrPNsn djrs gSaA ekuk nksuksa leryksa ds chp dk dks.k θ gSA
∴ nksuksa leryksa ds vfHkyEcksa dh fnDdksT;k,¡ gSa %
a1 b1 c1
± ± ±
, ,
a12 + b12 + c12 a12 + b12 + c12 a12 + b12 + c12

vkSj a2 b2 c2
± , ± , ±
a 22 + b22 + c22 a 22 + b22 + c22 a 22 + b22 + c22

a1a 2 + b1b 2 + c1c 2

∴ cos θ = ±
a12 + b12 + c12 a 22 + b22 + c22

fpUg + ;k & dk bl rjg pquko djuk gS fd cos θ /ukRed gksA

miizes; 1 : tc nks lery ijLij yEc gksa] rks
θ = 90° , vFkkZr~ cos θ = 0
nks leryksa a1x + b1y + c1z + d1 = 0 vkSj a 2 x + b2 y + c2 z + d 2 = 0 dk ,d nwljs ij yEc
gksus ds fy, izfrcU/ gS fd a1a 2 + b1b2 + c1c2 = 0 gksA
miizes; 2 : ;fn nks lery lekUrj gksa] rks bu leryksa ds vfHkyEc Hkh lekUrj gksxsaA
a1 b c
∴ = 1 = 1
a2 b2 c2
nks lery a1x + b1y + c1z + d1 = 0 rFkk a 2 x + b2 y + c2 z + d 2 = 0 ijLij lekUrj gksa] ds
a1 b1 c1
fy, izfrcU/ gS fd a = b = c gksA blls ;g vFkZ fudyrk gS fd nks lekUrj leryksa ds
2 2 2
lehdj.kksa dsoy ,d vpj jkf'k gh gksrk gSA
∴ lery ax + by + cz + d = 0 ds lekUrj lery dk lehdj.k ax + by + cz + k = 0 gS] tcfd
k ,d vpj jkf'k gSA

xf.kr 445
 lery
ekWM~;wy - IX mnkgj.k 35.9. fuEu leryksa ds chp dk dks.k Kkr dhft;s %
lfn'k ,oa 3x + 2y − 6z + 7 = 0 ......(i)
f=kfoeh;
T;kfefr vkSj 2x + 3y + 2z − 5 = 0 ......(ii)
gy % ;gk¡ ij] a1 = 3, b1 = 2, c1 = −6
vkSj a 2 = 2, b2 = 3, c2 = 2
;fn leryksa (i) vkSj (ii) ds chp dk dks.k θ gS] rks
fVIi.kh
3.2 + 2.3 + ( −6 ) .2
cos θ = =0
2
32 + 22 + ( −6 ) 22 + 32 + 22
∴ θ = 90°
bl izdkj] lery (i) vkSj (ii) ,d nwljs ij yEc gSaA
mnkgj.k 35.10 lery x − 3y + 4z − 1 = 0 ds lekUrj ,d lery dk lehdj.k Kkr
dhft;s] ;fn og fcUnq (3, 1, –2) ls gksdj tkrk gksA
gy % ekuk lery x − 3y + 4z − 1 = 0 ds lekUrj lery dk lehdj.k gS %
x − 3y + 4z + k = 0 ..... (i)

pw¡fd (i) fcUnq ( 3,1, −2 ) ls gksdj tkrk gS blfy,

∴ 3 − 3 ( 1 ) + 4 ( −2 ) + k = 0
;k 3 − 3 − 8 + k = 0 ;k k = 8
∴ lery dk vHkh"V lehdj.k x − 3y + 4z + 8 = 0 gSA
mnkgj.k 35.11. fcUnqvksa (–1, 2, 3) vkSj (2, –3, 4) ls gksdj tkus okys ml lery dk lehdj.k
Kkr dhft;s] tks lery 3x + y − z + 5 = 0 ij yEc gSA
gy % fcUnq (–1, 2, 3) ls gksdj tkus okys fdlh lery dk lehdj.k gS
a ( x + 1) + b ( y − 2 ) + c ( z − 3 ) = 0 .....(i)
fcUnq (2,–3, 4) lery (i) esa fLFkr gSA
∴ 3a − 5b + c = 0 ....(ii)
iqu%] lery (i) lery 3x + y − z + 5 = 0 ij yEc gSA
∴ 3a + b − c = 0 ....(iii)
(ii) vkSj (iii) ls otzxq.ku fof/ }kjk]
a b c a b c
= = ;k = =
4 6 18 2 3 9
vr% lery dk vHkh"V lehdj.k gS %
2(x + 1) + 3(y − 2) + 9(z − 3) = 0 ....[(i) ls]
;k 2x + 3y + 9z = 31

446 xf.kr
 lery
mnkgj.k 35.12. fcUnq (2,–1,5) ls gksj tkus okys ml lery dk lehdj.k Kkr dhft;s] tks ekWM;
~ y
w - IX
leryksa x + 2y – z = 1 rFkk 3x – 4y + z = 5 esa ls izR;sd ij yEc gks % lfn'k ,oa
gy % fcUnq (2]&1]5) ls gksdj tkus okys lery dk lehdj.k gS f=kfoeh;
T;kfefr
a ( x − 2 ) + b ( y + 1) + c ( z − 5 ) = 0 .....(i)
;g lery] leryksa x + 2y − z = 1 rFkk 3x − 4y + z = 5 ij yEc gSA
∴ a.1 + b.2 + c.(−1) = 0
fVIi.kh
rFkk a.3 + b.( −4) + c.(1) = 0
;k a + 2b − c = 0 .........(ii)
3a − 4b + c = 0 ........(iii)
(ii) vkSj (iii) ls] gesa izkIr gksrk gS %
a b c
= =
2 − 4 −3 − 1 −4 − 6
a b c
;k = =
−2 −4 −10
a b c
;k = = = λ (ekuk)
1 2 5
∴ a = λ, b = 2λ vkSj c = 5λ
a, b rFkk c ds eku (i) esa j[kus ij] gesa izkIr gksrk gS %
λ ( x − 2 ) + 2λ ( y + 1 ) + 5λ ( z − 5 ) = 0
;k x − 2 + 2y + 2 + 5z − 25 = 0
;k x + 2y + 5z − 25 = 0
tks fd lery dk vHkh"V lehdj.k gSA

ns[ksa vkius fdruk lh[kk 35.2

1. leryksa ds chp dk dks.k Kkr dhft;s %
(i) 2x − y + z = 6 vkSj x + y + 2z = 3
(ii) 3x − 2y + z + 17 = 0 vkSj 4x + 3y − 6z + 25 = 0
2. fl¼ dhft;s fd fuEu lery ,d nwljs ij yEc gSa %
(i) x + 2y + 2z = 0 vkSj 2x + y − 2z = 0
(ii) 3x + 4y − 5z = 9 vkSj 2x + 6y + 6z = 7
3. fcUnq (2, 3, –1) ls gksdj tkus okys rFkk lery 2x + 3y + 6z + 7 = 0 ds lekUrj lery dk
lehdj.k Kkr dhft;sA

xf.kr 447
 lery
ekWM~;wy - IX 4. fcUnqvksa (–1,1,1) vkSj (1,–1,1) ls
gksdj tkus okys ml lery dk lehdj.k Kkr dhft;s] tks
lfn'k ,oa lery x + 2y + 2z = 5 ij yEc gSA
f=kfoeh; 5. ewyfcUnq ls gksdj tkus okys ml lery dk lehdj.k Kkr dhft;s] tks fuEu esa izR;sd
T;kfefr lery ij yEc gS% x + 2y + 2z = 0 vkSj 2x + y + 2z = 0

35.9 ,d lery ls ,d fcUnq dh nwjh

ekuk lery dk vfHkyEc Lo:i esa lehdj.k gS%
fVIi.kh x cos α + y cos β + z cos γ = p ] tcfd p > 0 .......(i)
voLFkk I : ekuk fcUnq P (x', y', z') lery ds ml vksj fLFkr gS ftl vksj ewyfcUnq gSA
lery (i) ds lekUrj fcUnq P ls gksdj tkus okyk] lery [khafp;sA
bldk lehdj.k gS%
x cos α + y cos β + z cos γ = p ' .....(ii)
tcfd p', ewyfcUnq ls lery (ii) ij [khaps x, yEc dh yEckbZ gSA
P dh lery (i) ls ykfEcd nwjh = p–p'
D;ksafd lery (ii) fcUnq (x',y',z') ls gksdj tkrk gS] blfy,
x ' cos α + y ' cos β + z ' cos γ = p '
∴ P dh fn;s x;s lery ls nwjh
p − p ' = p − ( x ' cos α + y ' cos β + z ' cos γ )
voLFkk II : ;fn fcUnq P lery ds ml vksj fLFkr u gks ftl vksj ewy fcUnq gS (vFkkZr~ P vkSj
ewyfcUnq lery dh foijhr fn'kkvksa esa gSa)] rks
P dh lery (i) ls nwjh
= p '− p = x ' cos α + y ' cos β + z ' cos γ − p
fVIi.kh% ;fn lery dk lehdj.k ax + by + cz + d = 0, fn;k x;k gks] rks igys ge bls
vfHkyEc Lo:i esa cny ysrs gSa vkSj fiQj mQij fn;k x;k lw=k iz;ksx djrs gSaA

mnkgj.k 35.13. fcUnq (1,2,3) dh lery 3x − 2y + 5z + 17 = 0 ls nwjh Kkr dhft;sA

3.1 − 2.2 + 5.3 + 17 31
gy % vHkh"V nwjh = =
32 + (−2) 2 + 52 38 bdkbZ
mnkgj.k 35.14. leryksa
x − 2y + 3z − 6 = 0
rFkk 2x − 4y + 6z + 17 = 0
ds chp dh nwjh Kkr dhft;sA
gy % leryksa ds lehdj.k gSa %
x − 2y + 3z − 6 = 0 ....(i)
2x − 4y + 6z + 17 = 0 ....(ii)

448 xf.kr
 lery
1 ( −2 ) 3 ekWM;
~ y
w - IX
;gk¡] = =
2 ( −4 ) 6 lfn'k ,oa
∴ lery (i) rFkk (ii) lekarj gSaA f=kfoeh;
lery (i) ij dksbZ fcUnq gS% (6,0,0) T;kfefr
∴ lery (i) rFkk (ii) ds chp dh nwjh
= fcUnq (6]0]0) ls lery (ii) dh nwjh
2 × 6 − 4.0 + 6.0 + 17
= fVIi.kh
2 2
( 2 ) + ( −4 ) + 62
29 29
= bdkbZ = bdkbZ
56 2 14

ns[ksa vkius fdruk lh[kk 35.3

1. fn;s x;s fcUnq ls lery dh nwjh Kkr dhft, %
(i) ( 2, − 3,1 ) , 5x − 2y + 3z + 11 = 0

(ii) ( 3, 4, − 5 ) , 2x − 3y + 3z + 27 = 0

2. leryksa 3x + y − z − 7 = 0 rFkk 6x + 2y − 2z + 11 = 0 ds chp dh nwjh Kkr

dhft;sA
C

1A
% +
vkb;s nksgjk,¡
• lery ,d ,slk i`"B gS fd ;fn blesa fLFkr dksbZ nks fcUnq fy;s tk,¡] rks budks feykus okyh
iwjh js[kk blesa fLFkr gksrh gSA
r
• r.nˆ = d lery dk lfn'k lehdj.k gS tgk¡ n̂ lery ds vfHkyac ek=kd lfn'k gS vkSj
d lery dh ewy fcUnq ls nwjh gSA
• bldk laxr dkrhZ; :i lx + my + nz = d gS] tgk¡ l, m, n lery ds vfHkyac lfn'k
ds fnd~&dkslkbu gSa vkSj d lery dh ewy fcUnq ls nwjh gSA
r r r r
• (r − a).n = 0 lery dk ,d vU; lfn'k lehdj.k gS tgk¡ a lery ij fn, gq, fcUnq
r
dk fLFkfr lfn'k gS vkSj n lery dk vfHkyac lfn'k gSA
• bldk laxr dkrhZ; :i a(x − x1 ) + b(y − y1 ) + c(z − z1 ) = 0 gSa_ tgk¡ a, b, c
lery ds vfHkyac lfn'k ds fnd~&vuqikr gSa vkSj (x1, y1, z1 ) lery ij fn, gq, fcUnq
ds funsZ'kkad gSaA
r r r r r r
• (r − a).{(b − a) × (c − a)} = 0 ,d ,sls lery dk lehdj.k gS tks rhu fcUnqvksa ls
r r r
gksdj tkrk gS vkSj mu rhu fcUnqvksa ds fLFkfr lfn'k Øe'k% a, b rFkk c gSaA
xf.kr 449
 lery
ekWM~;wy - IX
x − x1 y − y1 z − z1
lfn'k ,oa
• bldk laxr dkrhZ; lehdj.k x 2 − x1 y 2 − y1 z 2 − z1 = 0 gSA
f=kfoeh;
x 3 − x1 y3 − y1 z3 − z1
T;kfefr
• lery dk O;kid lehdj.k gS % ax + by + cz + d = 0
x y z
• lery ds lehdj.k dk vUr%[k.M Lo:i gS% + + =1
a b c
fVIi.kh
tcfd a, b vkSj c lery }kjk Øe'k% x,y vkSj z v{kksa ij vUr%[k.M gSaA
• nks leryksa a1x + b1y + c1z + d1 = 0 vkSj a 2 x + b2 y + c2z + d 2 = 0 ds chp dk
dks.k θ fuEu lEcU/ ls Kkr gksrk gS%
a1a 2 + b1b 2 + c1c 2
cos θ = ±
a12 + b12 + c12 a 22 + b 22 + c22
• nks lery ,d nwljs ij yEc gSa] ;fn vkSj dsoy ;fn
a1a 2 + b1b2 + c1c2 = 0

1 1 1 a b c
• nks lery ijLij lekUrj gSa] ;fn vkSj dsoy ;fn a = b = c gksA
2 2 2
• lery x cos α + y cos β + z cos ν ls ,d fcUnq x ', y ', z ' dh nwjh
p − ( x ' cos α + y ' cos β + z ' cos γ ) gS] tcfd fcUnq ( x ', y ', z ' ) lery ls ewyfcUnq
dh vksj gh fLFkr gksA

lgk;d osclkbV
• http://www.mathopenref.com/plane.html
• http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plane_(geometry)
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jNZPcX4lK-8

vkb, vH;kl djsa

1- fcUnq (–2, 5, 4) ls gksdj tkus okys lery dk lehdj.k Kkr dhft;sA
2- ml lery dk lehdj.k Kkr dhft;s tks fcUnqvksa (2] 1] 4) vkSj (2] 6] 4) dks feykus
okys js[kk[k.M dks 2 % 3 ds vkUrfjd vuqikr esa foHkkftr djrk gSA
3- fcUnqvksa (1]1]0)](1]2]1) vkSj (&2]2]&1) ls gksdj tkus okys lery dk lehdj.k Kkr
dhft;sA
4- fn[kkb;s fd pkj fcUnq (0, –1, –1), (4, 5, 1), (3, 9, 4) vkSj (–4, 4, 4) leryh; gSaA ml lery
dk lehdj.k Hkh Kkr dhft;s] ftlesa ;s fcUnq fLFkr gSA

450 xf.kr
 lery
5- fcUnq (1, –2, –3) ls ,d lery ij [khaps x, yEc dk ikn fcUnq (3, 2, –1) gSA ml lery ekWM;
~ y
w - IX
dk lehdj.k Kkr dhft,A lfn'k ,oa
6- leryksa x + y + 2z = 9 vkSj 2x – y + z = 15 ds chp dk dks.k Kkr dhft;sA f=kfoeh;
7- fl¼ dhft;s fd lery 3x – 5y + 8z – 2 = 0 vkSj 12x – 20y + 32 z + 9 = 0 lekUrj gSaA T;kfefr
8- k dk og eku Kkr dhft;s ftlds fy, lery 3x – 2y + kz – 1 = 0 vkSj x + ky + 5z + 2
= 0 ,d nwljs ij yEc gksaA
9- fcUnq (3, 2, –5) dh lery 2x – 3y – 5z = 7 ls nwjh Kkr dhft,A
10- fcUnq (3, –1, 5) ls gksdj tkus okys rFkk (2, –3, 1) fnd~&vuqikrksa okyh js[kk ds yEc lery
fVIi.kh
dk lfn'k lehdj.k Kkr dhft,A
11- ,d ,sls lery dk lfn'k lehdj.k Kkr dhft, tks ewy fcUnq ls 7 bdkbZ dh nwjh ij gS
rFkk lfn'k 3iˆ + 5 ˆj − 6kˆ ds lkFk yEcor~ gSA
12- fcUnqvksa A(–2, 6, –6), B(–3, 10, –9) rFkk C(–5, 0, –6) ls gksdj tkus okys lery dk lfn'k
lehdj.k Kkr dhft,A

mÙkjekyk
ns[ksa vkius fdruk lh[kk 35.1
4x 12y 6z 3 4 3
1. (i) + − =2 (ii) − y− z=
14 14 14 5 5 5
2. x − 3y + z − 11 = 0 3. x − 2y + z − 6 = 0

4. (a) 5x + 2y − 3z − 17 = 0 (b) 3x − y + z = 0

(c) x + 2y − z = 4
x y z
6. + + =1
2 3 4
7. x, y vkSj z funsZ'kkad v{kksa ij vUr% [k.M Øe'k% 12]8 vkSj 6 gSaA
1 −4 3 17
9. (i) , , (ii) bdkbZ (iii) yEc
26 26 26 14
r
10. 2 x + 3 y − 4 z = 1 11. r.(2$i + 3 $j − 3k$ ) = 5
r
12. r.($i − 2 $j + k$ ) + 1 = 0

ns[ksa vkius fdruk lh[kk 35.2

π π
1. (i) (ii)
3 2
3. 2x + 3y + 6z = 7

xf.kr 451
 lery
ekWM~;wy - IX 4. 2x + 2y − 3z + 3 = 0
lfn'k ,oa 5. 2x − 2y + z = 0
f=kfoeh;
T;kfefr
ns[ksa vkius fdruk lh[kk 35.3
30 6
1. (i) bdkbZ (ii) bdkbZ
38 22
25
fVIi.kh 2. bdkbZ
2 11
vkb, vH;kl djsa
1. a ( x + 2) + b( y − 5) + c( z − 4) = 0

2. a ( x − 2) + b( y − 3) + c( z − 4) = 0
3. 2x + 3y − 3z − 5 = 0
4. 5x − 7y + 11z + 4 = 0 5. x + 2y + z = 6

π 18
6. 8. k = −1 9.
3 38

10. { rr − (−3iˆ + ˆj + 5kˆ } . (2iˆ − 3jˆ + k)ˆ = 0

r  3iˆ + 5jˆ − 6kˆ 
11. r.  =7
 70 

12. { rr − (−2iˆ + 6ˆj − 6kˆ } . { (−ˆi + 4ˆj − 3k)ˆ × (−3iˆ − 6ˆj} = 0

452 xf.kr
 ljy js[kk
ekWM;
~ y
w - IX
36 lfn'k ,oa
f=kfoeh;
T;kfefr
ljy js[kk
fp=k 36.1 esa]] ,d vk;rkdkj fMCck gS ftlds N% i`"B gSaA ;s i`"B
fVIi.kh
N% ryksa ds Hkkx gSaA bl fp=k esa] ABCD rFkk EFGH lekUrj G F

lery gSaA blh izdkj] ADGH rFkk BCFE lekUrj lery gSa rFkk H
E
ABEH rFkk CFGD Hkh ,sls gh lery gSaA nks lery ABCD rFkk
CFGD ijLij js[kk CD ij dkVrs gSaA ,slk gh fdlh Hkh nks vklUu D
C
leryksa esa gksrk gSA bl izdkj] vki ns[ksaxs fd lery ijLij
js[kkvksa esa feyrs gSa rFkk fdukjs 'kh"kZ fcUnqvksa ij feyrs gSaA A B
fp=k 36.1
bl ikB esa] ge varfj{k esa js[kk dk lefer :i esa lehdj.k] js[kk
ds O;kid lehdj.k dks lefer :i esa cnyuk] ,d fcUnq dh ,d
js[kk ls yfEcd nwjh rFkk ,d lery vkSj ,d js[kk ds chp dk
dks.k Kkr djus ds ckjs esa i<+asxsA nks js[kkvksa ds leryh; gksus ds
izfrca/ dks Hkh LFkkfir djsaxsA

mís';
bl ikB ds vè;;u ds ckn vki fuEufyf[kr esa leFkZ gks tk;sxsa %
• varfj{k esa ,d js[kk dk lefer :i esa lehdj.k Kkr djuk
• ,d js[kk ds O;kid lehdj.k lefer :i esa cnyuk
• ,d fcUnq dh ,d js[kk ls yfEcd nwjh Kkr djuk
• ,d js[kk rFkk ,d lery ds chp dk dks.k Kkr djuk
• nks js[kkvksa ds leryh; gksus dk izfrca/ Kkr djuk

iwoZ Kku
• ,d js[kk dh fnDdksT;k@fnd&vuqikr rFkk ,d js[kk[k.M dk ,d js[kk ij iz{ksi
• nks js[kkvksa ds ijLij lekUrj rFkk yEc gksus dk izfrcU/
36-1 js[kk dk lfn'k lehdj.k
,d js[kk vf}fr;r% fu/kkZfjr gksrh gS] ;fn ;g ,d nh xbZ fn'kk esa ,d fn, gq, fcUnq
ls gksdj tkrh gS vFkok ;g nks fcUnqvksa ls gksdj tkrh gSA
36-1-1 fn, x, fcUnq ls gksdj tkus okyh rFkk fn, x, lfn'k ds lekUrj
js[kk dk lehdj.k % eku yhft, fd fn, x, fcUnq A ls gksdj tkus okyh rFkk fn,

xf.kr 453
 ljy js[kk
ekWM~;wy - IX r r
x, lfn'k b ds lekUrj js[kk l gSA eku yhft,
r fcUnq A dk fLFkfr lfn'k a vkSj js[kk
lfn'k ,oa ij fdlh LosPN fcUnq P dk fLFkfr lfn'k r gSA
f=kfoeh; y b
T;kfefr
P
A
l

fVIi.kh
x
O

z
fp= 36-2
uuur uuur uuur
∆OAP esa] OA + AP = OP
uuur uuur uuur r r
i.e. AP = OP − OA = r − a
uuur r uuur r
ijUrq AP || b ∴ AP = λb
r r r
∴ r−a = λb ...(1)
r r r
⇒ r = a + λb tks fd js[kk dk lfn'k :i esa vHkh"V lehdj.k gSA

36-1-2 lfn'k :i dks dkrhZ; :i esa ifjofrZr djuk

r
eku yhft,] (x1, y1, z1), fn, gq, fcUnq A ds funsZ'kkad gSa rFkk b1, b2, b3 lfn'k b ds
fnd~&vuqikr gSaA blds vfrfjDr fcUnq P ds funsZ'kkad (x, y, z) gSaA
r r
rc r = xi$ + y $j + zk$ , a = x1$i + y1 $j + z1 k$
r
vkSj b = b1$i + b2 $j + b3 k$.
bu ekuksa dks lehdj.k ¼1½ esa izfrLFkkfir djus ij]
( x − x1 )$i + ( y − y1 ) $j + ( z − z1 )k$ = λ (b1$i + b2 $j + b3 k$ )
x − x1 y − y1 z − z1
⇒ = λ, = λ, =λ
b1 b2 b3
x − x1 y − y1 z − z1
= =
∴ b1 b2 b3 , tks fd js[kk ds lehdj.k dk laxr dkrhZ; :i gSA
;g js[kk ds lehdj.k dk lefer :i gSA

36-1-3 nks fcUnqvksa ls gksdj tkus okyh js[kk dk lehdj.k

eku yhft, fcUnq A rFkk rB ls gksdr j tkus okyh js[kk l gSA eku yhft, fcUnqvksa A rFkk B
ds fLFkfr lfn'k Øe'k% a rFkk b gSaA

454 xf.kr
 ljy js[kk
r
blds vfrfjDr js[kk ij fdlh LosPN fcUnq P dk fLFkfr lfn'k r gSA ekWM;
~ y
w - IX
vkd`fr esa] lfn'k ,oa
uuur r r y f=kfoeh;
AP = r−a
B T;kfefr
uuur r r A P
vkSj AB = b−a l
uuur uuur
ijUrq AP rFkk AB lajs[k lfn'k gSa
uuur uuur
∴ AP = λ AB fVIi.kh
r r r r x
O
i.e. r−a = λ (b − a ) ...(2) fp=k 36.3
r r r r
⇒ r = a + λ (b − a )
z

tks fd lfn'k :i esa js[kk dk vHkh"V lehdj.k gSA

36-1-4 lfn'k :i dks dkrhZ; :i esa ifjofrZr djuk

eku yhft, (x1, y1, z1) rFkk (x2, y2, z2) Øe'k% fcUnq A rFkk B ds funsZ'kkad gSaA fcUnq P ds
funsZ'kkad (x, y, z) gSaA
r r
rc a = x1$i + y1 $j + z1 k$ , b = x2 $i + y2 $j + z2 k$
r
vkSj r = xi$ + y $j + zk$.
bu ekuksa dks lehdj.k ¼2½ esa j[kus ij]
( x − x1 )$i + ( y − y1 ) $j + ( z − z1 )k$ = λ ( x2 − x1 )$i + ( y2 − y1 ) $j + ( z2 − z1 )k$ ]

x − x1 y − y1 z − z1
⇒ = λ, = λ, =λ
x2 − x1 y2 − y1 z2 − z1

x − x1 y − y1 z − z1
∴ = = , js[kk ds lehdj.k dk laxr dkrhZ; :i gSA
x2 − x1 y2 − y1 z2 − z1
;g js[kk ds lehdj.k dk f}&fcUnq izk:i gSA
mnkgj.k 36.1. fcUnq (2, –3, 5) ls gksdj tkus okyh rFkk lfn'k $i + 2 $j − 3k$ ds lekUrj
js[kk dk lfn'k lehdj.k Kkr dhft,A
r
gy : ;gk¡ a = 2$i − 3 $j + 5k$
r
b = $i + 2 $j − 3k$
r
∴ r = (2$i − 3 $j + 5k$ ) + λ ($i + 2 $j − 3k$ )
tks fd js[kk dk vHkh"V lehdj.k gSA

xf.kr 455
 ljy js[kk
ekWM~;wy - IX mnkgj.k 36.2. fcUnqvksa (–1, 5, 2) rFkk (4, 3, –5) ls gksdj tkus okyh js[kk dk lfn'k lehdj.k
Kkr dhft,A
lfn'k ,oa
gy : nks fcUnq :i esa js[kk dk lfn'k lehdj.k
f=kfoeh; r r r r
T;kfefr r = a + λ (b − a ) gSA
r
;gk¡ a = −$i + 5 $j + 2k$
r
rFkk b = 4$i + 3 $j − 5k$
r r
fVIi.kh ∴ b−a = 5$i − 2 $j − 7k$
r
vr% js[kk dk vHkh"V lehdj.k gS % r = (−$i + 5 $j + 2kˆ) + λ (5$i − 2 $j − 7k$ )
x+3 y−2 z−5
mnkgj.k 36.3. js[kk ds lehdj.k = = dks lfn'k :i esa fyf[k,A
2 −3 7
x − x1 y − y1 z − z1
gy : fn, gq, lehdj.k dh lehdj.k b = b = b ls rqyuk djus ij]
1 2 3
x1 = –3, y1 = 2, z1 = 5
b1 = 2, b2 = –3, b3 = 7
r
∴ a = (−3$i + 2 $j + 5k$ )
r
vkSj b = (2$i − 3 $j + 7k$ )
r
vr% r = (−3$i + 2 $j + 5k$ ) + λ (2$i − 3 $j + 7k$ ) lfn'k :i esa vHkh"V
lehdj.k gSA
mnkgj.k 36.4. ml js[kk ds lehdj.k Kkr dhft, tks fcUnq (1] 2]&3) ls gksdj tkrh gS rFkk
 1 1 1 
ftlds fnDdksT;k,¡  , ,−  gSaA
 3 3 3
gy % js[kk ds lehdj.k gSa %
x −1 y − 2 z + 3
= =
1 1 1
−
3 3 3
x −1 y − 2 z + 3
vFkkZr~ = =
1 1 −1
vFkkZr~ x − 1 = y − 2 = −( z + 3)
mnkgj.k 36.5. ml js[kk ds lehdj.k Kkr dhft, tks fcUnq (1]&3] 2) ls gksdj tkrh gS rFkk
ftlds fnd~&vuqikr (1]&2] 3) gSaA
gy % js[kk ds lehdj.k gS %
x −1 y + 3 z − 2
= =
1 −2 3

