International Journal of Applied Engineering Research ISSN 0973-4562 Volume 15, Number 9 (2020) pp.

911-917
© Research India Publications. https://dx.doi.org/10.37622/IJAER/15.9.2020.911-917

Thermodynamic Analysis of Vapour Absorption Refrigeration Cycle Using

Different Working Fluids

*A. SATHIAMOURTTY1, K. ASHOK2 & B. PAVANAN3

1
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pondicherry Engineering College, Pondicherry, India.
2
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pondicherry Engineering College, Pondicherry, India.
3
Department of Mechanical Engineering, RGCET, Pondicherry, India.

Abstract performance and reduce cost.

All industrial process uses a lot of thermal energy by burning The early development of an absorption cycle dates back to
fossil fuel to produce steam or heat for the purpose. After the the 1700’s. It was known that ice could be produced by an
processes, heat is rejected to the surrounding as waste. This evaporation of pure water from a vessel contained within an
waste heat can be converted to useful refrigeration by using a evacuated container in the presence of sulphuric acid. In 1810,
heat operated refrigeration system, such as vapour absorption ice could be made from water in a vessel, which was
refrigeration system In this work, a thermodynamic analysis connected to another vessel containing sulphuric acid. As the
of ammonia lithium-nitrate water solution and ammonia water acid absorbed water vapour, causing a reduction of
sodium hydroxide solution absorption refrigeration cycle has temperature, layers of ice were formed on the water surface.
been studied at low generator temperature heat source 60 to The major problems of this system were corrosion and
80oC and the range of evaporator temperature -4 to 0oC. The leakage of air into the vacuum vessel. In 1859, Ferdinand
influences of operating temperature on the thermal load of introduced a novel machine using water/ammonia as the
components, coefficient of performance are investigated. The working fluid. This machine took out a US patent in 1860.
COP of the absorption system increases with increase in Machines based on this patent were used to make ice and store
evaporator temperature and generator temperature. food. It was used as a basic design in the early age of
refrigeration development.
Keywords: Vapour absorption, heat operated, generator,
evaporator, absorber In the 1950’s, a system using lithium bromide/water as the
working fluid was introduced for industrial applications. A
few years later, a double-effect absorption system was
INTRODUCTION introduced and has been used as an industrial standard for a
high performance heat-operated refrigeration cycle. The aim
Most of industrial processes use thermal energy by burning
of this paper is to provide basic background and review
fossil fuel to produce steam or heat for the purpose. After any
existing literatures on absorption refrigeration technologies. A
of these processes, heat is rejected to the surrounding as
number of absorption refrigeration systems and research
waste. This waste heat can be utilized for cooling by using a
options are provided and discussed. It is hoped that, this paper
heat operated refrigeration system, such as an absorption
should be useful for any newcomer in this field of
refrigeration cycle. Thus, electricity purchased from utility
refrigeration technology.
companies for conventional vapour compression refrigerators
can be reduced. The use of heat operated refrigeration systems
helps to reduce problems related to environmental issues such
COMPARISON OF VAPOUR COMPRESSION AND
as the so called greenhouse effect from CO 2 emission from the
ABSORPTION SYSTEM
combustion of fossil fuels in utility power plants.
Absorption refrigeration system is a system that uses a heat
Another difference between absorption systems and
source (e.g., solar energy, a fossil-fuelled flame, waste heat
conventional vapour compression systems is the working fluid
from factories, or district heating systems) which provides the
used. Most vapour compression systems commonly use
energy needed to drive the cooling process. This system
chlorofluorocarbon refrigerants (CFCs), because of their
operates based on absorption process rather than compression
favourable thermo physical properties. It is through the
process.
restricted use of CFCs, due to depletion of the ozone layer that
will make absorption systems more prominent. However, Similar to vapour compression system, the cooling effect is
although absorption systems seem to provide many produced through evaporation process of the refrigerant in the
advantages, vapour compression systems still dominate all evaporator and the heat absorbed in the evaporator is released
market sectors. In order to promote the use of absorption to the atmosphere via the condenser. The vapour absorption
systems, further development is required to improve their refrigeration system also comprises of all the processes taking

