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Formation of Elements

The document discusses various theories related to the formation of the universe, including the Big Bang, Steady State, and Oscillating Universe theories. It also covers nucleosynthesis, the process by which new atomic nuclei are formed, detailing types such as Big Bang, Stellar, and Supernova nucleosynthesis. Key concepts include the formation of elements, the role of gravity, and the lifecycle of stars.

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1 views

Formation of Elements

The document discusses various theories related to the formation of the universe, including the Big Bang, Steady State, and Oscillating Universe theories. It also covers nucleosynthesis, the process by which new atomic nuclei are formed, detailing types such as Big Bang, Stellar, and Supernova nucleosynthesis. Key concepts include the formation of elements, the role of gravity, and the lifecycle of stars.

Uploaded by

pqdsp4qcg5
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Chemistry and Physics words found in the story

Hydrogen
______________________1. This is the lightest element in the
periodic table.
Fusion
______________________2. This is what happens when elements
combine together, usually resulting to new elements.
______________________3.
Big Bang This is the theory which proposes the
universe is still in the process of inflation.
______________________4.
Massive This is the term for stars bigger than our
own Sun.
______________________5.
Gravity This is what pulls atoms together and
what causes the Earth to orbit the Sun.
0 Formation of
elements
OBJECTIVES
01 02 03
Explain
how Light Enumerate the
elements first Elements in
are Familiarize
periodic table
formed Nucleosynthesis
The Big Bang

• The “Big Bang” was a phenomenally


energetic explosion that initiated the
expansion of the universe..
• The age of the universe is calculated at
about 13.7 billion years old
The Big Bang

•Georges Lemaître
• This startling idea first appeared
in scientific form in 1931, in a
paper by Georges Lemaître, a
Belgian cosmologist and Catholic
priest. The theory, accepted by
nearly all astronomers today,
was a radical departure from
scientific orthodoxy in the
1930s.
STEADY STATE THEORY
This theory was developed in 1948 by Fred Hoyle
(1915-2001), At the heart of the Steady State theory is
the Perfect Cosmological Principle. This states that the
Universe is infinite in extent, infinitely old and, taken as
a whole, it is the same in all directions and at all times
in the past and at all times in the future. In other
words, the Universe doesn’t evolve or change over
time.
Oscillating universe theory

This theory holds that our Universe will be the last one
of the many originated in the past, after successive
explosions (Bing Bang). It is an unending cycle. This
theory states that the universe continues to expand
and collapse.
Oscillating universe theory

This theory holds that our Universe will be the last one
of the many originated in the past, after successive
explosions (Bing Bang). It is an unending cycle. This
theory states that the universe continues to expand
and collapse.
Creationist Universe theory
Creationism is the religious belief that
nature, and aspects such as the
universe, Earth, life, and humans,
originated with supernatural acts of
divine creation.
Nucleosynthesis is the creation of new
atomic nuclei, the centers of atoms that
are made up of protons and neutrons.
Nucleosynthesis first occurred within a
few minutes of the Big Bang.
Nucleosynthesis
• Nucleosynthesis is the process of element (nuclei) formation.
• Three types: Big Bang nucleosynthesis
Stellar (star) nucleosynthesis
Supernova nucleosynthesis
• Today, only stellar and supernova nucleosynthesis are occurring
in our universe.
• Element formation in our universe relies on nuclear fusion
reactions.
(fusion = come together)
Nucleosynthesis
• Nucleosynthesis is the process of element (nuclei) formation.
• Three types: Big Bang nucleosynthesis
Stellar (star) nucleosynthesis
Supernova nucleosynthesis
• Today, only stellar and supernova nucleosynthesis are occurring
in our universe.
• Element formation in our universe relies on nuclear fusion
reactions.
(fusion = come together)
0
BIG BANG
NUCLEOSYNTHESIS
Big Bang Nucleosynthesis
• The formation of light elements

• Big Bang nucleosynthesis ceased within a few minutes after the


Big Bang because the universe had expanded and cooled
sufficiently by then such that the temperatures and pressures
were too low to support additional nuclear fusion reactions.
What is
the nuclei
made of? ?
WHERE IS THE
ELECTRONS?
DUETERIUM
TRITIUM
NUCLEI

OF HYDROGEN
Isotopes has the same
number of proton but
differ in neutron
Helium
Lithium
Beryllium
Beryllium
Stellar Nucleosynthesis
• Stars much larger than our Sun can fuse heavier
elements from lighter elements.
• It is a process by which elements are formed within the
stars because of nuclear fusion.
• Nuclear fusion the process by which multiple nuclei
joined together to form heavier nucleus.
• As you proceed deeper into the star, temperatures and
pressures increase, and heavier and heavier nuclei are
fused together.
Stellar Nucleosynthesis
• Stellar Nucleosynthesis is one of the ways
heavier elements are formed. Nucleosynthesis
explains how new atomic nucleus are formed
from nucleons preceding from the new ones.
There is also Nuclear Fusion, a process where
neutrons and protons combine to new atoms.
Nuclear fusion is how elements Hydrogen,
Helium and small amounts of Lithium and
Beryllium were formed.
Stellar Nucleosynthesis

*REMEMBER: The number of protons (+) is the identity


of an element, not the number
of neutron (+) nor the number of electrons (-).
Stellar Nucleosynthesis
Element Symbol
Mass Number:
p+0
Atomic Number:
Number of p.
Why do we stop at Fe?
When a star begins fusing elements into iron,
the energy released in the fusion reactions is no
longer sufficient to counteract the gravitational
forces trying to collapse the star. At this point,
the star faces a dilemma: continuing to fuse
elements beyond iron requires an input of
energy, which makes the star's core cool down,
and it loses the pressure needed to support
itself against gravity.
Planetary Nebula
When a star like our Sun
dies, it doesn't explode
into a supernova or
collapse into a black
hole. Instead, it gently
sheds its outer layers,
which form a beautiful
cloud called a “planetary
nebula”
Supernova Nucleosynthesis
• Elements heavier than Iron
are made primarily when
giant stars explode in
supernova.
• The explosion of the star
momentarily generates high
enough temperatures and
pressures to cause nuclear
fusion reactions that make
elements with atomic An exploded star
numbers 27-92 (Cobalt to (supernova)
Uranium).
Supernova Nucleosynthesis

Transuranic elements are


beyond atomic number 92.
• All are artificially produced in
nuclear reactors, accelerators, or
explosions of nuclear weapons,

An exploded star
(supernova)

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