456 xf.kr
 ljy js[kk
mnkgj.k 36.6. ml js[kk ds lehdj.k Kkr dhft, tks nks fcUnqvksa (1]&3]2) rFkk (4]2]&3) ls ekWM;
~ y
w - IX
gksdj tkrh gSA lfn'k ,oa
gy % okafNr js[kk ds lehdj.k gS % f=kfoeh;
x −1 y + 3 z−2 T;kfefr
= =
4 − 1 2 + 3 −3 − 2
x −1 y + 3 z − 2
vFkkZr~ = =
3 5 −5
mnkgj.k 36.7. fcUnqvksa (0]2]3) rFkk (&1]3]7) dks feykus okyh js[kk ds lekarj rFkk fcUnq fVIi.kh
(1]&5]&6) ls gksdj tkus okyh js[kk ds lehdj.k Kkr dhft;sA
gy % fcUnqvksa (0]2]3) rFkk (&1]3]7) dks feykus okyh js[kk ds fnd~&vuqikr gSa%
&1&0] 3&2] 7&3
;k &1]1]4
vr%] bl js[kk ds lekarj js[kk ds fnd~&vuqikr Hkh &1] 1]4 fy;s tk ldrs gSaA
vr%] nh xbZ js[kk ds lekUrj rFkk (1]&5]&6) ls gksdj tkus okyh js[kk ds lehdj.k gSa %
x −1 y + 5 z + 6
= =
−1 1 4

ns[ksa vkius fdruk lh[kk 36.1

1. ,d js[kk ds lefer :i esa lehdj.k fyf[k;s] tks fcUnq (1]&2]3) ls gksdj tkrh gS rFkk
ftlds fnd~&vuqikr 3]&4]5 gSaA
2. fcUnq (3]&9]4)rFkk(–9,5,–4) ls gksdj tkus okyh js[kk ds lefer :i esa lehdj.k fyf[k;sA
3. lefer :i esa lehdj.k fyf[k;s] tks fcUnqvksa (–7,5,3) rFkk (2, 6,8) ls gksdj tkrh gSA
4. js[kk ds lefer :i esa lehdj.k fyf[k;s] tks fcUnq (1,2,3) ls gksdj tkrh gS rFkk fcUnqvksa
(–4,7,2) vkSj (5,–3,–2) ls gksdj tkus okyh js[kk ds lekUrj gSA
5. ml js[kk ds lefer :i esa lehdj.k fyf[k;s] tks ewyfcUnq ls xqt+jrh gS rFkk funsZ'kkad v{kksa
ij leku :i esa >qdh gqbZ gSA
6. ewy fcUnq ,oa fcUnq (5, –2, 3) ls gksdj tkus okyh js[kk dk lfn'k lehdj.k fyf[k,A
x−5 y+4 z −3
7. js[kk ds lehdj.k = = dks lfn'k :i esa fyf[k,A
3 7 2
r
8. js[kk ds lehdj.k r = ($i + 2 $j + 3k$ ) + λ ($i − 3 $j + 2k$ ) dks dkrhZ; :i esa fyf[k,A
9. fcUnq (2, –1, 4) ls gksdj tkus okyh rFkk lfn'k $i + 2 $j − k$ ds lekUrj js[kk dk lfn'k
lehdj.k Kkr dhft,A

36.2 ,d js[kk ds lehdj.kksa dks lefer :i esa ifjofrZr djuk

vkidks è;ku gksxk fd nks vlekUrj leryksa dk izfrPNsnu ,d js[kk gksrh gSA

xf.kr 457
 ljy js[kk
ekWM~;wy - IX ekuk nks izfrPNsnhr leryksa ds lehdj.k
ax + by + cz + d = 0 ...(i)
lfn'k ,oa
f=kfoeh; rFkk a ' x + b ' y + c ' z + d ' = 0 gSaA ....(ii)
T;kfefr ekuk ;s nksuks lery js[kk AB ij izfrPNsfnr djrs gSaA AB dk izR;sd fcUnq nksuksa ryksa ij gSA vr%]
js[kk ds izR;sd fcUnq ds funsZ'kkad nksuksa leryksa ds lehdj.kksa dks lUrq"V djrs gSaA vr% lehdj.k
(i) rFkk (ii) nksuksa ,d js[kk ds lehdj.k gSaA
lehdj.k ax + by + cz = 0 rFkk a ' x + b ' y + c ' z = 0 ,slh js[kk ds lehdj.k gSa tks ewy
fVIi.kh fcUnq ls gksdj tkrh gS rFkk mijksDr js[kk ds lekUrj gS] D;ksafd mijksDr nksuksa lery 'kwU; ls gksdj
tkrs gSaA mijksDr :i esa lehdj.kksa dks js[kk ds O;kid :i (vFkok vlefer :i) esa lehdj.k
dgrs gSaA
(i) rFkk (ii) ds :i esa fn;s x;s js[kk ds lehdj.kksa dks lefer :i esa ifjofrZr djus ds fy,] gesa
js[kk dh fnDdksT;k,¡ rFkk js[kk ij fLFkr ,d fcUnq ds funsZ'kkad Kkr gksus pkfg,A
ekuk js[kk dh fnDdksT;k,¡ l, m rFkk n gSaA lehdj.k (i) rFkk (ii) }kjk iznf'kZr leryksa ds vfHkyEcksa
ij ;g js[kk yEc gSA
∴ al + bm + cn = 0 vkSj a 'l + b 'm + c 'n = 0
otzxq.ku fof/ }kjk ge ikrs gSa %
l m n
= =
bc '− b ' c ca '− ac ' ab '− a ' b
vr%] js[kk dh fnDdksT;k,¡ ( bc '− b ' c ) , ( ca '− ac ' ) vkSj ( ab '− a ' b ) ds lekuqikrh gSaA
lehdj.kksa (i) rFkk (ii) esa] z = 0 j[kus ij] gesa og fcUnq feyrk gS ftl ij xy-js[kk lery ls feyrh
gSA blls gesa izkIr gksrk gS %
ax + by + d = 0 ....(iii)
a'x + b'y + d' = 0 ....(iv)
(iii) rFkk (iv) dks gy djus ij] gesa izkIr gksrk gS %
bd '− b ' d da '− d ' a
x = ,y=
ab '− a ' b ab '− a ' b
 bd '− b ' d da '− d ' a 
vr%] js[kk dk ,d fcUnq  ab '− a ' b , ab '− a ' b , 0  gSA
 
vr%] lefer :i esa js[kk ds lehdj.k gSa %
bd '− b ' d da '− d ' a
x− y−
ab '− a ' b ab '− a ' b z
= =
bc '− b ' c ca '− c ' a ab '− a ' b
fVIi.kh% z = 0 dks ysus ds LFkku ij ge x = 0 ;k y = 0 ;k x, y, z ds fy, dksbZ mfpr eku ys
ldrs gSa] ;fn bl izdkj izkIr nksuksa lehdj.kksa dk ,d vf}rh; gy gksA

458 xf.kr
 ljy js[kk
mnkgj.k 36.8. fdlh js[kk ds lehdj.kksa x − 2y + 3z = 4 rFkk 2x − 3y + 4z = 5 dks ekWM;
~ y
w - IX
lefer :i esa ifjofrZr dhft, rFkk mldh fnddksT;k,¡ Kkr dhft,A lfn'k ,oa
gy % ekuk izR;sd ry ij fdlh fcUnq ds z– funsZ'kkad z = 0 gSaA f=kfoeh;
vr% leryksa ds ifjofrZr lehdj.k gS % T;kfefr
x − 2y = 4
2x − 3y = 5
gy djus ij] x = –2 rFkk y = –3 vkrk gSA fVIi.kh
∴ nksuksa leryksa dk mHk;fu"V fcUnq (–2,–3,0) gSA ekuk l, m, n js[kk dh fnDdksT;k,¡ gSaA D;ksafd ;g
js[kk lery ds vfHkyEc ij yEc gS] blfy,
l − 2m + 3n = 0 rFkk 2l − 3m + 4n = 0
l m n
∴ = =
−8 + 9 6 − 4 − 3 + 4
l m n 1
vFkkZr~ = = =±
1 2 1 6
vr%] js[kk ds lefer :i esa lehdj.k gS %
x+2 y+3 z
= =
1 2 1
± ± ±
6 6 6
x+2 y+3 z
vFkkZr~ = =
1 2 1
rFkk js[kk dh fnDdksT;k,¡ gSa %
1 2 1
± ,± ,± ( + vFkok − dk leku fpUg ysuk gS)
6 6 6

ns[ksa vkius fdruk lh[kk 36.2

1. fuEu js[kkvksa ds lehdj.kksa dks lefer :i esa fyf[k,%
(i) x + 5y − z = 7 rFkk 2x − 5y + 3z = −1
(ii) x + y + z + 1 = 0 rFkk 4x + y − 2z + 2 = 0
(iii) x − y + z + 5 = 0 rFkk x − 2y − z + 2 = 0

36.3 ,d fcUnq dh ,d js[kk ls yfEcd nwjh

ekuk P ( x1, y1, z1 ) ,d fcUnq gS rFkk AQ nh xbZ js[kk gS] ftlds lehdj.k
x −α y−β z−γ
= =
l m n

xf.kr 459
 ljy js[kk
ekWM~;wy - IX gS] tcfd js[kk AQ dh fnDdksT;k,¡ l, m vkSj n gSaA fcUnq P ls js[kk AQ ij yEc dk ikn Q gS rFkk
lfn'k ,oa A dksbZ fcUnq ( α, β, γ ) gSA
P(x1, y1, z1)
f=kfoeh; ∴ PQ 2 = AP 2 − AQ 2
T;kfefr
vc] AP 2 = ( x1 − α ) 2 + ( y1 − β ) 2 + ( z1 − γ ) 2
AQ js[kk ij AP dk iz{ksi
= ( x1 − α ) l + ( y1 − β ) m + ( z1 − γ ) n
fVIi.kh
∴ PQ2 = { ( x1 − α )2 + ( y1 − β )2 + ( z1 − γ )2 } A Q
2
fp=k 36.4
− { ( x1 − α ) l + ( y1 − β ) m + ( z1 − γ ) n }
tks fcUnq P ls js[kk ij yEc PQ dh nwjh n'kkZrk gSA
mnkgj.k 36.9. fcUnq (2]3]1) dh js[kk
y + z − 1 = 0 = 2x − 3y − 2z + 4 ls nwjh Kkr dhft,A
gy % ekuk z = 0 nksuksa leryksa ds mHk;fu"B fcUnq dk z funsZ'kkad gSA
∴ vr%] lehdj.k y=1 rFkk 2x − 3y + 4 = 0 cu tkrs gSa ftuls x = − 1 izkIr gksrk gSA
2
 1 
∴ nksuksa leryksa dk mHk;fu"B fcUnq  − 2 ,1, 0  gSA
 
ekuk l, m, n js[kk
dh fnDdksT;k,¡ gSaA
0l + m + n = 0 rFkk 2l − 3m − 2n = 0
l m n 1
;k = = =
1 2 −2 ±3
1 2 2
;k l = ± , m = ± ,n = m
3 3 3
;fn fcUnq (2]3]1) ls js[kk ij yEc dh yEckbZ PQ gks] rks
 1 2 2 2 5 1 2 2 2
PQ 2 =   2 +  + ( 3 − 1) + (1 − 0 )  −  × + × 2 − 1 × 
  2   2 3 3 3
2
 25  5 4 2 45 9
= + 4 + 1 −  + −  = − =9
 4  6 3 3 4 4
∴ PQ = 3
vFkkZr~ okafNr ykfEcd nwjh 3 bdkbZ gSA

ns[ksa vkius fdruk lh[kk 36.3

1. fuEu esa ls izR;sd ds fy,] ,d fcUnq dh nh xbZ js[kk ls nwjh Kkr dhft, %
x + 3 y −1 z + 4
(i) fcUnq (0, 2, 3), js[kk = =
3 2 3

460 xf.kr
 ljy js[kk
x − 13 y + 8 z − 31 ekWM;
~ y
w - IX
(ii) fcUnq ( −1, 3, 9 ) , js[kk = =
5 −6 1
lfn'k ,oa
(iii) fcUnq (4, 1, 1), js[kk x + y + z = 4 , x − 2y − z = 4 f=kfoeh;
(iv) fcUnq (3, 2, 1), js[kk x + y + z = 4 rFkk x − 2y − z = 4 T;kfefr
36.4 ,d js[kk rFkk ,d lery ds chp dk dks.k
,d js[kk rFkk ,d lery ds chp dk dks.k lery ds vfHkyEc rFkk js[kk ds chp ds dks.k dk
iwjd gksrk gSA ekuk js[kk ds lehdj.k
90° – θ fVIi.kh
Z
x − x' y − y' z − z'
= = .....(i)
l m n θ

gSa rFkk lery dk lehdj.k gS %

ax + by + cz + d = 0 ....(ii)
Y
O
;fn (i) rFkk (ii) ds
chp dk dks.k θ gS] rks fp=k 36.5
sin θ = cos ( 90° − θ )
X
al + bm + cn
=
l 2 + m2 + n 2 a 2 + b2 + c2

x − 2 y + 3 z −1
mnkgj.k 36.10. js[kk = = rFkk lery 2x − 3y + 4z − 7 = 0 ds chp
3 3 1
dk dks.k Kkr dhft;sA
gy % eku yhft, fd lery rFkk js[kk ds chp dk dks.k θ gSA
2 × 3 − 3× 3 + 4 ×1 1 1
sin θ = =
32 + 32 + 12 22 2
+ ( −3 ) + 42 19 29 = 551

 1 
vFkkZr~ θ = sin −1  
 551 

ns[ksa vkius fdruk lh[kk 36.4

1. fuEu js[kkvksa rFkk leryksa ds chp ds dks.k Kkr dhft, %
x−4 y+2 z−3
(i) js[kk : = = rFkk lery : 3x − 4y + 5z = 5
1 4 −1
x−2 z−3 y+2
(ii) js[kk : = = rFkk lery : −2x + 4y − 5z = 20
2 3 1
x y−2 y+2
(iii) js[kk : = = rFkk lery : x − 4y + 6z = 11
4 −3 5
x+2 y−3 z+4
(iv) js[kk : = = rFkk lery : 4x − 3y − z − 7 = 0
4 5 1

xf.kr 461
 ljy js[kk
ekWM~;wy - IX 36.5 nks js[kkvksa ds leryh; gksus dk izfrca/
lfn'k ,oa ;fn nks js[kk;sa
f=kfoeh;
x − x1 y − y1 z − z1
T;kfefr = = ......(i)
l1 m1 n1
x − x2 y − y2 z − z2
rFkk = = .....(ii)
l2 m2 n2

fVIi.kh izfrPNsn djrh gSa rks ;s ,d gh lery esa gksrh gSaA

js[kk (i) ftl lery esa gS] ml lery dk lehdj.k gS %
A ( x − x1 ) + B ( y − y1 ) + C ( z − z1 ) = 0 ......(iii)
tcfd Al1 + Bm1 + Cn1 = 0 .....(iv)

;fn js[kk (ii) ry (iii) esa gS] rks fcUnq ( x 2 , y 2 , z 2 ) ml lery ij fLFkr gksuk pkfg,A
∴ A ( x 2 − x1 ) + B ( y 2 − y1 ) + C ( z 2 − z1 ) = 0 .....(v)

tcfd Al2 + Bm2 + Cn 2 = 0 ....(vi)

(iv), (v) , (vi) esa ls A, B vkSj C dk foyksiu djus ij] gesa izkIr gksrk gS %
x 2 − x1 y 2 − y1 z 2 − z 1
l1 m1 n1 =0
.....(vii) feyrk gSA
l2 m2 n2
;gh js[kkvksa (i) rFkk (ii) ds leryh; gksus dk ,d vko';d izfrca/ gSA
iqu% (iii), (iv) , (vi) esa ls A, B vkSj C dk foyksiu djus ij] gesa izkIr gksrk gS %
x − x1 y − y1 z − z 1
l1 m1 n1 =0 .....(viii)
l2 m2 n2

(viii) nks
ijLij izfrPNsnh js[kkvksa dks varfuZfgr djus okys lery dks n'kkZrk gSA vc ge fl¼ djsaxs
fd ;fn izfrca/ (vii) lR; gS rks js[kk,a (i) rFkk (ii) leryh; gSaA
lery x − x1 y − y1 z − z 1 ....(ix)
l1 m1 n1 =0
l2 m2 n2

ij fopkj dhft,A
vFkkZr~ ( x − x1 ) ( m1n 2 − m 2 n1 ) + ( y − y1 ) ( n1l2 − n 2l1 )
+ ( z − z1 ) ( l1m 2 − l2 m1 ) = 0

462 xf.kr
 ljy js[kk
dksbZ js[kk lery esa fLFkr gksxh ;fn lery dk vfHkyac ml js[kk ij yEc gS rFkk js[kk ij fLFkr ekWM;
~ y
w - IX
dksbZ Hkh fcUnq lery ij gSA vki ns[k ldrs gSa fd
lfn'k ,oa
l1 ( m1n 2 − m 2 n1 ) + m1 ( n1l2 − n 2l1 ) + n1 ( l1m 2 − l2 m1 ) = 0 f=kfoeh;
vr% js[kk (i) lery (ix) ij fLFkr gSA T;kfefr
blh izdkj] ge ns[krs gSa fd js[kk (ii) lery (ix) ij fLFkr gS] vr% nksuksa js[kk,¡ leryh; gSaA vr%]
izfrca/ (vii) nks js[kkvksa ds leryh; gksus ds fy, iz;kZIr gSA
miizes; % js[kk;sa (i) rFkk (ii) ijLij izfrPNsn djsaxh] ;fn rFkk dsoy ;fn (vii) lR; gSa rFkk js[kk;sa
lekUrj ugha gSaA fVIi.kh

fVIi.kh% (i) varfj{k esa nks js[kk;sa tks fd u rks lekUrj gSa rFkk u gh izfrPNsnh gSa ,d gh lery
esa ugha gksrhA ,slh js[kkvksa dks fo"keryh; js[kk;sa dgrs gSaA
(ii) ;fn ,d js[kk lefer :i esa rFkk nwljh O;kid :i esa gksa] rks fuEu izdkj ls vkxs c<+rs gSAa
ekuk ,d js[kk
x − x1 y − y1 z − z1
= = .... (i)
l m n
rFkk nwljh js[kk ax + by + cz + d = 0 rFkk a ' x + b ' y + c ' z + d ' = 0 gSA .....(ii)
;fn nksuksa js[kk;sa leryh; gSa rc izFke js[kk dk ,d fcUnq nwljh js[kk ds lehdj.k dks lUrq"V djrk gSA
js[kk (i) ij fLFkr ,d O;kid fcUnq ( x1 + lr, y1 + mr, z1 + nr ) gSA
;g fcUnq ax + by + cz + d = 0 ij Hkh fLFkr gS] ;fn
a ( x1 + lr ) + b ( y1 + mr ) + c ( z1 + nr ) + d = 0 gksA
ax1 + by1 + cz1 + d
∴ r=−
al + bm + cn
blh izdkj] ;g fcUnq a ' x + b ' y + c ' z + d ' = 0 ij Hkh fLFkr gSA
a ' x1 + b ' y1 + c ' z1 + d '
∴ r=−
a 'l + b 'm + c 'n
ds eku cjkcj djus ij] ge fuEu ok¡fNr izfrca/ izkIr djrs gSa %
ax1 + by1 + cz1 + d a ' x1 + b ' y1 + c ' z1 + d '
=
al + bm + cn a 'l + b 'm + c 'n
fVIi.kh% ;fn nksuksa js[kk;sa O;kid :i esa gSa] rks ,d js[kk ds lehdj.k dks lefer :i esa cnfy;s
rFkk mijksDr fof/ ls gh izfrca/ Kkr dhft;sA
mnkgj.k 36.11. fl¼ dhft, fd js[kk;sa
x−5 y−7 z+3
= = rFkk x − 8 = y − 4 = z − 5 leryh; gSaA
4 4 −5 7 1 3
gy % js[kk,¡ x − 5 = y − 7 = z + 3 ......(i)
4 4 −5
x −8 y−4 z−5
rFkk = = .... (ii)
7 1 3

xf.kr 463
 ljy js[kk
ekWM~;wy - IX leryh; gksaxh ;fn
lfn'k ,oa 8−5 4−7 5+3 3 −3 8
f=kfoeh; 4 4 −5 = 0 , vFkkZr~ 4 4 −5 = 0 gksA
T;kfefr 7 1 3 7 1 3

;k 3 ( 12 + 5 ) + 3 ( 12 + 35 ) + 8 ( 4 − 28 ) = 0
;k 51 + 141 − 192 = 0
fVIi.kh
;k 0 = 0 , tks fd lR; gSA
vr%] js[kk;sa (i) rFkk (ii) leryh; gSaA
mnkgj.k 36.12. fl¼ dhft;s fd js[kk,¡
x +1 y + 3 z + 5 x−2 y−4 z−6
= = rFkk = =
3 5 7 1 4 7
leryh; gSaA lkFk gh ml lery dk lehdj.k Hkh Kkr dhft;s ftlesa ;s js[kk,¡ fLFkr gSaA
gy % js[kk,¡
x +1 y + 3 z + 5 x−2 y−4 z−6
= = rFkk = =
3 5 7 1 4 7
leryh; gksaxh] ;fn
2 +1 4 + 3 6 + 5 3 7 11
3 5 7 = 0 vFkkZr~ 3 5 7 = 0 gksA
1 4 7 1 4 7

;k 3 ( 35 − 28 ) − 7 ( 21 − 7 ) + 11 ( 12 − 5 ) = 0
;k 21 − 98 + 77 = 0
;k 0 = 0. tks fd lR; gSA
∴ nh xbZ js[kk,¡ lekarj gSaA
ml lery dk lehdj.k] ftuesa ;s js[kk,¡ fLFkr gSa] fuEu gS %
x +1 y + 3 z + 5
3 5 7 = 0
1 4 7

;k ( x + 1 ) ( 35 − 28 ) − ( y + 3 ) ( 21 − 7 ) + ( z + 5 ) ( 12 − 5 ) = 0
;k 7x + 7 − 14y − 42 + 7z + 35 = 0
;k 7x − 14y + 7z = 0
;k x − 2y + z = 0

464 xf.kr
 ljy js[kk
ekWM;
~ y
w - IX
ns[ksa vkius fdruk lh[kk 36.5 lfn'k ,oa
1. fl¼ dhft;s fd fuEu js[kk;sa leryh; gSa % f=kfoeh;
x − 3 y − 2 z +1 T;kfefr
(i) = = rFkk x + 2y + 3z = 0 = 2x + 4y + 3z + 3
3 −4 1
x −1 y − 2 z − 3
(ii) = = rFkk 4x − 3y + 1 = 0 = 5x − 3z + 2
2 3 4
x +1 y − 3 z + 2 x y−7 z+7 fVIi.kh
2. fn[kkb;s fd js[kk,¡ = = rFkk = = leryh; gSaA ml
−3 2 1 1 −3 2
lery dk lehdj.k Kkr dhft;s] ftuesa ;s js[kk,¡ fLFkr gSaA
C

1A
% +
vkb;s nksgjk,¡
• nks vlekUrj leryksa dk izfrPNsnu ,d js[kk gksrk gSA
r r r r
• js[kk dk lfn'k lehdj.k r = a + λb gS] tgk¡ a js[kk ij fn, gq, fcUnq dk fLFkfr
r
lfn'k vkSj b js[kk ds lekUrj ,d lfn'k gSA

