How to Get Away with OpenAirInterface:

A practical Guide to 5G RAN Configuration

Mauri Seidel Andreas Ingo Grohmann Peter Sossalla
Deutsche Telekom Chair Deutsche Telekom Chair Deutsche Telekom Chair
of Communication Networks of Communication Networks of Communication Networks
TU Dresden, Germany TU Dresden, Germany TU Dresden, Germany
[email protected] Andreas [email protected] [email protected]

Florian Kaltenberger Frank H.P. Fitzek

Eurecom, Centre for Tactile Internet
Sophia-Antipolis, France with Human-in-the-Loop (CeTI)
[email protected] TU Dresden, Germany
[email protected]

Abstract—In contrast to legacy 5G RAN solutions, Open- Software Radio System (srsRAN) [2] and OpenAirInterface
RAN and especially open-source RAN projects provide enhanced (OAI) [3]. At the moment, the OAI software stack is more
configuration possibilities. This enables an operator to tailor complete with respect to the 3GPP specifications, implement-
the network more specific to its needs. At the same time,
this complicates the process of setting up the network, since ing Release 16 (e.g. downlink (DL) localization signals) and
this configuration requires more in-depth understanding of 5G. even Release 17 (e.g. non-terrestrial networks) features. OAI
There is a gap between the 3GPP specifications, representing also strives for O-RAN compliance. For now, it contains the
the theoretical aspects and the actual deployment of a 3GPP F1 and E2 interface with support for FlexRIC and µONOS
compliant network. Therefore, we present a novel explanation RIC, while the O1 and E1 interface is under development.
drawing the link between these specifications and a practical
open-source 5G network, using OpenAirInterface. We further il- In addition, there is also a corresponding OAI-CN implemen-
lustrate the operability of the network in different configurations tation. Thus, the availability of open-source projects enables
with commercial UEs, by applying the presented relations. more researchers to set up their own low-cost, experimental
Index Terms—5G, Open-RAN, Virtualized RAN, open-source 5G network.
Proposing the usage of OAI to provide a low-cost 5G non-
I. I NTRODUCTION public network solution, specialized for industrial applications,
Traditionally, cellular networks consist of closed-source [4] shows the competitiveness between softwarized and tra-
software and hardware components. With the increased level ditional 5G systems in certain use cases. As a result, 5G
of softwarization in 5G networks, new concepts like virtual- enabled robotics control utilizing Multi-Access Edge Com-
ized Radio Access Network (vRAN) and disaggregated Radio puting (MEC) [5]–[8], can be realised with significantly less
Access Network (dRAN) are becoming more feasible and gain expenditure. Furthermore, two companies use this open-source
importance. By now, next generation NodeBs (gNBs) can run software in their commercial products: allbesmart [9] and
completely in software on Commercial off-the-shelf (CotS) firecell [10]. Both of them offer pre-configured workstations
server hardware. Therefore, previously proprietary black-box running their own forked OAI version, in order to improve
base stations emerge into disaggregated and open components. different aspects in contrast to a pure OAI setup. While
The Open Radio Access Network (O-RAN) specifications [1] allbesmart aims for academia and other researchers, firecell
provide the definition of open interfaces and a reference addresses industrial customers. These products facilitate the
architecture for the Radio Access Network (RAN) on top of RAN configuration but at the price of reduced possibilities
the 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) standards. This foiling one of the key ideas of O-RAN.
extension enables more specific network configurations due In contrast to legacy 5G systems, O-RAN systems provide
to the increased configuration possibilities and an increased enhanced configuration possibilities [4] that can be modified
number of available network components. Additionally, it by the operator. This applies even more to open-source systems
accelerates the open-source development in the area of the like OAI, since it is possible to alter every aspect of the imple-
RAN. mentation. The increased configurability has its price, because
While there is a rather large number of open-source Core the complexity of establishing a working setup also increases.
Networks (CNs), there are only two relevant RAN projects: It is more difficult configure a network fulfilling certain desired
 ...
PHY layer configuration

User Equipment Radio Access Network Core Network

OAI UE SDR AMF ...

gNB
Radio
SMF
User Equipment Unit Distributed Centralized
Unit Unit
CotS UPF
Modem

Fig. 1. Overview of an end-to-end 5G system including OAI-based parts highlighted in blue. The RAN and CN configuration set the IP-based network
connection between these two parts, whereas only the RAN configuration determines the physical transmission of the gNB.

