1.

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Introduction:
Goals & Objectives: Monitoring and Speed Control of E-Bike.
Motivation: why undertake the project?
Method: using STM controller.
E-bikes are the transport medium of our future. We are moving towards the electric
vehicles era leaving behind the fuel based mechanisms. Well in case of e-bikes
there are 3 major components required.

• E-bike Motor
• E-bike Battery
• E-bike Controller

We here propose to develop and test a working e-bike controller. The e-bike
controller will be performing the following operations:

• Getting throttle inputs

• Controlling motor speed as per throttle
• Getting Speed Value’s and displaying on display
• Starting and shutting down bike as per start switch

The system makes use of an STM32 controller along with a throttle input, speed
sensor for tyer speed, switch, motor driver, e-bike motor, battery and OLED display
to develop the system. We will hereby focus on throttling and speed display part of
e-bikes while developing this controller. The STM controller constantly monitors
the throttle values. The throttle consists of a throttle position sensor (TPS). Non
contact type TPS work on the principle of Hall effect or inductive sensors, or
magnetoresistive technologies, wherein by and large the magnet or inductive circle
is the unique part which is mounted on the butterfly valve choke spindle/shaft gear
and the sensor and sign handling circuit board is mounted inside the ETC gear box

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 cover and is stationary. At the point when the magnet/inductive circle mounted on
the spindle which is rotated from the lower mechanical stop to WOT, there is an
adjustment of the magnetic field for the sensor. The adjustment of the magnetic
field is detected by the sensor and the voltage created is given as the input to the
ECU. The Throttle signal is processed by the controller and it then operates the
motor through motor driver. The motor voltage is varied as per throttle values in
order to control its power and speed. Also the controller constantly monitor speed
sensor values. The peed sensor works on hall effect principle to constantly transmit
the wheel RPM

This RPM value is displayed on the LCD display by the controller. The motor speed
and sensor monitoring is turned off when the main switch s turned off. The
complete process restarts as soon as the switch is turned on. Thus we successfully
develop and test our own E-bike controller using STM.

Organization of Report: (Brief Outline of Report)

What material will you be covering and how is it arranged?
The main objective of this project is to develop a control system for DC motor.
Chapter 2 describes the description and mathematical model of DC motor. In this chapter
we will also discuss the conventional PID controller structure and its tuning methods. In
Chapter 3 we discuss the fundamental concepts in fuzzy logic and the di fferent
combination of fuzzy logic controllers. In Chapter 4 the results obtained from simulations
are discussed. Chapter 5 includes conclusions and possible future work on DC motor
speed control system.

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 2. LITERATURE SURVEY

A Literature Review or a Literature Survey in a project report is that section which

shows the various analyses and research made in the field of your interest and the results
already published, taking into account the various parameters of the project and the extent
of the project.

It is the most important part of your report as it gives you a direction in the area of
your project. It helps you set a goal for your analysis or problem statement.

When you write a literature review in respect of your project, you have to write the
researches made by various analysts - their methodology (which is basically their
abstract) and the conclusions they have arrived at. You should also give an account of
how this research has influenced your thesis.

A sample Literature Review is given below:

2.1 Brief Review of Classical PID Controllers:

In the 18th century, the most significant control development was the steam
engine governor. In 1788, James Watt introduced a flyball governor into his steam
engine. It was the first mechanical feedback device with only proportional control
capabilities. The flyball governor, acting as a proportional controller, controlled the speed
by releasing more steam to the engine when the speed dropped lower than a set point, and
vice versa [1].

One of the first examples of PID-type controls that were developed was by
Sperry. In 1911, this type of systems was used for automatic ship steering. Note that
Sperry did much work involving gyroscopic compasses as well. In 1922, he observed a
helmsman controlling a ship and came up with the proportional, integral, and derivative
type of control we know of today [2, 3]. Proportional is the control required to steer the
ship based on actual ship direction compared to the desired course set point. Integral is
the amount of reset required to correct an amount of error. For example, if the ship is off
course by a small amount, and correcting it to the left brings it back on bearing, then

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turning the wheel all the way to the left is inappropriate. In 1922, Minorsky in his paper
on the “Directional stability of automatically steered bodies” analyzed and discussed the
properties of the three-term controller [4].