• bldk laxr dkrhZ; :i x − x1 = y − y1 = z − z1 gS( tgk¡ (x1, y1, z1) js[kk ij fn, gq,
b1 b2 br3
fcUnq ds funsZ'kkad gSa vkSj b1, b2, b3 lfn'k b ds fnd~&vuqikr gSaA
r r r r r r
• r = a + λ (b − a ) js[kk dk ,d vU; lfn'k lehdj.k gS tgk¡ a rFkk b js[kk ij nks
fofHkUu fcUnqvksa ds fLFkfr lfn'k gSaA
x−x y− y z−z
bldk laxr dkrhZ; :i x − x = y − y = z − z gS ( tgk¡ (x 1 , y 1, z1 ) rFkk
1 1 1
•
2 1 2 1 2 1
(x2, y2, z2) js[kk ij fn, gq, nks fofHkUu fcUnqvksa ds funsZ'kkad gSaA
x − x1 y − y1 z − z1
• js[kk = = rFkk lery ax + by + cz + d = 0 ds chp dk dks.k θ
l m n
al + bm + cn
sin θ = }kjk izkIr gksrk gSA
l 2 + m2 + n 2 a 2 + b2 + c2

x − x1 y − y1 z − z1 x − x2 y − y2 z − z2
nks js[kk,¡ = = rFkk l = =
•
l m1 n1 2 m2 n 2 leryh; gksaxh]
;fn
x 2 − x1 y 2 − y1 z 2 − z1
l1 m1 n1 = 0 gksA
l2 m2 n2

xf.kr 465
 ljy js[kk
ekWM~;wy - IX rFkk ml lery dk lehdj.k] ftlesa ;s nksuksa js[kk,¡ fLFkr gSa] fuEu gS %
x − x1 y − y1 z − z1
lfn'k ,oa
l1 m1 n1 = 0
f=kfoeh;
l2 m2 n2
T;kfefr

lgk;d osclkbV
fVIi.kh • http://www.regentsprep.org/regents/math/algebra/ac1/eqlines.htm
• http://www.purplemath.com/modules/strtlneq.htm
• http://www.mathsteacher.com.au/year10/ch03_linear_graphs/02_gradient/line.htm

vkb, vH;kl djsa

1. ml js[kk ds lehdj.k Kkr dhft;s tks fcUnq (1,4,7) rFkk (3,–2,5) ls gksdj tkrh gSA
2. ml js[kk ds lehdj.k Kkr dhft;s tks fcUnq (–1,–2,–3) ls gksdj tkrh gS rFkk lery
3x − 4y + 5z − 11 = 0 ij yEc gSA
3. ml js[kk dh fnDdksT;k,¡ Kkr dhft;s] tks mu js[kkvksa ij yEc gS ftuds fnd~&vuqikr
1, −1, 2 , rFkk 2,1, −1 gSaA
4. fn[kkb, fd fcUnqvksa (1,2,3) rFkk (4,5,7) dks feykus okyk js[kk[k.M fcUnqvksa (–4,3,–6) rFkk
(2,9,2) dks feykus okys js[kk[k.M ds lekUrj gSA
x −1 y − 2 z + 5 x +1 y +1 z
5. nks js[kkvksa = = rFkk = = ds chp dk dks.k Kkr
2 −4 5 3 4 2
dhft,A
6. ml js[kk ds lehdj.k Kkr dhft,] tks fcUnq (1,2,–4) ls gksdj tkrh gS rFkk fuEu nksuksa
js[kkvksa esa ls izR;sd ij yEc gS%
x − 8 y + 19 z − 10 x − 15 y − 29 z − 5
= = rFkk = =
3 −16 7 3 8 −5
7. js[kk x − y + 2z − 5 = 0 rFkk 3x + y + z − 6 = 0 ds lehdj.kksa dks lefer :i esa
ifjofrZr dhft,A
x −1 y − 3 z x − 4 y −1 z −1
8. fn[kkb;s fd js[kk,¡ = = rFkk = =
2 4 −1 3 −2 1
leryh; gSaA ml lery dk lehdj.k Kkr dhft;s ftlesa ;s js[kk,¡ fLFkr gSaA
9. ml lery dk lehdj.k Kkr dhft;s ftuesa fuEu js[kk,¡ fLFkr gSa%
x−5 y−7 z+3 x −8 y−4 z−5
= = rFkk = =
4 4 −5 7 1 3
x y + 4 z +1
10. fcUnqvksa (2,3,1) rFkk (5,8,7) dks feykus okys js[kk[k.M dk js[kk = = ij
2 3 6
iz{ksi Kkr dhft,A
466 xf.kr
 ljy js[kk
11. fcUnq (1, 2, –4) ls gksdj tkus okyh rFkk lfn'k (2$i + 3 $j − 5k$ ) ds lekUrj js[kk dk ekWM;
~ y
w - IX
lfn'k lehdj.k Kkr dhft,A lfn'k ,oa
f=kfoeh;
12. ,d js[kk dk dkrhZ; lehdj.k x + 5 = y − 4 = z gSA bldk lfn'k lehdj.k D;k gksxk\ T;kfefr
3 −5
13. fcUnqvksa (3, –2, –5) rFkk (3, –2, 6) ls gksdj tkus okyh js[kk dk lfn'k lehdj.k
Kkr dhft,A
14. fcUnq (–2, 4, –5) ls gksdj tkus okyh rFkk js[kk x − 3 = y + 4 = z − 8 ds lekUrj
3 5 2 fVIi.kh
js[kk dk lfn'k lehdj.k Kkr dhft,A

mÙkjekyk
ns[ksa vkius fdruk lh[kk 36.1
x −1 y + 2 z − 3 x−3 y+9 z−4
1. = = 2. = =
3 −4 5 −6 7 −4
x+7 y−5 z−3 x −1 y − 2 z − 3
3. = = 4. = =
9 1 5 9 −10 −4
x y z r
5. = = 6. r = λ (5$i − 2 $j + 3k$ )
1 1 1
r x −1 y − 2 z − 3
7. r = 5$i − 4 $j + 3k$ + λ (3$i + 7 $j + 2k$ ) 8. = =
1 −3 2
r
9. r = (2$i − $j + 4k$ ) + λ ($i + 2 $j − k$ )

ns[ksa vkius fdruk lh[kk 36.2

1 2
x − 2 y −1 z x+ y+
1. (i) = = (ii) 3 = 3 = z
2 −1 −3 1 −2 1
x −1 y − 3 z + 3
(iii) = =
3 2 1
ns[ksa vkius fdruk lh[kk 36.3
1. (i) 21 bdkbZ (ii) 21 bdkbZ
27
(iii) bdkbZ (iv) 6 bdkbZ
14
ns[ksa vkius fdruk lh[kk 36.4
−1  3  −1  1 
1. (i) sin  −  (ii) sin  
 5  70 
−1  46 
(iii) sin   (iv) 0°
 2650 
xf.kr 467
 ljy js[kk
ekWM~;wy - IX ns[ksa vkius fdruk lh[kk 36.5
lfn'k ,oa
2. x+ y+ z= 0
f=kfoeh;
T;kfefr vkb, vH;kl djsa
x −1 y − 4 z − 7 x +1 y + 2 z + 3
1. = = 2. = =
2 −6 −2 3 −4 5

fVIi.kh 1 5 3
3. − , , 5. 90°
35 35 35
11 9
x −1 y − 2 z + 4 x− y+
6. = = 7. 4 = 4 = z
2 3 6 −3 5 4
8. 2x − 5y − 16z + 13 = 0 9. 17x − 47y − 24z + 172 = 0

57 r
10. bdkbZ 11. r = ($i + 2 $j − 4k$ ) + λ (2$i + 3 $j − 5k$ )
7
r r
12. r = (−5$i + 4 $j ) + λ (3$i − 5 $j + k$ ) 13. r = (3$i − 2 $j − 5k$ ) + λ (11k$ )
r
14. r = (−2$i + 4 $j − 5k$ ) + λ (3$i + 5 $j + 2k$ )

468 xf.kr
 jSf[kd izksxzkeu
ekWM;
~ y
w -X
jSf[kd izksxzkeu
,oa xf.krh;
foospu

37
fVIi.kh

jSf[kd izksxzkeu

37.1 jSf[kd izksxzkeu leL;kvksa dk ifjp;

,d f[kykSuk foØsrk 1500 #i;s ysdj f[kYkkSus [kjhnus ds fy, cktkj tkrk gSA cktkj esa fofHkUu
izdkj ds f[kykSus miyC/k gSaA fo'ks"krk ds vk/kkj ij] og A rFkk B izdkj ds f[kykSuksa dks vuq:i
ikrk gSA A izdkj ds izR;sd f[kykSusa dk Ø; ewY; 300 #i;s rFkk B izdkj ds izR;sd f[kykSus dk
Ø;ewY; 250 #i;s gSA og A izdkj ds izR;sd f[kykSus dks 325 #i;s esa rFkk B izdkj ds izR;sd
f[kykSus dks 265 #i;s esa csp ldrk gSA vius ikl miyC/k /ku ls og vf/kdre ykHk izkIr djuk
pkgrk gSA mldh leL;k ;g gS fd og A rFkk B izdkj ds fdrus&fdrus f[kykSus [kjhns rkfd
mUgsa cspus ij mls vf/kdre ykHk izkIr gksA
og ykxr dh lhek dks /;ku esa j[kdj A rFk B izdkj ds f[kykSuksa ds lHkh lEHko Øep;ksa
(combinations) ds fy, fuEufyf[kr rkfydk cuk ldrk gSA

‘A’ izdkj ‘B’ izdkj ykxr cspus ds ckn ykxr ij ykHk

¼#- esa½ jkf'k ¼#- esa½ ¼#- esa½
¼fcuk iz;qDr jkf'k ;fn gks½
0 6 1500.00 1590.00 90.00
1 4 1300.00 1385.00 85.00
2 3 1350.00 1445.00 95.00
3 2 1400.00 1505.00 105.00
4 1 1450.00 1565.00 115.00
5 0 1500.00 1625.00 125.00

xf.kr 469
 jSf[kd izksxzkeu
ekWM~;wy - X vc] vf/kdre ykHk izkIr djus ds fy, fu.kZ; Li"V gSA A izdkj ds ik¡p f[kykSus [kjhns tkus
pkfg,A mi;qDr leL;k dk gy vklku Fkk D;ksafd p;u dsoy nks fdLeksa rd lhfer Fkk rFkk
jSf[kd izksxzkeu
[kjhnh xbZ oLrqvksa dh la[;k Hkh de FkhA ;gk¡] lHkh lEHko Øep;ksa ds ckjs esa lkspk x;k rFkk
,oa xf.krh;
muls lacfU/kr ykHk dh x.kuk dh xbZA ysfdu ;g fuf'pr djuk gksxk fd mlus lHkh
foospu
laHkkoukvksa dks /;ku esa j[kk gSA
Åij of.kZr leL;k ds leku ,d jsfM;ks QqVdj foØsrk }kjk ,d leL;k dk lkeuk fd;k
x;kA bl dk o.kZu uhps fn;k x;k gSA
fVIi.kh ,d jsfM;ks QqVdj foØsrk ,d Fkksd foØsrk ls jsfM;ks Vªkfa tLVj [kjhnuk pkgrk gSA nks izdkj (A rFkk
B izd z kj) ds jsfM;ks gSAa A izdkj ds izR;sd jsfM;ks dk Ø; ewY; 360 #i;s rFkk B izdkj ds izR;sd jsfM;ks
dk Ø; ewY; 240 #- gSA foØsrk 5760 #- rd [kpZ dj ldrk gSA og A izdkj ds izR;sd jsfM;ks dks
cspus s ij 50 #i;s ykHk rFkk B izdkj ds izR;sd jsfM;ks dks cspus ij 40 #i;s ykHk izkIr dj ldrk
gSA vf/kdre ykHk izkIr djus ds fy, mls izR;sd izdkj ds fdrus jsfM;ks [kjhnus pkfg,¡\
;gk¡ ge ykHk dks vf/kdre djrs gSaA dqN leL;kvksa esa dher dks U;wure djrs gSaA fuEufyf[kr
leL;k dks yhft,A
nks nthZ A rFkk B izR;sd fnu Øe'k% 150 #i;s rFkk 200 #i;s dekrs gSAa nthZ A izfrfnu 6 deht]
4 iSVa rFkk nthZ B izfrfnu 4 deht rFkk 7 iSVa dh flykbZ djrk gSA ;fn os U;wure Jfed ewY;
ij de&ls&de 60 deht rFkk 72 iSVa cukuk pkgsa rks izR;sd dks fdrus fnu dk;Z djuk gksxkA
bl leL;k esa gesa Jfed ewY; dks U;wure djuk gSA
vf/kdre rFkk U;wure djus dh bl izdkj dh leL;kvksa dks b"Vre leL;k (Optimization
Problems) dgrs gSaA
bl izdkj dh leL;kvksa dks gy djus ds fy, xf.krKksa }kjk viukbZ xbZ fof/k dks jSf[kd&izksxkz eu
(Linear Programming) dgrs gSAa
37-1-1 ,sfrgkfld vk/kkj
jSf[kd izksxzkeu (Linear Programming) fof/k gy dh uohu mRifÙk gSA ;g f}rh; fo'o ;q) ds
nkSjku 'kq: gqbZ tc ;q) fØ;kvksa ds [kpsZ dks de djus] gkfu dks U;wure djus rFkk 'k=q ds
uqdlku dks vf/kdre djus ds fy, ;kstukc) djuk iM+kA
1941 esa :l ds xf.krK ,y- dUVksjksfop rFkk vesfjdk ds vFkZ'kkL=h ,Q-,y- fgYdksd us
jSf[kd izksxzkeu esa igyh leL;k dks lw=c) fd;kA nksuksa us vyx&vyx dk;Z fd;kA ;g ,d
lqfo[;kr ifjogu leL;k (Transportation Problem) gS tks jSf[kd izkxs kz eu (Linear Programming)
dh gh ,d 'kk[kk cukrh gSA
1945 esa ,d vaxszt vFkZ'kkL=h th- fLVXyj us ,d nwljh jSf[kd izksxzkeu leL;k dk o.kZu fd;k]
ftlesa larqfyr vkgkj ds fy, x.kuk dh xbZA eq[;r;k ;g leL;k 77 izdkj ds vkgkjksa ds xq.kksa
dh x.kuk ds fy, Fkh] ftUgsa fuEure ewY; ij gh ugha cfYd ukS ikSf"Vd rRoksa dh t:jr dks
iwjk djus ds fy, [kjhnk tkuk FkkA
1947 esa ,d vesfjdh vFkZ'kkL=h th-ch- MkfUtx us izfl) if=dk ^bdksuksesfVªdk* esa ,d ys[k
izdkf'kr fd;k ftlesa mlus jSf[kd izksxzkeu leL;k dks lw=c) fd;kA MkfUtx dks in ^jSf[kd
izksxzkeu* iz;ksx djus rFkk leL;k dk fof/k ls gy djus dk Js; Hkh fn;k tkrk gSA

470 xf.kr
 jSf[kd izksxzkeu
1974 esa ,y- dUVksjksfop dks ,d nwljs izfl) vesfjdh xf.krK&vFkZ'kkL=h Vh-lh- dwiekUl ds ekWM;
~ y
w -X
lkFk bu leL;kvksa ij dke djus ds fy, vFkZ'kkL= esa ukscsy iqjLdkj fn;k x;k FkkA jSf[kd izksxzkeu
,oa xf.krh;
foospu
mís';
bl ikB ds v/;;u ds ckn vki fuEufyf[kr esa leFkZ gks tk,axs%
• jSf[kd izksxzkeu esa iz;qDr 'kCnkoyh dk Kku
• O;ogkfjd leL;kvksa dks jSf[kd izksxzkeu leL;kvksa esa cnyuk fVIi.kh
• vkys[kh; fof/k }kjk jSf[kd izksxzkeu leL;kvksa dks gy djuk

iwoZ Kku
• fofHkUu lwpukvksa dks jSf[kd vlfedkvksa esa cnyuk
• vkys[kh; fof/k ls jSf[kd vlfedkvksa dks gy djuk

37.2 jSf[kd izksxzkeu esa iz;qDr fofHkUu inksa dh ifjHkk"kk,¡

Hkwfedk esa fn, x, mnkgj.kksa ds lw{e ijh{k.k ls ,d eq[; y{k.k fpfUgr gksrk gS tks lHkh
leL;kvksa ds fy, mHk;fu"B gS vFkkZr~ izR;sd mngj.k esa] ge fdlh jkf'k dk vf/kdre ;k
U;wure eku Kkr djrs gSaA
ifjp; esa fn, x, mnkgj.k 1 rFkk 2 esa ge yxk, x, /ku dh vf/kdre okilh pkgrs gSaA
mnkgj.k 3 esa ge Jfed ewY; dks U;wure cukuk pkgrs gSaA jS[kh; izksxzkeu 'kCnkoyh esa fdlh
jkf'k dks vfèkdre ;k U;wure cukuk ml leL;k ds mn~ns'; dks fu:fir djrk gSA
37.2.1 oLrqfu"B Qyu (Objective Functions)
jSf[kd izkx
s kz eu leL;k esa pjksa dk jSf[kd Qyu] z ftldk b"Vre (Optimal) eku Kkr djuk gS oLrqfu"B
Qyu dgykrk gSA ;gk¡] jS[kh; fLFkfr ls eryc gS fd fuEu izdkj dk xf.krh; O;atd fy[kuk
a1 x1 + a2 x2 + ..... + an xn , tgk¡ a1 , a2, ....., an fLFkjkad rFkk x1 , x2, ....., xn pj gSaA

jSf[kd izksxzkeu leL;kvksa esa mRikn] lsok,¡] vuqla/kku vkfn tks fn, x, lhfer lk/kuksa dh
fgLlsnkjh ds fy, ,d&nwljs ls Li/kkZ djrs gSa] pj ;k fu.kkZ;d pj dgykrs gSaA
37. 2.2 izfrcU/k

lalk/kuksa ij lhek,¡ ¼tSls udn&jkf'k] mRiknu {kerk] ekuo'kfDr] le;] e'khu vkfn½ tks
fofHkUu LièkkZRed pjksa esa lEcU/k n'kkZrh gSa] izfrcU/k gksrh gSaA ;s lhek,¡ jSf[kd&lehdj.k ;k
vlfedk ds :i esa gksrh gS] bUgsa izfrcU/k (constraints) dgrs gSaA
37.2.3 _.ksr j izfrcU/k
lHkh pjksa dk _.ksrj eku fy;k tkrk gS D;ksafd HkkSfrdh; jkf'k;ksa dk eku _.kkRed gksuk
vlEHko gSA

xf.kr 471
 jSf[kd izksxzkeu
ekWM~;wy - X 37.3 jSf[kd izksxzkeu leL;k dks lw=c) djuk
jSf[kd izksxzkeu jSf[kd izksxzkeu leL;k dks xf.krh; ekWMy :i esa O;oLFkkfir djus ds fy, fuEufyf[kr pj.kksa
,oa xf.krh; dks è;ku esa j[krs gSaA
foospu
pj.k 1 : mu fu.kkZ;d pjksa dks igpkfu, ftudh x.kuk dh tkuh gS rFkk mUgsa chth; fpUgksa ds
:i esa fyf[k, tSls x1, x2, x3, ..........
pj.k 2 : nh xbZ leL;k esa lHkh lhekvksa dks igpkfu, rFkk mUgsa mi;qZDr ifjHkkf"kr pjksa ds inksa
fVIi.kh
esa jSf[kd lehdj.k ;k vlfedkvksa ds :i esa iznf'kZr dhft,A
pj.k 3 : oLrqfu"B Qyu ftldk b"Vre (Optimum) eku Kkr djuk gS dks igpkfu, rFkk bls
mi;qZDr ifjHkkf"kr pjksa ds jSf[kd Qyu ds :i esa iznf'kZr dhft,A

mnkgj.k 37.1. ,d QqVdj foØsrk A rFkk B izdkj ds jsfM;ks VªkaftLVj [kjhnuk pkgrk gSA
A izdkj ds izR;sd jsfM;ks dk ewY; 360.00 #i;s rFkk B izdkj ds izR;sd jsfM;ks dk ewY; 240.00 #i;s
gSA QqVdj foØsrk ;g tkurk gS fd og 20 lsV ls vf/kd ugha csp ldrk blfy, og 20 lsV ls
vf/kd ugha [kjhnrk gSA og 5760.00 #i;s rd gh [kpZ dj ldrk gSA og A izdkj ds lsV ij
50.00 #i;s ykHk rFkk B izdkj ds lsV ij 40.00 #i, ykHk izkIr djuk pkgrk gSA vf/kdre ykHk
izkIr djus ds fy, bl leL;k dk xf.krh; lw=.k dhft,A
gy : ekuk fd QqVdj foØsrk A izdkj ds x1 lsV rFkk B izdkj ds x2 lsV [kjhnrk gSA D;ksafd
izR;sd izdkj ds lsV dh la[;k _.kkRed ugha gks ldrh gSA
x1 ≥ 0, L (1)

x2 ≥ 0, L (2)

A izdkj ds x1 lsV rFkk B izdkj ds x2 lsV dk ewY; 360 x1 + 240 x2 gS tks 5760.00 #i;s ds
cjkcj ;k blls de gksuk pkfg,A vr%
360 x1 + 240 x2 ≤ 5760

;k 3x1 + 2 x2 ≤ 48 L (3)

nksuksa izdkj ds lsV dh dqy la[;k 20 ls vf/kd ugha gksuh pkfg,A

vr% x1 + x2 ≤ 20 L (4)

D;ksafd dqy ykHk A izdkj ds x1 lsV rFkk B izdkj ds x2 lsV cspus ij izkIr gksrk gSA vr% QqVdj
foØsrk A izdkj ds lsVksa ij 50 x1 rFkk B izdkj ds lsVksa ij 40 x2 ykHk dekrk gSA vr% dqy ykHk
fuEufyf[kr gksxk %
z = 50 x1 + 40 x2 L (5)

472 xf.kr
 jSf[kd izksxzkeu
vr% nh xbZ jSf[kd izksxzkeu leL;k dk xf.krh; lw=.k fuEufyf[kr gksxk% ekWM;
~ y
w -X
x1, x2 dk eku Kkr dhft, ftlls jSf[kd izksxzkeu
,oa xf.krh;
fuEu 'krks± ds vUrxZr]
foospu
3x1 + 2 x2 ≤ 48

x1 + x2 ≤ 20 
izf rcU/k
x1 ≥ 0, x2 ≥ 0 
fVIi.kh
z = 50 x1 + 40 x2 (oLrqfu"B Qyu ) dk eku vf/kdre gks tk,A
mnkgj.k 37.2. B.Mk is; cukus okyh ,d dEiuh cksry Hkjus ds nks ;U= yxkrh gSA ,d ;U=
LFkku P ij rFkk nwljk LFkku Q ij fLFkr gSA izR;sd ;U= fofHkUu rhu izdkj ds B.Ms is; A, B
rFkk C cukrk gSA nksuksa ;U=ksa dh izR;sd fnu cksry Hkjus dh {kerk fuEu izdkj gS %
;U=
mRikn P Q
A 3000 1000
B 1000 1000
C 2000 6000
,d ckt+kj dk fujh{k.k djus ij ;g Li"V gksrk gS fd ebZ eghus ds nkSjku A izdkj dh de ls
de 24000 cksryksa] B izdkj dh de ls de 16000 cksryksa rFkk C izdkj dh de ls de 48000
cksryksa dh ek¡x gksxhA P rFkk Q ;U=ksa dks izfrfnu pykus ds fy, Øe'k% 6000.00 #i;s rFkk
4000.00 #i;s [kpZ vkrk gSA ebZ eghus esa dEiuh dks izR;sd ;U= fdrus fnu pykuk pkfg,]
ftlls mRiknu ewY; U;wure gks rFkk cktkj dh ek¡x iwjh gks tk,A leL;k dk xf.krh; lw=.k
dhft,A
gy % ekuk fd cktkj dh ek¡x dh iwfrZ ds fy, dEiuh ebZ eghus esa ;U= P dks x1 fnu rFkk
;U= Q dks x2 fnu pykrh gSA
;U= P dks izfrfnu pykus dk [kpkZ 6000.00 #i;s gS
vr% bls x1 fnu pykus dk [kpkZ 6000 x1 #i;s gksxkA
;U= Q dks izfrfnu pykus dk [kpkZ 4000 #i;s gS
vr% bls x2 fnu pykus dk [kpkZ 4000 x2 #i;s gksxkA
vr% nksuksa ;U=ksa dks pykus dk dqy [kpkZ gksxk %
z = 6000 x1 + 4000 x2 L (1)
;U= P izR;sd fnu A izdkj ds is; dh 3000 cksrysa cukrk gSA
vr% x1 fnuksa esa ;U= P, A izdkj ds is; dh 3000 x1 cksrysa cuk,xkA
;U= Q izR;sd fnu A izdkj ds is; dh 1000 cksrysa cukrk gSA

xf.kr 473
 jSf[kd izksxzkeu
ekWM~;wy - X vr% x2 fnuksa esa ;U= Q, A izdkj ds is; dh 1000 x2 cksrysa cuk,xkA
jSf[kd izksxzkeu fu/kkZfjr le; esa A izdkj ds is; dk dqy mRiknu fuEu gksxk %
,oa xf.krh; 3000 x1 + 1000 x2
foospu
ysfdu bl izdkj ds is; dh de ls de 24000 cksryksa dh ek¡x gksxhA vr% bl izdkj ds is;
dk dqy mRiknu bl ek¡x ds cjkcj ;k blls vf/kd gksuk pkfg,A
∴ 3000 x1 + 1000 x2 ≥ 24000
fVIi.kh
;k 3x1 + x2 ≥ 24 L (2)
blh izdkj] vU; nks is; ds fy,]
1000 x1 + 1000 x2 ≥16000

;k x1 + x2 ≥ 16 L (3)
rFkk
2000 x1 + 6000 x2 ≥ 48000

;k x1 + 3 x2 ≥ 24 L (4)

x1 vkSj x2 D;ksafd fnuksa dh la[;k gS vr% ;g _.ksrj gSA

x1 ≥ 0, x2 ≥ 0 L (5)
bl izdkj gekjh leL;k gS % x1 rFkk x2 dk eku Kkr djuk tks z dks U;wure cukrs gSaA
z = 6000 x1 + 4000 x2 (oLrqf u"B Qyu)
fuEu 'krks± ds vUrxZr
3x1 + x2 ≥ 24 

x1 + x2 ≥ 16 
(izfrcU/k)
x1 + 3x2 ≥ 24 

rFkk x1 ≥ 0, x2 ≥ 0
mnkgj.k 37.3. ,d dkj[kkuk A rFkk B nks izdkj dh oLrqvksa dk mRiknu djrk gS vkSj A
izdkj dh oLrq dks 2.00 #i;s ykHk rFkk B izdkj dh oLrq dks 3.00 #i;s ykHk ij csprk gSA
izR;sd oLrq ij e'khuksa G rFkk H }kjk dk;Z gksrk gSA A izdkj dh oLrq dks mRikfnr djus esa G
ij ,d feuV rFkk H ij nks feuV dk;Z djus dh t:jr gksrh gSA B izdkj dh oLrq dks mRikfnr
djus esa G ij ,d feuV rFkk H ij ,d feuV dk;Z djus dh t:jr gksrh gSA ,d dk;Zfnol ds
nkSjku e'khu G, 6 ?k.Vs 40 feuV ls vf/kd le; miyC/k ugha gksrh gS tcfd e'khu H, vf/kdre
10 ?k.Vs miyCèk gksrh gSA bl leL;k dks jSf[kd izkx
s kz eu leL;k ds :i esa lw=c) dhft,A
gy % ekuk fd A izdkj dh oLrqvksa dh la[;k x1 rFkk B izdkj dh oLrqvksa dh la[;k x2 gSA
leL;k esa nh xbZ lwpukvksa dks fuEufyf[kr rkfydk ds :i esa O;oLFkkfir dj ldrs gSa %
474 xf.kr
 jSf[kd izksxzkeu

e'khu oLrqvksa ij dk;Z le; miyC/k le;

ekWM;
~ y
w -X
(feuV esa) (feuV esa) jSf[kd izksxzkeu
,oa xf.krh;
A izdkj ( x1 bdkbZ) B izdkj ( x2 bdkbZ) foospu
G 1 1 400
H 2 1 600
izfr bdkbZ ykHk 2.00 #i;s 3.00 #i;s fVIi.kh
D;ksafd] A izdkj dh izR;sd oLrq ij ykHk 2 -00 #i;s gSaA vr% A izdkj dh x1 oLrqvksa dks cspus ij
ykHk 2x1. gksxkA blh izdkj B izdkj dh x2 oLrqvksa dks cspus ij ykHk 3x2. gksxkA vr% A izdkj
dh x1 oLrqvksa rFkk B izdkj dh x2 oLrqvksa dks cspus ij dqy ykHk fuEufyf[kr gksxk %

z = 2 x1 + 3 x2 (oLrqfu"B Qyu) L (1)

