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PART ONE:
GRAMMAR
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UNIT 1:
Basic English Sentence Patterns

A. When we make simple English sentences, we usually follow the

Subject-Verb-Object pattern.
Steps:
1. put the subject and the adjectives such as ‘fat’, ‘thin’ etc. or any words
describing the subject at the beginning of the sentence
2. put the verb and some adverbs such as ‘often’, ‘usually’ etc. after the
subject
3. put the object of the verb, the adjectives or other words describing the
object and the adverbs describing the verb at the end of he sentence

Subject Verb Object

Paul often eats biscuits.

Mary ate two apples quickly.

My father and mother are eating mangoes now.
The fat girl has eaten a watermelon.
That little boy will eat some bread soon.

Exercise 1
Rearrange the words in correct order to make complete sentences.
e.g. the fat cat / a mouse / is chasing. The
fat cat is chasing a mouse.

1. that thin girl / is drinking / milk now

2. the robbers yesterday / the police / caught
3. our teacher / like /we
4. my mother / my baby sister / is looking after
5. has just written / a letter / the tall man
6. the students / have solved / some Mathematics problems
7. her aunt tomorrow / will visit / Mary
8. newspapers every day / my boss / reads
9. enjoyed / the movie / the audience
10. the cook / some chocolate cakes / has made
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B. Some verbs can be followed by two objects without an ‘and’ connecting them.
One of these objects is called the ‘direct object’ and the other the ‘indirect
object’. Below is the pattern of a sentence containing both direct object and
indirect object:
Subject – Verb – Indirect Object – Direct Object

Subject Verb Indirect Object Direct Object

I gave my sister a birthday present.

My parents always tell me stories.
We have lent him some money.
They are asking the teacher some questions.

Exercise 2
Rearrange the words in correct order to make complete sentences.
e.g. my sister / a birthday cake yesterday / me / baked
My sister baked me a birthday cake yesterday.

1. the short man / has bought / some crayons from the stationery shop / his son
2. the policeman / has just shown / the driver / his driving license
3. the patient / gave / some medicine / the nurse
4. brought / me / a bouquet of flowers last week / my uncle
5. the shopkeeper / the customer / is paying / two hundred dollars
6. he / his brother / the secret / has never told
7. a postcard from Japan / sent / her / her best friend
8. did not lend / his new model car / the child / his classmate
9. her mother / cooked / her / some congee
10. has ever given / any help / the blind woman / no one in the street

C. Sometimes a preposition is put in front of the indirect object. The pattern of

such sentence is :

Subject – Verb – Direct Object – Preposition – Indirect Object

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Subject Verb Direct Object Preposition Indirect Object

My friend His has sent a letter to for me. him.

parents bought a computer

Exercise 3
Rewrite each of the following sentences by placing the word in brackets before the
indirect object.
e.g. My brother showed me his new wallet. (to) My
brother showed his new wallet to me.

1. The postman took her a letter yesterday. (to)

2. The dog owner gives his dog a bone every day. (to)
3. The students sent their teacher a present. (to)
4. The gardener handed me some flowers. (to)
5. My mother has already taken my father a cup of coffee.(to)
6. She found me a seat in the concert last Sunday. (for)
7. Betty has painted her best friend a beautiful picture. (for)
8. We bought our uncle a pair of gloves on his birthday. (for)
9. The tailor made the princess a new dress. (for)
10. Judy has baked me some chocolate cookies. (for)
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Unit 2:
PARTS OF SPEECH

Words perform different functions in a sentence. Details are as follows:

Parts of speech Usage Example

Noun it names a person, a place or a Mary is beautiful.

thing Paris is the capital of France.
Freedom is very important.

Pronoun it is a word used instead of a They are good students.

noun The pencil is hers.

Adjective it describes a noun My father is tall but my mother is

short.

Verb it tells an action Birds fly.

Adverb it describes the adjective and / The children always talk loudly.
or verbs

Preposition it tells the relationship between My parents will meet me at the

nouns / pronouns and other station tomorrow.
words in a sentence

Conjunction it joins sentences, clauses, Jimmy opened the door and went in.
phrases and single words

Exclamation it tells sudden feeling or Hurrah! We won the football match.

emotion

Exercise 1
Pick out the nouns in the following sentences. There may be more than one noun in
each sentence.
e.g. Terry told his friends many secrets.
Nouns: Terry, friends, secrets

1. His success made his parents happy.

2. Cows give us milk.
3. The train has just left the station.
4. Paris is the capital of France.
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5. Our family spent the holiday in London.