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place in vapour compression refrigeration system such as moving mechanical parts is the liquid pump, these systems
condensation, expansion, evaporation, and compression. has very lower vibration and thus lower noise with no
lubrication needed than those of mechanical compression
Although both absorption system and compression system
systems.
have similarities in producing cooling effect in the evaporator,
they have some differences. The differences of absorption Another difference between the vapour compression and
system and compression system can be schematically vapour absorption cycle is the working fluid used. In vapour
compared in Figure. As it can be seen in Figure, one of the compression systems, the working fluid used is only
major differences between mechanical vapour compression refrigerant fluid. Most vapour compression systems
system and absorption system is the method of transferring the commonly use chlorofluorocarbon refrigerants (CFCs)
refrigerant from the lower pressure system to the higher because of their excellent thermos physical properties. It is
pressure system. In the vapour compression system, the through the restricted use of CFCs, due to depletion of the
refrigerant is transferred from the lower pressure system to the ozone layer that will make absorption systems more
higher pressure systems by mechanical compressor. The prominent. In absorption refrigeration system, the working
mechanical compressor sucks the refrigerant vapour and fluid used is usually a pair of absorbent and refrigerant fluid.
compresses it to the high pressure. In addition, the mechanical The two most common working fluids in absorption
compressor also creates the refrigerant flow in the whole refrigeration cycle are water/LiBr and ammonia/water. In
compression cycle. In the absorption system, the refrigerant is water/LiBr working fluid, water works as refrigerant and
transferred from the lower pressure system to the higher aqueous LiBr solution works as absorbent and in
pressure systems through a mechanism of absorption and ammonia/water system ammonia works as refrigerant and
desorption process carried out by two different devices called water works as absorbent.
as absorber and generator (desorber), respectively, together
with solution pump, solution valve, and solution heat
exchanger. Therefore the compressor in the vapour PRINCIPLE OF ABSORPTION REFRIGERATION
compression system is replaced by the absorber and generator PROCESS
loop or it can be called as “chemical compressor”. In addition,
Absorption refrigeration system basically consists of four
the refrigerant flow in the whole absorption cycle is created
main components, namely absorber, generator, condenser, and
by absorption process of the refrigerant in the absorber by the
evaporator. In addition, it requires working fluid which
solution called absorbent and transported to the generator
consists of refrigerant and absorbent. Other supporting
using solution pump. The absorption process at the absorber
components necessary for the basic absorption refrigeration
and desorption process at the generator make it possible to use
cycle are solution pump, pressure reduction valve, expansion
a solution pump with low power input to increase the pressure
valve, solution heat exchanger (SHX) and refrigerant heat
between the condenser and the evaporator.
exchanger (RHX). In this system, the refrigerant undergoes a
The presence of the absorption and desorption devices phase change in the condenser and evaporator, and the
replacing the mechanical compressor has a consequence in the absorbent solution undergoes a concentration change in the
increase the overall system volume. However the absorber and the generator.
displacement volume and power consumption for
The basic absorption refrigeration process can be
compression of the liquid in absorption refrigeration system
schematically drawn in diagram as shown in Figure. The
are much smaller as compared with vapour compression
solution leaving from absorber (stream7) is moved to the
systems.
higher pressure system by solution pump, creating high
Another major difference between the vapour compression pressure cold stream (stream 8). Ideally the solution leaving
and vapour absorption cycle is the method in which the the absorber is in saturation condition taking into account the
energy input is given to the system. In vapour compression absorber pressure (lower pressure) and temperature. This
systems, the energy input needed to operate the cycle is solution is rich in refrigerant fluid therefore it can be named as
provided in the form of mechanical work to drive the rich solution.
compressor. This mechanical work input usually comes from
The high pressure cold stream is then preheated in the solution
the electric motor run by the electricity. In the absorption
heat exchanger using the heat transferred from the solution
systems, the energy input needed to operate the cycle is
leaving the generator. The rich solution leaving the solution
provided in the form of the heat to separate the refrigerant
heat exchanger (stream 9) then enters the generator. In the
from the solution in the generator. This heat source can be
generator, vaporization process takes place creating
supplied from renewable energy such as solar, geothermal
refrigerant vapour and poor solution. The desorption process
energy, and biomass or waste heat sources such as exhausts on
between the absorbent and refrigerant is usually endothermic
diesel engines and industrial plants. The heat can also be
process, therefore to undergo this process the heat needs to be
created by other sources like natural gas, kerosene, heater, etc.
supplied from the external source such as solar, geothermal
though these sources are usually used only in the small
energy, and biomass or waste heat sources such as exhausts on
systems. As the absorption refrigeration systems are operated
diesel engines and industrial plants.
using heat source and the only component of this system with