D;ksafd e'khu G, A izdkj ij ,d feuV rFkk B izdkj ij ,d feuV ysrh gS vr% e'khu G ij dqy
vko';d feuV x1 + x2 gksxhA
ysfdu e'khu G, 6 ?kaVs 40 feuV (400 feuV) ls vf/kd le; ds fy, miyC/k ugha gSA vr%
x1 + x2 ≤ 400 L (2)

blh izdkj e'khu H ij dqy vko';drk 2x1 + x2 feuV gksaxhA ysfdu e'khu H,10 ?kaVs ds fy,
miyCèk gSA vr%
2 x1 + x2 ≤ 600 L (3)

D;ksafd _.kkRed oLrq,¡ mRiUu djuk lEHko ugha gS vr%

x1 ≥ 0, x2 ≥ 0 L (4)

vr% leL;k gS x1 rFkk x2 ds eku Kkr djuk tks z dks vf/kdre cuk,a tcfd z = 2 x1 + 3x2
¼oLrqfu"B Qyu½
fuEu 'krks± ds vUrxZr
x1 + x2 ≤ 400
2 x1 + x2 ≤ 600
x1 ≥ 0, x2 ≥ 0

mnkgj.k 37.4. ,d QuhZpj fuekZrk nks izdkj& A rFkk B izdkj ds lksQs cukrk gSA ljyrk ds fy,
og mRiknu fØ;k dks rhu fofHkUu fØ;kvks& a c<+bx Z hjh] ifj"d`r djuk] xn~ns kj cukuk] esa ck¡V ysrk gSA
A izdkj ds lksQs ds fuekZ.k esa 6 ?kaVs c<+bx
Z hjh es]a 1 ?kaVk ifj"d`r djus esa rFkk 2 ?kaVs xn~ns kj cukus esa yxrs
gSAa B izdkj ds lksQs ds fuekZ.k esa 3 ?kaVs c<+bxZ hjh es]a 1 ?kaVk ifj"d`r djus esa rFkk 6 ?kaVs xn~ns kj cukus
xf.kr 475
 jSf[kd izksxzkeu
ekWM~;wy - X esa yxrs gSAa dq'ky dkjhxjks]a vkStkjksa rFkk lqfo/kkvksa dh lhfer miyC/krkvksa dh otg ls dkj[kkus esa
izR;sd fnu 96 ekuo ?kaVs c<+bx Z hjh ds fy,] 18 ekuo ?kaVs ifj"d`r djus rFkk 72 ekuo ?kaVs xn~ns kj cukus
jSf[kd izksxzkeu
ds fy, miyC/k gSA A izdkj ds izR;sd lksQk ij 80 #i;s ykHk rFkk B izdkj ds izR;sd lksQk ij 70 #i;s
,oa xf.krh;
ykHk gksrk gSA vf/kdre ykHk izkIr djus ds fy, izR;sd fnu A rFkk B izdkj ds fdrus lksQs cukus
foospu
pkfg,¡\A bl leL;k dks jSf[kd izkx s kz eu leL;k ds :i esa lw=&c) dhft,A
gy % fofHkUu fØ;kvksa rFkk izR;sd fØ;k ds fy, vko';d ekuo le; dks fuEu rkfydk ds :i
esa n'kkZ;k x;k gS %
fVIi.kh fØ;k,¡ lksQk A izdkj lksQk B izdkj miyC/k Je
c<+bZxhjh 6 ?kaVs 3 ?kaVs 96 ekuo ?kaVs
ifj"Ñr djuk 1 ?kaVk 1 ?kaVk 18 ekuo ?kaVs

xn~nsnkj cukuk 2 ?kaVs 6 ?kaVs 72 ekuo ?kaVs

ykHk 80.00 #i;s 70.00 #i;s

ekuk fd A izdkj ds lksQksa dh la[;k x1 rFkk B izdkj ds lksQksa dh la[;k x2 gSA

rkfydk dh izR;sd iafDr ,d izfrcU/k cukrh gSA

igyh iafDr n'kkZrh gS fd c<+bZxhjh ds A izdkj ds izR;sd lksQk ds fy, 6 ?kaVs rFkk B izdkj ds
izR;sd lksQs ds fy, 3 ?kaVs vko';d gSa izR;sd fnu c<+bZxhjh ds fy, dsoy 96 ekuo ?kaVs miyC/
k gSaA izR;sd fnu A izdkj ds x1 lksQs rFkk B izdkj ds x2 lksQs cukus ds fy, dqy ekuo ?kaVksa dh
x.kuk fuEu izdkj dj ldrs gSa %
c<+bZfxjh ds fy, izR;sd fnu ekuo ?kaVksa dh la[;k = { (c<+bZxhjh ds fy, A izdkj ds izR;sd
lksQk ds fy, vko';d ?kaVs) × (A izdkj ds lksQksa dh la[;k) } + { (c<+bZxhjh ds fy, B
izdkj ds izR;sd lksQk ds fy, vko';d ?kaVs) × (B izdkj ds lksQksa dh la[;k) }
= 6 x1 + 3 x2

ysfdu izR;sd fnu c<+bZxhjh ds fy, vf/kdre 96 ekuo ?kaVs miyC/k gSaA vr%
6 x1 + 3 x2 ≤ 96
;k 2x1 + x2 < 32 L (1)
blh izdkj rkfydk dh f}rh; rFkk r`rh; iafDr Øe'k% ifj"Ñr djus rFkk xn~nsnkj cukus dh
lhekvksa dks n'kkZrh gSA vr%
x1 + x2 < 18 L (2)
rFkk 2 x1 + 6 x2 ≤ 72
;k x1 + 3x2 < 36 L (3)

476 xf.kr
 jSf[kd izksxzkeu
D;ksafd lksQksa dh la[;k _.kkRed ugha gks ldrh ekWM;
~ y
w -X
x1 > 0, x2 > 0 L (4) jSf[kd izksxzkeu
vc] ykHk nks lzksrksa A izdkj ds lksQk rFkk B izdkj ds lksQk] ls izkIr gksrk gSA vr% ,oa xf.krh;
foospu
ykHk = (A izdkj ds lksQksa ls ykHk) + (B izdkj ds lksQksa ls ykHk)
= { (A izdkj ds izR;sd lksQs ij ykHk) × (A izdkj ds lksQksa dh la[;k) }
+ { (B izdkj ds izR;sd lksQs ij ykHk) × (B izdkj ds lksQksa dh la[;k) }
fVIi.kh
z = 80 x1 + 70 x2 (oLrqfu"B Qyu) L (5)

vc] leL;k gS fd x1 rFkk x2 dk eku Kkr djuk gS ftlls z dk vf/kdre eku izkIr gksA
tcfd z = 80 x1 + 70 x2 (oLrqf u"B Qyu )
fuEu 'krks± ds vUrxZr]
2 x1 + x2 ≤ 32 
x1 + x2 ≤ 18 

x1 + 3x2 ≤ 36  (izf rcU/k )
x1 ≥ 0, x2 ≥ 0 

ns[ksa vkius fdruk lh[kk 37.1

1. ,d dEiuh nks oLrq,¡ A rFkk B cukrh gSA izR;sd oLrq ij nks e'khuksa G rFkk H ls dk;Z gksrk
gSA oLrq A dks mRikfnr djus ds fy, e'khu G ij 3 ?kaVs rFkk e'khu H ij 4 ?kaVs rFkk
oLrq B dks mRikfnr djus ds fy, e'khu G ij 4 ?kaVs rFkk e'khu H ij 5 ?kaVs dk;Z djus
dh t:jr gksrh gSA e'khu G rFkk H ij dk;Z djus ds fy, miyC/k le; Øe'k% 18 ?kaVs
rFkk 21 ?kaVs gSA oLrq,¡ A rFkk B Øe'k% 3.00 #i;s rFkk 8.00 #i;s izfr bdkbZ ds ykHk ij
csph tk ldrh gaSA bl leL;k dks jSf[kd izksxzkeu leL;k ds :i esa lw=c) dhft,A
2. ,d QuhZpj O;kikjh nks oLrqvksa est rFkk dqlhZ dk O;kikj djrk gSA O;kikj esa mi;skx djus
ds fy, mlds ikl 5000 #i;s gSa rFkk vf/kdre 60 oLrqvksa dks j[kus ds fy, txg gSA ,d
est dk ewY; 250 #i;s rFkk ,d dqlhZ dk ewY; 50 #i;s gS og ,d est dks 50 #i;s ykHk
ij rFkk ,d dqlhZ dks 15 #i;s ykHk ij csprk gSA ;g ekudj fd og [kjhnh xbZ lHkh oLrq,¡
csp ldrk gS] vf/kdre ykHk izkIr djus ds fy, mls viuk /ku fdl izdkj O;kikj esa yxkuk
pkfg,\ bl leL;k dks jSf[kd izkx s zkeu leL;k ds :i esa lw=c) dhft,A
3. LFkku P rFkk LFkku Q ij ,d nXq/k'kkyk ds nks ;a= yxs gSaA izR;sd ;a= ,d fdxzk- iSfdV
esa nks izdkj ds mRikn A rFkk B cukrs gSaA izR;sd fnu iSfdV cukus dh nksuska ;a=ksa dh
{kerk bl izdkj gS %

xf.kr 477
 jSf[kd izksxzkeu
ekWM~;wy - X ;a=
jSf[kd izksxzkeu mRikn P Q
,oa xf.krh; A 2000 1500
foospu B 4000 6000
cktkj esa ,d fujh{k.k djus ij Kkr gqvk fd vizSy eghus esa A izdkj ds de ls de 20000
iSfdV rFkk B izdkj ds de ls de 16000 iSfdV dh ek¡x gksxhA P rFkk Q ;a=ksa dks izfrfnu
pykus ds fy, Øe'k% 4000 #i;s rFkk 7500 #i;s [kpZ gksaxsA vizSy eghus esa dEiuh dks
fVIi.kh izR;sd ;a= fdrus fnu pykuk pkfg, ftlls mRiknu ewY; U;wure gks rFkk cktkj dh ek¡x
Hkh iwjh gks tk,A bl leL;k dks jSf[kd izksxzkeu leL;k ds :i esa lw=c) dhft,A
4. ,d dkj[kkus esa nks oLrqvksa A rFkk B dk fuekZ.k gksrk gSA oLrq A dks cukus ds fy, e'khu ij 1
?kaVk 30 feuV dk;Z djuk iM+rk gS rFkk blds vfrfjDr ,d f'kYidkj dks 2 ?kaVs dk;Z djuk
iM+rk gSA oLrq B dks cukus ds fy, e'khu ij 2 ?kaVs 30 feuV dk;Z djuk iM+rk gS rFkk blds
vfrfjDr ,d f'kYidkj dks 1 ?kaVk 30 feuV dk;Z djuk iM+rk gSA ,d lIrkg esa dkj[kkus esa
80 ?kaVs e'khu ij le; rFkk 70 ?kaVs f'kYidkj dk le; miyC/k gks ldrk gSA izR;sd A oLrq
ij 5.00 #i;s ykHk rFkk izR;sd B oLrq ij 4.00 #i;s ykHk gksrk gSA ;fn cukbZ xbZ lHkh oLrq,¡
csp nh tk,¡ rks crkb, izR;sd izdkj dh fdruh oLrq,¡ cukbZ tk,¡ ftl ls gj lIrkg vf/kdre
ykHk izkIr gksA leL;k dks jSf[kd izkx s kz eu leL;k ds :i esa lw=c) dhft,A

37.4 jSf[kd izksxzkeu leL;k&T;kferh; fof/k

nks pjksa x rFkk y esa ,d ljy iz'u ysrs gSaA x rFkk y ds eku Kkr dhft,] tks fuEufyf[kr
lehdj.kksa dks larq"V djrs gSa %
x + y =4
3 x + 4 y = 14
bu lehdj.kksa dks gy djus ij x = 2 rFkk y = 2 izkIr gksrk gSA tc lehdj.kksa rFkk pjksa dh la[;k
vf/kd gks rks D;k gksrk gS\
bl izdkj ds lehdj.k fudk;ksa ds fy,] D;k ge vf}rh; gy izkIr dj ldrs gS\a
rFkkfi] n pjksa esa lehdj.k fudk;ksa ds fy, vf}rh; gy rHkh izkIr fd;k tk ldrk gS tcfd Bhd
n laca/k ¼lehdj.k½ fn, gksaA tc lac/a kksa ¼lehdj.kksa½ dh la[;k n ls vf/kd ;k de gks rks D;k gksxk\
vf}rh; gy laHko ugha gksaxs ysfdu ijh{k.kh; gy (Trial solution) izkIr fd, tk ldrs gSaA fQj]
;fn laca/kksa dh la[;k pjksa dh la[;k ls vf/kd ;k de gks rFkk laca/k vlfedk (Inequation) ds
:i esa gSa] D;k ge bl izdkj ds fudk;ksa dk gy izkIr dj ldrs gSa\
tc dHkh ,d leL;k dk fo'ys"k.k] ftlesa pj dks dbZ jSf[kd vlfedkvksa dk ikyu djrs gq,
,d jSf[kd O;atd dks U;wure ;k vf/kdre cukus dks vxzlj gksrk gks rks mldk gy jSf[kd
izksxzkeu dyk dk mi;skx djds izkIr fd;k tk ldrk gSA jSf[kd izksxzkeu leL;kvksa ftuesa dsoy
nks pj gksrs gSa dks gy djus dk rjhdk T;kferh; rjhdk gS] ftls jSf[kd izksxzkeu leL;k dk
vkys[kh; gy dgrs gSaA

478 xf.kr
 jSf[kd izksxzkeu

37.5 jSf[kd izksxzkeu leL;k dk gy ekWM;

~ y
w -X
x2 jSf[kd izksxzkeu
fiNys vuqPNsn esa geus ,slh leL;kvksa dks
,oa xf.krh;
ns[kk gS ftuesa laca/kksa dh la[;k pjksa dh
foospu
la[;k ds cjkcj ugha gS rFkk cgqr ls lacaèkksa
dks vlfedk ¼vFkkZr~ ≤ ;k ≥ ½ ds :i esa
B(0, 1)
n'kkZ;k x;k gS ftuesa nh xbZ 'krks± ds
x1
vUrxZr pjksa ds Qyu dks vf/kdre ¼;k +
x2
U;wure½ djuk gksrk gSA =
1
fVIi.kh
x1
ge tkurs gSa fd x ≥ 0, y-v{k lfgr y-v{k O A(1, 0)

ds nkb± vksj ds Hkkx dks n'kkZrk gS ¼fp= 37- fp= 37-1

1½ blh izdkj y ≥ 0, x-v{k ds mij ds Hkkx
dks n'kkZrk gS ¼fp= 37-2½
x2

0
=
x2
–
x1
5 5
A , feasible region
4 4

(0, 1) –x1 +5x2 = 5

x1
O
fp= 37-2
vc iz'u ;g gS fd ,slh leL;kvksa dk gy dSls izkIr fd;k tk ldrk gS\
vc iz'u mBrk gS fd ,d lkFk x > 0, rFkk y > 0 fdl Hkkx dks iznf'kZr djrs gSaA Li"Vr% x >
0 rFkk y > 0 }kjk iznf'kZr Hkkx esa os lHkh fcUnq gksrs gSa tks nksuksa x > 0 rFkk y > 0 esa mHk;fu"B
gksrs gSaA ;g ry esa izFke prqFkk±'k gksxkA ¼fp= 37-3½

x ≥ 0, y ≥ 0

x′ x

y′
fp= 37-3

xf.kr 479
 jSf[kd izksxzkeu
ekWM~;wy - X vkxs] ge vlfedk x + 2y < 8 dk vkys[k ysrs gSaA blds fy,] igys js[kk x + 2y = 8 [khaprs gSa
jSf[kd izksxzkeu vkSj rc og Hkkx ekywe djrs gSa tks x + 2y < 8 dks lUrq"V djrk gSA
,oa xf.krh; lkekU;r;k] eku izkIr djus ds fy,] ge x = 0 ysrs gSa rFkk y dk blds rqY; eku Kkr djrs gSaA
foospu blh izdkj ge y = 0 ysrs gSa rFkk blds rqY; x dk eku Kkr djrs gSaA ¼;fn js[kk nksuksa v{kksa esa
ls fdlh ,d ds lekUrj gS ;k ewy fcUnq ls xqtjrh gS rks ;g fof/k mi;qDr ugha gSA bl fLFkfr
esa ge x rFkk y ds dksbZ Hkh ,sls lEHkkfor eku ysrs gSa] tks lehdj.k dks lUrq"V djrs gSaA½
fcUnqvksa (0,4) rFkk (8,0) dks xzkQ ij n'kkZdj] mUgsa lh/kh js[kk ls feykus ij gesa js[kk dk vkys[k
fVIi.kh
izkIr gksrk gS tSlkfd fp= 37.4 esa n'kkZ;k x;k gSA

y
B(0, 4)

x+
2y
=8

A(8, 0)
x′ x
O

y′ fp= 37-4

ge igys gh ns[k pqds gSa fd x ≥ 0 rFkk y ≥ 0 izFke prqFkk±'k dks n'kkZrs gaSA x + 2y < 8 }kjk
iznf'kZr vkys[k js[kk x + 2y = 8 ds ml rjQ gksrk gS ftl vksj ewy fcUnq gksrk gS D;skafd bl
Hkkx dk dksbZ Hkh fcUnq vlfedk dks lUrq"V djrk gSA vr% fp= 37.5 esa Nk;kafdr Hkkx x ≥ 0,
y ≥ 0 r Fkk
x + 2y ≤ 8 dks iznf'kZr djrk gSA

(0, 4) x+
2y
=8

(8, 0)
x′ x
O
fp= 37-5
y′

blh izdkj ;fn ge x ≥ 0, y ≥ 0 rFkk x + 2y ≥ 8, ls f?kjk Hkkx ysrs gSa rks ;g izFke prqFkk±'k
esa gksxk rFkk js[kk x + 2y = 8 ds ml rjQ gksxk] ftl rjQ ewyfcUnq fLFkr ugha gSA fp= 37.6
esa Nk;kafdr Hkkx vkys[k dks iznf'kZr djrk gSA
480 xf.kr
 jSf[kd izksxzkeu
y ekWM;
~ y
w -X
jSf[kd izksxzkeu
,oa xf.krh;
foospu
(0, 4)

x+
2y
= 8 fVIi.kh
x′ x
O (8, 0)

y′
fp= 37-6

Nk;kafdr Hkkx ftlesa fn, x, lHkh izfrcU/k lUrq"V gks tkrs gSa laHkkO; (Feasible) {ks= dgykrk gSA

37.5.1 laHkkO; ¼lqlaxr½ (Feasible) gy

jSf[kd izksxzkeu&leL;k ds pjksa ds os eku tks lHkh izfrcU/kksa rFkk _.ksrj izfrcU/k dks lUrq"V
djrs gSa leL;k ds laHkkO; (feasible) gy dgykrs gSaA

37.5.2 b"Vre (Optimal) gy

jSf[kd izksxzkeu leL;k ds os laHkkO; gy tks vius oLrqfu"B Qyu dks vf/kdre ;k U;wure
cukrs gSa] leL;k ds b"Vre (optimal) gy dgykrs gSaA

fVIi.kh : ;fn dksbZ Hkh laHkkO; gy oLrqfu"B Qyu dks vf/kdre ¼;k U;wure½ ugha cukrk
gS ;k leL;k dk laHkkO; gy ugha gS rks jSf[kd izksxkz eu leL;k dk dksbZ gy ugha gksrk gSA
jSf [kd izksxzkeu leL;k dk vkys[ k&fof/k ls gy izkIr djus ds fy, fuEufyf[kr
pj.k gSa %
pj.k 1 : jSf[kd izksxzkeu leL;k dk xf.krh; lw=.k djukA
pj.k 2 : izfrcfU/kr vlfedkvksa dk vkys[k cukuk ¼mi;qZDr crkbZ xbZ fof/k ls½A
pj.k 3 : lEHkkfor {ks= dks igpkuuk tks ,d lkFk lHkh izfrcU/kksa dks lUrq"V djrk gksA NksVk ;k
cjkcj ¼<½ izfrcU/kksa ds fy, lekU;r;k Hkkx js[kk ds uhps gksrk gSA cM+k ;k cjkcj ¼>½
izfrcUèkksa ds fy, Hkkx lekU;r;k js[kkvksa ls Åij gksrk gSA
pj.k 4 : lEHkkfor {ks= esa gy fcUnqvksa dks LFkkfir dhft,A ;s fcUnq lEHkkfor {ks= ds dksuksa ij
gksrs gSaA
pj.k 5 : izR;sd dksus ij fcUnq ds fy, oLrqfu"B Qyu dh x.kuk dhft,A
pj.k 6 : oLrqfu"B Qyu ds b"Vre ekuksa dh igpku dhft;sA
xf.kr 481
 jSf[kd izksxzkeu
ekWM~;wy - X mnkgj.k 37.5. jkf'k z dk U;wure eku Kkr dhft, %
jSf[kd izksxzkeu z = x1 + 2 x2 x2
,oa xf.krh;
foospu fuEu izfrcU/kksa ds vUrxZr

x1 + x2 ≥ 1
x1 ≥ 0, x2 ≥ 0
B(0, 1)
fVIi.kh
gy : z = x1 + 2 x2 oLrqfu"B Qyu x1
+
gS] ftldk U;wure eku Kkr x2
=
djuk gSA fuEu izfrcU/kksa ds 1

vUrxZr O A(1, 0)
x1
fp= 37-7
x1 + x2 ≥ 1
x1 ≥ 0, x2 ≥ 0

loZizFke ge bu vlfedkvksa ds fy, vkys[k [khaprs gSa tks bl izdkj gS %

tSlkfd ge igys crk pqds gSa fd og Hkkx tks x1 ≥ 0 rFkk x2 ≥ 0 dks lUrq"V djrk gS izFke
prqFkk±'k gksrk gS vkSj og Hkkx tks x1 + x2 ≥ 1 ds lkFk&lkFk x1 ≥ 0, x2 ≥ 0 dks larq"V djrk gS]
js[kk x1 + x2 = 1 ds ml vksj gS ftl vksj ewy fcUnq ugha gSA vr% Nk;kafdr Hkkx lEHkkfor gy
gksxk D;ksafd bl Hkkx dk izR;sd fcUnq lHkh izfrcU/kksa dks lUrq"V djrk gSA vc] gedks b"Vre
gy izkIr djuk gSA lEHkkfor {ks= ds dksus A (1,0) rFkk B (0,1) gSaA
A ij z dk eku = 1
B ij z dk eku = 2

lEHkkfor Hkkx esa dksbZ nwljs fcUnq ekuk fd (1,1), (2,0), (0,2) ysus ij ge ns[krs gSa fd A (1, 0.)
ij z dk U;wure eku gksrk gSA
x2

mnkgj.k 37.6. jkf'k z dk U;wure eku

Kkr dhft;s %
z = x1 + 2 x2
E(0, 1)
fuEu izfrcU/kksa ds vUrxZr D(0, 0.75)
C(0.5, 0.5)
x1 + x2 ≥ 1 2x1 + 4x2 = 3
2 x1 + 4 x2 ≥ 3
x1
x1 ≥ 0, x2 ≥ 0 O A(1, 0)
B(1.5, 0)
x1
+

fp= 37-8
x2
=
1

482 xf.kr
 jSf[kd izksxzkeu
gy % z = x1 + 2 x2 oLrqfu"B Qyu gS] ftldk U;wure eku Kkr djuk gSA ekWM;
~ y
w -X
fuEu izfrcU/kksa ds varxZr jSf[kd izksxzkeu
,oa xf.krh;
x1 + x2 ≥ 1 foospu
2 x1 + 4 x2 ≥ 3
x1 ≥ 0, x2 ≥ 0

loZiFz ke ge bu vlfedkvksa dk vkys[k [khaprs gSa ¼tSlk igys o.kZu fd;k x;k gS½ tks bl izdkj gS%
fVIi.kh
Nk;kafdr Hkkx lEHkkfor {ks= gSA bl {ks= dk izR;sd fcUnq lHkh xf.krh; vlfedkvksa dks lUrq"V
djrk gS vkSj vr% ;s gh lEHkkfor gy gSaA
vc gesa b"Vre gy izkIr djus gSaA
B (1.5, 0) ij z dk eku 1.5 gSA

C ( 0.5, 0.5) ij z dk eku 1.5 gSA

E (0,1) ij z dk eku 2 gSA

3
;fn ge js[kk 2 x1 + 4 x2 = 3 ij B rFkk C ds chp dksbZ fcUnq ysrs gSa rks gesa izkIr gksrk gS vkSj
2
3
vU; dgha Hkh lEHkkfor {ks= esa ls vf/kd izkIr gksxkA 2 x1 + 4 x2 = 3 ij dksbZ Hkh lEHkkfor
2
fcUnq (B rFkk C ds chp) oLrqfu"B Qyu z = x1 + 2 x2 dks U;wure cukrk gS] bldk dkj.k gS fd
1
nksuksa js[kk,¡ lekUrj gSa ¼nksuksa dh izo.krk − gS)A bl izdkj jSf[kd izksxzkeu leL;k ds vuUr gy
2
gksaxs ftuesa ls nks gy dksuksa ij izkIr gksrs gSaA

mnkgj.k 37.7. z = 0.25 x1 + 0.45 x2 dk vf/kdre eku Kkr dhft;s

x2
fuEu izfrcU/kksa ds vUrxZr
x1 + 2 x2 ≤ 300
3 x1 + 2 x2 ≤ 480 D(0, 240)

x1 ≥ 0, x2 ≥ 0

gy % z = 0.25 x1 + 0.45 x2 oLrqfu"B C(0, 150)