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6. Do you drink coffee with milk and sugar?

7. Lead is softer than iron.
8. What’s more important, health or wealth?
9. A swarm of rabbits ran out of the forest.
10. My brother had a toothache last week.

Exercise 2
Pick out the pronouns in the following sentences. There may be more than one
pronoun in each sentence.
e.g. These socks are hers. pronoun:
hers

1. The yellow car over there belongs to him.

2. This cat is beautiful, but mine is more beautiful.
3. Who gave her the money?
4. He cut himself when he was shaving.
5. Which do you prefer, an apple or an orange?
6. There is nobody here.
7. The teacher can hear them talking.
8. She explained it to me yesterday.
9. I found these tickets on the floor yesterday. Are they yours?
10. You should help yourself.

Exercise 3
Pick out the adjectives in the following sentences. There may be more than one
adjective in each sentence.
e.g. He is a hard-working student.
adjective: hard-working

1. These apples are sweet but expensive.

2. Whose umbrella is this?
3. There is some milk in the refrigerator.
4. Tai Mo Shan is the highest mountain in Hong Kong.
5. We have not got any mango trees in our garden.
6. Which dress do you like, the blue one or the red one?
7. Peter is fatter than Maurice.
8. It is dangerous for children to play with matches.
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UNIT 3:
Tenses in English
What is a verb tense?
Verb tenses show when an action took place, as well as how long it occurred. The
main verb tenses are the past, present, and future.

There are also additional aspects that give extra details, such as the length of time
the action occurred, which actions happened first, or whether a past action has an
impact on the present. These grammatical aspects are the simple tense, perfect
tense, continuous tense, and perfect continuous tense.

English tenses examples: verb tenses chart

Past Present Future

I help my neighbor every I will help my neighbor

Simple I helped my neighbor yesterday.
day. tomorrow.

I have helped my I will have helped my neighbor

I had helped my neighbor clean
Perfect neighbor too much this a hundred times by the end of
his attic before I fixed his car.
week. the month.

I am helping my
I was helping my neighbor when I will be helping my neighbor
Continuous neighbor while he fixes
he brought me iced tea. next month when he moves.
up his house.

I had been helping my neighbor I have been helping my I will have been helping my
Perfect
for a year before he finally neighbor since I moved neighbor for a year next
continuous
thanked me. in. month.
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Exercise 1 :Simple and Progressive

Complete the sentences with the correct form of the Present Tense.
1. Jeremy usually to school by bus but today his dad him.
(GO, DRIVE)
2. How often to the park for a picnic? (YOU GO)
3. Northern California a lot of rain during the wintertime but this winter it at all. (GET, NOT
RAIN)
4. My sister often in bed but today she is so tired that she
anything at all. (READ, NOT READ)
5. Look to your right! Mary her little sister to school. How sweet!
(BRING)
6. Mom can't help you right now because she dinner. (PREPARE)
7. The neighbours' boys always to school late. (COME)
8. My parents never cigarettes in front of us. (SMOKE)
9. I can't understand him because I any French. (NOT KNOW)
10. Mary eating sweets. Every morning she coffee with lots of sweets. (LIKE, HAVE)
11. What ? – I think they to be fed by the tourists.
(THE DUCKS DO, WAIT)
12. It very hard at the moment. (RAIN)
13. They normally TV on Sundays but today they a nap. (WATCH, TAKE)
14. Dad TV when he home from the office. (NOT USUALLY WATCH, COME)
15. Every Monday my dad to work by train because my mom the car. (GO,
NEED)
16. Our teacher often at us when she's in a bad mood. (SHOUT)
17. I for a new car which I want to buy as soon as possible. (SAVE)
18. What right now? – He in the river. (TOM DO, SWIM)

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Exercise 2 :Present Perfect Simple and Progressive

Complete the sentences with the correct form of the present perfect tense.