In 1933, the Taylor Instrument Company introduced Model 56R Fulscope

controller, the first pneumatic with a fully tunable proportional controller feature.
However, a proportional controller is not sufficient to control a process variable
thoroughly, as it amplifies error by multiplying it by some proportional constant. The
error generated is eventually small, but not zero. In other words, it generates a permanent
error or offset or steady state error each time the controller responds to the load [5, 6, 7].

In 1935, Taylor Instrument Companies introduced a completely redesigned

version of its “Fulscope” pneumatic controller: this new instrument provided, in addition
to proportional and reset control actions, an action which the Taylor Instrument
Companies called “pre-act” [8]. In the same year the Foxboro Instrument Company
added “Hyper-reset’’ to the proportional and reset control actions provided by their
“Stabilog” pneumatic controller. Reset (also referred to as “floating”) provides a control
action proportional to the integral of the error signal and hence both controllers offered
PID control [9]. Compared to a two-term PI controller, a full PID controller can even
appear to anticipate the level of effort that is ultimately required to maintain the process
variable at a new set point. On the other hand, dramatic swings in the control effort can
be troublesome in applications that require slow and steady changes in the controller's
output [10].

Around 1990, it was realized that conventional PID controllers were effective for
simple linear systems, but generally not suitable for nonlinear systems, higher order,
time-delayed systems, complex and vague systems that had no precise mathematical
models. For these reasons, various types of modified conventional PID controllers such
as auto-tuning and adaptive PID controllers are proposed [11]. Also, during this period it
was suggested that if the process was too complex to achieve a good physical description,
conventional methods were not able to guarantee the final control aims, and the controller
synthesis had to be based mainly on intuitions and heuristic knowledge. So, expert

4
control strategies are favored since they are based on the process operator's experience
and do not need accurate models [12, 13, 14].

One of the most successful expert system techniques applied to a wide range of
control applications has been the Fuzzy Set Theory, which has made possible the
establishment of "intelligent control". Its attraction, from the Process Control Theory
point of view, comes because the fuzzy approach provides a good support for translating
the heuristic skilled operator's knowledge about the process and control procedures
expressed in imprecise linguistic sentences into numerical algorithms [15].

3. SYSTEM MODELING

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3.1 System Block Diagram:

3.2 Methodologies and Algorithm/Flowchart:

3.3 Hardware and Software details and Specifications/Design Considerations:

System Modeling chapter includes:

 Theoretical Foundations: The Engineering Model
 Mathematical/computational model and approximations
 Limitations and assumptions
 Possible modeling options
 Functionality provided by the system
 System Specification
o System interfaces, inputs, and outputs

6
  Behavioral Model - State Transition Diagram
 Failure modes and action on failure
 Target architecture
 Task Analysis and Schedule of Activities
o Project schedule (Part-I and Part-II)
o Task specification: for each task, identify goals, inputs, outputs, estimated
effort and duration, and task dependencies.
 Implementation
 Testing, Verification, Validation and Evaluation
o How does it compare with other systems?
o Qualitative assessment of performance
o Quantitative assessment of performance
o Metrics for measuring performance

Naming of Figures and Tables:

The Title of the figure should be written in 12, New Times Roman, Bold and Title
Case, below the figure leaving one line between figure and the title as shown below. The
figures should be centrally placed. The borders to the figures should be avoided.

7
 Fig. 3.1: Title of Figure (centrally located)

The title of the table should be placed above the table leaving one line spacing
between the table and the title. The Title of the table should be written in 12, New Times
Roman, Bold and Title Case. The tables should be centrally placed.

Table 3.1: The Table Showing the Performance of Student in the Semester.