Qyu gS ftldk vf/kdre eku

izkIr djuk gSA
E(300, 0)
fuEu izfrcU/kksa ds vUrxZr x1
O A(160, 0)
x1 + 2 x2 ≤ 300 x1 + 2x2 = 300
3 x1 + 2 x2 ≤ 480 3x1 + 2x2 = 480
x1 ≥ 0, x2 ≥ 0 fp= 37-9

xf.kr 483
 jSf[kd izksxzkeu
ekWM~;wy - X loZizFke ge bu vlfedkvksa dk vkys[k [khaprs gSa tks bl izdkj gS %
jSf[kd izksxzkeu N k; ka
f d r H kkx OABC lEHkkfor {ks= gSA bl Hkkx esa izR;sd fcUnq lHkh xf.krh; vlfedkvksa dks
,oa xf.krh; lUrq"V djrk gS] vr% ;s gh lEHkkfor gy gSaA
foospu
vc gesa b"Vre gy izkIr djuk gSA
A (160, 0) ij z dk eku 40.00 gSA
B (90, 105) ij z dk eku 69.75 gSA
fVIi.kh
C (0, 150) ij z dk eku 67.50 gSA
O (0, 0) ij z dk eku 0 gSA
;fn ge lEHkkfor {ks= ls dksbZ nwljs eku tSls fd (60, 120), (80, 80) vkfn ysrs gSa fQj Hkh
lEHkkfor {ks= ds dksus B (90, 105) ij izkIr eku 69.75 vf/kdre eku gSA

fVIi.kh% fdlh jSf[kd izksxzkeu leL;k ds fy, ftldk gy lEHko gS] fuEufyf[kr
lkekU; fu;e lR; gSA
;fn jSf[kd izksxzkeu leL;k dk ,d gy gS rks ;g lEHkkfor gyksa ds lewg ds ,d
'kh"kZ ij fLFkr gksrk gS] ;fn jSf[kd izksxzkeu leL;k ds vusd gy gksa rks muesa ls
de&ls&de ,d lEHkkfor gy] gyksa ds lewg ds ,d 'kh"kZ ij fLFkr gksrk gSA nksuksa
fLFkfr esa oLrqfu"B Qyu dk vf}rh; eku gksrk gSA
mnkgj.k 37.8. ,d y?kq m|ksx esa ,d fuekZrk nks izdkj dh iqLrd vyekjh cukrk gSA igys
izdkj dh iqLrd vyekjh dks iw.kZ cukus ds fy, e'khu A ij 3 ?kaVs rFkk e'khu B ij 2 ?kaVs
vko';d gksrs gSaA nwljs izdkj dh iqLrd vyekjh ds fy, e'khu A ij 3 ?kaVs rFkk e'khu B ij
3 ?kaVs vko';d gksrs gSaA izfrfnu e'khu A vf/kdre 18 ?kaVs rFkk e'khu B vf/kdre 14 ?kaVs py
ldrh gSA igys izdkj dh izR;sd iqLrd vyekjh ij og 30 #i;s ykHk rFkk nwljs izdkj dh
izR;sd iqLrd vyekjh ij 40 #i;s ykHk dekrk gSA izR;sd fnu og izR;sd izdkj dh fdruh
iqLrd vyekjh cuk, ftlls mls vfèkdre ykHk izkIr gks\
gy % ekuk fd fuekZrk izR;sd fnu igys izdkj dh x1 iqLrd vyekjh rFkk nwljs izdkj dh x2
iqLrd vyekjh cukrk gSA D;ksafd x1 rFkk x2 iqLrd vyekfj;ksa dh la[;k gS] blfy,

x1 ≥ 0, x2 ≥ 0 L (1)

D;ksafd igys izdkj dh iqLrd vyekjh ds fy, e'khu A ij 3 ?kaVs vko';d gSA vr% x1 iqLrd
vyekfj;ksa ds fy, e'khu A ij 3x1 ?kaVs vko';d gksaxsA nwljs izdkj dh iqLrd vyekfj;ksa ds fy,
e'khu A ij 3 ?kaVs vko';d gSA vr% x2 iqLrd vyekfj;ksa ds fy, e'khu A ij 3x2 ?kaVs
vko';d gksaxsA ysfdu e'khu A dh izfrfnu dk;Z {kerk vf/kd&ls&vf/kd 18 ?kaVs gSaA vr%
3 x1 + 3 x2 ≤ 18

484 xf.kr
 jSf[kd izksxzkeu
;k x1 + x2 < 6 L (2) ekWM;
~ y
w -X
blh izdkj] e'khu B ij igys izdkj dh iqLrd vyekjh 2 ?kaVs rFkk nwljs izdkj dh iqLrd jSf[kd izksxzkeu
vyekjh 3 ?kaVs ysrh gSA e'khu dh izfrfnu dk;Z{kerk vf/kd&ls&vf/kd 14 ?kaVs gSaA vr% ,oa xf.krh;
foospu
2x1 + 3x2 < 14 L (3)
izfrfnu dk ykHk
z = 30 x1 + 40 x2 L (4)
fVIi.kh
vc gesa x1 rFkk x2 ds eku Kkr djus gSa ftlls fd z dk vf/kdre eku izkIr gksA

vf/kdre z = 30 x1 + 40 x2 (oLrqfu"B Qyu)

fuEu 'krks± ds vUrxZr %

x1 + x2 ≤ 6 

2 x1 + 3 x2 ≤ 14 
izfrcU/k
x1 ≥ 0, x2 ≥ 0 

bl leL;k dk gy izkIr djus ds fy, ge vkys[kh; fof/k iz;ksx djrs gSaA loZizFke ge bu
vlfedkvksa ds vkys[k [khaprs gSa tks fuEu izdkj gSa %
x2

(0, 6)

14
C(0, )
3
B(4, 2)

(7, 0)
x1
O A(6, 0) 2x1 + 3x2 = 14
(0, 0)

fp= 37-10 x1 + x2 = 6

Nk;kafdr Hkkx OABC lEHkkfor {ks= gSA bl {ks= esa izR;sd fcUnq lHkh xf.krh; vlfedkvksa dks
lUrq"V djrk gS vr% ;s gh lEHkkfor gy gSaA
ge tkurs gSa fd dksuksa O (0, 0), A (6, 0). rFkk B (4,2) ij b"Vre gy izkIr fd, tk ldrs gSaA
D;ksafd C ds funsZ'kkad iw.kkZad ugha gSa] vr% ge bl fcUnq ij fopkj ugha djrs gSaA js[kkvksa ds
izfrPNsn fcUnq B ds funsZ'kkadksa dh x.kuk dh tk ldrh gSA
fcUnq O ij ykHk 'kwU; gSA

xf.kr 485
 jSf[kd izksxzkeu
ekWM~;wy - X A ij ykHk = 30 × 6 + 40 × 0
jSf[kd izksxzkeu = 180
,oa xf.krh; B ij ykHk = 30 × 4 + 40 × 2
foospu = 120 + 80
= 200
bl izdkj] ;fn fuekZrk igys izdkj dh 4 iqLrd vyekfj;k¡ rFkk nwljs izdkj dh 2 iqLrd
fVIi.kh vyekfj;k¡ cukrk gS rks og 200 #i;s dk vf/kdre ykHk izkIr djrk gSA
mnkgj.k 37.9. mnkgj.k 37.2 dks vkys[kh; fof/k ls gy dhft,A
gy : mnkgj.k 37.2 ls]
U;wure z = 6000 x1 + 4000 x2 (oLrqfu"B Qyu)

fuEu 'krks± ds vUrxZr %

3x1 + x2 ≥ 24  x2
x1 + x2 ≥ 16  B(0, 24)

x1 + 3x2 ≥ 24  (izfrcU/k)
x1 ≥ 0, x2 ≥ 0 

Li"Vr;k] izFke prqFkk±'k esa dksbZ fcUnq ( x1, x2 )

izfrcUèk x1 ≥ 0, rFkk x2 ≥ 0, dks lUrq"V djrk gSA
A(8, 0)
vc] ge js[kkvksa dks xzkQ ij [khaprs gSa % x1
O
3 x1 + x2 = 24 fp= 37-11
x1 x
;k + 2 =1
8 24

js[kk 3x1 + x2 = 24 ij dksbZ Hkh fcUnq izfrcU/k 3x1 + x2 ≥ 24 dks lUrq"V djrk gS (fp= 37.11)
1)
blh izdkj dksbZ Hkh fcUnq tks js[kk x1 + x2 = 16 ij gks ;k blds Åij gks] izfrcU/k x1 + x2 ≥ 16
dks lUrq"V djrk gS (fp= 37.12)
iqu% dksbZ Hkh fcUnq tks js[kk x1 + 3x2 = 24 ij ;k blds Åij gS izfrcU/k x1 + 3x2 ≥ 24 dks
lUrq"V djrk gS (fp= 37.13)

486 xf.kr
 jSf[kd izksxzkeu
x2 x2 ekWM;
~ y
w -X
jSf[kd izksxzkeu
,oa xf.krh;
B(0, 16)
foospu

B(0, 8)

x1 A(24, 0)
O A(16, 0) x1 fVIi.kh
O
fp= 37-12 fp= 37-13
vr% mijksDr lHkh fp=ksa dks feykdj x2
ge mHk;fu"B Nk;kafdr vlhfer {ks=
izkIr djrs gSaA (fp= 37.14) D(0, 24)

fcUnqvksa A (24,0), B(12,4), C(4,12)

feasible region
rFkk D(0,24) esa ls ,d fcUnq ij (0, 16)

z = 6000 x1 + 4000 x2 dk U;wure

eku gksxkA (0, 8)

A ij] z = 6000 × 24 + 0
x1
= 144000 O (8, 0) (16, 0) A(24, 0)
x1 + 3x2 = 24
x1 + x2 = 16
B ij] z = 6000 × 12 + 4000 × 4
3x1 + x2 = 24
= 88000
C ij] z = 6000 × 4 + 4000 × 12 = 72000 fp= 37-14

D ij] z = 0+ 4000 × 24 = 96000

vr% ge ns[krs gSa fd C (4, 12) ij z dk U;wure eku gS tgk¡ x1 = 4 rFkk x2 = 12 .

vr% U;wure ewY; ds fy,] dEiuh dks ;a= P, 4 fnu rFkk ;a= Q, 12 fnu pykuk pkfg,A U;wure
ewY; 72000 #- gksxkA

mnkgj.k 37.10. jkf'k z = x1 + 2 x2 dk vf/kdre eku Kkr dhft, %

fuEu izfrcU/kksa ds vUrxZr
(0, 1)
x1 + x2 ≥ 1, x1 ≥ 0, x2 ≥ 0
(1, 0)
gy % loZizFke ge izfrcU/kksa
x1
+
x2

x1 + x2 ≥ 1, x1 ≥ 0, x2 ≥ 0
=
1

ds vkys[k [khaprs gSaA

xf.kr 487
 jSf[kd izksxzkeu
ekWM~;wy - X Nk;kafdr {ks= lEHkkfor gy dk leqPp; gSA vc gesa oLrqfu"B Qyu dks vf/kdre djuk gSA
jSf[kd izksxzkeu A(1, 0) ij z dk eku 1 gSA
,oa xf.krh;
B(0, 1) ij z dk eku 2 gSA
foospu
;fn ge lEHkkfor {ks= ls dksbZ nwljs fcUnq tSls (1, 1) ;k (2, 3) ;k (5, 4) vkfn ysa vkSj buds fy,
z ds eku Kkr djsa rks gesa ekywe gksrk gS fd gj ckj ,d fcUnq ds fy, igys okys fcUnq dh vis{kk
cM+k eku izkIr gksrk gSA vr% dksbZ Hkh lEHkkfor fcUnq z dk vf/kdre eku ugha cukrk gSA D;ksafd
fVIi.kh ,slk dksbZ lEHkkfor fcUnq ugha gS tks z dk eku vf/kdre cuk,A vr% ge ;g eku ysrs gSa fd bl
jSf[kd izksxzkeu leL;k dk dksbZ gy ugha gSA
mnkgj.k 37.11. fuEufyf[kr iz'u dks vkys[kh; fof/k ls gy dhft, %
z = 2 x1 − 10 x2 dk U;wure eku Kkr dhft,]

fuEu izfrcU/kksa ds vUrxZr

x1 − x2 ≥ 0

0
x2 =
x1 − 5 x2 ≤ − 5

5
1 =
x1 –
x1 ≥ 0, x2 ≥ 0

–x 2
5x
gy : igys ge fuEu izfrcU/kksa ds vkys[k [khaprs gSa %
x1 − x2 ≥ 0 x2 − x1 ≤ 0, (0, 1)
x1 − 5 x2 ≤ − 5 ;k 5 x2 − x1 ≥ 5 (–5, 0)
x1 ≥ 0, x2 ≥ 0 x1 − x2 = 0 O

Nk;kafdr Hkkx lEHkkfor {ks= gSA

;gk¡ ge ns[krs gSa fd lEHkkfor {ks= ,d rjQ ls vlhfer gSA
ijUrq fp= ls ;g Li"V gS fd oLrqQyu fcUnq A ij U;wure eku izkIr djrk gS tks nks
5
js[kkvksa x1 − x2 = 0 rFkk − x1 + 5 x2 = 5. dk izfrPNsn fcUnq gSA bUgsa gy djus ij x1 = x2 =
4
izkIr gksrk gSA
5 5
vr% tc x1 = , x2 = , rc z dk eku U;wure gksrk gSA
4 4

5 5
U;wure eku = 2 × − 10 × = − 10 gSA
4 4

fVIi.kh% bu izfrcU/kksa ls ;fn ge z dk vf/kdre eku izkIr djuk pkgsa] rks ;g lEHko ugha
gS D;ksafd lEHkkfor {ks= ,d rjQ ls [kqyk ¼vlhfer½ gSA

488 xf.kr
 jSf[kd izksxzkeu
ekWM;
~ y
w -X
ns[ksa vkius fdruk lh[kk 37.2 jSf[kd izksxzkeu
fuEufyf[kr iz'uksa dks vkys[kh; fof/k ls gy dhft, % ,oa xf.krh;
foospu
1. z = 3 x1 + 4 x2 dk vf/kdre eku 2. z = 2 x1 + 3 x2 dk vf/kdre eku Kkr

Kkr dhft, fuEu izfrcU/kksa ds vUrxZr dhft, fuEu izfrcU/kksa ds vUrxZr

x1 + x2 ≤ 40 x1 + x2 ≤ 400 fVIi.kh
x1 + 2 x2 ≤ 60 2 x1 + x2 ≤ 600
x1 ≥ 0, x2 ≥ 0 x1 ≥ 0, x2 ≥ 0

3. z = 60 x1 + 40 x2 dk U;wure eku Kkr 4. z = 20 x1 + 30 x2 dk vf/kdre eku

dhft,] fuEu izfrcU/kksa ds vUxZr Kkr dhft, fuEu izfrcU/kksa ds vUxZr

3 x1 + x2 ≥ 24 x1 + x2 ≤ 12,
x1 + x2 ≥ 16 5 x1 + 2 x2 ≤ 50
x1 + 3 x2 ≥ 24 x1 + 3 x2 ≤ 30,
x1 ≥ 0, x2 ≥ 0 x1 ≥ 0, x2 ≥ 0

5. z = 50 x1 + 15 x2 dk vf/kdre eku Kkr 6. z = 4000 x1 + 7500 x2 dk U;wure

dhft, fuEu izfrcU/kksa ds vUrxZr eku Kkr dhft, fuEu izfrcU/kksa ds
vUrxZr

5 x1 + x2 ≤ 100 4 x1 + 3 x2 ≥ 40
x1 + x2 ≤ 60 2 x1 + 3 x2 ≥ 8
x1 ≥ 0, x2 ≥ 0 x1 ≥ 0, x2 ≥ 0
C

1A
% +
vkb;s nksgjk,¡
• jSf[kd izksxzkeu&xf.krKksa }kjk b"Vre iz'uksa dks gy djus ds fy, viukbZ xbZ rduhd gSA
• jSf[kd izksxzkeu leL;k ds pjksa ds ekuksa dk ,d leqPp; tks fn, x, izfrcU/kksa vkSj _.ksrj
izfrcU/k dks larq"V djrk gS] lEHkkfor gy dgykrk gSA
• jSf[kd izksxzkeu leL;k dk ,d lEHkkfor eku tks vius oLrqfu"B Qyu dk b"Vre eku
nsrk gS leL;k dk b"Vre gy dgykrk gSA
• ;fn dksbZ Hkh lEHkkfor gy oLrqfu"B Qyu dk vf/kdre ¼;k U;wure½ eku ugha gS ;k
mlds lEHkkfor gy ugha gSa rks jSf[kd izksxzkeu leL;k dk dksbZ Hkh gy ugha gksxkA
• ;fn jSf[kd izksxzkeu leL;k dk ,d gy gS rks ;g lEHkkfor {ks= ds dksus ij fLFkr gksrk gSA

xf.kr 489
 jSf[kd izksxzkeu
ekWM~;wy - X • ;fn jSf[kd izkx
s kz eu leL;k ds vusd gy gSa rks muesa ls de&ls&de ,d gy lEHkkfor {ks=
jSf[kd izksxzkeu ds dksus ij fLFkr gksrk gSA ysfdu lHkh fLFkfr;ksa esa oLrqfu"B Qyu dk eku ogh jgrk gSA
,oa xf.krh;
foospu
lgk;d osclkbV
• http://people.brunel.ac.uk/~mastjjb/jeb/or/morelp.html
• http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simplex_algorithm
fVIi.kh
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XbGM4LjM52k

vkb, vH;kl djsa

1. ,d O;kikjh ds ikl pkoy vkSj xsg¡w [kjhnus ds fy, dsoy ` 15,000 gSAa pkoy ds ,d cksjs dk
ewY; ` 1,500 rFkk xsg¡w ds ,d cksjs dk ewY; ` 1,200 gSA mlds ikl dsoy 10 cksjs j[kus ds fy,
txg miyC/k gSA O;kikjh pkoy vkSj xsg¡w ds izR;sd cksjs ij Øe'k% ` 100 rFkk ` 80 ykHk izkIr
djrk gSA vf/kdre ykHk izkIr djus ds fy, leL;k dks jSf[kd izkxs kz eu leL;k cukb,A

2. ,d O;kikjh ds ikl ` 6,00,000 gSaA O;kikj pkyw djus ds fy, og xk; rFkk HkSal [kjhnuk
pkgrk gSA ,d xk; dk ewY; ` 20,000 rFkk ,d HkSal dk ewY; ` 60,000 gSA og vkneh
izR;sd lIrkg 40 fDoaVy rd i'kqvksa ds fy, pkjk ,df=r dj ldrk gSA ,d xk; izfr fnu
10 yhVj nwèk rFkk ,d HkSal izfrfnu 20 yhVj nw/k nsrh gSA xk; ds izR;sd yhVj nw/k ij `
5 ykHk rFkk HkSl
a ds izR;sd yhVj nw/k ij ` 7 ykHk gksrk gSA izR;sd lIrkg ,d xk; ij ,d
fDoaVy pkjk rFkk ,d HkSl a ij 2 fDoaVy pkjk iz;Dq r gksrk gSA vf/kdre ykHk izkIr djus ds
fy, ml O;fDr }kjk [kjhns x, izR;sd izdkj ds i'kqvksa dh la[;k Kkr djus ds fy, jSf[kd
izksxkz eu leL;k cukb,A eku yhft, fd i'kqvksa ls izkIr iwjs nw/k dks og csp ldrk gSA

3. ,d dkj[kkus esa nks izdkj ds lkcqu curs gSa ftuesa izR;sd nks e'khuksa A rFkk B ls curk gSA
igys izdkj ds lkcqu dks cukus ds fy, e'khu A nks feuV rFkk e'khu B rhu feuV pykbZ
tkrh gSA nwljs izdkj ds lkcqu dks cukus ds fy, e'khu A rhu feuV rFkk e'khu B ik¡p
feuV pykbZ tkrh gSA izR;sd e'khu ,d fnu esa vf/kd&ls&vf/kd 8 ?kaVs pykbZ tk ldrh
gSA nksuska izdkj ds lkcqu Øe'k% 25 iSls rFkk 50 iSls ds ykHk ij csps tkrs gSaA eku yhft,
fd fuekZrk lHkh cus gq, lkcquksa dks csp ldrk gSA dkj[kkus esa izfrfnu izR;sd izdkj ds
fdrus lkcqu cuk, tkus pkfg,¡] ftlls fd vf/kdre ykHk izkIr gksA leL;k dks jSf[kd
izksxzkeu leL;k cukb,A

4. nks ,slh _.ksrj ifjes; la[;k,¡ Kkr dhft;s] ftudk ;skx vf/kdre gks ;fn mudk vUrj
pkj gS rFkk igyh la[;k ds rhu xqus vkSj nwljh la[;k dk ;ksx 9 ds cjkcj ;k mlls de
gSA leL;k dks jSf[kd izksxzkeu leL;k cukb,A
490 xf.kr
 jSf[kd izksxzkeu
5. nks fofHkUu izdkj ds vkgkjksa E rFkk F esa foVkfeu A rFkk B ik;s tkrs gSaA vkgkj E dh ekWM;
~ y
w -X
izR;sd bdkbZ esa 2 bdkbZ foVkfeu A rFkk 3 bdkbZ foVkfeu B dh gSaA vkgkj F dh izR;sd jSf[kd izksxzkeu
bdkbZ esa 4 bdkbZ foVkfeu A rFkk 2 bdkbZ foVkfeu B dh gSA vkgkj E rFkk F dh izR;sd ,oa xf.krh;
bdkbZ dk ewY; Øe'k% 5.00 #i;s rFkk 2.50 #i;s gSA ,d O;fDr ds fy, izR;sd fnu foospu
foVkfeu A rFkk B dh Øe'k% U;wure 40 bdkbZ rFkk 50 bdkbZ dh vko';drk gksrh gSA
eku yhft, fd foVkfeu A rFkk B dh izfrfnu dh U;wure vko';drk ls vf/kdrk
gkfudkjd ugha gSA U;wure ewY; ij vkgkj E rFkk F dk mfpr feJ.k Kkr dhft, ftlls
fVIi.kh
foVkfeu A rFkk B dh izfrfnu dh U;wure vko';drk dh iwfrZ gksrh gksA bls jSf[kd
izksxzkeu leL;k cukb,A
6. ,d e'khu mRiknksa A rFkk B esa ls izR;sd dk mRiknu dj ldrh gSA A ds mRiknu ds fy,
2 bdkbZ jlk;u rFkk 1 bdkbZ ;kSfxd iz;qDr gksrs gSa vkSj B ds mRiknu ds fy, 1 bdkbZ
jlk;u rFkk 2 bdkbZ ;kSfxd iz;qDr gksrs gSaA dsoy 800 bdkbZ jlk;u rFkk 1000 bdkbZ
;kSfxd miyCèk gSaA mRiknksa A rFkk B dh izfr bdkbZ ij Øe'k% 30 #i;s rFkk 20 #i;s ykHk
feyrk gSA dqy ykHk dks vf/kdre cukus ds fy, A rFkk B ds chp bdkb;ksa dk b"Vre
fu;ru izkIr dhft,A
7. fuEufyf[kr iz'uksa dks vkys[kh; fof/k ls gy dhft, %
(a) vf/kdre z = 25 x1 + 20 x2
fuEu izfrcU/kksa ds vUrxZr
3 x1 + 6 x2 ≤ 50
x1 + 2 x2 ≤ 10
x1 ≥ 0, x2 ≥ 0

(b) vf/kdre z = 9 x1 + 10 x2
fuEu izfrcU/kksa ds vUrxZr

11x1 + 9 x2 ≤ 9900
7 x1 + 12 x2 ≤ 8400
3 x1 + 8 x2 ≤ 4800
x1 ≥ 0, x2 ≥ 0

(c) vf/kdre z = 22 x1 + 18 x2
fuEu izfrcU/kksa ds vUrxZr
x1 + x2 ≤ 20,
3 x1 + 2 x2 ≤ 48
x1 ≥ 0, x2 ≥ 0
xf.kr 491
 jSf[kd izksxzkeu
ekWM~;wy - X
jSf[kd izksxzkeu mÙkjekyk
,oa xf.krh; ns[ksa vkius fdruk lh[kk 37.1
foospu
1. z = 3 x1 + 8 x2 dk vf/kdre eku Kkr dhft;s
fuEu izfrcU/kksa ds vUrxZr
3 x1 + 4 x2 ≤ 18
fVIi.kh 4 x1 + 5 x2 ≤ 21
x1 ≥ 0, x2 ≥ 0.
2. z = 50 x1 + 15 x2 dk vf/kdre eku Kkr dhft;s
fuEu izfrcU/kksa ds vUrxZr
5 x1 + x2 ≤ 100
x1 + x2 ≤ 60
x1 ≥ 0, x2 ≥ 0.
3. z = 4000 x1 + 7500 x2 dk U;wure eku Kkr dhft;s
fuEu izfrcU/kksa ds vUrxZr
4 x1 + 3 x2 ≥ 40
2 x1 + 3 x2 ≥ 8
x1 ≥ 0, x2 ≥ 0
4. z = 5 x1 + 4 x2 dk vf/kdre eku Kkr dhft;s
fuEu izfrcU/kksa ds vUrxZr
1.5 x1 + 2.5 x2 ≤ 80
2 x1 + 1.5 x2 ≤ 70
x1 ≥ 0, x2 ≥ 0
ns[ksa vkius fdruk lh[kk 37.2
x2
1.
(0, 40)

C(0, 30)
B(20, 20)

us=k
kkO;
laH
x1
O A(40, 0) (60, 0)
x1 + x2 = 40 x1 + 2x2 = 60
fp= 37-17
492 xf.kr
 jSf[kd izksxzkeu
B(20,20) ij vf/kdre z = 140 ekWM;
~ y
w -X
2.
x2 jSf[kd izksxzkeu
,oa xf.krh;
(0, 600) foospu
laH
kkO;
C(0, 400) us=k

B(200, 200) fVIi.kh

(400, 0)
O A(300, 0)
x1 + x2 = 400

fp= 37-18 2x1 + x2 = 600

C(0,400) ij vf/kdre z = 1200

3. x2

D(0, 24)
laHkkO; us=k

(0, 16)

(0, 8)

x1
O (8, 0) (16, 0) A(24, 0)
x1 + 3x2 = 24
x1 + x2 = 16
3x1 + x2 = 24
fp= 37-19

C (4,12) ij U;wure z = 720. x1 = 4, x2 = 12

xf.kr 493
 jSf[kd izksxzkeu
ekWM~;wy - X x2
4.
jSf[kd izksxzkeu
,oa xf.krh;
foospu (0, 25)

laHkkO; us=k
26 10
fVIi.kh B ,
D(0, 10) 3 3

A(10, 0) (300, 0) x1
O
x1 + x2 = 12 x1 +3x2 = 30

5x1 + 2x2 = 50 fp= 37-20

C (3,9) ij vf/kdre z = 330 ; x1 = 3, x2 = 9

5. x2

laHkkO; us=k

C(0, 60)
B(10, 50)