1. The post office is not far from here. I there many times before. (BE)
2. You can go home now. You emails for over three hours. You must be very tired. (WRITE)
3. I him at least four times but he the phone. (CALL, NOT ANSWER)
4. Bobby is so dirty because he outside the whole afternoon.
(PLAY)
5. The president for his speech the whole morning. He still isn't finished. (PREPARE)
6. We for over an hour now and at the village yet. (WALK, NOT ARRIVE)
7. She for a good job for over a month, but now she finally
one. (LOOK, FIND)
8. The phone for half a minute. Why doesn't someone answer it.
(RING)
9. The maid windows the whole morning. So far, she
the ones on the ground floor. (CLEAN, CLEAN)
10. Is Jack at home? No, He out. (JUST GO)
11. Dr Jacobs at this university for almost twenty years, but he
such brilliant students. (TEACH, NEVER HAVE)
12. It for over an hour. Some students are excited because they
snow before. (SNOW, NEVER SEE)
13. There's no more beer in the fridge. You all of it. (DRINK)
14. Look at you! You must have gained over 10 pounds because you too much.
(EAT)
15. My sister to me for three days. (NOT SPEAK)
16. George entered politics over a decade ago and a major party speaker for over three years. (BE)
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Exercise 3: Simple Past , Present Perfect Simple and Progressive

Complete the sentences with the correct form of the tense in brackets. Use past simple or present
perfect (simple and progressive).

1. What since you came to this school? I hope you many friends in the past year.
(YOU LEARN, MAKE)
2. She tired when she home last night, so she straight to bed. (BE, GET, GO)
3. I her husband. I don't even know what he looks like. (NEVER MEET)
4. It the whole week. I wonder when it's going to stop. (SNOW)
5. Who The Taming of the Shrew ? – I think it was Henry James. (WRITE)
6. The weather great when we in Sicily last August. (BE, BE)
7. I _ to study for the past hour, but I simply can't concentrate. (TRY)
8. World War I in 1914 and four years later.
(START, END)
9. I lunch, but I coffee yet. (JUST HAVE, NOT HAVE).
10. I a nice girl recently. – How long on? –
Oh, for about a month. (SEE, IT GO)
11. Last night I some spare time, so I to the cinema to see the latest Bond movie. (HAVE, GO)
12. I my room recently. That's why it looks so nice and fresh. (PAINT)
13. How many matches so far this season? Well, I almost all games last season,
but I any this year. (YOU WIN, WIN, NOT WIN)
14. Mom thank you notes the whole morning. She
about 20 so far. (WRITE, ALREADY WRITE)
15. Dad as a consultant for over 20 years. Then he .
(WORK, RETIRE)
16. Max at the staff meeting last Tuesday? No, I him for ages.
(YOU SEE, NOT SEE)
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Exercise 4 : Past Tense: Simple and Progressive

Fill in the correct form of the past tense: simple or progressive.
1. While the policeman out of the window, he that a blue SUV down the road. (LOOK,
NOTICE, PARK)
2. I on my report when the phone . My wife to know when I home.
(WORK, RING, WANT, COME)
3. He down the street when he his old schoolteacher on the other side. (WALK, SEE)
4. During the time I in South Africa I never a serious crime. (SPEND, SEE)
5. While they lunch at the new restaurant, a journalist up to them and
to ask a few questions. (HAVE, COME, WANT)
6. The farmer the whole neighbourhood with fruit and vegetables.
(SUPPLY)
7. The hairdresser up her shop, into the car and
home. (LOCK, GET, DRIVE)
8. My brother to contact me at the office, but he me because I lunch with a customer.
(TRY, CANNOT REACH, HAVE)
9. Jack over the carpet because he attention to where he . (TRIP, NOT PAY, GO)
10. Where when I across you yesterday? (YOU GO, COME)
11. I him off at the airport when the police and
him. (SEE, COME, ARREST)
12. The old man on the pavement, so James to help him.
(FALL, STOP)
13. How your leg? – Well, I on the ladder when, suddenly, I my balance and
. (YOU BREAK, STAND, LOSE, FALL)
14. She in France at the time she the bad news. (LIVE, RECEIVE)
15. I the new Prime Minister while I the press conference. (MEET, ATTEND)
16. While I on the motorway, more and more police cars
in my direction. (DRIVE, COME)
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Exercise 5 : Future Tense

