Laboratory Activity No.

: Laboratory Activity 8

Student’s Name: OSEJA,ANNIELOU A.

Course title: System and Network Administration 1

Year/Course/Section: 3-BSCPE-B

Date Submitted: 11/ 19 / 2024

Packet Tracer – Investigating the TCP/IP and OSI Models in Action

Objective/s:

At the end of this activity, students are expected to:

Part 1: Examine HTTP Web Traffic

Part 2: Display Elements of the TCP/IP Protocol Suite

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Packet Tracer - Investigating the TCP/IP and OSI Models in Action
This simulation activity is intended to provide a foundation for understanding the TCP/IP
protocol suite and the relationship to the OSI model. Simulation mode allows you to view the
data contents being sent across the network at each layer.
As data moves through the network, it is broken down into smaller pieces and identified
so that the pieces can be put back together when they arrive at the destination. Each piece is
assigned a specific name (protocol data unit [PDU]) and associated with a specific layer of the
TCP/IP and OSI models. Packet Tracer simulation mode enables you to view each of the layers
and the associated PDU. The following steps lead the user through the process of requesting a
web page from a web server by using the web browser application available on a client PC.
Even though much of the information displayed will be discussed in more detail later, this
is an opportunity to explore the functionality of Packet Tracer and be able to visualize the
encapsulation process.

Topology

Part 1: Examine HTTP Web Traffic

Step 1: Switch from Realtime to Simulation mode.

In the lower right corner of the Packet Tracer interface are tabs to toggle between Realtime
and Simulation

mode. PT always starts in Realtime mode, in which networking protocols operate with realistic
timings. However, a powerful feature of Packet Tracer allows the user to “stop time” by
switching to Simulation mode. In Simulation mode, packets are displayed as animated
envelopes, time is event driven, and the user can step through networking events.

a. Click the Simulation mode icon to switch from Realtime mode to

Simulation mode.

b. Select HTTP from the Event List Filters.

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 1) HTTP may already be the only visible event. Click Edit Filters to display
the available visible events. Toggle the Show All/None check box and
notice how the check boxes switch from unchecked to checked or
checked to unchecked, depending on the current state.

2) Click the Show All/None check box until all boxes are cleared and then
select HTTP. Click anywhere outside of the Edit Filters box to hide it.
The Visible Events should now only display HTTP.

Step 2: Generate web (HTTP) traffic.

Currently the Simulation Panel is empty. There are six columns listed across the top of
the Event List within the Simulation Panel. As traffic is generated and stepped through,
events appear in the list. The Info column is used to inspect the contents of a particular
event.

Note: The Web Server and Web Client are displayed in the left pane. The panels can be
adjusted in size by hovering next to the scroll bar and dragging left or right when the
double-headed arrow appears.

a. Click Web Client in the far left pane.

b. Click the Desktop tab and click the Web Browser icon to open it.

c. In the URL field, enter www.osi.local and click Go.

Because time in Simulation mode is event-driven, you must use the Capture/Forward
button to display network events.

d. Click Capture/Forward four times. There should be four events in the Event
List. Look at the Web Client web browser page. Did anything change?
- The web server returned the requested web page.

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Step 3: Explore the contents of the HTTP packet.

a. Click the first colored square box under the Event List > Info column. It
may be necessary to expand the Simulation Panel or use the scrollbar
directly below the Event List.

The PDU Information at Device: Web Client window displays. In this window, there are
only two tabs (OSI Model and Outbound PDU Details) because this is the start of the
transmission. As more events are examined, there will be three tabs displayed, adding a
tab for Inbound PDU Details. When an event is the last event in the stream of traffic,
only the OSI Model and Inbound PDU Details tabs are displayed.

b. Ensure that the OSI Model tab is selected. Under the Out Layers column,
ensure that the Layer 7 box is highlighted.

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 c. What is the text displayed next to the Layer 7 label? -HTTP

d. What information is listed in the numbered steps directly below the In

Layers and Out Layers boxes?

- “The HTTP client sends a HTTP request to the server”

e. Click Next Layer. Layer 4 should be highlighted. What is the Dst Port
value? 80

f. Click Next Layer. Layer 3 should be highlighted. What is the Dest. IP value?

- 192.168.1.254

g. Click Next Layer. What information is displayed at this layer?

- “Layer 2 Ethernet II Header and inbound and outbound MAC

addresses.”

h. Click the Outbound PDU Details tab.

Information listed under the PDU Details is reflective of the layers within the TCP/IP
model.

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Note: The information listed under the Ethernet II section provides even more detailed
information than is listed under Layer 2 on the OSI Model tab. The Outbound PDU
Details provides more descriptive and detailed information. The values under DEST
MAC and SRC MAC within the Ethernet II section of the PDU Details appear on the OSI
Model tab under Layer 2, but are not identified as such.

1. What is the common information listed under

the IP section of PDU Details as compared to the
information listed under the OSI Model tab? With
which layer is it associated?