A(20, 0) (60, 0)
x1
O
5x1 + x2 = 100 x1 + x2 = 60
fp= 37-21

B (10, 50) ij vf/kdre z = 1250 x1 = 10, x2 = 50

494 xf.kr
 jSf[kd izksxzkeu

x2
ekWM;
~ y
w -X
6.
jSf[kd izksxzkeu
,oa xf.krh;
foospu

10 laHkkO; us=k
B(0, )
3
fVIi.kh

x1
O A(10, 0)
2x1 + 3x2 = 8
4x1 + 3x2 = 40
fp= 37-22
A (10,0) ij vf/kdre z = 40,000; x1 = 10, x2 = 0

vkb, vH;kl djsa

1. z = 100 x1 + 80 x2 dk vf/kdre eku Kkr dhft,

fuEu 'krks± ds vUrxZr

5 x1 + 4 x2 ≤ 50
x1 + x2 ≤ 10
x1 ≥ 0, x2 ≥ 0

2. z = 150 x1 + 980 x2 dk vf/kdre eku Kkr dhft,

fuEu 'krks± ds vUrxZr

x1 + 3 x2 ≤ 30
7 x1 + 14 x2 ≤ 40
x1 ≥ 0, x2 ≥ 0

3. z = 25 x1 + 50 x2 dk vf/kdre eku Kkr dhft,

xf.kr 495
 jSf[kd izksxzkeu
ekWM~;wy - X fuEu 'krks± ds vUrxZr
jSf[kd izksxzkeu
,oa xf.krh; 2 x1 + 3 x2 ≤ 480
foospu 3 x1 + 5 x2 ≤ 480
x1 ≥ 0, x2 ≥ 0

4. z = x1 + x2 dk vf/kdre eku Kkr dhft,

fVIi.kh
fuEu 'krks± ds vUrxZr

x1 − x2 ≥ 4
3 x1 + x2 ≤ 9
x1 ≥ 0, x2 ≥ 0

5. z = 5 x1 + 2.5 x2 dk U;wure eku Kkr dhft,

fuEu 'krks± ds vUrxZr

x1 + 2 x2 ≥ 20
3 x1 + 2 x2 ≥ 50
x1 ≥ 0, x2 ≥ 0

6. z = 30 x1 + 20 x2 dk vf/kdre eku Kkr dhft,

izfrcU/kksa ds vUrxZr
x2
2 x1 + x2 ≤ 800
x1 + 2 x2 ≤ 1000
x1 ≥ 0, x2 ≥ 0
(0, 800)

C(0, 500) laHkkO; us=k OABC

B(200, 400)

A(400, 0) (1000, 0)
x1
O
x1 + 2x2 = 1000
2x1 + x2 = 800
fp= 37-23

B (200, 400) ij vf/kdre z = 14000; x1 = 200, x2 = 400

496 xf.kr
 jSf[kd izksxzkeu
ekWM;
~ y
w -X
7. (a) jSf[kd izksxzkeu
,oa xf.krh;
x2 foospu

25
(0, )
3

laHkkO; {ks= fVIi.kh

laHkkO; us=k
C(0, 5)
B(4, 3)

(100, 0)
x1
O 25
A ,0 x1 + 2x2 = 10
4
fp= 37-24 4x1 + 3x2 = 25

B (4, 3) ij vf/kdre z = 160, x1 = 4 x2 = 3

(b)
x2

(0, 1100)

(0, 700) laHkkO; us=k

B(626, 335)
D(0, 600) C(480, 420)

3x1 + 8x2 = 4800

x1
O A(900, 0)
7x1 + 12x2 = 8400
fp= 37-25 11x1 + 9x2 = 9900

A (900,0) D(0,600) B (626, 335), O(0, 0) rFkk C (480, 420)

B (626, 335) ij vf/kdre z = 8984; x1 = 626, x2 = 335

xf.kr 497
 jSf[kd izksxzkeu
ekWM~;wy - X (c)
jSf[kd izksxzkeu x2
,oa xf.krh;
foospu (0, 24)

C(0, 20) laHkkO; us=k OABC

B(8, 12)
fVIi.kh

(20, 0)
x1
O A(16, 0)
x1 + x2 = 20

fp= 37-26 3x1 + 2x2 = 48

B (8, 12) ij vf/kdre z = 392, x1 = 8, x2 = 12

498 xf.kr
 xf.krh; foospu
ekWM;
~ y
w -X
jSf[kd izksxzkeu
,oa xf.krh;
38 foospu

xf.krh; foospu fVIi.kh

38-1 xf.krh; foospu

bl v/;k; esa ge xf.krh; foospu ls lacaf/kr dqN ekSfyd /kkj.kkvksa dks lh[ksaxs vksj foospu
dh izfØ;k dh ppkZ fo'ks"k :i ls xf.kr ds lanHkZ esa djsaxsA xf.krh; Hkk"kk esa foospu nks
izdkj ds gksrs gSa (i) vkxeukRed ¼vkxfed½ foospu (ii) fuxeukRed ¼fuxefud½ foospu
vkxeukRed foospu dh ppkZ ge xf.krh; vkxeu esa igys gh dj pqds gSaA izLrqr vè;k;
esa ge dqN ewyHkwr fuxeukRed foospu ij ppkZ djsaxsA

38-2 dFku (vFkok lkè;)

xf.krh; foospu dh ekSfyd bdkbZ xf.krh; dFku dh ladYiuk gSA
,d okD; xf.krkuqlkj dFku dgykrk gS] ;fn og ;k rks lR; gS vFkok vlR; gS ijUrq
nksuksa ¼lR; ,oa vlR;½ u gksA
;fn dksbZ dFku lR; gS] rks og oS/k dFku dgykrk gS vkSj vlR; dFku dks vekU;
dFku dgrs gSaA
l fuEufyf[kr nks okD;ksa ij fopkj dhft, %
3 vkSj 4 dk ;ksx 6 gS
2 vkSj 3 dk ;ksx 5 gSA
bu okD;ksa dks i<+dj ge rqjUr fu.kZ; dj ldrs gSa fd izFke okD; xyr gS vkSj f}rh;
lgh gSA buds ckjs esa dksbZ Hkze ugha gSA bl rjg ds okD;ksa dks xf.kr esa dFku dgrs
gSaA
l vc fuEufyf[kr okD;ksa ij ppkZ djrs gSa %
xf.kr ,d dkSrqd gSA
tks O;fDr xf.kr dks ilUn djrs gSa muds fy, ;g ,d dkSrqd gS tcfd vU; fdlh
O;fDr ds fy, ;g vlR; gks ldrk gSA blfy, fn;k gqvk okD; lR; vkSj vlR;
nksuksa izdkj dk gSA blfy, ;g okD; dFku ugha gSA
l fuEufyf[kr okD;ksa dh ppkZ djrs gSa %
(i) pUnzek] i`Foh ds bnZ&fxnZ ?kwerk gSA
(ii) izR;sd oxZ vk;r gksrk gSA

xf.kr 499
 xf.krh; foospu
ekWM~;wy - X (iii) lw;Z ,d rkjk gSA
(iv) izR;sd vk;r ,d oxZ gSA
jSf[kd izksxzkeu
,oa xf.krh; (v) ubZ fnYyh ikfdLrku esa gSA
foospu bu lHkh okD;ksa dks i<+dj ge dg ldrs gSa fd izFke] f}rh; ,oa r`rh; okD; lR;
gSaA tcfd pkSFkk vkSj ik¡pok okD; vlR; gSaA blfy, buesa ls izR;sd okD; ,d dFku gSA
• fuEufyf[kr okD;ksa ij ppkZ djrs gSa %
(i) eq>s ,d fxykl ikuh nhft,
fVIi.kh (ii) fctyh 'kq: dj nhft,
(iii) vki dgka tk jgs gSa\
(iv) vki dSls gSa\
(v) fdruk lqUnjA
(vi) Hkxoku~ vkidks yEch vk;q iznku djsaA
(vii) dy cq/kokj gSA
mi;qZDr okD;ksa esa ls fdlh dh Hkh lR;rk ds fo"k; esa fu.kZ; ugha fy;k tk ldrk]
blfy, ;s okD; dFku ugha gSaA
mnkgj.k 38.1. tk¡fp, fd D;k fuEufyf[kr okD; dFku gSa\ vius mÙkj ds fy, dkj.k crkb,A
(i) 12] 16 ls NksVk gSA
(ii) izR;sd leqPp; ifjfer gksrk gSA
(iii) x + 5 = 11.
(iv) cknyksa ds fcuk dHkh Hkh o"kkZ ugha gksrh
(v) lHkh iw.kkZad izkd`r la[;k,a Hkh gSaA
(vi) ;gk¡ ls vkxjk fdruh nqjh ij gS\
(vii) D;k vki dkuiqj tk jgs gSa\
(viii) lHkh xqykc lQsn gksrs gSa\
gy : (i) ;g okD; lR; gS D;ksafd 12 < 16 gS blfy, ;g okD; ,d dFku gSA
(ii) ;g okD; vlR; gS D;ksafd lHkh leqPp; ifjfer ugha gksrsA vr% ;g okD; ,d
dFku gSA
(iii) x + 5 = 11 ,d eqDr okD; gSA bldh lR;rk rc rd ugha tk¡ph tk ldrh tc
rd x dk eku u fn;k gqvk gksA blfy, ;g okD; dFku ugha gSA
(iv) ;g oSKkfud :i ls izekf.kr izkd`frd rF; gS fd o"kkZ gksus ls igys ckny curs
gSaA blfy, ;g okD; lnSo lR; gSA blfy, ;g ,d dFku gSA
(v) ;g okD; vlR; gS D;ksafd lHkh iw.kkZad] izkd`r la[;k,a ugha gksrhA blfy, ;g
,d dFku gSA
(vi) ;g iz'uokpd okD; gSaA vr% ;g dFku ugha gSA
(vii) bl okD; ds fy, gekjs ikl dksbZ fuf'pr mÙkj ugha gks ldrkA blfy, ;g okD;
dFku ugha gSA
(viii) ;g okD; vlR; gS D;ksafd lHkh xqykc lQsn ugha gksrsA vr% ;g ,d dFku gSA

500 xf.kr
 xf.krh; foospu
ekWM;
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ns[ksa vkius fdruk lh[kk 38-1 jSf[kd izksxzkeu
1. fuEufyf[kr esa ls dkSu&lk okD; dFku gSA vius mÙkj dk dkj.k Hkh fyf[k,A ,oa xf.krh;
foospu
(i) vkt ,d rwQkuh fnu gSA
(ii) ,d eghus esa 40 fnu gksrs gSaA
(iii) 6 rFkk 8 dk ;ksx 12 ls cM+k gSA
(iv) ,d la[;k dk oxZ le la[;k gksrh gSA
fVIi.kh
(v) xf.kr ,d dfBu fo"k; gSA
(vi) lHkh okLrfod la[;k,a lfEeJ la[;k,a gksrh gSa
(vii) –2 vkSj –5 dk xq.kuQy –10 gSA
(viii) ,d o"kZ esa 14 eghus gksrs gSaA
(ix) okLrfod la[;k 4] x ls NksVh gSA
(x) eksgu] esjh ckr lqfu,!
(xi) D;k lHkh o`Ùk xksy gksrs gSa\
(xii) lHkh f=Hkqtksa dh rhu Hkqtk,a gksrh gSaA

38-3 fdlh dFku dk fu"ks/u

fdlh dFku dks udkjuk ml dFku dk fu"ks/ku dgykrk gSA
vkb, fuEufyf[kr dFku dh ppkZ djrs gSa %
P : ubZ fnYyh ,d 'kgj gSA
bl dFku dk fu"ks/ku fuEufyf[kr izdkj gks ldrk gSA
;g oLrq fLFkfr ugha gS fd ubZ fnYyh ,d 'kgj gS
vFkok
;g vlR; gS fd ubZ fnYyh ,d 'kgj gS
vFkok
ubZ fnYyh ,d 'kgj ugha gSA
;fn p ,d dFku gS rks p dk fu"ks/ku Hkh ,d dFku gS vkSj bls ~p ls O;Dr fd;k
tkrk gS vkSj bls “p ugha” i<+rs gSaA
mnkgj.k 38.2. fuEufyf[kr dFkuksa dk fu"ks/ku fyf[k,A
(i) 2 rFkk 3 dk ;ksx 6 gSSA
(ii) 7 ,d ifjes; l[;k gS
(iii) vkLVªsfy;k ,d egk}hi gS
(iv) la[;k 8 la[;k 5 ls NksVh gS
gy : (i) P : 2 rFkk 3 dk ;ksx 6 gSA
~P : 2 rFkk 3 dk ;ksx 6 ugha gSA
xf.kr 501
 xf.krh; foospu
ekWM~;wy - X (ii) q : 7 ,d ifjes; la[;k gSA
jSf[kd izksxzkeu ~q : 7 ,d ifjes; la[;k ugha gSA
,oa xf.krh; (iii) r : vkLVªsfy;k ,d egk}hi gSA
foospu ~r : vkLVªsfy;k ,d egk}hi ugha gSA
(iv) S : la[;k 8 la[;k 5 ls NksVh gSA
~S : la[;k 8 la[;k 5 ls NksVh ugha gSA
vFkok
fVIi.kh
;g vlR; gS fd la[;k 8 la[;k 5 ls NksVh gSA

38-4 feJ dFku (la;qDr dFku) %

xf.krh; foospu esa] O;kidr% nks izdkj ds dFku gksrs gSaA
(1) lk/kkj.k dFku% ,slk dFku ftls nks vFkok vf/kd dFkuksa esa foHkkftr ugha fd;k tk
ldrk] lk/kkj.k dFku dgykrk gSA mnkgj.k ds fy, %
(i) izR;sd leqPp; ifjfer gksrk gSA
(ii) ubZ fnYyh] Hkkjr dh jkt/kkuh gSA
(iii) xqykc lQsn gksrs gSaA
(iv) 2 ,d vifjes; la[;k gSA
(v) okLrfod la[;kvksa dk leqPp; ,d vifjfer leqPp; gSA
(2) feJ dFku% ,slk dFku tks nks vFkok vf/kd lk/kkj.k dFkuksa ds la;kstu ls curk gS]
feJ dFku dgykrk gSA
mnkgj.k ds fy, %
(i) eksgu cgqr prqj gS vFkok og cgqr HkkX;'kkyh gSA okLro esa ;g dFku nks
fuEufyf[kr dFkuksa dks ^^vFkok** la;kstd }kjk tksM+dj cuk;k x;k gSA
p : eksgu cgqr prqj gS
q : eksgu cgqr HkkX;'kkyh gS
(ii) lw;Z i`Foh ls cM+k gS vkSj i`Foh pk¡n ls cM+h gSA
;g dFku fuEufyf[kr nks dFkuksa dks vkSj la;kstd }kjk tksM+dj cuk;k x;k gSA
p : lw;Z i`Foh ls cM+k gSA
q : i`Foh pk¡n ls cM+h gSA
mnkgj.k 38.3. fuEufyf[kr feJ dFkuksa ds ?kVd dFku Kkr dhft,A
(i) vkdk'k uhyk gS vkSj ?kkl gjh gSA
(ii) lHkh ifjes; la[;k,a okLrfod la[;k,a gSa vkSj lHkh okLrfod la[;k,a lfEeJ la[;k,a
gSaA
(iii) o"kkZ gks jgh gS vkSj B.M gSA
(iv) 2 ,d ifjes; la[;k gS vFkok vifjes; la[;k gSA

502 xf.kr
 xf.krh; foospu
gy : (i) ?kVd dFku fuEufyf[kr gSa ekWM;
~ y
w -X
p : vkdk'k uhyk gS jSf[kd izksxzkeu
q : ?kkl gjh gS ,oa xf.krh;
^^vkSj** la;kstd gSA foospu
(ii) p : lHkh ifjes; la[;k,a okLrfod gSa
q : lHkh okLrfod la[;k, lfEeJ la[;k,a gSa
?kVd dFku gSa rFkk la;kstd ^^vkSj** gSA fVIi.kh
(iii) p : o"kkZ gks jgh gSA
q : B.M gSA
?kVd dFku gS rFkk ^^vkSj** la;kstd gSA
(iv) p : 2 ,d ifjes; la[;k gSA

q: 2 ,d vifjes; la[;k gSA

?kVd dFku gSa rFkk ^^vFkok** la;kstd gSA
mnkgj.k 38.4. fuEufyf[kr feJ dFkuksa ds ?kVd dFku Kkr dhft,A
(i) 'kwU; ,d /kukRed la[;k gS vFkok _.kkRed la[;k
(ii) lHkh vHkkT; la[;k,a ;k rks le gS vFkok fo"ke
(iii) paMhx<+ iatkc vkSj m-iz- dh jkt/kkuh gSA
(iv) la[;k 12] la[;kvksa 2] 3 vkSj 4 dh xq.kt gSA
gy : (i) P : 0 ,d /kukRed la[;k gSA
q : 0 ,d _.kkRed la[;k gS
?kVd dFku gSa rFkk ^^vFkok** la;kstd gSA
(ii) p : lHkh vHkkT; la[;k,a le la[;k,a gSaA
q : lHkh vHkkT; la[;k,a fo"ke la[;k,a gSaA
?kVd dFku gSa rFkk ^^vFkok** la;kstd gSA
(iii) p : p.Mhx<+ iatkc dh jkt/kkuh gSA
q : p.Mhx<+ mÙkj izns'k dh jkt/kkuh gSA
?kVd dFku gSa rFkk ^^vkSj** la;kstd gSA
(iv) p : la[;k 12 la[;k 2 dk xq.kt gSA
q : la[;k 12 la[;k 3 dk xq.kt gSA
r : la[;k 12 la[;k 4 dk xq.kt gSA
?kVd dFku gSa vkSj rhuksa ?kVd dFku lR; gSaA ;gk¡ ij ^^vkSj** la;kstd gSA

xf.kr 503
 xf.krh; foospu
ekWM~;wy - X 38-5 varHkkZo
jSf[kd izksxzkeu
,oa xf.krh; bl [k.M esa] ge ^^;fn&rks**] ^^dsoy ;fn** vkSj ^^;fn vkSj dsoy ;fn** ij fopkj&foe'kZ djsaxsA
foospu ^^;fn&rks** ls ;qDr dFkuksa dk iz;ksx cgqr lkekU; gSA mnkgj.k ds fy, uhps fy[ksa
dFkuksa ij fopkj dhft, %
r : ;fn vkidk tUe fdlh ns'k esa gqvk gS] rks vki ml ns'k ds ukxfjd gSaA ge ns[krs
gSa fd ;g dFku fuEufyf[kr nks dFkuksa ds ln`'k gSA
fVIi.kh p : vkidk tUe fdlh ns'k esa gqvk gSA
q : vki ml ns'k ds ukxfjd gSaA
;fn p rFkk q, varHkkZo ^^;fn p rks q”, dks cukus okys nks dFku gSa] rks bl varHkkZo dks
“p ⇒ q” ds :i esa O;Dr fd;k tkrk gSA
varHkkZo ^^;fn p rks q” dks fuEu izdkj Hkh le>k tk ldrk gSA
(i) ;fn p vkSj q nksuks lR; gSa rks
p ⇒ q Hkh lR; gSA
(ii) ;fn p lR; gS vkSj q vlR; gS] rks
p ⇒ q Hkh vlR; gSA
(iii) ;fn p vlR; gS vkSj q lR; gS] rks
p ⇒ q Hkh lR; gSA
(iv) ;fn p vkSj q nksuksa vlR; gSa] rks
p ⇒ q lR; gSA
fuEufyf[kr dFkuksa ij fopkj dhft, %
;fn dksbZ la[;k 9 dh xq.kt gS] rks og 3 dh Hkh xq.kt gS ;g ,d ,slk varHkkZo gS ftldk
iwoZin (p) rFkk ijin (q) fuEufyf[kr izdkj gSa %
p : a ,d la[;k 9 dh xq.kt gSA
q : a ,d la[;k 3 dh xq.kt gSA
mi;qZDr dFku ds vuqlkj
(i) p i;kZIr izfrca/k gS q ds fy,A bldk vFkZ ;g gqvk fd ;g Kkr gksuk fd la[;k
9 dh xq.kt gS] i;kZIr gS ;g fu"d"kZ fudkyus ds fy, fd og la[;k 3 dh Hkh xq.kt gSA
(ii) p dsoy ;fn q.
bldk vFkZ gqvk fd dksbZ la[;k 9 dh xq.kt gS] dsoy ;fn og la[;k 3 dh Hkh
xq.kt gSA
(iii) 'q vfuok;Z izfrca/k gS p ds fy,*
bldk vFkZ ;g gqvk fd tc dksbZ la[;k 9 dh xq.kt gS] rks og la[;k vfuok;Z
:i ls 3 dh Hkh xq.kt gSA
(iv) ~q varHkkZo ~p.
bldk vFkZ ;g gqvk fd ;fn dksbZ la[;k 3 dh xq.kt ugha gS] rks og la[;k 9
dh Hkh xq.kt ugha gSA
504 xf.kr
 xf.krh; foospu

38-6 izfr/ukRed vkSj foykse ekWM;

~ y
w -X
jSf[kd izksxzkeu
izfr/kukRed% ;fn p vkSj q nks dFku gSa&rks ^^;fn p rks q” varHkkZo dk izfr/kukRed ^^;fn ,oa xf.krh;
~q rks ~p” gSA foospu
foykse% ;fn p vkSj q nks dFku gSa] rks ^^;fn p rks q” varHkkZo dk foykse ^^;fn q rks p”.
mnkgj.k ds fy, %
;fn ,d la[;k 9 ls foHkkftr gksrh gS] rks og 3 ls Hkh foHkkftr gksrh gSA
bldk varHkkZo fuEu izdkj gS % fVIi.kh
p : la[;k 9 ls foHkkftr gS
q : la[;k 3 ls foHkkftr gS
bl dFku dk izfr/kukRed bl izdkj gS %
;fn dksbZ la[;k 3 ls foHkkftr ugha gS] rks og 9 ls Hkh foHkkftr ugha gSA
bl dFku dk foykse bl izdkj gS %
;fn dksbZ la[;k 9 ls foHkkftr gS] rks og 3 ls Hkh foHkkftr gSA

38-7 ;fn vkSj dsoy ;fn varHkkZo

;fn p vkSj q nks dFku gSa] rks feJ dFku p ⇒ q rFkk q ⇒ p, ;fn vkSj dsoy ;fn varHkkZo
dgykrk gS vksj bls p ⇔ q ls O;Dr djrs gSaA
mnkgj.k ds fy,
,d f=Hkqt leckgq gS ;fn vkSj dsoy ;fn ;g lekudks.kh; gSA ;g ,d ;fn vkSj dsoy
;fn varHkkZo gS ftlds ?kVd dFku bl izdkj gSa %
p : ,d f=Hkqt leckgq gSA
q : ,d f=Hkqt lekudks.kh; gSA
mnkgj.k 38.5. fuEufyf[kr dFkuksa dks ^^;fn rks** ds :i esa fyf[k,A
(i) vkidks ukSdjh feyus dk rkRi;Z gSa vkidk izR;;&i= vPNk gSA
(ii) dsys ds isM esa vPNs Qwy yxsaxs ;fn okrkoj.k ,d ekg rd xje cuk jgsA
(iii) ,d prqHkqZt lekUrj prqHkqZt gSa ;fn mlds fod.kZ ,d nwljs dks lef}Hkkftr djrs gSaA
gy : (i) ge tkurs gSa fd ^^;fn p rks q”, “p ⇒ q” ds lerqY; gSA blfy, fn;k gqvk dFku
bl izdkj fy[kk tk ldrk gSA
^^;fn vkidks ukSdjh feyrh gS] rks vkidk izR;;&i= vPNk gSA**
(ii) ge tkurs gSa fd ^^;fn p rks q”, “p ⇒ q” ds lerqY; gSA blfy, fn;k gqvk dFku
fuEu izdkj fy[kk tk ldrk gSA
^^;fn ,d eghus rd xje ekSle jgrk gS] rks dsys ds isM+ksa esa vPNs Qwy yxsaxsA**
(iii) fn;k gqvk dFku bl izdkj fy[kk tk ldrk gS %
^^;fn fdlh prqHkqZt ds fod.kZ ,d nwljs dks lef}Hkkftr djrs gSa] rks ;g ,d lekUrj
prqHkqZt gSA**
xf.kr 505
 xf.krh; foospu
ekWM~;wy - X mnkgj.k 38.6. fuEufyf[kr dFkuksa ds izfr/kukRed fyf[k, %
jSf[kd izksxzkeu (i) ;fn ,d f=Hkqt leckgq gS] rks ;g lef}ckgq gSA
,oa xf.krh; (ii) ;fn vkidk tUe Hkkjr esa gqvk gS] rks vki Hkkjr ds ukxfjd gSaA
foospu (iii) ;fn x le la[;k gS] rks bldk rkRi;Z gS fd x, 4 ls foHkkftr gksrh gSA
gy : bu dFkuksa ds izfr/kukRed bl izdkj gSa %
(i) ;fn ,d f=Hkqt lef}ckgq ugha gS] rks og leckgq ugha gSA
(ii) ;fn vki Hkkjr ds ukxfjd ugha gS] rks vkidk tUe Hkkjr esa ugha gqvk gSA
fVIi.kh (iii) ;fn x, 4 ls foHkkftr ugha gksrk gS] rks x ,d le la[;k ugha gSA
mnkgj.k 38.7. fuEufyf[kr dFkuksa ds foykse fyf[k, %
(i) ;fn ,d la[;k n] le la[;k gS] rks n2 le la[;k gSA
(ii) ;fn x ,d le la[;k gS] rks x, 4 ls foHkkftr gksrk gSA
gy : bu dFkuksa ds foykse bl izdkj gSa %
(i) ;fn n2 ,d le la[;k gS] rks n ,d le la[;k gSA
(ii) ;fn x, 4 ls foHkkftr gksrk gS] rks x le la[;k gSA
mnkgj.k 38.8. uhps dFkuksa ds nks ;qXe fn, gq, gSA ^^;fn vkSj dsoy ;fn** dh lgk;rk
ls izR;sd ;qXe ds dFkuksa dks tksfM+,A
(i) p : ;fn ,d vk;r oxZ gS] rks bldh pkjksa Hkqtk,a leku gksrh gSaA
q : ;fn vk;r dh pkjksa Hkqtk,a leku gSa] rks vk;r ,d oxZ gksrk gSA
(ii) p : ;fn fdlh la[;k ds vadksa dk ;ksx 3 ls foHkkftr gksrk gS] rks og la[;k 3 ls
foHkkftr gksrh gSA
q : ;fn ,d la[;k 3 ls foHkkftr gS] rks ml la[;k ds vadksa dk ;ksx Hkh 3 ls foHkkftr
gSA
gy : (i) ,d vk;r oxZ gS ;fn vkSj dsoy ;fn mldh pkjksa Hkqtkvksa dh yEckbZ leku gSA
(ii) ,d la[;k 3 ls foHkkftr gS ;fn vkSj dsoy ;fn mlds vadksa dk ;ksxQy 3 ls foHkkftr
gSA

ns[ksa vkius fdruk lh[kk 38-2

1. fuEufyf[kr dFku dks ^^;fn&rks** ds iz;ksx ls ik¡p fofHkUu :iksa esa bl izdkj fyf[k,
fd izR;sd :i dk vFkZ ,d tSlk gksA
;fn ,d izkd`r la[;k fo"ke gS] rks bldk oxZ Hkh fo"ke gSA
2. fuEufyf[kr dFkuksa dk izfr/kukRed vkSj foykse fyf[k, %
(i) ;fn vki dkuiqj esa jgrs gSa] rks vkids ikl lnhZ ds diM+s gSaA
(ii) ;fn x ,d vHkkT; la[;k gS] rks x fo"ke la[;k gSA
(iii) ;fn nks js[kk,a lekUrj gS] rks os ,d gh ry esa izfrPNsn ugha djrhA
(iv) x le la[;k gksus dk rkRi;Z gS fd x; 4 ls foHkkftr gSA
(v) BaM gksus dk rkRi;Z gS fd rkieku de gSA