Fill in the correct form of the Future Tense. In some sentences several forms are possible.
1. They driving to New York tomorrow evening. (DRIVE)
2. I offered him a job last week and I think he it. (TAKE)
3. I hope the weather nice when you get to Sardinia. (BE)
4. We married on June 25th. (GET)
5. I suppose real estate prices up again next year. (GO)
6. What when you grow up? – I a pilot. (YOU DO, BE)
7. I am football this afternoon so I can't make it to the party. (PLAY)
8. Put your wallet away. I for the tickets. (PAY)
9. I John at the airport tomorrow at 5.30. (MEET)
10. Take the umbrella with you. I think it in the afternoon. (RAIN)
11. I think I a cup of tea after all. (HAVE)
12. Ask Mary. She the answer (PROBABLY KNOW)
13. Which car to buy? (YOU PLAN)
14. Jack missed the train. He late again. (BE)
15. All our stores next Monday at 10.00 a.m. (OPEN)
16. We our holidays in France next year. (SPEND)
17. What do you want to eat? – I think I a sandwich. (HAVE)
18. We have to go now. It late. (GET)
19. I can't talk about it now, but I you a mail next week. (SEND)
20. The Jacksons a party tomorrow afternoon, but they haven't invited us. (HAVE)
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Tableau des verbes irréguliers anglais

Infinitif Prétérit Participe Passé Traduction

Arise arose arisen survenir

Awake awoke awoken se réveiller

was (singulier)
Be been être (verbe auxiliaire)
were (pluriel)

Bear bore borne, born porter, support

Beat beat beaten battre, vaincre

Become became become devenir

Beget begat, begot begotten engendrer, causer

Begin began begun commencer, débuter

Bend bent bent plier, se courber, fléchir

Bereave bereft, bereaved bereft, bereaved déposséder, priver

Bet bet bet parier, miser

Bid bid, bade bid, bidden offrir (faire une offre)

Bite bit bitten mordre, piquer (moustique

Bleed bled bled saigner

Blow blew blown souffler, gonfler

Break broke broken casser, rompre, briser

Breed bred bred élever (animaux)

Bring brought brought apporter, amener

Broadcast broadcast broadcast diffuser, émettre

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Infinitif Prétérit Participe Passé Traduction

Build built built construire

Burn burnt, burned burnt, burned brûler

Burst burst burst éclater

Buy bought bought acheter

Can could could pouvoir (verbe modal)

Cast cast cast jeter, distribuer (des rôles)

Catch caught caught attraper

Chide chid chiden gronder, blâmer, répriman

Choose chose chosen choisir

Cling clung clung s’accrocher

Clothe clad, clothed clad, clothed habiller, recouvrir

Come came come venir

Cost cost cost coûter

Creep crept crept ramper

Cut cut cut couper

Deal dealt dealt distribuer, gérer, dealer

Dig dug dug creuser, extraire du sol

Dive dived, dove dived plonger

Do did done faire (verbe auxiliaire)

Draw drew drawn dessiner, tracer, tirer de

Dream dreamt, dreamed dreamt, dreamed rêver

Drink drank drunk boire

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Infinitif Prétérit Participe Passé Traduction

Drive drove driven conduire, propulser

Dwell dwelt dwelt, dwelled habiter, demeurer, résider

Eat ate eaten manger

Fall fell fallen tomber, chuter, diminuer

Feed fed fed nourrir, alimenter

Feel felt felt (se) sentir, ressentir

Fight fought fought se battre, lutter

Find found found trouver

Flee fled fled fuir

Fling flung flung lancer, jeter

Fly flew flown voler (dans les airs)

Forbid forbade forbidden interdire, proscrire

Foresee foresaw foreseen prévoir, pressentir

Forgive forgave forgiven pardonner

Forsake forsook forsaken abandonner, renoncer à

Freeze froze frozen geler

Get got got, gotten obtenir, recevoir, devenir

Give gave given donner

Go went gone aller

Grind ground ground moudre, opprimer

Grow grew grown grandir, pousser

Hang hung hung tenir, pendre

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Infinitif Prétérit Participe Passé Traduction

Have had had avoir (verbe auxiliaire)

Hear* heard heard entendre

Hide hid hidden cacher

Hit hit hit taper, appuyer, frapper

Hold held held tenir

Hurt hurt hurt blesser, faire mal

Keep kept kept garder, maintenir, rester

Kneel knelt, kneeled knelt, kneeled s’agenouiller

Know knew known connaître, savoir

Lay laid laid poser, étendre, mettre

Lead led led mener, guider

Lean leant, leaned leant, leaned s’incliner, se pencher

Leap leapt, leaped leapt, leaped sauter, bondir

Learn learnt, learned learnt, learned apprendre

Leave left left laisser, quitter, partir

Lend lent lent prêter

Let let let permettre, louer, laisser

Lie** lay lain s’allonger, reposer

Light lit, lighted lit, lighted allumer

Lose lost lost perdre

Make made made faire, fabriquer, préparer

Mean* meant meant signifier, vouloir dire

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Infinitif Prétérit Participe Passé Traduction

