kolb1994
kolb1994
Igor I. ~ k a c h e v ~
NASA/Fermilab Astrophysics Center, Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, Batavia Illinois 60.510
and Institute for Nuclear Research of the Academy of Sciences of Russia, Moscow 11 7312, Russia
(Received 9 March 1994)
Large-amplitude isothermal fluctuations in the dark-matter energy density, parametrized by
@=8pDM/pDM, are studied within the framework of a spherical collapse model. For k 1, a fluctuation
collapses in the radiation-dominated epoch and produces a dense dark-matter object. The final density
of the virialized object is found to be pF= 140a3(@+l)peq,where p,, is the matter density at equal
matter and radiation energy density. This expression is valid for the entire range of possible values of a ,
both for @ >> 1 and << 1. Some astrophysical consequences of high-density dark-matter clumps are
discussed.
PACS nurnberk):98.80.Cq, 05.30.Jp, 95.35.+d, 98.70.- f
0556-282 1/94/50(2)/769(5)/$06.00 50
- 769 @ 1994 The American Physical Society
770 EDWARD W. KOLB A N D IGOR I. TKACHEV --50
It was pointed out in Ref. [ 5 ] that the final virialized nate, d q z d t / a ( t ) , and then to rewrite this equation of
density in a clump has to scale as p~ -@4peq. Because of motion in the comoving reference frame, r =a ( r] )R <( 71 )<,
the dependence upon the fourth power of (D, even a small where is the comoving label of a given shell and R t ( ~ l
increase in @ is very important. For the same reason, the measures the deviation of the shell motion from the uni-
final density can be sensitive to the details of the evolu- form Hubble flow of the background Friedmann
tion of the clump in the radiation-dominated era. To our universe In what follows we shall omit the subscript ;
knowledge, a detailed study of the nonlinear evolution of on R ( r ] ) ,but it should be understood that there is a
large-amplitude isothermal fluctuations has never been separate evolution for each shell.
performed. However, it is very important in various phe- We shall assume that the scale factor a ( r ] i satisfies the
nomenological implications including both direct and Einstein equations for an no= 1 universe filled with radi-
nondirect dark-matter searches. In this paper we consider ation and pressureless matter:
this problem.
The clumpiness of the dark matter has important Im-
plications for attempts to detect dark matter. Clearly the
signal in direct detection experiments for dark matter is where a prime denotes d / d q . We parametrize the radia-
proportional to the dark-matter density. For the rare tion and matter energy densities as p R =p,,(aeq/a l4 and
direct encounter with a clump, there could be a huge p,,, =peq(aeq/a 13. The solution to the background equa-
amplification of the signal. However, if the clumpiness is tions, Eqs. (2.21, is
too high, the flux of unclumped dark matter will be too
small for a reasonable detection rate. The rate of WIMP
annihilation contributing to the y-ray background [7,8] is
proportional to the density as well. In the case of
where r]* = 2vGpeqa /3. ,?,
The equation of motion [Eq. (2.111 in terms of confor-
clumped dark matter, there will be stronger constraints
mal time is
on dark matter from indirect searches. In very dense ax-
ion clumps, Bose star formation becomes possible [9]
(clumps with @ - 30 already satisfy the critical condition
for this [ 5 ] ) ,which in turn can lead to the formation of
radio sources [lo]. Another possible manifestation of The radiation energy density does not enter this equation
high-density clumps is the phenomenon of microlensing. explicitly, but its effect is encoded in the evolution of the
To study the structure and evolution of high-density scale factor. We also parametrize the total mass of
clumps, a full three-dimensional numerical simulation is matter inside the shell in terms of the excess over the
needed. However, for an isolated clump some relevant homogeneous background, denoted as @( 6) = 6pM/pM.
physical information can be extracted from a one- The total mass within the region is
dimensional spherical model. The spherical model
proved useful in studies of the gravitational nonlinear
evolution in the epoch of matter domination when it is
possible to find exact analytic solutions [ l l ] . In the Changing from 7 to x = a /ae, as the independent vari-
present paper we generalize this model to include radia- able, we finally obtain
tion. Although there are no analytic solutions, the result
turns out to be very simple: The final density in a virial-
ized clump is pF = 140@~( +(D 1)p,, in the whole range of
possible values of (D, both for (D >> 1 and for @ << 1.