506 xf.kr
 xf.krh; foospu
3. fuEufyf[kr esa ls izR;sd dFku dks ^^;fn&rks** ds :i esa fyf[k, % ekWM;
~ yw -X
(i) d{kk esa A izkIr djus ds fy, ;g vko';d gS fd vki iqLrd dh iz'ukofy;ksa jSf[kd izksxzkeu
+

ds lHkh iz'uksa dks gy dj ysaA ,oa xf.krh;

(ii) [ksy rHkh jn~n gksxk ;fn o"kkZ gks jgh gSA foospu
(iii) tc BaM gksrh gS rks dHkh o"kkZ ugha gksrhA
4. fuEufyf[kr dFkuksa dks ^^;fn vkSj dsoy ;fn** ds :i esa fyf[k, %
(i) ;fn vki Vsyhfotu ns[krs gSa vkidk fnekx Lora= gS vkSj ;fn vkidk fnekx Lora=
gS rks vki Vsyhfotu ns[krs gSaA fVIi.kh
(ii) vkidks A xzsM izkIr djus ds fy, ;g vko';d ,oa i;kZIr gS fd viuk x`gdk;Z
fu;fer :i ls djsaA

38-8 dFkuksa dh oS/rk dks izekf.kr djuk

bl vuqPNsn esa ge dFkuksa dh oS/krk dh ppkZ djsaxsA dFku dh oS/krk tk¡pus ls vfHkizk;
gS fd dFku dc lR; gS vkSj dc vlR; gSA bl iz'u dk mÙkj bl ckr ij fuHkZj djrk
gS fd iznÙk&dFku esa ^^vkSj** rFkk ^;k* esa ls la;kstd 'kCn dk vFkok ^^;fn vkSj dsoy ;fn**
rFkk ^^;fn&rks** esa ls fdl izfrca/k dk vFkok ^^izR;sd ds fy,** rFkk ^^,d ,slk dk vfLrRo
gS** esa ls fdl ifj.kkeokpd okD;ka'k dk iz;ksx fd;k x;k gSA
;gk¡ ge fdlh dFku dh oS/krk Kkr djus ds fy, dqN rduhdksa vFkok fu;eksa dh ppkZ djsaxsA
fu;e 1: ^^vkSj** lfgr dFku
;fn p vkSj q xf.krh; dFku gSa] rks ;g n'kkZus ds fy, fd dFku “p vkSj q” lR; gS
ge fuEufyf[kr pj.kksa dk vuqlj.k djrs gSaA
pj.k 1 : n'kkZb, fd dFku p lR; gSA
pj.k 2 : n'kkZb, fd dFku q lR; gSA
fu;e 2: ^^vFkok** lfgr dFku
;fn p vkSj q xf.krh; dFku gSa] rks ;g n'kkZus ds fy, fd dFku “p vFkok q” lR;
gS] ge fuEufyf[kr fLFkfr;ksa esa ls fdlh ,d dks lR; izekf.kr djrs gSaA
fLFkfr 1 : ge ekurs gq, fd p vlR; gS] q dks vfuok;Zr% lR; izekf.kr dhft,A
fLFkfr 2 : ge ekurs gq, fd q vlR; gS] p dks vfuok;Zr% lR; izekf.kr dhft,A
fu;e 3: ^^;fn&rks** lfgr dFkuksa dh oS/krk
;fn p vkSj q nks xf.krh; dFku gSa] rks ;g fl) djus ds fy, fd dFku ^^;fn p
rks q” lR; gS ge fuEufyf[kr fLFkfr;ksa esa ls fdlh ,d dks lR; izekf.kr djrs gSaA
fLFkfr 1 : izR;; fof/k %
;g ekurs gq, fd p lR; gS] q dks vfuok;Zr% lR; izekf.kr dhft,A
fLFkfr 2 : izfr/kukRed fof/k %
;g ekurs gq, fd q vlR; gS] p dks Hkh vfuok;Zr% lR; izekf.kr dhft,A
fu;e 4: ^^;fn vkSj dsoy ;fn** lfgr dFku %
dFku “p ;fn vkSj dsoy ;fn q” dks lR; fl) djus ds fy, gesa ;g izekf.kr djus
dh vko';drk gS fd
(i) ;fn p lR; gks rks q lR; gSA
(ii) ;fn q lR; gS rks p lR; gSA
xf.kr 507
 xf.krh; foospu
ekWM~;wy - X mnkg.k 38.9. ;fn p vkSj q nks dFku bl izdkj gSa fd
p : 35, 5 dk xq.kt gS
jSf[kd izksxzkeu
,oa xf.krh; q : 35, 6 dk xq.kt gS
foospu bu nks dFkuksa dks ^^vkSj** la;kstd ls tksM+dj feJ dFku fyf[k, vkSj oS|rk dh tk¡p dhft,A
gy : feJ dFku bl izdkj gS % “35, 5 vkSj 6 nksuksa dk xq.kt gS** D;ksafd 35, 5 dk xq.kt
gS vkSj 6 dk xq.kt ugha gSA blfy, p lR; gS ysfdu q vlR; gSA blfy, feJ dFku oSèk
ugha gSA
fVIi.kh
mnkg.k 38.10. ;fn p vkSj q nks dFku bl izdkj gSa fd
p : 35, 5 dk xq.kt gSA
q : 35, 6 dk xq.kt gSA
bu nks dFkuksa dks ^^vFkok** la;kstd ls tksM+dj ,d feJ dFku fyf[k, vkSj oS|rk
dh tk¡p dhft,A
gy : feJ dFku bl izdkj gS % “35, 5 vFkok 6 dk xq.kt gSA**
;g ekurs gq, fd dFku q vlR; gS] rks p lR; gS
feJ dFku lR; gS vFkkZr oS/k gSA
mnkg.k 38.11. tk¡p dhft, fd fuEufyf[kr dFku lR; gS vFkok ughaA
^^;fn x vkSj y fo"ke iw.kkZad gSa] rks xy ,d fo"ke iw.kkZad gSA
gy : eku yhft, dFku p vkSj q fuEu izdkj gSa
p : x vkSj y fo"ke iw.kkZad gSaA
q : xy ,d fo"ke iw.kkZad gS] rks fn;k gqvk dFku
^^;fn p rks q** ds tSlk gSA
izR;{k fof/k % p lR; gS] rks p lR; gSA
⇒ x vkSj y fo"ke la[;k,a gSa
⇒ x = 2m + 1, y = 2n + 1, iw.kkZad m, n ds fy,
⇒ xy = (2m + 1) (2n + 1)
⇒ xy = 2 (2mn + m + n) + 1
⇒ xy ,d fo"ke iw.kkZad gSA
⇒ q lR; gSA
bl izdkj] p lR; gS ⇒ q lR; gS
vr% “;fn p, rks q” ,d lR; dFku gSA
38-8-1 izfr/ukRed fof/
eku yhft, q lR; ugha gS] rks q lR; ugha gSA
⇒ xy ,d le la[;k gS
⇒ x le la[;k gS vFkok y le la[;k gS vFkok x vkSj y nksuks le la[;k gSA
⇒ p lR; ugha gSA
bl izdkj q vlR; ⇒ p vlR; gS
vr% ^^;fn p-rks q” ,d lR; dFku gSA
508 xf.kr
 xf.krh; foospu
38-8-2 fojks/ksfDr }kjk dFkuksa dh oS/rk ekWM;
~ y
w -X
bl fof/k esa ;g fl) djus ds fy, dksbZ dFku p lR; gS ge ;g eku ysrs gSa fd p lR; jSf[kd izksxzkeu
ugha gS vFkkZr ~p lR; gSA bl izdkj ge ,d ,sls fu"d"kZ ij igaqprs gS tks gekjh ekU;rk ,oa xf.krh;
dk [kaMu djrk gSA ifj.kker% p dks lR; gksuk pkfg,A foospu
mnkg.k 38.12. fojks/kksfDr }kjk fuEufyf[kr dFku dks lR;kfir dhft, %
p: 7 ,d vifjes; la[;k gSA
gy : eku yhft, ,d dFku p bl izdkj gS % fVIi.kh

p: 7 ,d vifjes; la[;k gSA

ge eku ysrs gSa fd 7 ,d ifjes; la[;k gSA

a
⇒ 7= tgk¡ a vkSj b ,sls iw.kkZad gSa ftudk dksbZ mHk;fu"B xq.ku[k.M ugha gSA
b
a2
⇒ 7=
b2
⇒ a 2 = 7b2
⇒ 7, a2 dks foHkkftr djrk gSA
⇒ 7, a dks foHkkftr djrk gSA
⇒ a = 7c fdlh iw.kkZad c ds fy,
⇒ a 2 = 49c 2

⇒ 7b2 = 49c 2
⇒ b 2 = 7c 2
⇒ 7, b2 dks foHkkftr djrk gSA
⇒ 7, b dks foHkkftr djrk gSA
vr% 7, a rFkk b dk ,d mHk;fu"B xq.ku[k.M gSA ;g bl ckr dk [kaMu djrk gS
fd a vkSj b dk dksbZ mHk;fu"B xq.ku[k.M ugha gSA vr% gekjh ;g ekU;rk xyr gS fd 7
,d ifjes; la[;k gSA vr% dFku ^^ 7 ,d vifjes; la[;k gS** lR; gSA

ns[ksa vkius fdruk lh[kk 38-3

1. fuEufyf[kr dFkuksa dh oS/krk dh tk¡p dhft, %
(i) p : 80, 4 rFkk 5 dk xq.kt gSA
(ii) q : 115, 5 rFkk 7 dk xq.kt gSA
(iii) r : 60, 2 rFkk 3 dk xq.kt gSA

xf.kr 509
 xf.krh; foospu
ekWM~;wy - X 2. (i) izR;{k fof/k (ii) fojks/kksfDr fof/k (iii) izfr/kukRed fof/k ls n'kkZb, fd fuEufyf[kr dFku
lR; gS %
jSf[kd izksxzkeu
p : “,d okLrfod la[;k x bl izdkj gS fd
,oa xf.krh;
foospu x3 + 2 x = 0 , rks x dk eku 0 gSA**
3. izfr/kukRed fof/k ls n'kkZb, fd fuEufyf[kr dFku lR; gS %
p : “;fn x ,d iw.kkZad gS vkSj x2 fo"ke gS] rks x Hkh fo"ke gS**

fVIi.kh 4. n'kkZb, fd fuEufyf[kr dFku lR; gS %

^^iw.kkZad x le gS ;fn vkSj dsoy ;fn x2 le gS**
5. fuEufyf[kr dFkuksa esa dkSu&lk dFku lR; gS vkSj dkSu&lk dFku vlR; gSA izR;sd
ds fy, vius mÙkj dh oS/krk ds fy, mfpr dkj.k crkb,A
(i) p : o`Ùk dh izR;sd f=T;k mldh thok gksrh gSA
(ii) q : fdlh o`Ùk dk dsUnz o`Ùk dh izR;sd thok dks lef}Hkkftr djrk gSA
(iii) r : ,d o`Ùk] fdlh nh?kZo`Ùk dh ,d fo'ks"k fLFkfr gSA
(iv) s : ;fn x vkSj y ,sls iw.kkZad gSa fd x > y, rks –x < –y.

(v) t : 11 ,d ifjes; la[;k gSA

lgk;d osclkbV
• http://www.cs.odu.edu/~toida/nerzic/content/set/math_reasoning.html
• http://www.freencertsolutions.com/mathematical-reasoning
• www.basic-mathematics.com/examples-of-inductive-reasoning.html

vkb, vH;kl djsa

1. ,sls pkj okD; fyf[k, tks dFku ugha gSA
2. D;k dFkuksa ds fuEufyf[kr ;qXe ,d nwljs ds fu"ks/ku gSa\
(i) la[;k x ,d ifjes; la[;k ugha gSA
la[;k x ,d vifjes; la[;k ugha gSA
(ii) la[;k x ,d ifjes; la[;k gSA
la[;k x ,d vifjes; la[;k gSA
3. fuEufyf[kr dFkuksa ds izfr/kukRed ,oa foykse fyf[k, %
(i) ;fn nks js[kk,a lekUrj gSa] rks os ,d gh ry esa izfrPNsn ugha djrhA
(ii) ;fn x ,d vHkkT; la[;k gS] rks x fo"ke gSA
4. izR;qnkgj.k }kjk fl) dhft, fd fuEufyf[kr dFku lR; ugha gSa
(i) p : ;fn fdlh f=Hkqt ds lHkh dks.k leku gS] rks f=Hkqt ,d vf/kd dks.k f=Hkqt
gSA
510 xf.kr
 xf.krh; foospu
ekWM;
~ y
w -X
jSf[kd izksxzkeu
(ii) q : lehdj.k x2 – 1 = 0 ds ewy 0 vkSj 2 ds chp fLFkr ugha gSA ,oa xf.krh;
5. eku yhft,, p : 25, 5 dk xq.kt gSA foospu
q : 25, 8 dk xq.kt gSA nks dFku gSaA
la;kstd ^^vkSj** rFkk ^^vFkok** }kjk feJ dFku fyf[k,A nksuksa n'kkvksa esa izkIr feJ dFkuksa
dh oS/krk tk¡fp,A
fVIi.kh

mÙkjekyk
ns[ksa vkius fdruk lh[kk 38-1
1. (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (vi), (vii), (viii), (xii) dFku gSaA

ns[ksa vkius fdruk lh[kk 38-2

1. (i) p ⇒ q i.e., n ,d fo"ke izkd`r la[;k gS ⇒ x2 ,d fo"ke izkd`r la[;k gSA
(ii) p, q ds fy, i;kZIr izfrca/k gSA
(iii) p dsoy ;fn q i.e ,d izkd`r la[;k fo"ke gS dsoy ;fn mldk oxZ fo"ke gSA
(iv) q, p dk vko';d izfrca/k gSA
(v) ~q ⇒ ~ p i.e. ;fn fdlh izkd`r la[;k dk oxZ fo"ke ugha gS] rks izkd`r la[;k
fo"ke ugha gSA
2. (i) izfr/kukRed % ;fn vkids ikl lnhZ ds diM+s ugha gSa] rks vki dkuiqj esa ugha jgrs
gSaA
foykse % ;fn vkids ikl lnhZ ds diM+s gSa] rks vki dkuiqj esa jgrs gSaA
(ii) izfr/kukRed % ;fn ,d la[;k x fo"ke ugha gS] rks x vHkkT; ugha gSA
foykse % ;fn ,d la[;k x fo"ke gS] rks x vHkkT; la[;k gSA
(iii) izfr/kukRed % ;fn nks js[kk,a ijLij ,d gh lery esa izfrPNsn ugha djrha] rks
os lekUrj ugha gSaA
foykse % ;fn nks js[kk,a ,d gh lery ds ijLij izfrPNsn ugha djrh] rks os lekUrj
gSaA
(iv) izfr/kukRed % ;fn x, 4 ls foHkkftr ugha gksrk] rks x ,d le la[;k ugha gSA
foykse % ;fn x, 4 ls foHkkftr gS] rks x ,d le la[;k gSA
(v) izfr/kukRed % ;fn fdlh oLrq dk rkieku de ugha gS] rks og oLrq BaMh ugha gSA
foykse % ;fn fdlh oLrq dk rkieku de gS] rks oLrq BaMh gSA
3. (i) ^^;fn vki d{kk esa A+ izkIr djrs gSa] rks vki iqLrd ds lHkh iz'uksa dks gy djrs
gSaA**
(ii) ;fn o"kkZ gks jgh gS rks [ksy jn~n gSA
(iii) ;fn BaM gS rks o"kkZ ugha gksrhA
xf.kr 511
 xf.krh; foospu
ekWM~;wy - X 4. (i) vki Vsyhfotu ns[krs gSa ;fn vkSj dsoy ;fn vkidk fnekx Lora= gSA
jSf[kd izksxzkeu (ii) vkidks A xzsM feyrk gS ;fn vkSj dsoy ;fn vki lEiw.kZ x`gdk;Z fu;fer :i
,oa xf.krh; ls djrs gSaA
foospu
ns[ksa vkius fdruk lh[kk 38-3
1. (i) lR; (ii) vlR; (iii) lR;
5. (i) vlR; (ii) vlR; (iii) lR; (iv) lR; (v) vlR;
fVIi.kh
vkb, vH;kl djsa
1. (i) bl dejs esa izR;sd O;fDr xatk gS
1
(ii) “cos2θ dk eku lnSo ls cM+k gksrk gSA
2
(iii) xf.kr eqf'kdy gSA
(iv) lksgu] esjh ckr lqfu,A
2. (i) gk¡ (ii) gk¡
3. (i) izfr/kukRed :;fn nks js[kk,a ,d gh lery esa ijLij izfrPNsn djrh gSa rks
os lekUrj ugha gSA
foykse : ;fn nks js[kk,a ,d gh ry esa izfrPNsn ugha djrha] rks os lekUrj
gSaA
(ii) izfr/kukRed : ;fn ,d la[;k x fo"ke ugha gS] rks x ,d vHkkT; la[;k ugha
gSA
foykse : ;fn ,d la[;k x fo"ke gS rks ;g vHkkT; la[;k gSA
5. ^^vkSj** lfgr feJ dFku % 25, 5 rFkk 8 dk xq.kt gSA ;g ,d vlR; dFku gSA
^^vFkok** lfgr feJ dFku % 25, 5 vFkok 8 dk xq.kt gSA ;g ,d lR; dFku gSA

512 xf.kr
 uewuk iz'u i=k iz'u i=k dk izk:i
fo"k;% xf.kr (311)
mPprj ekè;fed ikB~;Øe
vf/dre vad% 100 le;% 3 ?kaVs
1- mn~n's ;ksa ds vk/kj ij Hkkfjrk
Øe la[;k mn~ns'; vad dqy vadks dk izfr'kr
1- Kku 30 30%
2- Ckks/ 40 40%
3- vuqiz;ksx 22 22%
4- dkS'ky 08 8%
2- ekWM;wyokj le; ,oa vad forj.k
Øe la[;k iz'uksa dk izdkj iz'uksa dh la[;k vad vuqekfur le; (feuVksa es)a
1- nh?kZ mÙkjh; iz'u (6 vadh; iz'u) 5 30 5 × 10 = 50
2- y?kq mÙkjh; iz'u (4 vadh; iz'u) 12 48 12 × 6 = 72
3- vfry?kq mÙkjh; iz'u (2 vadh; iz'u) 6 12 6 × 3 = 18
4- cgqfodYih; iz'u (1 vadh; iz'u) 10 10 10 × 2 = 20
dqy 33 100 160 feuV
* nksgjkus ds fy, 20 feuV fu/kZfjr gSaA

3- fo"k; oLrqq ds vk/kj ij Hkkfjrk

Øe la[;k ekWM;wy dk uke ikB dh la[;k vad
1- chtxf.kr -II 03 17
2- laca/ ,oa iQyu -II 02 12
3- dyu 08 45
4- lfn'k ,oa f=kfoeh; T;kfefr 04 17
5- jSf[kd izksxzkeu ,oa xf.krh; foospu 02 09
dqy 19 100

4- iz'uksa dh dfBukbZ ds Lrj ds vk/kj ij Hkkfjrk

vuqekfur Lrj vad vadksa dk izfr'kr
dfBu 20 20
vkSlr 50 50
vklku 30 30
dqy 100 100

xf.kr (311) i
 uewuk iz'u iz=k uewuk iz'u i=k
xf.kr (311)
vf/dre vad% 100 le;% 3 ?kaVs
funsZ'k%
• bl iz'u i=k esa oqQy 33 iz'u gSa] tks pkj [k.Mksa A, B, C rFkk D esa foHkkftr gSaA
• [k.M A esa 1 ls ysdj 10 rd cgqfodYih; iz'u gSaA ftuesa ls izR;sd osQ fy, 1 vad fu/kZfjr gSA izR;sd iz'u esa
mÙkj ds :i esa A, B, C rFkk D pkj fodYi fn, gSa ftuesa ls dksbZ ,d lgh gSA vkidks lgh fodYi pquuk gS rFkk
viuh mÙkj iqfLrdk esa A, B, C rFkk D esa tks lgh gks mÙkj ds :i esa fy[kuk gSA
• [k.M B easa iz'u la[;k 11 ls 16 rd vfr y?kqmÙkjh; iz'u gSa rFkk izR;sd osQ 2 vad fu/kZfjr gSaA
• [k.M C esa iz'u la[;k 17 ls 28 rd y?kqmÙkjh; iz'u gSa rFkk izR;sd osQ 4 vad fu/kZfjr gSaA
• [k.M D esa iz'u la[;k 29 ls 33 rd nh?kZmÙkjh; iz'u gSa rFkk izR;sd osQ 6 vad fu/kZfjr gSaA
• lHkh iz'u vfuok;Z gSAa iw.kZ iz'u i=k esa fodYi ugha gS fiQj Hkh oqQN iz'uksa esa vkarfjd fodYi gSaA ,sls lHkh iz'uksa
esa ls vkidks ,d gh fodYi gy djuk gSA
[k.M – A
1- ;fn A ,d 3 × 3 ozQe dk oxZ vkO;wg gS] rc |KA| cjkcj gksxk%
(a) K|A| (b) 3.K|A| (c) K2 |A| (d) K3|A|
2- ;fn tan–1 x = y] x ∈ R, rc
π π π π
(a) 0 ≤ y ≤ π (b) 0 < y < π (c) − ≤ y≤ (d) − < y<
2 2 2 2

3- ewy fcUnq ls lery r ⋅ (iˆ + ˆj + kˆ) = 3 dh nwjh gS%

1
(a) 3 (b) 3 (c) (d) 0
3
4- fuEu esa ls dkSu lk okD; dFku ugha gS%
(a) 5] 12 ls cM+k gSA (b) izR;sd leqPp; ,d ijfer gksrk gSA
(c) lw;Z ,d rkjk gSA (d) ;gk¡ ls vkxjk fdruh nwj gS\

5- ;fn leqPp; {1, 2, 3, 4} ij laca/ R = {(1, 2), (2, 2), (1, 1), (4, 4), (1, 3), (3, 3), (3, 2)} ifjHkkf"kr gS] rc%
(a) R LorqY; rFkk lefer gS ijUrq laozQed ughaA (b) R lefer ,oa laozQed gS ijUrq LorqY; ughaA
(c) R LorqY; ,oa laozQed gS ijUrq lefer ughaA (d) R ,d rqY;rk laca/ gSA
6- x osQ eku] ftuosQ fy,] iQyu f(x) = |x| + |x + 5| + |x – 6|] vodfyr ugha gS] gS%
(a) 0, 5, 6 (b) 0, –5, –6 (c) 0, –5, 6 (d) 0, 5, –6
dy
7- ;fn y = log (x⋅ex)] rc dk eku gS%
dx

ii xf.kr (311)
 uewuk iz'u i=k
x +1 x +1 1
(a) (b) x
(c) ex(x + 1) (d)
x x⋅e x ⋅ ex
8- ;fn ∫ ex(cosec2 x – cot x)dx = P⋅ex + c] rc P dk eku gS%
(a) cosec2 x (b) cot x (c) –cot x (d) cosec x⋅cot x

π /2
9- ∫−π/2 | sin x |dx dk eku gS%

(a) –2 (b) 0 (c) 1 (d) 2

2 3
 2 
10- vodyu lehdj.k  d 2y  + 3  dy  + 4 y = 0 dh fMxzh gS%
 dx   dx 

(a) 3 (b) 2 (c) 1 (d) ifjHkkf"kr ugha

[k.M&B
5 2  3 6 
11- ;fn X + Y =   rFkk X − Y =   , rc X rFkk Y dk eku Kkr dhft,A
0 9  0 –1
vFkok
3i − j
,d 2 × 2 vkO;wg dh jpuk dhft, ftlosQ ith iafDr ,oa jth LrEHk dk eku aij = gSA
2
12- ;fn f : R → R rFkk g : R → R iQyu f(x) = x + 1 rFkk g(x) = x – 1] ij ifjHkkf"kr gS rc fn[kkb, fd fog = gof
13- eku Kkr dhft,%
1+ x − 1− x
lim
x →0 x

d2y x
14- ;fn y = sin–1 x, rc fn[kkb, fd 2
=
dx (1 − x 2 )3/2

15- ml lekUrj prqHkqZt dk {ks=kiQy Kkr dhft, ftldh vklUu Hkqtk,a 2iˆ − 4 ˆj + 5kˆ rFkk iˆ + 2 ˆj + 3kˆ gSaA
16- tkap dhft, fd fuEu dFku lR; gS ;k vlR;A
¶;fn x, y ∈ Z bl izdkj gSa fd x rFkk y fo"ke gSa] rc xy Hkh fo"ke gSA¸
[k.M&C
17- uhps fn, x, vkO;wg dks lefer vkO;wg ,oa fo"ke lefer vkO;wg osQ ;ksx osQ :i esa O;Dr dhft,%
 1 3 5
 −6 8 3
 
 −4 6 5
r r
18- ;fn a = iˆ + 2 ˆj − 3kˆ rFkk b = 3iˆ − ˆj + 2kˆ gS] rc fuEu dk eku Kkr dhft,%
r r r r
(i) a+b (ii) a − b

xf.kr (311) iii

 uewuk iz'u i=k
r r r r
(iii) ( a + b ).( a − b ) r r r r
(iv) a + b rFkk a − b osQ chp dks.k

19- lkjf.kd osQ xq.kksa dk mi;ksx djosQ fl¼ dhft,%

1 a a2
1 b b 2 = (a − b)(b − c)(c − a )
1 c c2
vFkok
1 2 2 
;fn A =  2 1 2  rFkk A2 + kA – 5I = 0] tgka k ,d okLrfod la[;k gS] rc k dk eku Kkr dhft,A
 2 2 1 

