Sec 4 June 2023 Additional Math Revision

Simultaneous Equation:
Summary:

• Use simultaneous equation to solve when we have 2 unknowns.

• Finding the intersection of 2 curves/ lines.
• Elimination method may not work all the time.

Example 1:

A composite figure is formed by two squares of lengths x cm and y cm respectively where x

and y are integers.
x

Given that the area and perimeter of the composite figure is 136 cm2 and 52 cm respectively,
find the value of x and of y.

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Practice Questions:

1) Solve the simultaneous equations. [5]

2
+𝑦 =9
𝑥
5 3
𝑥+ =
𝑦 2

2) The line 3 + 3𝑦 − 2𝑥 = 0 meets the curve 𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 = 4𝑥 − 1 at the points 𝐴 and 𝐵. Find

the coordinate of 𝐴 and 𝐵. [4]

3) The shape of a ladder is modelled using rectangles in the figure below. The perimeter of
the shape is 38 cm and the area enclosed is 52.5 cm2.

x
y
x

y
2x

Find all possible values of x and of y. [5]

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Quadratic Inequalities:
Summary

• Quadratic inequalities must draw graph to solve.

Example 2:

Represent the solution set of − 15  x 2 − 8 x  0 on a number line and determine if x = 5

satisfies the inequality.

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Practice Questions:

4) Find the set of values of 𝑥 for which 5𝑥 2 + 12𝑥 > 3𝑥 + 2. Represent your answer on a
number line. [3]

5) Find the range of values of 𝑥 for which 2𝑥 2 − 8𝑥 + 6 > 2𝑥 − 2 − 𝑥 2 . [3]

6) Find the range of values of 𝑥 for which [3]

𝑥 2 + 5𝑥
1 − 𝑥2 ≥
−3

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 Sec 4 June 2023 Additional Math Revision
Application of Completing the Square
Summary

• Coefficient of 𝑥 must be 1 before completing the square.

• It is meant for maximum and minimum point of quadratic function.
• It can be used to determine the quadratic function is positive or negative for all
values of 𝑥.

Example:

i) Express 3𝑥 2 − 6𝑥 + 5 and −𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 − 3 in the form 𝑎(𝑥 + 𝑏)2 + 𝑐, where 𝑎, 𝑏 and 𝑐 are

constants.

ii) Using your answers from part (i), explain why the two curves 𝑦 = 3𝑥 2 − 6𝑥 + 5 and
𝑦 = −𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 − 3 will not intersects.

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Practice Questions:

7a) Express 4 x 2 − 4 x − 19 in the form a ( x + b ) + c , where a, b and c are constants.

2
[2]

7b) Find the coordinates of the turning point on the graph y = 4 x 2 − 4 x − 19 . [1]

7c) Find the exact values of the x − intercepts. [3]

8) Express each of following in the form of a( x + b) 2 + c, where a, b and c are constants. [4]

a) 6 x 2 − 12 x + 9

b) − 2 x 2 − 4 x − 2

c) Using your answers above, explain whether the curves with equations y = 6 x 2 − 12 x + 9
and y = −2 x 2 − 4 x − 2 will intersect each other. [3]

9) Given the curve 𝑦 = 𝑝(𝑥 + 𝑞)2 + 𝑟 is always negative.

State two conditions for 𝑝 and 𝑟. [2]

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Discriminant:
Summary:

• Comes from quadratic formula.

• Must have a quadratic equation equal to 0 before you can apply.
• No real roots, 𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑐 < 0.
• 1 real root or equal real root, 𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑐 = 0.
• 2 real roots, 𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑐 > 0.
• Always positive, 𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑐 < 0.
• Always negative, 𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑐 < 0.

Skills needed,

• Quadratic inequalities
• Simultaneous equation
• Completing the square

Example:

4 1
A curve has the equation 2 y − = k and a line has an equation x + y = k , where k is a
x 2
constant. Find the range of values of k for which the curve and the line do not intersect and
represent the solution on a number line. [5]

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Example:

Show that the curve 𝑦 = −3𝑥 2 + 𝑘𝑥 + 2 intersects the line 𝑦 = 𝑥 − 5 for all real values of 𝑘.
[3]

Practise Question

10) Find the range of values of the positive constant k for which the line y = kx lies
completely above the curve y = − 16 x 2 + ( 2k − 1) x − 1 . [4]

11a) Determine the set of values of m for which the equation 2 x 2 + 4 x + 2m = 6mx − 2 has
real roots. [4]

11b) Hence, state what can be deduced about the curve y = 2( x + 1) 2 and the line y = 6 x − 2.
Justify your statement. [2]

12a) Find the range of values of p for which the equation 𝑝𝑥 2 + 𝑥 + 𝑝(𝑥 + 1) = 0 has real
and distinct roots. [3]

12b) State the value(s) of p for which the curve𝑦 = 𝑝𝑥 2 + 𝑥 + 𝑝(𝑥 + 1) is tangent to the
x-axis. [1]

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Application of Quadratic Function
Summary:

• Involve Quadratic Graph.

