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Physical Science Studyguide - #2

Chapter 4 discusses the structure of atoms, highlighting the differences between protons, neutrons, and electrons, and the significance of atomic and mass numbers. It explains isotopes, average atomic mass, and the concept of moles and molar mass, along with practical calculations for converting moles to grams. The chapter also covers modern atomic theory, including energy levels, electron transitions, and the arrangement of elements in the periodic table.

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Nada Raed Al Shawa
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2 views

Physical Science Studyguide - #2

Chapter 4 discusses the structure of atoms, highlighting the differences between protons, neutrons, and electrons, and the significance of atomic and mass numbers. It explains isotopes, average atomic mass, and the concept of moles and molar mass, along with practical calculations for converting moles to grams. The chapter also covers modern atomic theory, including energy levels, electron transitions, and the arrangement of elements in the periodic table.

Uploaded by

Nada Raed Al Shawa
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Science Study Guide - Chapter #4

Section 2 - The Structure of atoms

● What is the difference between protons, neutrons, and electrons?


- The three main subatomic particles are distinguished by mass, charge, and location in
the atom.

● Each element has a unique number of protons.


● Unreacted atoms have no overall charge, because there is an equal number of protons
and electrons, the charges cancel out.
● The electric force holds the atom together, positive protons are attracted to negative
electrons by the electric force. This force holds the atom together.

● What do atoms of an element have in common with other atoms of the same
element?
- Atoms of each element have the same number of protons, but they can have
different numbers of neutrons.

● The atomic number equals the number of protons.


● Atomic number: the number of protons in the nucleus of an atom
● The mass number equals the total number of subatomic particles in the nucleus.
● Mass number: the sum of the numbers of protons and neutrons in the nucleus of an
atom
● Why do isotopes of the same element have different atomic masses?
- Isotopes of an element vary in mass because their numbers of neutrons differ.

● Some isotopes are more common than others.


● Radioisotopes: unstable isotopes that emit radiation and decay into other isotopes

● The number of neutrons can be calculated.


- Number of neutrons = mass number – atomic number

● What unit is used to express atomic mass?


- Because working with such tiny masses is difficult, atomic masses are usually
expressed in unified atomic mass units.
- unified atomic mass unit: a unit of mass that describes the mass of an atom or
molecule; it is exactly 1/12 the mass of a carbon atom with mass number 12
(symbol, u)

● Average atomic mass is a weighted average.


- Isotope abundance determines the average atomic mass.
- Example: Chlorine-35 is more abundant than chlorine-37, so
chlorine’s average atomic mass (35.453 u) is closer to 35 than to 37.
● The mole is useful for counting small particles.
● Mole: the SI base unit used to measure the amount of a substance whose number of
particles is the same as the number of atoms of carbon in exactly 12 g of carbon-12
(abbreviation, mol)
● 1 mol = 602, 213, 670, 000, 000, 000, 000, 000 particles
● This number, usually written as 6.022 × 1023, is called Avogadro’s number.

● Moles and grams are related.


● Molar mass: the mass in grams of one mole of a substance
● Example: 1 mol of carbon-12 atoms has a mass of 12.00 g, so the molar mass of
carbon-12 is 12.00 g/mol, you can convert between moles and grams.

Math Skills - Converting Moles to Grams

Determine the mass in grams of 5.50 mol of iron.

1. List the given and unknown values.


Given:
amount of iron = 5.50 mol Fe
molar mass of iron = 55.84 g/mol Fe*

Unknown:
mass of iron = ? g Fe

*Use the periodic table to find molar masses. The average atomic mass of an element is equal
to the molar mass of the element. This book rounds values to the hundredths place.

2. Write down the conversion factor that converts moles


to grams.

The conversion factor you choose should have what you are trying to find (grams of Fe) in the
numerator and what you want to cancel (moles of Fe) in the denominator.

3. Multiply the amount of iron by this conversion factor,


and solve.
● Compounds also have molar masses.
● To find the molar mass of a compound, add up the molar masses of all of the atoms in a
molecule of the compound.
● Example: finding the molar mass of water, H2O
- molar mass of O = 16.00 g/mol
- molar mass of H = 1.01 g/mol
- molar mass of H2O = (2 × 1.01 g/mol) + 16.00 g/mol = 18.02 g/mol

Section 3 - Modern Atomic Theory

● In an atom, an energy level is an area around the nucleus where e- are located. Each
energy level may contain only a certain number of electrons. The electrons in an atom’s
outer energy level are called valence e-, which determine the chemical properties of an
atom. The diagram below shows how many electrons can be found in each of the first
four energy levels of an atom.

● What is the modern model of the atom?


- In the modern atomic model, electrons can be found only in certain energy levels, not
between levels. Furthermore, the location of electrons cannot be predicted precisely.

● Electron location is limited to energy levels.


● In Bohr’s model, electrons can be in only certain energy levels.
● They gain energy to move to a higher energy level or lose energy to move to a lower
energy level.

● Electrons act like waves.


● The exact location of an electron cannot be determined.
● Orbital: a region in an atom where there is a high probability of finding electrons

● How are the energy levels of an atom filled?


- The number of energy levels that are filled in an atom depends on the number of e-
- Valence electron: an electron that is found in the outermost shell of an atom and that
determines the atom’s chemical properties
● There are four types of orbitals: s, p, d, and f.
- Each orbital can hold 2 electrons.
● Orbitals determine the number of electrons that each level can hold.

● What makes an electron jump to a new energy level?


- Electrons jump between energy levels when an atom gains or loses energy.

● Electron Transitions, continued


● The lowest state of energy of an electron is called the ground state.
● If an electron gains energy by absorbing a photon, it moves to an excited state.
● Photon: a unit or quantum of light
● The electron releases a photon when it falls back to a lower level.
● Photons have different energies. The energy of a photon corresponds to the size of the
electron jump.

● Atoms absorb or emit light at certain wavelengths.


● Because each element has a unique atomic structure, the wavelengths emitted depend
on the particular element.
● So, the wavelengths are a type of “atomic fingerprint” that can be used to identify the
substance.
Chapter 5 - 1 - The Periodic Table

● How did Mendeleev arrange the elements in his periodic table?


- In his periodic table, Mendeleev arranged elements in rows by increasing atomic mass.

● Mendeleev was able to predict new elements.


- Mendeleev left spaces in his table to make the pattern fit.
- He used the spaces to successfully predict the existence and properties of
elements not yet discovered.
● A few elements did not fit the pattern.

● How are elements arranged in the modern periodic table?


- The modern periodic table organizes elements by atomic number. When the
elements are arranged in this way, elements that have similar properties appear
at regular intervals.

● As scientists learned more about the structure of the atom, they improved Mendeleev’s
table.
● Arranging the table by atomic number (number of protons) rather than by atomic mass
fixed the discrepancies in Mendeleev’s table.
● Periodic law: the law that states that the repeating chemical and physical properties of
elements change periodically with the atomic numbers of the elements

- Elements become less metallic across each


period.
- Period: a horizontal row of elements in the
periodic table

- Elements in a group have similar properties.


- Group: a vertical column of elements in the
periodic table; elements in a group share
chemical properties

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