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The refrigerant vapour leaving the generator (stream 1) comes

to the refrigerant loop and enters the condenser. In the
condenser, condensation process takes place and all
refrigerant is condensed into saturated liquid corresponds to
the condenser pressure (higher pressure) and temperature. The
heat released from this condensation process is discharged to
the atmosphere through a cooling system at ambient
temperature.
The saturated liquid refrigerant leaving from the condenser
(stream 2) moves to the evaporator through refrigerant valve
to reduce its pressure to the evaporator pressure (low
pressure). This expansion process in the refrigerant valve is an
isenthalpic expansion. The refrigerant leaving the refrigerant
valve (stream 4) enters the evaporator and the evaporation
process takes place.
As the saturation temperature of the refrigerant at lower
pressure is much lower than room temperature, the heat from
desired cooling chamber is absorbed to the evaporator
creating the evaporation process to the refrigerant, and
therefore gives cooling effect to the cooling/refrigeration
chamber.
Back to the solution loop in the generator, the solution leaving
the generator (stream 10) has low concentration in refrigerant
and thus it is called as poor solution. As the stream leaving
from the generator has high temperature, it can be useful to
utilize the heat of this stream to pre-heat the rich solution
before entering the generator. The heat from the solution
leaving the generator is transferred to the rich solution
entering the generator by means of solution heat exchanger
(SHX).
The poor solution leaving the solution heat exchanger moves
to the absorber through solution valve to reduce its pressure to Fig. Schematic diagram of (a) Mechanical vapour
the lower pressure. Similar with the expansion process in the compression system and (b) Vapour Absorption system
refrigerant valve, the expansion process in the pressure
reduction valve is also an isenthalpic expansion. The poor
solution leaving the solution valve (stream 12) enters the THEORETICAL ANALYSIS
absorber to undergo the absorption process. Refrigerant and absorbent pair
The poor solution enters the absorber is in sub-cooled Pair 1
condition corresponds to its temperature and absorber
pressure. Therefore, when the vapour refrigerant (stream 6) Refrigerant - Ammonia
enters the absorber, the refrigerant vapour is absorbed by the Absorbent - lithium nitrate and water
solution. As the absorption process takes place, the mixing
process also takes place. The mixing process between
absorbent and refrigerant is usually exothermic process, and By adding water to the ammonia lithium nitrate solution
therefore during the absorption process the heat is released improves the solubility of the solution.
from the solution and the solution temperature increases. To
Pair 2
maintain the absorption process remains take place at desired
temperature.(absorber temperature),the heat of absorption Refrigerant - Ammonia
needs to be dissipated to the ambient. This heat is dissipated Absorbent - water and sodium hydroxide
to the ambient by means of cooling system at ambient
temperature. Once the solution reach its saturation condition Adding NaOH to ammonia/water improves the separation of
corresponds to absorber pressure and temperature, the solution ammonia in the generator and reduces the driving temperature
is unable to absorb more vapour refrigerant. This solution then and rectification losses.
leaves the absorber to the generator and the solution loop is Ammonia is highly soluble in water generating NH4+ and OH-
completed. ions. Adding sodium hydroxide to the ammonia/water shifts