- SRC IP and DST IP at Layer 3

2. What is the common information listed under

the TCP section of PDU Details, as compared to
the information listed under the OSI Model tab,
and with which layer is it associated?

- SRC PORT and DEST PORT at Layer 4

3. What is the Host listed under the HTTP

section of the PDU Details? What layer would this
information be associated with under the OSI
Model tab?

- www.osi.local, Layer 7

i. Click the next colored square box under the Event List > Info column. Only
Layer 1 is active (not grayed out). The device is moving the frame from the
buffer and placing it on to the network.

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 j. Advance to the next HTTP Info box within the Event List and click the
colored square box. This window contains both In Layers and Out Layers.
Notice the direction of the arrow directly under the In Layers column; it is
pointing upward, indicating the direction the information is travelling.
Scroll through these layers making note of the items previously viewed. At
the top of the column the arrow points to the right. This denotes that the
server is now sending the information back to the client.

k.

Comparing the information displayed in the In Layers column with that of the Out
Layers column, what are the major differences?

- The Src and Dst Ports, Src and Dst IPs and MAC addresses have been
switched.

l. Click the Outbound PDU Details tab. Scroll down to the HTTP section. What
is the first line in the HTTP message that displays?

- HTTP Data:Connection: close

m. Click the last colored square box under the Info column. How many tabs
are displayed with this event and why?

- There are 2 tabs, one for the OSI Model and one for Inbound PDU
Details because this is the receiving device.

Part 2: Display Elements of the TCP/IP Protocol Suite

In Part 2 of this activity, you will use the Packet Tracer Simulation mode to view and
examine some of the other protocols comprising of the TCP/IP suite.

Step 1: View Additional Events

a. Close any open PDU information windows.

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 b. In the Event List Filters > Visible Events section, click Show All. What
additional Event Types are displayed?

- ARP, BGP, Bluetooth, CAPWAP, CDP, DHCP, DHCPv6, DNSS, DTP,

EAPOL, EIGRP, EIGRPv6, FTP, H.323, HSRP, HSRPv6, HTTPS,
ICMP,ICMPv6, IPSec, ISAKMP, IoT, IoT TCP, LACP, LLDP, Meraki, NDP,
NETFLOW, NTP, OSPF, OSPFv6, PAgP, POP3, PPP, PPPoED, PTP,
RADIUS, REP RIP, RIPng, RTP, SCCP, SMTP, SNMP, SSH, STP,
SYSLOG, TACAS, TCP, TFTP, Telnet, UDP, USB, VTP.

These extra entries play various roles within the TCP/IP suite. If the Address Resolution
Protocol (ARP) is listed, it searches MAC addresses. DNS is responsible for converting
a name (for example, www.osi.local) to an IP address. The additional TCP events are
responsible for connecting, agreeing on communication parameters, and disconnecting
the communications sessions between the devices. These protocols have been
mentioned previously and will be further discussed as the course progresses.

Currently there are over 35 possible protocols (event types) available for capture within
Packet Tracer.

a. Click the first DNS event in the Info column. Explore the OSI Model and
PDU Detail tabs and note the encapsulation process. As you look at the
OSI Model tab with Layer 7 highlighted, a description of what is occurring
is listed directly below the In Layers and Out Layers (“1. The DNS client
sends a DNS query to the DNS server.”). This is very useful information to
help understand what is occurring during the communication process.

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 b. Click the Outbound PDU Details tab. What information is listed in the
NAME: in the DNS QUERY section?

- www.osi.local

c. Click the last DNS Info colored square box in the event list. Which device is
displayed?

- The Web Client

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 d. What is the value listed next to ADDRESS: in the DNS ANSWER section of
the Inbound PDU Details?

- 192.168.1.254 – the address of the Web Server

e. Find the first HTTP event in the list and click the colored square box of the
TCP event immediately following this event. Highlight Layer 4 in the OSI
Model tab. In the numbered list directly below the In Layers and Out
Layers, what is the information displayed under items 4 and 5?

- 4. TCP connection is successful.

- 5. The device sets the connection state to ESTABLISHED.

TCP manages the connecting and disconnecting of the communications channel along
with other responsibilities. This particular event shows that the communication channel
has been ESTABLISHED.

f. Click the last TCP event. Highlight Layer 4 in the OSI Model tab. Examine
the steps listed directly below In Layers and Out Layers. What is the
purpose of this event, based on the information provided in the last item in
the list (should be item 4)?

- CLOSING the connection.

Challenge

This simulation provided an example of a web session between a client and a server on
a local area network (LAN). The client makes requests to specific services running on
the server. The server must be set up to listen on specific ports for a client request.
(Hint: Look at Layer 4 in the OSI Model tab for port information.)

Based on the information that was inspected during the Packet Tracer capture,
what port number is the Web Server listening on for the web request?

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 - The Web Client's initial HTTP PDU request displays port 80 as the layer 4
DST port.

What port is the Web Server listening on for a DNS request?

- The first DNS PDU being requested by the Web Client shows a layer 4
destination of port 53.

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