Simplified Sections – IPC

Chapter 2- General Explanations

Section Title Summary

Definitions subject to
6 Definitions in the code are subject to exceptions.
exceptions

Sense of expression once The meaning of an expression, once explained,

7
explained remains consistent throughout the code.

The pronoun "he" and its derivatives are used for

8 Gender
any person, whether male or female.

Singular includes plural and vice-versa, unless the

9 Number
context suggests otherwise.

“Man” denotes a male human being of any age,

10 “Man”. “Woman”. and “Woman” denotes a female human being of
any age.

"Person" includes companies, associations, or

11 “Person”.
bodies of persons, whether incorporated or not.

"Public" includes any class of the public or any

12 “Public”.
community.

13 [Omitted].

"Servant of Government" denotes any officer or

14 “Servant of Government”.
servant employed by the government in India.

15 [Repealed.].

16 [Repealed .].

"Government" denotes the Central Government or

17 “Government”.
the Government of a State.

“India” means the territory of India excluding the

18 “India”.
State of Jammu and Kashmir.

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"Judge" denotes someone officially designated as
19 “Judge”. a judge or anyone empowered to give a definitive
judgment.

"Court of Justice" refers to a judge empowered to

20 “Court of Justice”.
act judicially.

"Public servant" includes various categories such

as officers of the Government, officers of the
21 “Public servant”. Court, and those who hold offices that empower
them to protect the pecuniary interests of the
Government.

"Moveable property" includes corporeal property

22 “Moveable property”. of every description, except land and things
attached to the earth.

“Wrongful gain”. "Wrongful gain" means gain by unlawful means;

“Wrongful loss”. Gaining "Wrongful loss" means loss by unlawful means.
23
wrongfully/ Losing Also describes gaining wrongfully or losing
wrongfully. wrongfully.

"Dishonestly" means doing something with the

24 “Dishonestly”.
intention of causing wrongful gain or loss.

"Fraudulently" means doing something with the

25 “Fraudulently”.
intent to defraud.

"Reason to believe" means having sufficient cause

26 “Reason to believe”.
to believe something, but not otherwise.

Property in possession of a wife, clerk, or servant,

Property in possession of
27 on account of their employer, is considered to be
wife, clerk or servant.
in the possession of the employer.

"Counterfeit" means causing one thing to

28 “Counterfeit”.
resemble another with the intent to deceive.

"Document" denotes any matter expressed or

29 “Document”. described upon any substance using letters,
figures, or marks, intended to be used as evidence.

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"Electronic record" has the meaning assigned in
29A “Electronic record”.
the Information Technology Act, 2000.

"Valuable security" denotes a document that

30 “Valuable security”. creates, transfers, or extinguishes legal rights, or
acknowledges legal liability.

31 “A will”. "A will" denotes any testamentary document.

32 Words referring to acts include illegal omissions..

33 “Act” and “Omission”. Defines "Act" and "Omission".

Acts done by several persons in furtherance of

34
common intention hold each person liable..

When an act is criminal by reason of criminal

35 knowledge or intent, each individual involved may
be held responsible..

An effect caused partly by act and partly by

36
omission is punishable..

Describes co-operation by doing one of several

37
acts constituting an offense..

People involved in a criminal act may be guilty of

38
different offenses..

"Voluntarily" means causing an effect when one

39 “Voluntarily”. intends to cause it, or knows it is likely to be
caused.

"Offence" means a thing made punishable by the

40 “Offence”. code, except in certain specified chapters and
sections.

41 “Special law”. Defines "Special law".

42 “Local law”. Defines "Local law".

"Illegal" applies to everything that is an offense or

“Illegal”. “Legally bound
43 prohibited by law; "Legally bound to do" means
to do”.
something one is bound by law to do.

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"Injury" means any harm illegally caused to a
44 “Injury”.
person’s body, mind, reputation or property.

45 “Life”. "Life" denotes the life of a human being.

46 “Death”. "Death" denotes the death of a human being.

"Animal" means any living creature, other than a

47 “Animal”.
human being.

"Vessel" denotes anything made for the

48 “Vessel”. conveyance by water of human beings or of
property.

"Year" and "Month" are reckoned according to the

49 “Year”. “Month”.
British calendar.