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the chemical equilibrium towards a more effective separation condensation temperature and leaves the evaporator
of ammonia molecules from the generator aqueous solution. with the evaporating temperature.
The effect is reducing the bubble point temperature of the  The expansion valves work isenthalpic and heat losses
ternary mixture. to ambient were assumed to be negligible.
 The condense exit is saturated fluid, the evaporator exit
COEFFICIENT OF PERFORMANCE is saturated vapour and the refrigerant leaving the
generator exit is superheated vapour.
As mentioned the COP of single-stage absorption refrigeration
machine COP is defined by the ratio between the refrigerant
capacity rate to the rate of heat supplied to the generator and GENERATOR
the solution pump performance.
Mass balance
𝑸𝒆
𝑪𝑶𝑷 = 𝒎̇𝒘 − 𝒎̇𝒓 − 𝒎̇𝒔 = 𝟎
𝑸𝒈
The efficiency ratio (ƞ ) is defined as the ratio of the
coefficient of performance to the Carnot coefficient of Energy balance
performance (𝑪𝑶𝑷𝒄 ). The Carnot coefficient of performance
𝑸𝒈 + (𝒎̇𝟗 × 𝒉𝟗 ) − (𝒎̇𝟏 × 𝒉𝟏 ) − (𝒎̇𝟏𝟎 × 𝒉𝟏𝟎 ) = 𝟎
is the maximum possible coefficient of performance of an
ARS under given operating conditions. 𝒎̇𝟏 = 𝒎̇𝒓 , 𝒎̇𝟗 = 𝒎̇𝒔 , 𝒎̇𝟏𝟎 = 𝒎̇𝒘
𝑻𝒈 − 𝑻𝒂 𝑻𝒆 𝒒𝒈 = 𝒉𝟏 − 𝒉𝟏𝟎 + 𝒇(𝒉𝟏𝟎 − 𝒉𝟗 )
𝑪𝑶𝑷𝒄 = ( )( )
𝑻𝒈 𝑻𝒄 − 𝑻𝒆
𝑪𝑶𝑷
ƞ= CONDENSER
𝑪𝑶𝑷𝒄
Mass balance
𝒎̇𝟏 = 𝒎̇𝟐
CIRCULATION RATIO
Energy balance
Circulation ratio is defined as the ratio of mass flow rate of
solution through the pump to the mass flow rate of the 𝑸𝒄 + (𝒎̇𝟐 × 𝒉𝟐 ) − (𝒎̇𝟏 × 𝒉𝟏 ) = 𝟎
refrigerant through the evaporator, as given by the expression
𝒒𝒄 = 𝒉𝟏 − 𝒉𝟐
𝒎̇𝒔
𝒇 = 𝑪. 𝑹 =
𝒎̇𝒓
REFRIGERANT HEAT EXCHANGER
𝟏 − 𝒘𝒘
𝒇 = 𝑪. 𝑹 = Mass balance
𝒘𝒔 − 𝒘𝒘
𝒎̇𝟐 = 𝒎̇𝟑 , 𝒎̇𝟓 = 𝒎̇𝟔

MATHEMATICAL MODEL Energy balance

For a simplified calculation model of absorption refrigeration 𝒎̇𝟐 (𝒉𝟐 − 𝒉𝟑 ) − 𝒎̇𝟓 (𝒉𝟔 − 𝒉𝟓 ) = 𝟎
machine the following basic conditions are assumed 𝒉𝟔 = 𝒉𝟓 (𝟏 − Ƹ𝑹𝑯𝑿 ) + (Ƹ𝑹𝑯𝑿 × 𝒉𝟐 )
 There is no pressure drop in the components; the 𝒉𝟑 = 𝒉𝟐 − Ƹ𝑹𝑯𝑿 (𝒉𝟐 − 𝒉𝟓 )
pressure in each component is equal to the vapor
pressure of the working solution. The condenser
pressure is equal to the generator pressure and the EXPANSION VALVE
absorber pressure is equal to the evaporator pressure is
equal to the evaporator pressure. Mass balance

 The refrigerant leaving the generator is considered to 𝒎̇𝟑 = 𝒎̇𝟒

be in the pure state. Energy balance
 The solution leaving the absorber is saturated liquid at 𝒎̇𝟑 (𝒉𝟑 ) − 𝒎̇𝟒 (𝒉𝟒 ) = 𝟎
the temperature and concentration that exists in the
absorber.
 The solution leaving the generator is at the same EVAPORATOR
temperature and concentration as in the generator. Mass balance
 The refrigerant leaves the condenser with the 𝒎̇𝟒 = 𝒎̇𝟓

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Energy balance 80oC, effectiveness of solution heat exchanger is 0.75 are

assumed. As it can be seen from figure 5.3, 5.4, when
𝑸𝒆 + (𝒎̇𝟒 × 𝒉𝟒 ) − (𝒎̇𝟓 × 𝒉𝟓 ) = 𝟎
generator temperature increases, the generator and absorber
𝒒𝒆 = 𝒉𝟓 − 𝒉𝟒 load decreases. If the generator temperature gets higher, the
concentration of ammonia leaving the generator is decreases,
and hence the circulation ratio decreases, as can be seen from
ABSORBER the figure 5.2. More over the weak solution temperature and,
hence, the enthalpy is increased by strong solution in the
Mass balance solution heat exchanger. The generator thermal load is
𝒎̇𝒔 − 𝒎̇𝒓 − 𝒎̇𝒘 = 𝟎 decreased both by decreasing the circulation ratio and
increasing the enthalpy of strong solution. The enthalpy of
Energy balance superheated ammonia leaving the generator increases with
𝑸𝒂 + (𝒎̇𝟕 × 𝒉𝟕 ) − (𝒎̇𝟔 × 𝒉𝟔 ) − (𝒎̇𝟏𝟐 × 𝒉𝟏𝟐 ) = 𝟎 increasing generator temperature.