Meet met met rencontrer

Mow mowed mown, mowed tondre

Offset offset offset compenser, contrer

Overcome overcame overcome surmonter

Partake partook partaken prendre part à

Pay paid paid payer

Plead pled, pleaded pled, pleaded supplier, plaider

Preset preset preset programmer, pré-régler

Prove proved proven, proved prouver

Put put put mettre

Quit quit quit quitter, cesser, arrêter

Read* read read lire

Relay relaid relaid relayer

Rend rent rent déchirer

Rid rid rid débarrasser

Ride rode ridden monter (vélo, cheval)

Ring rang rung sonner, téléphone

Rise rose risen (se) lever

Run ran run courir

Saw saw, sawed saw, sawed scier

Say said said dire

See saw seen voir

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Infinitif Prétérit Participe Passé Traduction

Seek sought sought chercher

Sell sold sold vendre

Send sent sent envoyer

Set set set fixer, établir, régler

Shake shook shaken secouer, trembler

Shed shed shed répandre, laisser tomber

Shine shone shone briller

Shoe shod shod chausser

Shoot shot shot tirer, fusiller, filmer

Show showed shown montrer, présenter

Shut shut shut (se) ferme

Sing sang sung chanter

Sink sank, sunk sunk, sunken couler, plonger

Sit sat sat s’asseoir

Slay slew slain tuer

Sleep slept slept dormir

Slide slid slid glisser

Slink slunk, slinked slunk, slinked s’en aller furtivement, se fa

Slit slit slit fendre

Smell smelt smelt sentir, flairer

Sow sowed sown, sowed semer

Speak spoke spoken parler

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Infinitif Prétérit Participe Passé Traduction

Speed sped sped accélérer

Spell spelt spelt épeler, orthographier

Spend spent spent dépenser, passer du temps

Spin spun spun tourner, faire tourner

Spit spat, spit spat, spit cracher

Split split split fendre, diviser

Spoil spoilt spoilt gâcher, gâter

Spread spread spread répandre, étaler, propager

Spring sprang sprung surgir, jaillir, bondir

Stand stood stood être debout, se tenir

Steal stole stolen voler, dérober

Stick stuck stuck coller, (se) coincer

Sting stung stung piquer

Stink stank stunk puer

Strew strewed strewn, strewed éparpiller

Strike struck struck frapper, conclure

Strive strove striven s’efforcer, lutter

Swear swore sworn jurer, blasphémer

Sweat sweat, sweated sweat, sweated suer, transpirer

Sweep swept swept balayer

Swell swelled swollen, swelled gonfler, enfler

Swim swam swum nager

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Infinitif Prétérit Participe Passé Traduction

Swing swung swung (se) balancer

Take took taken prendre

Teach taught taught enseigner, instruire

Tear tore torn déchirer

Tell told told dire, raconter

Think thought thought penser

Thrive throve, thrived thriven, thrived prospérer

Throw threw thrown jeter, lancer

Thrust thrust thrust enfoncer

Tread trod trodden piétiner, marcher, fouler

Typeset typeset typeset composer

Undergo underwent undergone subir

Understand understood understood comprendre

Wake woke woken éveiller, réveiller

Wear wore worn porter (habits, accessoires)

Weep wept wept pleurer

Wet wet, wetted wet, wetted mouiller

Win won won gagner

Wind wound wound enrouler, remonter

Withdraw withdrew withdrawn (se) retirer, ôter

Wring wrung wrung tordre

Write wrote written écrire

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PART TWO:
COMPUTER SCIENCE
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UNIT 1: INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTER SCIENCE

1.1 What is computer science?

- The term “computer” is derived from a Latin term “compute,” which means ‘to
calculate.’ Initially, the computer system had been designed to calculate; it was intended
to be a computing device. However, over a period of time, this device technically
advanced; at present, it can perform a wide range of desirable works apart from data
processing.