FIG. 1. Numerical solutions to Eq.(2.6)for several different FIG. 3. The coefficient C, in Eq. (2.9) as a function of cP.
values of cP. The second-order fit is shown by the dotted line. The dashed line is the prediction of the standard spherical mod-
el (matter without radiation).
justified since the solution is valid only at small x. Actu- defined by i. =O, in coordinates of Eq. (2.6) is the solution
ally, this is the separatrix, i.e., independently of the initial to the equation R +xdR /dx =O. Up to order 0 ( x 2 )the
value of R', all solutions tend to it (provided xo << 1). function R only depends upon the product a x , so to this
The results of numerical integration of Eq. (2.6) proved order in x the scale factor at turnaround will be given by
to be insensitive to R 1 ( x 0 )already at xo@< For xta=const/@ and to the same order in x, R,,=const.
several different values of @ they are shown in Fig. 1. The matter density of a fluctuation at turnaround is
It is possible to find an analytic approximation to R ( x ) '
pta= ( 1/4vr ) d/dr, ~ with r =R ,,xta,$, so it is appropri-
as a power series in x to any given order. To third order ate to represent the parameters at turnaround as
it is
111. APPLICATIONS
the matter- and radiation-dominated eras was also con- the observed upper limit to the y-ray flux in the direction
sidered in Ref. [15], however, only in the linearized limit of the galactic center [7], I y = 4 X ~m-~sec-'.
of Eq. (2.6),i.e., Eq. (2.7).
E. Gravitational microlensing
D. WIMP annihilation Two conditions must be satisfied for the clump to cause
gravitational microlensing [17]. First, the mass of the
In the case where the dark-matter particle species is a
clump has to be in a range near 0. lMo. Second, the
stable weakly interacting massive particle (WIMP) such
as a very massive neutrino or a supersymmetric particle physical radius of the clump has to be smaller than the
Einstein ring radius, R E =2- where d is the
-
(photino, Higgsino, or scalar neutrino), the WIMP's can
annihilate, contributing to the y-ray flux. This places effective distance to the lens (typically d -20 kpc). The
second condition r e s . s the density of the minicluster
severe constraints on the dark-matter density near the
center of the galaxy [7,8]. Clumped dark-matter annihi- ,,
to be p k l ~ ~ p , , / l / ~ -where M - , M/O. lMo. If
lation is even more efficient, and places a very strong lim- the lensing object is a clump of noninteracting cold dark
it on the clumpiness as a function of the WIMP proper- matter, it has to be formed from a density fluctuation
ties [6]. with @ !:20.
For the y-ray flux on Earth from WIMP annihilation Dark-matter clumps seeded by string loops or textures,
which were considered in Ref. [6], are in the appropriate
in the clump, we can write
-
mass range; however, they have @ 1. Axion miniclus-
ters can have @ k 20; however, they are too light. While
it is possible to invent models where both conditions are
met for some of the clumps (one example could be an ax-
where r g is the distance from the Earth to the clump ion model with an extremely small, but nonzero, value for
( r o = 8.5 kpc is the distance to the center of the Galaxy), the u-quark mass), it is hardly likely that a substantial
m, is the particle mass, and M is the mass of the clump. amount of the dark matter has evolved into clumps cap-
Since the particles are nonrelativistic, both in the clumps able of lensing. On the other hand, anticipating
and at the epoch of cosmological freeze-out of the significant numbers of microlensing events (for the first
WIMP's, the thermal average of the cross section in Eq. positive reports see Ref. [18]) in the future, it is not ex-
(3.5) is directly related to the cosmological abundance cluded that some of them could be caused by the clumps
[16]: in such classes of models (especially if collisional relaxa-
tion is significant). The corresponding light curve will be
different from the massive compact halo object
(MACHO)event since clumps are extended objects.
If we consider a large region of (possibly) clumpy dark When our paper was almost completed we became
matter, such as the galactic core or spheroid, we must aware of the paper Ref. [19] where Eq. (2.6) was studied
sum up the fluxes from each individual clump. As a re- in detail, however, again for the case which corresponds
sult, instead of M in Eq. (3.5) we have to substitute lMtot, to @ < < I .
where 6 is the mass fraction of all clumps to the total
mass Mtot in the region. For example, using p- 1 0 ~ ~ , , ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
we obtain, for the central spheroid (M,,, = 1 0 8 ~), o It is a pleasure to thank S. Colombi, A. Stebbins, and
R. Caldwell for useful discussions. This work was sup-
ported in part by the DOE and NASA Grant No.
where m2, m x /20 GeV. This has to be compared to NAGW-238 1 at Fermilab.