𝒎̇𝟕 = 𝒎̇𝒔 , 𝒎̇𝟔 = 𝒎̇𝒓 , 𝒎̇𝟏𝟐 = 𝒎̇𝒘

𝒒𝒂 = 𝒉𝟔 − 𝒉𝟏𝟏 + 𝒇(𝒉𝟏𝟏 − 𝒉𝟖 ) THE EFFECT OF EVAPORATOR TEMPERATURE
The coefficient of performance as well as the circulation flow
factor depending upon the condensation temperatures. The
SOLUTION HEAT EXCHANGER diagram was represented for different evaporation
Mass balance temperatures -4 to 0oC and different condensation temperature
24 to 28oC. It is clear, that COP decreases as the condensation
𝒎̇𝟖 = 𝒎̇𝟗 , 𝒎̇𝟏𝟎 = 𝒎̇𝟏𝟏 temperature increases and in addition the circulation factor
Energy balance increases at the same time.

𝒎̇𝟖 (𝒉𝟗 − 𝒉𝟖 ) − 𝒎̇𝟏𝟎 (𝒉𝟏𝟎 − 𝒉𝟏𝟏 ) = 𝟎 In general, it can be seen from figures, in order to obtain good
operating characteristics it is necessary to operate the machine
𝒉𝟏𝟏 = (𝟏 − Ƹ𝑺𝑯𝑿 )𝒉𝟏𝟎 − (Ƹ𝑺𝑯𝑿 × 𝒉𝟖 ) at low value of circulation flow factor. That means the
𝒇 absorption refrigeration machine must operate at high
𝒉𝟗 = (𝒉 − 𝒉𝟏𝟏 ) + 𝒉𝟖 generating and evaporating temperatures as well as at low
𝒇 + 𝟏 𝟏𝟎 condensation and absorbing temperatures.
Mass balance If the evaporator temperature rises, the concentration of strong
𝒎̇𝟏𝟏 = 𝒎̇𝟏𝟐 solution and the circulation ratio decreases. They cause a
decrease in the absorber thermal load; on the other hand,
Energy balance decreasing of circulation ratio decreases the generator thermal
𝒎̇𝟏𝟏 (𝒉𝟏𝟏 ) − 𝒎̇𝟏𝟐 (𝒉𝟏𝟐 ) = 𝟎 load.

RESULT AND DISCUSSION CONCLUSION

The following figures shows the COP of an absorption The theoretical performance analysis of ammonia lithium
refrigeration machine depending upon the generating nitrate water solution and ammonia water sodium hydroxide
temperature and evaporating temperature, using ammonia solution as a working fluid for the absorption refrigeration
lithium nitrate water mixture. The condensation and absorbing system for refrigeration temperature -4 to 0oC is present in
temperature is 24oC, 25oC. The degree of effectiveness of this paper. The preferable working fluid can be consider as a
solution heat exchanger is 75%. As can be seen, the value of solution with highest COP, lower required generator
COP increase steeply at first when the generator temperature temperature and circulation ratio low as possible.
increases and then run more flatly to a final value. It also
increases when evaporator temperature increases. If the
evaporator temperature varies from -4 to 0oC, the COP 0.89
increases from 0.75 to 0.83 at the generator temperature of 0.86
640C as well as from 0.83 to 0.88 at the generator temperature
of 80oC. That means rate of increase in COP is lower at high 0.83
COP

generator or evaporator temperature. 0.8

it can be seen from figures the value of the circulation flow 0.77
factor decrease with an increasing in the generator and 0.74
evaporator temperatures. 58 68 78
Generator Temperature Tg (oC)
The variation in thermal load on components depends on
generator and evaporator temperature as shown in figure. In
this calculation Te=0 to -4oC, Tc=24oC, Ta=25oC, Tg=64 to

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12
2
CIRCULATION RATIO

10
8 1.5
6 1

COP
4
0.5
2
0 0
58 68 78 -6 -4 -2 0
Evaporator Temperature Te (OC)
Generator Temperature Tg (oC)

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