properties (e.g. frequency band, carrier bandwidth) in a 3GPP- Within the context of this work we chose OAI as example
compliant way. This concerns the cell search and initial attach for an open-source based RAN, which is highly configurable.
procedures in particular. Without proper configuration the The OAI RAN is configured by a single configuration file,
network will not only show reduced performance but an User which contains every relevant aspect of the gNB configura-
Equipment (UE) will not be able to connect at all. To create a tion. However, Setting up a new OAI instance can be very
working RAN configuration, several New Radio (NR) aspects challenging. OAI offers support in form of some read me
have to be taken into consideration. The synchronization signal files [18], which present example configurations. However, the
block (SSB) [11], providing synchronization to an UE, as well OAI tutorials do not aim to explain the background or provide
as the control ressource set (CORESET)0 [12], containing further details.
the first control channel information for further message Currently OAI gets more and more attention by a growing
reception, have to match 3GPP requirements. In addition, the community. As a result, not only the interest in building
newly introduced bandwidth parts (BWPs) [13] are present knowledge in this area increases, there are also more people
in the initial attach. In addition to papers like the mentioned who have the knowledge and are willing to share it [19].
references [11]–[13], the primary sources about NR details Authors in [19] use a rather expensive setup including two
are the 3GPP NR specifications. For instance the TS 38.200 dedicated workstations. Their work focuses on details, in the
series describes the physical layer aspects while the TS 38.300 context of Internet Protocol (IP) routing in the context of
series specifies the higher-layer parts [11]. The difficulty with the CN and Data Network (DN). Besides this, they mention
these documents is not only their dense nature, but also the configuration details regarding the host machine, which are
fact that explanations and requirements to the configuration important to reduce jitter in computing times on an unix
are distributed across multiple specifications. based x86 machines. However, the configuration of the RAN
The remainder of the paper is structured as follows. First, is not explained in detail, as they use an example configuration
Section II provides information about tutorials and comparable provided by the OAI.
explanations about OAI-based systems. An overview about Two online tutorials explain details about the OAI config-
a generic open-source 5G network, its components and the uration process, where one is maintained by the Northeastern
configuration capabilities succeeds in Section III. We present University [20] and the other one by National Instruments
a detailed explanation of the RAN in Section IV and subse- (NI) [21]. However, at the current point in time, their aiming
quently show the connection set-up with different frequency more for help by reproducing the example setup described at
bands in Section V. Finally, Section VI shows the conclusion. the official OAI repo [18], rather than connecting background
knowledge with the configuration process.
II. R ELATED W ORK
The presented publications provide insights from different
In addition to the 3GPP NR RAN specification many perspectives. However, none of those publications is connect-
interpretations and explanations are available. As the standards ing the theoretical background to practical application. In the
describe the radio interface in a holistic way, explanations past in-depth knowledge about RAN configuration was not
which cover a significant part are in form of books [14]–[16]. required for users and to some extent even for operators.
Others are shorter, picking only one specific topic [11]–[13]. Most RAN solutions came as a black-box without many
There are also websites [17] providing a lot of knowledge, configuration options. With today’s open-source based vRAN,
sometimes including high level of detail. All those sources this is no longer the case. A wider audience wants to build up
focus on the theoretical concept behind NR. the required knowledge, to configure their own open-source
based gNB or adapt one to their needs. The novelity of this with 0, is also referred to as reference RB including the
work is to fill this gap by presenting the theoretical background definition of its lowest subcarrier as ”Point A”. This is used as
applied to the actual OAI configuration. common reference point for the RB grid and different settings
regarding the channel bandwidth. A contiguous set of RBs
III. BACKGROUND
with the same SCS form a BWP [13]. Hence it is defined
A. 5G System Architecture by its first RB and the number of used RBs. This concept
A 5G system consists of three major parts: first the CN that was introduced in NR to allow a wider variety of UEs; some
provides connectivity to a DN, second the RAN providing low-cost devices might only support a small bandwidth while
the wireless access and third the UE that connects to this other high-end devices are able to utilize higher bandwidths.
network. OAI provides the software to run each of these Inherently, the BWP is smaller or equal than the total channel