• Minimum and Maximum point of Quadratic Graph.
• y-intercept of Quadratic Graph
• x-intercept of Quadratic Graph
• Line of symmetry of Quadratic Graph

Skills needed:

• Completing the Square

• Solving Quadratic Equations.

Example:

A ball is thrown from a cliff overlooking the sea. The vertical height of the ball above sea
level, h metres, is given by h = −8t 2 + 36t + 20 , where t is the time in seconds after the ball is
thrown.

a) Find the height of the cliff.

b) By expressing h in its completed square form, determine whether the ball can reach a
height of 65 metres above sea level.

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Practice Questions

13) A portion of a suspension bridge has a curved cable hanging between two pillars which
can be modelled by a quadratic function. In the model, 𝑥 m is the horizontal distance from the
left pillar and 𝑦 m is the height of the cable above the bridge. Vertical supporting wires are
spread out in 10 equal intervals of 0.5 m apart. At its lowest point, the cable is situated 2.5 m
above the bridge.

a) Write down the coordinates of the lowest point. [1]

b) Form a quadratic equation in the form 𝑦 = 𝑎(𝑥 + 𝑏)2 + 𝑐 to model this situation. Hence
find the value of 𝑎, 𝑏 and 𝑐. [4]

14) A man launched a rocket on a cliff. The motion of the rocket can be modelled by a
quadratic function 𝑦 = −0.5𝑥 2 + 6𝑥 + 182, where 𝑦 m is the height of the rocket above the
ground and 𝑥 is the time in seconds, after the rocket is launched into the sky.

a) State the height of the rocket above the ground. [1]

b) Find the height reached by the rocket 2 seconds after it was fired into the sky. [1]

c) Find the maximum height reached by the rocket and the corresponding value of 𝑥. [4]

d) The man designed the rocket to be more than 20 seconds in the air. Explain whether the
rocket met this criteria. [4]

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Polynomial (Remainder and Factor Theorem)
Summary:

• Remainder Theorem : If f(𝑥) is divided by (𝑥 − 𝑎), the remainder is f(𝑎).

• Factor Theorem : If f(𝑎) = 0, (𝑥 − 𝑎) is a factor of f(𝑥).

Skills needed:

• Remainder and Factor Theorem

• Simultaneous Equation

Example:

Given that p( x) = ( x + 1)3 + 5( x − 1) 2 + ax + b has a factor of x − 1 and leaves a remainder of 21

when divided by x − 2 , find the value of a and of b.

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Practice Questions

15) The expression 𝑝𝑥 3 + 𝑞𝑥 2 − 29𝑥 − 6 where 𝑝 and 𝑞 are constants has a factor of 𝑥 + 3
and leaves a remainder of −24 when divided by 𝑥 − 1. Find the value of 𝑝 and 𝑞. [4]

16) The function f(𝑥) = 2𝑥 3 − 10𝑥 2 + 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏, where 𝑎 and 𝑏 are constants, leaves a
remainder of 3 and −3 when divided by (𝑥 + 1) and (𝑥 − 2) respectively. Find the value of
𝑎 and 𝑏. [4]

17) When a polynomial f(𝑥) is divided by (𝑥 − 1), the remainder is 4. When the same
polynomial is divided by (𝑥 + 3), the remainder is −24. Find the remainder when f(𝑥) is
divided by (𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 − 3). [5]

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Solving Cubic Equations
Summary:

• Guess a factor
• Long division or Compare Coefficient
• Solve Linear and Quadratic Factors.

Skill needed

• Factor Theorem
• Long Division
• Solve Quadratic Equations

Example:

It is given that 𝑥 − 4 is a factor of the polynomial 𝑓(𝑥) = 9𝑥 3 + 𝑎𝑥 2 − 23𝑥 + 𝑏, where a

and b are constants. It leaves a remainder of −20 when it is divided by 𝑥 + 1.

a) Find the values of a and of b. [5]

b) Using the values of a and b found in part (i), solve the equation 𝑓(𝑥) = 0. [4]

c) Hence, use your answers to part (ii) to solve the equation

9𝑥 6 + 𝑎𝑥 4 − 23𝑥 2 + 𝑏 = 0 [2]

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Practise Questions

18) The equation of a polynomial is given by f(x)=3x 3 + 5 x 2 + 7 x − 3 .