"Section" means a numbered portion of a Chapter

50 “Section”.
in the code.

"Oath" includes a solemn affirmation substituted

51 “Oath”.
by law for an oath.

"Good faith" means nothing being done in good

52 “Good faith”.
faith if done without due care and attention.

"Harbour" includes providing shelter, food, or

52A “Harbour”. means of conveyance, except in certain cases
involving a spouse.

Chapter 3 – Of Punishments

Section Topic Key Points

Lists the punishments offenders are liable to under the

53 Punishments IPC: Death, Imprisonment for life, Imprisonment
(rigorous or simple), Forfeiture of property, Fine.

References to transportation for life are to be read as

53A Transportation imprisonment for life. Transportation sentences before
1955 are to be treated as rigorous imprisonment for the

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Simplified Sections – IPC
same term. Other references to transportation for
shorter terms are omitted.

The appropriate Government can change a death

Commutation of
54 sentence to another punishment under the IPC without
Death Sentence
the offender's consent.

The appropriate Government can change a life

Commutation of Life imprisonment sentence to imprisonment of either kind
55
Imprisonment for a term up to fourteen years, without the offender's
consent.

Definition of
Defines what constitutes the "appropriate
55A "Appropriate
Government" in sections 54 and 55.
Government"

56 Repealed This section has been repealed.

In calculating fractions of punishment terms,

Fractions of
57 imprisonment for life is reckoned as equivalent to
Punishment Terms
imprisonment for twenty years.

58-59 Repealed These sections have been repealed.

Types of Courts can order imprisonment to be wholly rigorous,

60
Imprisonment wholly simple, or partly rigorous and partly simple.

61-62 Repealed These sections have been repealed.

If no specific fine amount is stated, the fine is unlimited

63 Amount of Fine
but must not be excessive.

Imprisonment for
64 If a person doesn't pay a fine, they may be imprisoned.
Non-Payment of Fine

Sets limits to imprisonment when fine and

Limit of imprisonment are both awardable, in default of
65 Imprisonment for payment of the fine, the imprisonment term cannot
Non-Payment of Fine exceed one-fourth of the term of imprisonment which
is the maximum fixed for the offence.

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Description of
Imprisonment for non-payment of fine can be of any
66 Imprisonment for
description.
Non-Payment of Fine

If the only punishment for an offence is a fine and it is

Imprisonment for
67 not paid, the resulting imprisonment must be simple
Non-Payment of Fine
and for a limited duration based on the fine amount.

Termination on
68 Imprisonment ends when the fine is paid.
Payment of Fine

Termination on
Imprisonment can be terminated early upon payment
69 Proportional
of a proportional amount of the fine.
Payment of Fine

A fine remains leviable for six years, or during

70 Fine Liability imprisonment; death does not discharge property from
liability.

When an offence is made up of several offences, the

Limit of Punishment
71 punishment should not exceed the most severe
for Multiple Offences
punishment for any one of them.

Punishment for If unsure which of several offences a person is guilty of,

72
Doubtful Offence a punishment can be given for one of the offenses.

Courts can order solitary confinement for a part of a

73 Solitary Confinement
rigorous imprisonment, with limits on duration.

Provides a scale for the maximum duration of solitary

Limit of Solitary confinement based on the overall imprisonment term,
74
Confinement with intervals required between periods of solitary
confinement.

If a person is convicted of offences under chapter XII or

Enhanced
XVII with imprisonment of 3 years or more, and again
75 Punishment for
commits such an offense, the punishment is
Repeat Offenders
imprisonment for life, or up to 10 years.

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Simplified Sections – IPC
Chapter 4 – General Exceptions

Section Topic Key Points

Act done by a person An act is not an offence if it is done by a person

bound, or by mistake of who is legally bound to do it or who, due to a
76
fact believing himself mistake of fact (not law) and in good faith, believes
bound, by law they are bound by law to do it.

Act of Judge when acting An act by a judge is not an offence when the judge
77
judicially is acting judicially.

Act done pursuant to the

An act done in accordance with a court order or
78 judgment or order of
judgment is not an offence.
Court

Act done by a person An act is not an offence if a person is justified by

justified, or by mistake of law, or due to a mistake of fact (not law) and in
79
fact believing himself good faith, believes they are justified by law in
justified, by law doing it.