components virtualized on CotS server hardware. Fig. 1 shows bandwidth of the cell. There are different types of BWPs, e.g.
a generic setup containing these elements where the OAI parts the initial BWP that is part of the initial attach procedure.
are highlighted in blue. In the figure there are two types of The cell search and initial attach of an UE require several
UEs; the first UE uses the virtualized approach, utilizing a other concepts. Initially, a UE has to acquire synchronization
Software Defined Radio (SDR), while the second UE uses with network by receiving a SSB. This block contains a
a CotS modem. Fig. 1 illustrates several key aspects of an primary and secondary synchronization signal as well as the
open-source 5G network. Despite advancing virtualization, the Master Information Block (MIB). The MIB is the first Radio
radio transmission part remains implemented on specialized Resource Control (RRC) message and contains information
hardware or SDRs. This is true for both sides, RAN and about the physical resources of the CORESET0. After the
UE. Moreover, the connection between the RAN and the CN reception of this control message, an UE is able to receive
is IP-based. This is reasonable for real-world deployments and decode the first comprehensive RRC message, the System
using multiple gNBs at physically separated locations with a Information Block (SIB)1. The decoded SIB1 contains the
centralized running CN. Nevertheless, RAN and CN can run necessary control information about the initial BWP, where
on the same machine where this connection is purely virtual. all of the dedicated data and control channels are located till
In each case, the provided interface parameters have to match the end of the initial access procedure. Now, the UE can
between the RAN configuration and the CN configuration to receive the RRC setup, exchange the Non-Access Stratum
successfully connect the gNB on the control plane to the (NAS) setup messages and subsequently RRC reconfiguration
Access and Mobility Function (AMF) and on the user plane to messages, which conclude the attach process. The article
the User Plane Function (UPF). Additionally, also the slicing ”5G/NR - Initial Attach” in [17] provides more details about
information, the Tracking Area Code (TAC) and the Public every step of the initial attach procedure.
Land Mobile Network (PLMN) ID have to match in both
configurations because these parameters are processed in the IV. RAN C ONFIGURATION
gNB and the CN independently. This section draws the link between the OAI configuration
The largest part of the RAN configuration influences the and the corresponding theoretical details about the cell search
NR physical layer transmission. Some parameters in the OAI and initial access procedures as presented in Section III-B.
configuration file are important to adapt to the quality of the During this process, an UE first discovers the SSB transmitted
wireless channel. These are Radio Unit (RU) specific settings by the gNB allowing the UE to search for the SIB1. Second,
like attenuation and gain, but also more general aspects like the UE receives the initial BWP and common configurations
power levels for different uplink (UL) and DL procedures via the SIB1. Afterwards, the UE and the network can ex-
or retransmission thresholds. Moreover, the configuration in- change RRC messages. Fig. 2 depicts the information blocks,
cludes the parameters for the channel itself, cell visibility to the RAN transmits throughout the initial attach procedure of
the UE and the initial access procedures. These parameters an UE. The horizontal axis shows the time and the vertical
have to be configured accordingly to the 3GPP specifications, axis indicates the frequency, representing a time-frequency
the capabilities of the UEs and statutory regulations. The grid. All elements in italic are OAI parameters, while the non-
following Section IV illuminates these aspects in detail. italic terms represent the NR related notion of specific parts.
Grey arrows show the size of particular components and the
B. 5G New Radio relationships between them, in contrast to the magenta arrows
This section reviews some basics about 5G NR regarding the indicating the impact of one aspect upon another. Dotted and
radio transmission that are necessary to understand the RAN dashed lines represent the interpretation of the combination of
configuration. At the fundamental level the transmission is different points.
based on orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) As mentioned in Section III-A the main motivation to
and therefore divided into different subcarriers. The subcarrier change the frequency range of the transmission are statutory
spacing (SCS) is flexible in NR allowing to adapt the setting to regulations. This holds true for scientific as well as industrial
different total channel bandwidths. Groups of 12 consecutive applications, a license for the utilized frequencies is required
subcarriers form a ressource block (RB), which is a unit for the to operate a 5G network within the licensed spectrum. Hence,
frequency-domain resource allocation. The first block, indexed the starting point of configuring the RAN is to determine the
 P/S SS