Sr. No. Name of Candidate Marks Attendance

1
2
3

The Titles of any graphs should be written in the same way as that of figures.
Equation and Equation Numbers:
The armature voltage equation is given by,
d Ia
V a =Eb + I a R a+ La (3.1)
dt
And the torque balance equation is given by,
dω
T m=J m +B m ω+T l (3.2)
dt
where, T l is load torque in N-m.

4. PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS

4.1 Software Simulations or Results:

4.2 Hardware Results:
4.3 Comparison with other Methods:
4.4 Energy, Environment and Economic Concern:

8
 5. CONCLUSION

5.1 Conclusions:
5.2 Future Scope:

9
The conclusion chapter should state briefly the achievements of the project, the
conclusions and suggestions for further work.

Conclusion includes:
 Outline the success of your project when compared to the objectives that were set.
 Summarise the most important findings.
 Explain or elaborate on any outstanding points.
 Contextualise your project in a larger overall context.
 Leave your reader with an overall good impression.
 Make explanations complete.
 Avoid speculation that cannot be tested in the foreseeable future.
 Discuss possible reasons for expected or unexpected findings.
 Suggest further work for your project area.

Books Format:
J. K. Author, “Title of chapter in the book,” in Title of Published Book, xth ed. City
of Publisher, State, Country: Abbrev. of Publisher, year, ch. x, sec. x, pp. xxx–xxx.

10
[1] G. O. Young, “Synthetic structure of industrial plastics,” in Plastics, vol. 3,
Polymers of Hexadromicon, J. Peters, Ed., 2nd ed. New York, NY, USA: McGraw-
Hill, 1964, pp. 15–64.

[2] G. O. Young, “Synthetic structure of industrial plastics,” in Plastics, vol. 3,

Polymers of Hexadromicon, J. Peters, Ed., 2nd ed. New York, NY, USA: McGraw-
Hill, 1964, pp. 15–64.

Handbooks Format:

Name of Manual/Handbook, x ed., Abbrev. Name of Co., City of Co., Abbrev. State,
year, pp. xxx-xxx.

[3] Transmission Systems for Communications, 3rd ed., Western Electric Co.,
Winston-Salem, NC, USA, 1985, pp. 44–60.

[4] Motorola Semiconductor Data Manual, Motorola Semiconductor Products Inc.,

Phoenix, AZ, USA, 1989.

Conference Paper Format (Paper Presented at a Conference)

J. K. Author, “Title of paper,” presented at the Abbreviated Name of Conf., City of

Conf., Abbrev. State, Country, Month and day(s), year, Paper number.

[5] D. Caratelli, M. C. Viganó, G. Toso, and P. Angeletti, “Analytical placement

technique for sparse arrays,” presented at the 32nd ESA Antenna Workshop,
Noordwijk, The Netherlands, Oct. 5–8, 2010.

[6] G. Kreifeldt, “An analysis of surface-detected EMG as an amplitude-modulated

noise,” presented at the 1989 Int. Conf. Medicine and Biological Engineering,
Chicago, IL, USA, Nov. 9–12, 1989.

Conference Paper in Proceedings With Series Title, Volume Title, and Edition:
J. K. Author, “Title of paper,” in Abbreviated Name of Conf. in Volume Title, in
Series Title, ed., year, pp. xxx-xxx.

11
 [7] A. Amador-Perez and R. A. Rodriguez-Solis, “Analysis of a CPW-fed annular slot
ring antenna using DOE,” in Proc. IEEE Antennas Propag. Soc. Int. Symp., in Slot
Ring Antennas II, vol. 3, 2nd ed., Jul. 2006, pp. 4301–4304.

Patent Format:
J. K. Author, “Title of patent,” Country Patent xxx, Abbrev. Month, day, year.

[8] J. P. Wilkinson, “Nonlinear resonant circuit devices,” U.S. Patent 3 624 125, Jul.
16, 1990.