- A computer is basically a programmable machine capable to perform arithmetic and

logical operations automatically and sequentially. It is also known as a data processor,
as it can store, process, and retrieve data as per the wish of the user.
- A computer is an electronic device, operating under the control of instructions stored
in its own memory that can accept data (input), process the data according to specified
rules, produce information (output), and store the information for future use.
- Major features of computers
Following are the salient features of a Computer System:
Automation: The operating system of a computer system is automatic, as no human
intervention is required; simply you need to give the command and then it will do the
work automatically.
Speed: Depending upon the power of the computer, it can perform, it can take Millions
of instructions per second.
Storage: A computer system can store enormous quantity of data in different format.
The storage capacity of a computer system is normally expressed in terms of Kilobytes
(KB), Megabytes (MB), Gigabytes (GB), or Terabytes (TB).
Accuracy: The accuracy of a computer system is very high.
Versatility: A computer system is capable of performing a wide range of tasks.
Diligence: A computer neither get tired nor lose concentration.
Reliability: As a computer system always gives accurate result; therefore, its reliability
is very high.
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Vast memory: A computer system can have a wide range of memory which can recall
the desired data at any point of time.

- Advantages of computers in business:

- Independency: Independency As computers help in making the business automated,
the businesses are becoming more and more independent. No more, there is the need to
put man-power for every work, as with the help of computer most of the works can be
automated. Starting from ticket booking to a luxury car manufacturing, everything is
automated.
- Cost cutting: A number of business are based online in recent times; therefore, there
is no need to open business branch in every city, rather having one centralized inventory
can make the business easier. There is no need to employ many man-power.
-Marketing: With the use of computer system with Internet facility, it is very simple to
make a business global in a given period of time. Website, email, social media websites,
online advertisements, etc. are the important tools of online marketing.
-Huge Transaction Capacity: A number of tasks are being done by computer including
ticket booking to money transactions; this increases the transaction capacity.
Huge Storage Capacity: Normally, most of the businesses need to store and maintain
huge data and other records; manually, it is very difficult to maintain, but the use of
computer not only increases the storage capacity, but also facilitates the processing and
retrieval of data anytime.
Improvement of Productivity & Efficiency: As most of the tasks in almost every
industry has become automated, it has now become much easier to manufacture a huge
bulk of products in very less time. Through computer technology, services also became
faster and easier.
High Accuracy: There is hardly any scope of errors in an automated system; however,
if any error occurs, it is largely a human error.
Ease of Data Sharing: Data sharing has now become very simple just the way it is
simple to link one computer system to another.
Competition: The applicability of computer technology has increased competition;
now, the customers can avail support 24x7.
Enhanced the Security System: Computer also helps keep the data of businesses
secure. However, this security can face threats too. For instance, if someone hacks the
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system or there is a virus attack, it can have the potential to damage all the data that is
secured
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1.2: Types of computers

There are types of computers but let’s just consider the above:

Tower model The term refers to a computer in which the power

supply, motherboard, and mass storage devices are
stacked on top of each other in a cabinet. This is in
contrast to desktop models, in which these components
are housed in a more compact box. The main advantage
of tower models is that there are fewer space
constraints, which makes installation of additional
storage devices easier.

Desktop model A computer designed to fit comfortably on top of a desk,

typically with the monitor sitting on top of the computer.
Desktop model computers are broad and low, whereas
tower model computers are narrow and tall. Desktop
models designed to be very small are sometimes referred
to as slimline models.

Notebook computer

An extremely lightweight personal computer. Notebook

computers typically weigh less than 6 pounds and are small
enough to fit easily in a briefcase. Aside from size, the
principal difference between a notebook computer and a
personal computer is the display screen. The quality of
notebook display screens varies considerably. In terms of
computing power, modern notebook computers are nearly
equivalent to personal computers.
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A laptop computer
A small, portable computer -- small enough that it can sit
on your lap. Nowadays, laptop computers are more
frequently called notebook computers.

A subnotebook computer A portable computer that is slightly lighter and smaller

than a full-sized notebook computer. Typically,
subnotebook computers have a smaller keyboard and
screen, but are otherwise equivalent to notebook computers.

1.3 Computer hardware and software

- Computer hardware
Computer hardware is a type of IT asset that refers to the physical and tangible
components of a computer system. It encompasses all the physical devices and
equipment that enable a computer to function and perform various tasks.
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- Computer software

Depending on basic features and functionality, software can be categorized as:

- Operating systems (OS): The kind of software that helps to load the basic program
automatically as soon as the computer is started. For example: Microsoft
windows, Linux, Max OS X
- And Application software (AS): The software, which can be used on an installed
operating system, is known as application software. Example: Office programs:
word, PowerPoint, excel…; Web browsers: Internet Explorer, Mozilla Firefox,
Google Chrome, Opera, Safari, etc.; Antivirus programs: Norton, McAfee, Quick
Heal, Avira, Kaspersky, etc.
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1.4: Computers and jobs

1. Software Developer (Developpeur d’application)

Software Developers are tasked with creating and developing websites, programs, and
other applications that run on computers or other devices.
Skills: A strong background in computer programming is highly recommended for these
positions.