frequency
PBCH SSB the default value.
CORESET 0 The second present ARFCN parameter is the
dl_carrierBandwidth absoluteFrequencySSB determining the frequency-domain
Center Frequency

... ul_carrierBandwidth position of the SSB. Due to the flexible nature of NR,
the UE monitors multiple predefined positions, the Global
Synchronization Channel Number (GSCN), to detect the
pdcch_ConfigSIB1:
– controlResourceSetZero
SSB and thus see the cell. Hence, there is a synchronization
MIB
... – searchSpaceZero raster containing these predefined locations specified in Table
5.4.3.3-1 of [23]. Fig. 2 shows the SSB with its different
absoluteFrequencySSB

components in light blue. The Physical Broadcast Channel

(PBCH) transmits the MIB containing the pdcch ConfigSIB1
necessary to decode the SIB1. This parameter consists of two
Channel Bandwidth

parts, the controlResourceSetZero and the searchSpaceZero.

The searchSpaceZero determines the monitoring occasion

# of consecutive RBS
for the Physical Downlink Control Channel (PDCCH) while

initial DL BWP
the controlResourceSetZero determines the physical resources
of the CORESET0. Hence, the parameters depend on the
desired positioning of the SSB and the CORESET0. Each
of both parameters is four bits in size. There are tables,
Offset (RBs)

how these values are interpreted by the RAN, depending

on several factors like SCS or frequency range. Table 13-1
dl_absoluteFrequencyPointA

to Table 13-14 of [24] show the possible combinations and

the resulting values for the parameters. Fig. 2 visualizes the
Multiplexing influence of the pdcch ConfigSIB1 parameter on the physical
Pattern Start RB parameters of the CORESET0.
SIB1 It is important to ensure that the arrangement of the SSB and
initialDLBWPlocationAndBandwidth
the CORESET0 remains within the boundaries of the channel
bandwidth. Especially in the case of smaller bandwidths (e.g.
20 MHz), this can become difficult. Nevertheless, a larger
time
CORESET0 is beneficial since this results in a higher possible
aggregation level and therefore a more robust PDCCH. By
Fig. 2. The messages of the initial access procedure with their corresponding adjusting the Offset (RBs) via the controlResourceSetZero
OAI configuration parameter as well as their interrelations. parameter as shown in Fig. 2, there is a higher degree of
freedom in configuring the SSB. In addition, with a larger
channel bandwidth and frequency range. In NR and especially Offset (RBs) a larger CORESET0 is possible in case the SSB
OAI, this is adjusted by the dl absoluteFrequencyPointA and is close to the end of the channel bandwidth.
the dl carrierBandwidth and ul carrierBandwidth. The first The CORESET0 contains the control information schedul-
parameter describes the frequency-location of Point A as in ing the SIB1 transmission. The SIB1 includes the parameters
Absolute Radio Frequency Channel Number (ARFCN) [22]. setting the initial DL/UL BWP and common configurations
The latter two specify the channel bandwidth of the carrier that allows the UE to receive the RRC setup. As described in
in terms of RBs. Fig. 2 shows that in combination, these Section III-B, the first RB and the number of consecutively
three parameters implicitly define the center frequency of used RB describe a BWP. The initialDLBWPlocationAnd-
the channel. In addition to the bandwidth, there are also Bandwidth parameter specifies both in one value. The RAN
some more parameters that impact the overall transmission. interprets this value according to Section 5.1.2.2.2 of [25].
dl offstToCarrier and ul offstToCarrier describe the frequency The parameter initialDLBWPsubcarrierSpacing configures the
offset between Point A and the lowest usable subcarrier in SCS in this BWP, unless an other element explicitly configures
terms of RBs for DL and UL. The dl frequencyBand and this. In each case, this overrides the default cell configuration.
ul frequencyBand indicate to the RAN which frequency band These two OAI parameters also have an corresponding UL
is used. Depending on the deployed frequency band, there is counterpart. In contrast to this, the parameters initialDLBW-
a frequency raster and resulting possible NR-ARFCN values PsearchSpaceZero and initialDLBWPcontrolResourceSetZero
as defined in Table 5.4.2.3-1 of [23]. Hence, the ARFCN of exist only for the DL. The initial DL BWP has to contain
Point A has to match with this raster which is checked by the full CORESET0 in the frequency-domain [13]. The initial
the OAI upon starting the gNB. The dl subcarrierSpacing DL/UL BWP contains all NR channels that are necessary to
and ul subcarrierSpacing configure the default SCS of the conclude the initial access procedure. Thus all control and
cell. The actual SCS of the transmission is not static, since higher layer messages regarding the UE attach are transmitted
different elements in NR can define their own SCS overriding within this BWP.
 V. C ONNECTION S ETUP assess the end-to-end connectivity in general and the Round
Trip Time (RTT) in the 5G network, we use ping with a
TABLE I. standard packet rate of 1 packet per second. We start the tool
U TILIZED HARDWARE AND SOFTWARE COMPONENTS WITH THEIR with the command ping <UE IP-Address> in the DN
VERSION
container of the CN, after the modem has been successfully
Component Version connected to network. The packets are transmitted via the
OpenAirInterface RAN develop 2022.42 DL to the UE, where they are echoed and sent back to the
OpenAirInterface CN 1.4.0 RAN and subsequently the CN in the UL direction. Hence, the
USRP N310 FPGA iamge XG
UHD 3.15 LTS resulting time delay shows the RTT in the network. To evaluate
Quectel RM500Q-GL RM500QGLABR11A06M4G the maximum achievable throughput, we use iperf in the DL
direction to send User Datagram Protocol (UDP) packets with
a throughput of 130 Mbps. We choose a UDP based connection
TABLE II. instead a Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) based connec-
PARAMETERS DESCRIBING THE FREQUENCY RANGE OF THE 5G NR
TRANSMISSION tion, in order to not influence the achievable rate by congestion
control mechanisms of these layer 4 protocols. That way,
Parameter n40 n78 also packet losses are handled only in the NR transmission
NR-ARFCN Point A 464000 650760 between the RAN and the UE. We start the client application
Frequency in MHz 2320 3761.4
Point A on the UE side with the command iperf -s -u -i 1
NR-ARFCN SSB 467810 652032 -B <UE IP address> and the corresponding server in
Frequency in MHz 2339.05 3780.48 the DN container with the command iperf -u -c <UE
SSB
CORESET0 12 12
IP address> -i1 - t10 -b130M. On the client side,
we can measure the actual possible throughput of network,
In this section we present the performance of a working hence the 130 Mbps are larger than the maximum achievable
connection between an UE and a RAN, which configuration is throughput of the 5G network. We perform these measure-
based on the previous Section III-A and Section IV. We show ments for both of the two frequency range configurations.
3GPP configurations in two different frequency bands, n40
and n78, to provide practical examples for our explanations. 25 120
Moreover, we describe the physical setup and the utilized
20