An accident that occurs while doing a lawful act in

Accident in doing a lawful
80 a lawful manner, with proper care and without
act
criminal intent, is not an offence.

Act likely to cause harm, An act likely to cause harm is not an offence if
but done without criminal done without criminal intent, and in good faith, to
81
intent, and to prevent prevent or avoid greater harm to a person or
other harm property.

Act of a child under seven An act committed by a child under seven years of
82
years of age age is not an offence.

An act committed by a child above seven and

Act of a child above seven
under twelve is not an offence, if the child does not
83 and under twelve of
have sufficient maturity of understanding to judge
immature understanding
the nature and consequences of their conduct.

An act by a person of unsound mind is not an

offence if, at the time of committing the act, the
Act of a person of
84 person is incapable of knowing the nature of the
unsound mind
act, or that they are doing something wrong or
against the law, due to their unsoundness of mind.

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An act by a person incapable of judgement due to
Act of a person incapable
intoxication caused against their will is not an
of judgment by reason of
85 offence, provided they did not intend or know that
intoxication caused
they would become intoxicated and did not have
against his will
control over it when it happened.

In offences requiring specific intent or knowledge,

an intoxicated person is still responsible unless
Offence requiring a
the intoxication was against their will, and they
particular intent or
86 were unaware that they were becoming
knowledge committed by
intoxicated, they must be treated as if they had the
one who is intoxicated
same intent or knowledge that they would have
had if sober.

Act not intended and not An act that is not intended and not known to be
known to be likely to likely to cause death or grievous hurt is not an
87
cause death or grievous offence when done with the consent of a person
hurt, done by consent over 18 years old.

An act, that is not intended to cause death, is not

Act not intended to cause
an offence when done in good faith for a person's
death, done by consent in
88 benefit, and with their consent, or the consent of a
good faith for person's
guardian if the person is under 12 or is of unsound
benefit
mind.

An act done in good faith for the benefit of a child

Act done in good faith for under 12 or an insane person is not an offence, if
benefit of child or insane done by a guardian or with their consent. (This
89
person, by or by consent exception does not extend to acts that
of guardian intentionally cause death, or attempt to cause
death unless done to save life.).

Consent known to be Consent given under fear of injury or under a

90 given under fear or misconception of fact is not valid. A child under 12
misconception years of age is deemed unable to give consent.

Acts which are offences

Exceptions do not apply to acts which are offences
independently of any
91 independently of harm that they may cause, for
harm which they may
example, the causing of a miscarriage.
cause.

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An act done in good faith for a person's benefit
without their consent is not an offence, if
Act done in good faith for circumstances prevent them from giving their
92 benefit of a person consent, if the person has no guardian, or if the
without consent guardian is incapacitated. This exception does not
cover the intentional causing of death or
attempting to cause death.

Communication made in A communication made in good faith is not an

93
good faith offence if it is done for the benefit of the recipient.

An act is not an offence if done by a person who is

compelled by threats that cause a reasonable
Act to which a person is
94 apprehension of instant death. However, this does
compelled by threats
not apply to murder and offences against the
state.

95 Act causing slight harm An act causing slight harm is not an offence.

RIGHT OF PRIVATE DEFENCE

Things done in private Nothing is an offence which is done in the exercise

96
defence of the right of private defence.

Every person has a right to defend their own body,

Right of private defence
the body of any other person, their own property
97 of the body and of
and the property of any other person, against any
property
offence.

Right of private defence

against the act of a The right of private defence extends against a
98
person of unsound mind, person of unsound mind, or a child, etc.
etc.

There is no right of private defence against an act

done by a public servant in good faith, or under
Acts against which there their direction. There is no right of private defence
99 is no right of private in cases where there is time to have recourse to
defence the authorities for protection. The right of private
defence does not extend to the infliction of more
harm than is necessary.

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The right of private defence can extend to causing
When the right of private death when there is a reasonable apprehension of
100 defence of the body death or grievous hurt. It also applies to certain
extends to causing death offences such as rape, unnatural lust, kidnapping,
abduction, and wrongful confinement.