20- fl¼ dhft,% 12 4 63

sin −1 + cos −1 + tan −1 = π
13 5 16
21- ;fn f : R → R iQyu f(x) = 4x + 3 ij ifjHkkf"kr gS rks fl¼ dhft, fd iQyu f ,oSQdh ,oa vkPNknd gSA iQyu f dk
izfrykse Hkh Kkr dhft,A
22- a rFkk b osQ eku Kkr dhft, ftuosQ fy, iQyu

5 ;fn x≤2 
 
f ( x) =  ax + b ;fn 2 < x < 10  ,d lrr iQyu gSA
 21 ;fn x ≥ 10 
 

x2 + 1 dy
23- ;fn y = x cos x + 2
, rc dk eku Kkr dhft,A
x −1 dx
24- mu varjkyksa dks Kkr dhft, ftuosQ fy, fn;k x;k iQyu f(x) = –2x3 – 9x2 – 12x + 1, (i) vkjksgh ;k o/Zeku gS (ii)
vojksgh ;k ßkleku gSaA
vFkok
x = 3 ij oozQ y = x2 + 4x + 1 osQ fy, Li'kZ js[kk dk lehdj.k Kkr dhft,A og fcUnq Hkh dhft, tgka oozQ dh Li'kZ
js[kk x-v{k osQ lekUrj gSA
π /2 dx
25- eku Kkr dhft,% ∫0 1 + tan x
dx

26- nh xbZ vody lehdj.k dks gy dhft,%

dy
( x − y) = x + 3y
dx

27- lfn'k iˆ + ˆj + kˆ dk lfn'kksa 2iˆ + 4 ˆj − 5kˆ rFkk λiˆ + 2 ˆj + 3kˆ osQ ;ksx osQ lkis{k bdkbZ lfn'k osQ xq.kuiQy dk ifjek.k
2 26 osQ cjkcj gS rks λ dk eku Kkr dhft,A
28- eku Kkr dhft,%
dx
∫ ( x − 1)(2 x − 3)

iv xf.kr (311)
 uewuk iz'u i=k
vFkok
eku Kkr dhft,%
3x + 2
∫ ( x − 1)(2 x + 3) dx

[k.M&D
29- vkO;wg fof/ dk iz;ksx djosQ fuEu jSf[kd lehdj.kksa osQ fudk; dks gy dhft,A
x – y + 2z = 7, 3x + 4y – 5z = – 5, 2x – y + 3z = 12
vFkok
2 3 1
izkjafHkd LFkkukarj.k fof/ (Elementary Transformation Method) dk iz;ksx djosQ vkO;wg  2 8 1  dk izfrykse Kkr
 3 7 2 
dhft,A
30- n'kkZb, fd ,d o`Ùk osQ vUrxZr ftrus Hkh vk;r cuk, tk ldrs gSa] muesa oxZ dk {ks=kiQy vf/dre gksrk gSA
vFkok
45 lseh- × 24 lseh- vk;rkdkj Vhu dh 'khV osQ dksuksa esa ls oxkZdkj VqdM+s dkVdj 'ks"k Hkqtkvksa dks bl izdkj eksM+k x;k
gS fd ,d [kqyk cDlk cu tk,A dkVs x, oxZ dh Hkqtk Kkr dhft, rkfd cDls dk vk;ru vf/dre gksA

x2 y 2
31- lekdyu dk iz;ksx djosQ] nh?kZo`Ùk + = 1 }kjk f?kjs {ks=k dk {ks=kiQy Kkr dhft,A
16 9

x −1 y − 2 z + 4 x −1 y + 3 z − 5
32- fcUnq (1, 2, –4) ls xqtjus okyh rFkk js[kkvksa = = ,oa = = osQ lekarj lery dk
2 3 6 1 1 1
lehdj.k Kkr dhft,A
33- ,d mRikn dEiuh uV ,oa cksYV dk mRiknu djrh gSA oaQiuh 1 ?kaVk e'khu A rFkk 3 ?kaVk e'khu B osQ lkFk dk;Z djus
ij uV dk ,d iSosQt dk mRiknu djrh gSA oaQiuh 3 ?kaVk e'khu A rFkk 1 ?kaVk e'khu B osQ lkFk dk;Z djus ij cksYV dk
,d iSosQt mRiknu djrh gSA oaQiuh uV osQ ,d iSosQt ij `20 rFkk cksYV osQ ,d iSosQt ij `10 dk ykHk dekrh gSA ,d
fnu esa 12 ?kaVs osQ fy, nksuksa e'khuksa dk pykdj izR;sd osQ fdrus iSosQtksa dk mRiknu izfrfnu fd;k tk, rkfd ykHk vf/
dre gksA mijksDr ls ,d jSf[kd izksxzkfeax leL;k dk fuekZ.k dhft, rFkk vkys[ku fof/ }kjk gy dhft,A

xf.kr (311) v
 vad fu/kZj.k ;kstuk
vad fu/kZj.k ;kstuk (Marking Scheme)

iz'u la- Value Points vad forj.k dqy

vad
1 D 1
2 D 1
3 B 1
4 D 1
5 C 1
6 C 1
7 A 1
8 C 1
9 D 1
10 B 1

4 4
11 X =  1
0 4

1 −2 
Y =  1
0 5 
or

1 1 
2
A= izR;sd lgh vo;o ds fy,
5 2
 2 
1
vad 2
2

12 fog ( x ) = f ( g ( x ) ) = f ( x − 1) = x − 1 + 1 = x 1

gof ( x ) = g ( f ( x ) ) = g ( x + 1) = x + 1 − 1 = x 1 2

1+ x − 1− x 1+ x + 1− x 1
13 lim ×
x→10 x 1+ x + 1− x 2

1+ x −1+ x 2
= lim
x→10 x ( 1+ x + 1− x =)lim
x→10 1+ x + 1− x
1

2 1
= =1 2
1+1 2

xf.kr (311) vii

 vad fu/kZj.k ;kstuk
dy 1
= (1 − x 2 )
−1/ 2
14. = 1
dx 1 − x2

1
d2y 1
dx 2
= −
2
( ) ( −2 x )
1 − x 2 − 2 −1

x
=
(1 − x )
2 3/ 2 1 2

i $j k$
r r
a × b = 2 −4 5
15.
1 2 3

= −22 $i − $j + 8k$ 1

r r
( −22 ) + ( −1) + ( 8 )
2 2 2
a×b =

1
= 549 = 3 61 2

1
∴ lekarj prqHkZqt dk {ks=kiQy = 3 61 oxZ bdkbZ 2
2

1
16. eku yhft, p: x . y ∈ Z bl izdkj gSa fd x rFkk y fo"ke gSA
2
q: xy fo"ke gSaA
eku yhft, fd ;fn p lR; gS]a rks q Hkh lR; gSA p lR; gksus dk
1
rkRi;Z gS eku yhft, x = 2m + 1, y = 2n + 1 tgka m, n iw.kk±d gSaA
2

∴ xy = ( 2m + 1)( 2n + 1)

= 2 ( 2mn + m + n ) + 1

;g n'kkZrk gS fd xy fo"ke gS i.e., q lR; gSA 1 2

 1 3 5 1 −6 −4
A =  −6 8 3 ∴ A′ = 3 8 6 
 
17. eku yhft, 1
 −4 6 5 5 3 5 

 2 −3 1 
A + A ' =  −3 16 9  1
 1 9 10  2

viii xf.kr (311)

 vad fu/kZj.k ;kstuk

 1 −3 1 
 2 2
A + A1  −3 9 
= 8 1
2  2 2
 1 9 5 
2
 2 2 

0 9 9
A − A1 =  −9 0 −3 1
 −9 3 0  2

 0 9 9 
 22
A − A  −9
1
= 0 −3  1
2  2 2
 −9 3 0 
2
 2 2 

A + A1 A − A1 1
ge tkurs gSa fd lefer gS rFkk izfrlfer gSA
2 2 2

 1 −3 1   0 9 9 
 2 2  2 2
∴A=  −3 8 9  +  −9 0 −3  1
 2 2  2 2 4
1 9 5   −9 3 0 
2
 2 2   2 2 

r r
18. (i) a + b = 4$i + $j − k$. 1
r r
(ii) a + b = −2$i + 3 $j − 5k$ 1
r r r
(iii) ( ar + b ).( a − b ) = −8 + 3 + 5 = 0 1
r r r
(iv) ( ar + b ).( a − b ) = 0
r r r r
⇒ a + b , a − b ij yEcor~ gSA 1 4

1 a a2
19. ck;k¡LHS
i{k = 1 b b 2
1 c c2

R1 → R1 − R2 & R2 → R2 − R3 dk iz;ksx djus ij

0 a − b a 2 − b2
1
i{k = 0 b − c b − c
2 2
nk;k¡LHS 1
2
1 c c2

xf.kr (311) ix
 vad fu/kZj.k ;kstuk
R1 esa ls a – b rFkk R2 esa ls (b – c) ckgj fudkyus ij ge izkIr djrs gSa

0 1 a+b
0 1 b+c 1
LHS = (a-b) (b-c) 1
1 c c2 2

vc c1 dh lgk;rk ls izlkfjr djus ij

ck;k¡ i{k = (a-b) (b-c)  0 − 0 + 1( b + c − a − b ) 

= (a - b) (b - c) (c - a) = RHS 1

vFkok

 1 2 2   1 2 2  9 8 8 
A = A. A =  2 1 2   2 1 2  = 8 9 8 
2
1
 2 2 1   2 2 1  8 8 9 

1 2 2  k 2k 2k 
 2 1 2  =  2k k 2k 
KA = K    1
 2 2 1   2k 2k k 

1 0 0   5 0 0 
0 1 0  = 0 5 0  1
51 = 5    
0 0 1  0 0 5  2

vc A2 + KA − 5 I = 0

9 8 8   k 2k 2k   5 0 0   0 0 0 
⇒ 8 9 8  +  2k k 2k  − 0 5 0  = 0 0 0 
8 8 9   2k 2k k  0 0 5  0 0 0 

 4 + k 8 + 2k 8 + 2k   0 0 0 
⇒ 8 + 2k 4 + k 8 + 2k  = 0 0 0 
1
8 + 2k 8 + 2k 4 + k  0 0 0 

1
⇒ 4+k = 0 i.e k=-4
2
4

x xf.kr (311)
 vad fu/kZj.k ;kstuk
1
20 ( )
cos ec1 5 2 = tan −1  
7
1

 5  16 
∴
−1
ck;k¡ i{k = tan   + cos ec
 12 
−1
(5 2 ) + tan −1
 
 63 

 5 1  16 
= tan −1   + tan −1   + tan −1  
 12  7  63 

 5 1 
 + 
 16 
= tan −1  12 7  + tan −1  
5 1  63  1
1 − . 
 12 7 

 47   16  1
= tan −1   + tan −1  
 79   63  2

 47 16 
−1
 79 + 63 
= tan 
47 16  1
1 − . 
 79 63 

π 1
= tan −1 (1) = = nk;k¡ i{k 4
4 2

21 (i) eku yhft, fd x1 , x2 izkUr osQ ,sls nks vo;o gS fd

f ( x1 ) = f ( x2 )

⇒ 4 x1 + 3 = 4 x2 + 3

⇒ x1 = x2

1
∴ f ,dSdh iQyu gSA 1
2
(ii) eku yhft, fd y ifjlj dk ,d ,slk vo;o gS fd f(x) = y
y −3
⇒ 4x + 3 = y , ⇒ x =
4
Li"Vr% izR;sd y ∈ ifjlj ds fy, ges'kk x ∈ izkUr gSA
∴ izR;sd y ∈ ifjlj ds fy, ,d&,d iwoZ izfrfcEc dk
y −3
x= ∈ izkUr gSA
4
1
∴ f vkPNknd iQyu gSA 1
2

xf.kr (311) xi
 vad fu/kZj.k ;kstuk
(iii) D;ksfa d f ,dSdh vkSj vkPNknkd iQyu gS blfy, bldk izfrykse
Kkr fd;k tk ldrk gSA
y −3
∴ f −1 : R → R gksxk vkSj f −1 (y) = }kjk ifjHkkf"kr gSA 1 4
4

22 lim f (x) = lim −5 = 5

x →2− x→2

lim f (x) = lim+ (ax + b) = 2a + b.

x →2+ x→2

D;ksafd f ,d lrr iQyu gSA

1
∴ 2a + b = 5 ...(i) 1
2

vc lim f (x) = lim− ( ax + b) = 10 a + b

x →10− x →10

lim f (x) = lim 21 = 21

x →10+ x →10+

D;ksafd f ,d lrr iQyu gSA

1
∴ 10a + b = 21 ...(ii) 1
2
(i) rFkk (ii) gy djus ij
a = 2 and b = 1 1 4

x2 + 1
23. y = x cos x +
x2 −1

dy d cos x d  x2 + 1 
∴ = (x )+  2  ...(i)
1
dx dx dx  x − 1  2

eku yhft, u = x cos x

∴ log u = cos x . log x
1 du 1
. = cos x. + log x ( − sin x )
u dx x

du  cos x 
⇒ = x cos x  − sin x.log x  ...(ii) 2
dx  x 

d  x 2 + 1
dx  x 2 − 1 

=
(x 2
− 1) ( 2 x ) − ( x 2 + 1) ( 2 x )

(x − 1)
2 2

4x
=
(x − 1)
2
2 ...(iii) 1

xii xf.kr (311)

 vad fu/kZj.k ;kstuk

(i), (ii) rFkk (iii) ls ge izkIr djrs gSa%

dy  cos x  4x
= x cos x  − sin x.log x  − . 1
 ( x 2 − 1)
2
dx  x 4
2

24. f ' ( x ) = −6 x 2 − 18 x − 12

1
= −6 ( x 2 + 3 x + 2 ) = −6 ( x + 2 )( x + 1)
2
o/Zeku rFkk gzkleku iQyu ds fy,
1
f ' ( x ) = 0 ⇒ x = −2, −1.
2

∴ vUrjky gSa ( −∞, −2], ( −2, −1], ( −1, ∞ ] 1

vUrjky f ' ( x ) dk fpUg fu"d"kZ

( −∞ , − 2 ] ( − )( − )( − ) = −ve f ßkleku gS

[–2, –1) ( − )( + )( − ) = +ve f o/Zeku gS

1
[–1, ∞) ( − )( + )( + ) = −ve f ßkleku gS 1
2
∴ f [ −2, −1) esa o/Zeku gS rFkk
1
(−∞, −2] ∪ [ −1, ∞) esa gzkleku
2
vFkok
1
tc x = 3, y = 22.
2

dy 1
= 2 x + 4.
dx 2

dy
at x = 3 ij = 10
dt

1
∴ Li'kZ js[kk dk lehdj.k gSa%
2

( y − 22 ) = 10 ( x − 3)
⇒ 10 x − y = 8. 1
Li'kZ js[kk dks x -v{k ds lekarj gksus ds fy,

xf.kr (311) xiii

 vad fu/kZj.k ;kstuk
1
f '( x) = 0
2
⇒ 2x + 4 = 0
1
⇒ x = −2
2
tc x = -2, y = –3
1
∴ vHkh"V fcUnq gSa ( −2, −3) 4
2

π /2
dx π /2 cos x
25. I= ∫
0 1 + tan x
, I = ∫0
cos x + sin x
dx ...(i) 1

π /2
sin x
I= ∫
0 sin x + cos x
dx , ...(ii)

 a a

∴ ∫ f ( x ) dx = ∫ f ( a − x ) dx  1
 0 0 
(i) rFkk (ii) dks tksM+us ij ge izkIr djrs gSa

π /2 π /2
cos x + sin x
2I = ∫
0 cos x + sin x
dx = ∫ 1.dx
0
1

π /2 π π
= [ x ]0 = −0 =
2 2

π
∴ I= 1 4
4

26. fn, gq, vody lehdj.k dks fuEu izdkj fy[kk tk ldrk gS
dy x + 3 y 1
= ...(i)
dx x − 3 y 2
;g ,d le?kkrh; vody lehdj.k gSaA
1
∴ y = vx izfrLFkkfir djus ij
2

dy dv
= v + x.
dx dx
∴ (i ) fuEu :i esa ifjofrZr gks tkrk gSA

dv x + 3vx
v+x =
dx x − vx
xiv xf.kr (311)
 vad fu/kZj.k ;kstuk
dv 1 + 3v
⇒ v+x =
dx 1 − v

(1 + v )
2
dv 1 + 3v
⇒ x = −v =
dx 1 − v 1− v

1− v dx
⇒ dv = 1
(1 + v )
2
x

1− v dx
∴ ∫ (1 + v ) 2
dv = ∫
x

1 1
⇒ 2∫ dv − ∫ dv = log x + c1
(1 + v ) 2 (1 + v )
−2
⇒ − log .1 + v = log x + c1 1
1+ v

−2 x x+ y
− log − log x = c1
x+ y x

−2 x  x+ y 
− log .x  = c
x+ y  x 

2x
⇒
x+ y
+ log x + y = c1 tgka ( c1 = − c ) 1 4

r
27. eku yhft, a = $i + $j + k$
r
b = 2$i + 4 $j − 5k$
r
c = λ $i + 2 $j + 3k$

r r 1
∴ b + c = ( 2 + λ ) $i + 6 $j − 2k$.
2

$i $j k$
r r r
(
a× b + c = ) 1 1 1
2+λ 6 −2

= $i ( −2 − 6 ) − $j ( −2 − 2 − λ ) + k$ ( 6 − 2 − λ )

= −8iˆ + ( 4 + λ ) yˆ + ( 4 − λ ) kˆ 1

xf.kr (311) xv
 vad fu/kZj.k ;kstuk
r r r
(
a× b + c ) = ( −8) + ( 4 + x ) + ( 4 − 1)
2 2 2

= 2λ 2 + 96. 1

vc 2λ 2 + 96 = 2 26.

⇒ 2λ 2 + 96 = 104

⇒ 2λ 2 = 8

⇒ λ2 = 4 1

1
⇒ λ = ±2 4
2

1
28. I =∫ dx
2 x2 − 5x + 3

1 1
=
2
∫ 5 3
dx 1
x − x+
2
2
2 2

1 1
= ∫ dx.
1
1
( x − 5 / 4 ) − (1/ 4 )
2 2
2 2

1  5 5
= .log  x −  + x 2 − x + 3 / 2 + c1 1
2  4 2

1
= log 4 x − 5 + 2 2 2 x 2 − 5 x + 3 + C
2

tgk¡ C = c1 -log 4 1
vFkok
3x + 2
I =∫
( x − 1)( 2 x + 3)
3x + 2 A B
iqu% eku yhft, ( x − 1)( 2 x + 3) = x − 1 + 2 x + 3 1

⇒ 3x + 2 = A ( 2 x + 3) + B ( x − 1)
x = - 3/2 j[kus ij gesa B = 1 izkIr gksrk gSA
vkSj x = 1, j[kus ij A = 1 izkIr gksrk gSA 1
1 1
∴I = ∫ dx + ∫ dx
x −1 2x + 3
xvi xf.kr (311)
 vad fu/kZj.k ;kstuk
log 2 x + 3
= log x − 1 + + c. 2 4
2

1 −1 2  x 7
 3 4 −5 x =  y  B =  −5
29. eku yhft, A =    ,  
 2 −1 3   z  12 

∴ AX = B
i.e X = A−1 B. (i) 1

1 −1 2
A=3 4 −5 = 1(12 − 5 ) + 1( 9 + 10 ) + 2 ( −3 − 8 )
2 −1 3

= 7 + 19 − 22 = 4 ≠ 0.
dk vfLrRo gSA
∴ A −1exists 1

 7 1 −3
 −19 −1 11 
A dk lg[kaMt =   2
 −11 −1 7 

 7 1 −3
∴ A =  −19 −1 11 
1
−1 1
4 2
 −11 −1 7 

x  7 1 −3  2 
∴  y  =  −19 −1 11  1 
  1
4
 z   −11 −1 7   3 

 8  2
1   
=  4  = 1 
4 1
12   3 

1
⇒ x = 2, y = 1, z = 3,
2
vFkok

2 3 1
eku yhft, A =  2 8 1 
 
 3 7 2 

1
eku yhft, A = IA
2

xf.kr (311) xvii

 vad fu/kZj.k ;kstuk

 2 3 1  1 0 0 
 2 8 1  = 0 1 0  A.
i.e    
 3 7 2  0 0 1 

1
R1 → R1 dk mi;ksx djus ij
2

1 3 1  1 0 0
 2 2  2 
2 8 1  =  0 1 0 A 1
    2
 3 7 2   0 0 1
  

R2 → R2 − 2 R1 vkjS R3 → R3 − 3R1 dk iz;ksx djrs gq,

1 3 1   1 0 0
 2 2  2 
0 5 0  =  −1 1 0  A
    1
0 5 1   −3

0 1
2 2  2 

1
R2 → R2 ds iz;ksx ls
5

 1 
0 0
1 3 1   2
 2 2  
−1 1
0 1 0 = 0 A
   5 5 
1
0 5 2 1   
2   −3 0 1
2
 

3 5
R1 → R1 − R2 vkSj R3 → R3 − R2 ds iz;ksx ls
2 2

 
1 0 1  4 −3 0
 2  5 10

0 1 0  =  −1 1 0 A
   5 5  1
1   −1
 1 
0 0
2
 −1 2 

R3 → 2 R3 ds iz;ksx ls

4 −3 0
1 0 1
  5
2 10 
 0  =  −1 1 0 A
0 1  5 5  1
0 0 1   −2 −1 2 
 

xviii xf.kr (311)

 vad fu/kZj.k ;kstuk
1
R1 → R1 − R3 ds iz;ksx ls
2

9 1 −1
1 0 0   5 5 
0 1 0  =  −1 1 0A
   5 5 
0 0 1   −2 −1 2 
 

9 1 −1
 5 5 
vr% A =  −1
−1 1 0 1 6
 5 5 
 −2 −1 2 
 

lgh
30. vkd`fr ds fy,
S R
O r 1
r
y vad
2
P x Q

1
A (vk;r dk {ks=kiQy) = x . y ...(i)
2
∆P Q R esa , x 2 + y 2 = 4r 2

1
⇒ y = 4r 2 − x 2 ...(ii)
2

1
∴ A = x 4r 2 − x 2 2

eku yhft, Z = A2 = x 2 ( 4r 2 − x 2 )
i.e Z = 4r 2 x 2 − x 4

dZ
= 8r 2 x − 4 x 3 1
dx
mfPp"B ,oa fufEu"B osQ fy,
8r 2 x − 4 x 3 = 0

4 x ( 2r 2 − x 2 ) = 0

⇒x=0 or x = 2.r
x = 0 lEHko ugha gSa 1

xf.kr (311) xix

 vad fu/kZj.k ;kstuk
d 2Z
2
= 8r 2 − 12 x 2
dx

d 2Z
x = 2.r ds fy, dx 2 ½.kkRed gSA 1

x = 2.r ds fy,∴ Z = A2 vf/dre (mfPp"B) gSA

1
(ii) ls ge izkIr djrs gSa y = 4r 2 − 2r 2 = 2.r
2
1
vr% {ks=kiQy vf/dre gksxk ;fn x = y
2
vFkok
eku yhft, fd lhV ds izR;sd dksus ls dVs tkus okys oxZ dh Hkqtk x gSA
V (ckWDl dk vk;ru) = ( 45 − 2 x )( 24 − 2 x )( x ) 1

1
V = 4 x 3 − 138 x 2 + 1080 x.
2
dV
= 12 x 2 − 276 x + 1080 1
dx
vf/dre vFkok U;wure ds fy,
dV
=0
dx

⇒ 12 x 2 − 276 x + 1080 = 0
⇒ x 2 − 23x + 90 = 0 1

⇒ ( x − 18 )( x − 5 ) = 0

⇒ x = 5 or x = 18 (lEHko ugha gSa)

notpossible 1

d 2V
= 24 x − 276
dx 2

d 2V
x = 5 ds fy, ½.kkRed gSA
dx 2
∴ x = 5 ds fy, V vf/dre gSA 1
1
vr% dkVs tkus okys oxZ dh vHkh"V Hkqtk 5 lseh gSA 6
2

xx xf.kr (311)
 vad fu/kZj.k ;kstuk
31.
Y
B(0, 3) 1

X' X
(–4, 0) O A(4, 0)

(0, –3)
Y'

okafNr {ks=kiQy = 4 × {ks=kiQy OAB 1

4
3
= 4∫ 16 − x 2 dx. 1
0
4

4
x  x 
= 3  16 − x 2 + 8sin −1    1
2  4  0

= 3 0 + 8sin −1 (1) − 0 + 8sin −1 ( 0 )  1

 8π 
= 3 
 2 
= 12 π oxZ bdkbZ 1 6

32. eku yhft, a. ( x − 1) + b ( y − 2 ) + c ( z + 4 ) = 0 (1) ...(i) 2

okafNr lery dh lehdj.k gS] D;ksafd lery nh gqbZ js[kkvksa
ds lkFk yEcor~ gSA
∴ 2a + 3b + 6c = 0 ...(ii) 1
a+b-c=0 ...(iii) 1
a b c
= =
−3 − 6 6 + 2 2 − 3

a b c
⇒ = =
−9 8 − 1

a b c
= = = λ (eku yhft,)
9 −8 1
∴ a = 9λ , b = −8 λ , c = λ 1
a, b, c dk eku (i) esa izfrLFkkfir djus ij

9λ ( x − 1) − 8λ ( y − 2 ) + λ ( z + 4 ) = 0

⇒ 9 x − 8 y + z + 11 = 0. 1 6

33. eku yhft, fd x uVksa ds iSdsVksa vkSj 4 cksYVksa ds iSdsVksa dh la[;k

dks n'kkZrk gSA

xf.kr (311) xxi

 vad fu/kZj.k ;kstuk

1
fuEu izfrca/ksa ds vUrxZr, z = 20 x + 10 y
2
dk vf/dre eku Kkr dhft,A
x + 3 y ≤ 12
3 x + y ≤ 12
1
x >, 0, y >, 0. 1
2
Y
5

3x +
y=
C(0, 4)
4

12
3 B(3, 3)
x+3
y=
12
2 lgh xzkiQ 2 vad
1

A(4, 0)
X' X
O 1 2 3 4 5 6

Y'

lqlaxr {ks=k ds dksuksa ds fcUnq gSaA

1
O ( 0, 0 ) , A ( 4, 0 ) , B ( 3,3) , C ( 0, 4 )
2
O (0,0) ij Z = 0 + 0 = 0

4, 0Z == 20 × 4 + 10 × 0 = 80
A(4, 0) ij
B(3, 3) ij Z = 20 × 3 + 10 × 3 = 60 + 30 = 90.
Z at (0,4) = 20 × .0 + 10 × 4 = 0 + 40 = 40 1
vr% vf/dre ykHk ds fy, uV vkSj cksYV nksuksa ds rhu&rhu
1
iSdsV cukus pkfg, A 6
2

xxii xf.kr (311)