2. Web Developer (Concepteur web)

Web Developers are programmers that are concentrated on coding, designing, and
building out the layout of a website.
Skills: Knowledge of HTML/CSS, Javascript, and other programming languages is
essential for this role. It’s also important to have knowledge of graphic design and a
collaborative mindset while working with other designers on projects.

3. UX Designer (Concepteur UX)

UX Designers are in charge of creating significant and relevant experiences for users of
a particular product or platform. They’re part of the reason why you love your favorite
apps and their interfaces.
Skills: Knowledge of programming and computer systems can greatly aid your success
in this role–this expertise makes it easier to translate your design vision to your team.

4. Mobile App Developer (Développeur d’application mobile)

Mobile App Developers are similar to Web Developers, except their area of expertise is
creating, coding, and testing for mobile applications.
Skills: Besides the basics of strong analytical skills and coding knowledge, it’s good to
know both programmatic languages—Java (for Androids) and Objective-C (for
iPhones)—for sake of range.

5. IT Project Manager (Chef de projet informatique)

IT Project Managers are in charge of planning, budgeting, and basically running an
organization’s IT goals and initiatives.
Skills: Strong leadership skills are vital in this role. As the IT Project Manager, you will
be responsible for not only heading up a team, but guiding, hiring, and making decisions
for the interest of all.

6. Information Security Analyst (Analyste en sécurité informatique)

Information Security Analysts are in charge of implementing systems of safety and
protecting a company’s computer networks.
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Skills: Being meticulous and detail-oriented in your work is mandatory for success in
this role, as a whole organization’s security is on the line. Being able to predict outcomes
and adjust security accordingly is also key.

7. Systems Architect Concepteur de système)

Systems Architects analyze a company holistically and figure out how to bring the best
possible IT strategy for their department’s goals. They define and design the architecture
of said system to create the highest quality experience possible.
Skills: To succeed as a Systems Architect, you need the ability to critically analyze the
objectives of a business and identify the scale of resources it will require on all sides.

8. AI Engineer (Ingénieur d’AI)

AI (Artificial Intelligence) Engineers create, test, and develop computer systems with a
goal of mimicking human intelligence in said systems.
Skills: Programming is at the heart of this role, alongside a strong understanding of
software development, linear algebra, probability, and statistics.

9. Computer Hardware Engineer (Ingénieur en matériel informatique)

Computer Hardware Engineers are responsible for designing, researching, developing,
and building computer systems and components like chips, memory devices, and circuit
boards.
Skills: You need solid technical and analytical skills, and a strong spirit of collaboration
when working with software developers on developing projects.

10. Video Game Developer

These developers are the coding heroes behind the games you play in your free time.
They code on various systems and conceptualize with other developers to create
playable games.
Skills: Storytelling skills, along with the ability to conceptualize both plot and design,
are key to this role. It’s valuable to have a vision and ideas for executing it well, not
simply know the programmatic language.

11. Database Administrator (Administrateur de base de données)

Store, order and protect company data.
Skills: Knowledge of database design and theories. Knowledge of database structure
languages, such as SQL or SQL/PSM
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11. Health Information Technician (Technicien en information sanitaire)

Protect patient-related data, ensure compliance with confidentiality laws and
regulations, use classification software to allocate appropriate clinical codes for
insurance, implement an effective electronic health record system.
Skill: Proven work experience as a Health Information Technician or similar role.
Excellent research, coding and analytical abilities. In-depth knowledge of computers
and information systems
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1.5: ICT systems and types of networks

We live in a world where everyone and everything is interconnected through one way
or the other. When two or more people or things are interconnected to each other, it is
called a network. There are many types of networks:
• Social network
• Mobile network
• Network of computers
• Airlines, railway, banks, hospitals networks

Example of social network

A computer network is an interconnection among two or more computers or computing

devices. Such interconnection allows computers to share data and resources among
each other. A basic network may connect a few computers placed in a room.
The network size may vary from small to large depending on the number of computers
it connects. A computer network can include different types of hosts (also called
nodes) like server, desktop, laptop, cellular phones.