Throughput (Mbps)
software components to provide a reference setup, that is as 115
Latency (ms)

reproducible and comprehensible as possible. 15

The architecture of the OAI-based 5G network corresponds 110
to Section III-A, consisting of the OAI RAN and the OAI CN. 10
We deploy the RAN and the CN on the same physical host, to 105
simplify the overall structure, and avoid additional overhead or 5

potential sources of errors. The RU is an Ettus Research USRP

0 100
N310, that is connected to the host machine via two 10G n40 n78 n40 n78
cable links. There is also an Global Positioning System (GPS) Frequency band Frequency band
antenna connected to the device, for time synchronization
purposes. On the SDR must be the same version of the UHD Fig. 3. OAI 5G network latency (round-trip time) and throughput (DL) in
as on the RAN host machine. Additionally, the SDR needs two different frequency bands with an Quectel RM500Q-GL: 40 MHz channel
the correct FPGA image, to enable the dual 10G connectivity. bandwidth, 30 kHz SCS
To show that the RAN configuration is compliant with the
Fig. 3 shows boxplots of the results. The boxplots of the
specifications, we use a Quectel RM500Q-GL CotS modem
latency measurements are on the left side and the bobxplots
as an UE. Table I gives an overview about the mentioned
of the throughput measurements are on the right side. In
components as well as their respective software or firmware
general, this shows that both of the network configurations are
version.
3GPP compliant, because the CotS modem can connect to the
In both frequency bands we use the same channel band-
network. Fig. 3 depicts, that the performance of the network
width of 40 MHz corresponding to 106 RBs. Likewise, the
is nearly the same in both frequency bands. The deviations
30 kHz SCS is also the same in both configurations. Most
are due to noise and interference. The n40 band is close to
of the remaining parameters are similar to the configuration
WiFi, while the n78 band is also used by other nearby 5G
templates. We have only adjusted the parameters affecting the
research setups. Fig. 3 shows a larger deviation of the outliers
transmission frequency range, by configuring Point A, the SSB
for the latency in the n78 band compared to the latency in
and the MIB. Table II shows the values of these parameters
the n40 band. These outliers are caused by a higher number
for each frequency band configuration.
To show that the customized configurations work correctly, of occurring retransmissions, which are reported by the RAN
we measure the latency and the throughput of the network. To logs.
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