[9] T. Mei and T. Yang, “Circuit and method for average–current regulation of light-
emitting diodes,” U.S. Patent 7898187B1, 2011, Mar. 1, 2012.

[10] W. W. Black and A. Clavin, “Dipole augmented slot radiating element,” U.S.
Patent 3594806, Jul. 1971.

Material Type Works Cited

Book in print [1] B. Klaus and P. Horn, Robot Vision. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press,
1986.
Chapter in book [2] L. Stein, “Random patterns,” in Computers and You, J. S. Brake,
Ed. New York: Wiley, 1994, pp. 55-70.
e-Book [3] L. Bass, P. Clements, and R. Kazman, Software Architecture in
Practice, 2nd ed. Reading, MA: Addison Wesley, 2003. [E-book]
Available: Safari e-book.
Journal article [4] J. U. Duncombe, "Infrared navigation - An assessment of
feasability," IEEE Trans. Electron. Devices, vol.11, pp. 34-39, 1959.
e-Journal (from [5] H. K. Edwards and V. Sridhar, "Analysis of software requirements
database) engineering exercises," Journal of Global Information Management,
vol. 13, no. 2, p. 21, April-June 2005. [Online]. Available: Academic
OneFile, http://find.galegroup.com. [Accessed May 31, 2005].
e-Journal (from [6] A. Altun, "Understanding hypertext in the context of reading on
internet) the web: Language learners' experience," Current Issues in Education,
vol. 6, no. 12, July 2003. [Online]. Available:

12
 http://cie.ed.asu.edu/volume6/number12/. [Accessed Dec. 2, 2004].
Conference paper [7] L. Liu and H. Miao, "A specification based approach to testing
polymorphic attributes," in Formal Methods and Software
Engineering: Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on
Formal Engineering Methods, Seattle, WA, USA, Nov. 8-12, 2004, J.
Davies, W. Schulte, M. Barnett : Springer, 2004. pp. 306-19.
Conference [8] T. J. van Weert and R. K. Munro, Eds., Informatics and the
proceedings Digital Society: Social, ethical and cognitive issues: IFIP
TC3/WG3.1&3.2 Open Conference on Social, Ethical and Cognitive
Issues of Informatics and ICT, July 22-26, 2002, Dortmund,
Germany. Boston: Kluwer Academic, 2003.
Newspaper article [9] J. Riley, "Call for new look at skilled migrants," The Australian, p.
(from database) 35, May 31, 2005. [Online]. Available: Factiva,
http://global.factiva.com. [Accessed May 31, 2005].
Technical report [10] J. H. Davis and J. R. Cogdell, “Calibration program for the 16-
foot antenna,” Elect. Eng. Res. Lab., Univ. Texas, Austin, Tech.
Memo. NGL-006-69-3, Nov. 15, 1987.
Patent [11] J. P. Wilkinson, “Nonlinear resonant circuit devices,” U.S. Patent
3 624 125, July 16, 1990.
Standard [12] IEEE Criteria for Class IE Electric Systems, IEEE Standard 308,
1969.
Thesis/Dissertation [1] J. O. Williams, “Narrow-band analyzer,” Ph.D. dissertation, Dept.
Elect. Eng., Harvard Univ., Cambridge, MA, 1993.

Appendices

It includes:

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  Software listings
 Circuit diagrams
 Mechanical schematics
 Mathematical proofs
 Summary of Project Management
 Original System Specification

Appendices are where you present material which you want to include in the report, but
which would seriously obstruct the flow of ideas if put anywhere in the main body.

This could be extensive technical details or mathematical proofs, derivations of formulae,

etc. required to support a point your are making in the report.

Other documents you have written, such as user manuals, technical manuals or formal
specifications should go here too.

The appendices should not contain any of the source code for your software. This will be
submitted differently (see Appendix A and separate project submission instructions).

Appendices should be headed by letters in alphabetical order, i.e. Appendix A, Appendix

B, etc.

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