a) Find the remainder when f(x) is divided by x + 1. [1]

b) Show that 3x − 1 is a factor of f(x). [1]

c) Show that the equation f(x) = 0 has only one real root. [4]

d) Use your answers to parts (ii) and (iii) to solve the equation

( 2 ) + 5(22 y ) + 7(2 y ) = 3 .
3 3 y +1
2
[4]

19) It is given that f(𝑥) = 2𝑥 3 − 11𝑥 2 + 5𝑥 + 18.

i) Show that 𝑥 − 2 is a factor of f(𝑥). [1]

ii) Given that 2𝑥 3 − 11𝑥 2 + 5𝑥 + 18 = (𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐)(𝑥 − 2), where 𝑎, 𝑏 and 𝑐 are
constants, find the values of 𝑎, 𝑏 and 𝑐. [3]

iii) Hence, solve the equation f(𝑥) = 0. [2]

iv) Use the roots of f(𝑥) = 0 to solve the equation 2 + 5𝑥 2 + 18𝑥 3 = 11𝑥. [3]

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Partial Fraction
Summary:

• Long Division if Improper Fraction.

• Identities

𝐴
• = 𝑥−𝑎
𝑥−𝑎

𝐴 𝐵
• (𝑥−𝑎)2
= 𝑥−𝑎 + (𝑥−𝑎)2

𝐴𝑥+𝐵
• = 𝑥 2 +𝑎2
𝑥 2 +𝑎2

Example:
2𝑥 3 −1
Express 𝑥 3−𝑥 2 in partial fractions. [6]

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Practise Questions
5𝑥 2 +7𝑥+2
20) Express (2𝑥−1)(𝑥 2+2𝑥) in partial fractions. [5]

5𝑥 3 +3𝑥 2 +11𝑥+8
21) Express in partial fractions. [6]
𝑥 3 +2𝑥

7𝑥 2 +19𝑥+15
22) Express (𝑥+1)2(𝑥+2) in partial fractions. [5]

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Binomial Theorem
Summary:

• Binomial Theorem on Expansion.

𝑛 𝑛 𝑛
(𝑎 + 𝑏)𝑛 = ( ) (𝑎)0 (𝑏)𝑛 + ( ) (𝑎)1 (𝑏)𝑛−1 + ( ) (𝑎)2 (𝑏)𝑛−2 + ⋯
0 1 2

• General Term.
𝑛
(𝑎 + 𝑏)𝑛 = ⋯ + ( ) (𝑎)𝑟 (𝑏)𝑛−𝑟 + ⋯
𝑟

𝑛
• Rewriting ( ) into algebraic form.
𝑟
Example:
12 12 × 11 × 10
( )=
3 1×2×3

Example:

𝑥 6
i) Write down the first 3 terms in the expansion of (2 − 3) , in ascending power of 𝑥. [3]

𝑥 6 4 2
ii) Hence, find the term independent of 𝑥 in the expansion of (2 − 3) (𝑥 − 𝑥) . [3]

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Example:

1 9
i) Find the term independent of 𝑥 in the binomial expansion of (2𝑥 2 + 𝑥) . [3]

ii) Hence, find the coefficient of the term in 𝑥 3 in the expansion of

1 9 1
(2𝑥 2 + 𝑥) (2𝑥 3 − 12𝑥 6 ). [3]

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Example:

a) Write down and simplify, in descending powers of x, the first three terms in the expansion
2 𝑛
of (𝑥 5 + 𝑥 6 ) , where n > 0. [2]

8
b) When the third term of the expansion is divided by the second term, 𝑥 11 is obtained. Show
that 𝑛 = 9. [2]

2 𝑛
c) Using the value of n found in (ii), without expanding (𝑥 5 + ) , show that there is no
𝑥6
constant term in the expansion. [3]

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Practise Questions

1 12
23) In the binomial expansion of (𝑥 2 − 𝑥) , find

a) the term containing 𝑥 9 . [4]

b) the term independent of 𝑥. [2]

24a) Write down and simplify the first three terms in the expansion, in ascending
powers of x, of ( 2 − 3x ) .
5
[3]

24b) Given that the expansion of ( p + qx )( 2 − 3x ) up to the term in x 2 is 8 + rx + 1680 x 2 ,

5

find the value of p, or q and of r. [4]

25) The first 3 terms in the expansion, in ascending powers of x, of (1 − 3x ) , is 1 − 21x + ax 2 ,

n

where a is a constant and n is a positive integer greater than 2.

Find the value of n and of a. [4]

25b) Using your values of n and a, find the coefficient of x2 in the expansion of
( 2 + x ) (1 − 3x )
2 n
. [2]

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