When such right extends When the right of private defence does not extend
101 to causing any harm other to causing death, it can extend to causing any
than death other harm except death.

Commencement and The right of private defence of the body begins

continuance of the right when there is a reasonable apprehension of
102
of private defence of the danger to the body, and it continues while such
body apprehension of danger lasts.

The right of private defence of property extends to

causing death when there is a reasonable
apprehension of death or grievous hurt resulting
When the right of private
from robbery, housebreaking, mischief by fire,
103 defence of property
theft, mischief, or house-trespass in certain
extends to causing death
circumstances. Includes mischief by fire or
explosive substances on government property, as
per Karnataka amendment.

If the offence is not of any description stated in the

When such right extends last preceding section, the right of private defence
104 to causing any harm other of property does not extend to the voluntary
than death causing of death, but does extend to the voluntary
causing of any harm other than death.

Commencement and The right of private defence of property begins

continuance of the right when a reasonable apprehension of danger to the
105
of private defence of property commences and continues while that
property apprehension continues.

If in exercising the right of private defence against

Right of private defence
an assault which causes a reasonable
against deadly assault
106 apprehension of death, there is a risk of harm to an
when there is risk of harm
innocent person, the defender is entitled to take
to innocent person
that risk.

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Chapter 5 – Of Abetment

Section Title Description

Defines abetment as the act of instigating,

engaging with, or intentionally aiding someone in
committing a crime. This includes: * Instigating a
107 Abetment of a thing
person to commit an offence. * Engaging in a
conspiracy to commit an offense. * Intentionally
aiding the commission of an offence.

Defines an abettor as someone who engages in

abetment, encompassing those who instigate,
108 Abettor
conspire, or intentionally aid the commission of an
offence.

Addresses the situation where a person in India

abets an offence that occurs outside of India; this
Abetment in India of
108A makes an individual liable under Indian law for
offences outside India
abetting a crime, even if the crime happens in
another country [108A].

Outlines the punishment for abetment when the

crime that was abetted is actually committed,
Punishment of abetment
particularly when no explicit punishment is
109 if the act abetted is
detailed elsewhere in the code. The abettor will
committed
receive the same punishment as if they had
committed the offense.

Details how the punishment for abetment is

Punishment of abetment
determined when the person who commits the
if person abetted does
crime has a different intention than the abettor. The
110 act with different
abettor is still punished according to their own
intention from that of
intent, regardless of the perpetrators different
abettor
intention.

An abettor can be liable for the offence that was

Liability of abettor when
abetted and the act that was committed if that act
111 one act is abetted and a
was a likely consequence of the abetment and was
different act is done
done in furtherance of the original intention.

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Abettor when abetted act An abettor of a crime is liable for the punishment
112
is committed as provided in the code for that offence.

Liability of abettor for When an abettor instigates one offense, the

effect caused by act abettor will still be liable for the offense which was
113
abetted different from actually committed, if it was a probable outcome
that intended by abettor of the first abetted crime.

If the abettor is present when the offense for which

Abettor present when
114 they are an abettor is committed, they are deemed
offence is committed
to have committed the offense.

If someone abets a crime that is punishable by

Abetment of offence
death or life imprisonment, and that crime is not
punishable with death or
115 committed, the abettor is punishable by
imprisonment for life - if
imprisonment, of up to seven years and may be
offence not committed
fined.

If a person abets a crime that is punishable by

Abetment of offence imprisonment, and that crime is not committed,
punishable with the abettor is punishable with imprisonment for a
116
imprisonment - if offence term up to a quarter of the longest possible
not committed sentence for the offense, or the maximum fine for
the offense or both.

An individual who abets the commission of an

Abetting commission of offense by the public in general, or by any body of
117 offence by public or by more than ten persons, shall be punished with
more than ten persons imprisonment for up to three years, or a fine, or
both.

Concealing design to Anyone who conceals a plan to commit a crime

commit offence that is punishable by death or life imprisonment is
118
punishable with death or punishable by up to seven years in prison and may
imprisonment for life be fined.

A public servant who conceals a plan to commit an

Public servant
offense that they are legally obligated to prevent is
119 concealing design to
punishable by imprisonment for up to half of the
commit offence
longest term for that offense, or a fine, or both.

120 Concealing design to A person who conceals a plan to commit an

commit offence offense that is punishable by imprisonment is

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punishable with punishable by up to a quarter of the longest
imprisonment possible imprisonment for the offense or by fine or
both.

Chapter 5 A – Criminal Conspiracy

Section Title Description

Definition of Defines criminal conspiracy as an agreement between two or

120A criminal more persons to commit an illegal act, or an act that is not
conspiracy illegal but is carried out by illegal means.

Specifies the punishment for criminal conspiracy: • If the

conspiracy is to commit an offence punishable by death,
Punishment of imprisonment for life or rigorous imprisonment for two years
120B criminal or more, the punishment shall be the same as for abetment
conspiracy of that offence. • For any other criminal conspiracy, the
punishment is imprisonment for up to six months, a fine, or
both.

Chapter 6 – Of Offences against the state

Section Title Description

Defines the act of waging war against the Government

Waging or attempting of India, attempting to do so, or assisting in such acts
to wage war or as a crime. It includes: * Directly engaging in warfare
121 abetting waging of war against the government. * Attempting to initiate war
against the against the government. * Aiding or supporting those
Government of India who are waging war against the government.
Punishment can be imprisonment for life and a fine.

Addresses the act of conspiring to commit offences

Conspiracy to commit described in section 121. It is a crime to plan to wage
121A offences punishable war or abet the waging of war against the Government
by section 121 of India. The punishment can be imprisonment for life
or up to ten years and a fine [64, 121A].

122 Collecting arms, etc., Defines the act of collecting arms, ammunition, or
with intention of other materials in preparation for waging war against

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waging war against the Government of India. This includes: * Gathering
the Government of weapons or other war materials with the intention of
India using them against the government. The punishment
is imprisonment for life or up to ten years and a fine.

Makes it a crime to hide information regarding a plan

to wage war against the Government of India with the
Concealing with intention of assisting in the execution of that plan, or if
123 intent to facilitate such concealment is likely to facilitate that war. This
design to wage war includes: * Concealing knowledge of a plot to wage
war in order to help it succeed. The punishment can
be imprisonment for up to ten years and a fine.

Assaulting President, Defines the act of assaulting the President, Governor,

Governor, etc., with or other public officials with the intention of forcing
124 intent to compel or them to change the way they perform their lawful
restrain the exercise duties as a crime. Punishment includes imprisonment
of any lawful power for up to seven years and a fine.

Defines sedition as an attempt to incite hatred,

contempt, or disaffection towards the government of
India. It includes: * Any words, signs, or visible
representations that cause disaffection towards the
124A Sedition government. This doesn't include comments that
express disapproval of measures by the government
without inciting hatred or contempt. Punishment
includes imprisonment for life, or up to three years
and a fine.

Waging war against States that waging war against any Asiatic power that
any Asiatic Power in is in alliance with the Government of India is a crime,
125
alliance with the punishable with imprisonment for life or up to seven
Government of India. years with a fine.

Defines the act of committing depredation

Committing (attacking/plundering) on the territories of a power
depredation on that is at peace with the Government of India as a
126 territories of power at crime. It includes: * Attacking or plundering the
peace with the territory of a country that is not at war with India. The
Government of India. punishment is imprisonment up to seven years with a
fine.

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Receiving property Defines the act of knowingly receiving property
taken by war or obtained through waging war or committing
127 depredation depredation against a power at peace with the
mentioned in sections Government of India. The punishment is
125 and 126. imprisonment for up to seven years with a fine.

Public servant It is a crime for a public servant to intentionally allow a

voluntarily allowing prisoner of state or war to escape from custody,
128
prisoner of state or punishable by imprisonment for life, or up to ten years
war to escape. with a fine.

Public servant If a public servant negligently allows a prisoner of

negligently suffering state or war to escape from custody they will be
129
such prisoner to punished with imprisonment for up to three years with
escape. a fine.

Aiding escape of, It is a crime to aid in the escape of a prisoner of state

rescuing or or war, rescue them, or offer them shelter, punishable
130
harbouring such with imprisonment for life, or up to ten years with a
prisoner. fine.

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