Apart from computers, networks include networking devices like switch, router, modem,
etc. Networking devices are used to connect multiple computers in different settings.
For communication, data in a network is divided into smaller chunks called packets.
These packets are then carried over a network. Devices in a network can be connected
either through wired media like cables or wireless media like air.
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In a communication network, each device that is a part of a network and that can receive,
create, store or send data to different network routes is called a node. In the context of
data communication, a node can be a device such as a modem, hub, bridge, switch,
router, digital telephone handset, a printer, a computer or a server.
Interconnectivity of computing devices in a network allows us to exchange information
simultaneously with many parties through email, websites, audio/video calls, etc.
Network allows sharing of resources. For example, a printer can be made available to
multiple computers through a network; a networked storage can be accessed by
multiple computers. People often connect their devices through hotspot, thus forming a
small personal network.

A- Types of network

There are various types of computer networks ranging from network of handheld devices
(like mobile phones or tablets) connected through Wi-Fi or Bluetooth within a single
room to the millions of computers spread across the globe. Some are connected wireless
while others are connected through wires.

• PAN ( Personal Area Network)

It is a network formed by connecting a few personal devices like computers, laptops,
mobile phones, smart phones, printers etc., as shown in Figure 10.4. All these devices
lie within an approximate range of 10 metres. A personal area network may be wired or
wireless. For example, a mobile phone connected to the laptop through USB forms a
wired PAN while two smartphones communicating with each other through Bluetooth
technology form a wireless PAN or WPAN.

• LAN (Local Area Network)

It is a network that connects computers, mobile phones, tablet, mouse, printer, etc.,
placed at a limited distance. The geographical area covered by a LAN can range from a
single room, a floor, an office having one or more buildings in the same premise,
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laboratory, a school, college, or university campus. The connectivity is done by means

of wires, Ethernet cables, fibre optics, or Wi-Fi.

• MAN (Metropolitan Area Network)

Metropolitan Area Network (MAN) is an extended form of LAN which covers a larger
geographical area like a city or a town. Data transfer rate in MAN also ranges in Mbps,
but it is considerably less as compared to LAN. Cable TV network or cable based
broadband internet services are examples of MAN. This kind of network can be
extended up to 30-40 km. Sometimes, many LANs are connected together to form MAN

• WAN (Wide Area Network)

Wide Area Network connects computers and other LANs and MANs, which are spread
across different geographical locations of a country or in different countries or
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continents. A WAN could be formed by connecting a LAN to other LANs (Figure

10.7) via wired/wireless media. Large business, educational and government
organisations connect their different branches in different locations across the world
through WAN. The Internet is the largest WAN that connects billions of computers,
smartphones and millions of LANs from different continents.

B- Network devices
To communicate data through different transmission media and to configure
networks with different functionality, we require different devices like Modem, Hub,
Switch, Repeater, Router, Gateway, etc. Let us explore them in detail.
- Modem
Modem stands for ‘MOdulator DEModulator’. It refers to a device used for conversion
between analog signals and digital bits. We know computers store and process data in
terms of 0s and 1s. However, to transmit data from a sender to a receiver, or while
browsing the internet, digital data are converted to an analog signal and the medium (be
it free-space or a physical media) carries the signal to the receiver

- Ethernet card
Ethernet card, also known as Network Interface Card (NIC card in short) is a network
adapter used to set up a wired network. It acts as an interface between computer
and the network
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- Repeater
A repeater is an analog device that works with signals on the cables to which it is
connected. The weakened signal appearing on the cable is regenerated and put back on
the cable by a repeater.

- Hub
An Ethernet hub (Figure 10.11) is a network device used to connect different devices
through wires. Data arriving on any of the lines are sent out on all the others. The
limitation of Hub is that if data from two devices come at the same time, they will
collide.

- Switch
A switch is a networking device (Figure 10.12) that plays a central role in a Local Area
Network (LAN). Like a hub, a network switch is used to connect multiple computers or
communicating devices. When data arrives, the switch extracts the destination address
from the data packet and looks it up in a table to see where to send the packet

- Router
A router (Figure 10.13) is a network device that can receive the data, analyse it and
transmit it to other networks. A router connects a local area network to the internet.
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- Gateway
As the term “Gateway” suggests, it is a key access point that acts as a “gate” between
an organisation's network and the outside world of the Internet (Figure 10.14). Gateway
serves as the entry and exit point of a network, as all data coming in or going out of a
network must first pass through the gateway in order to use routing paths.
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1.6: The internet

What is the internet?

The Internet is a global system of interconnected computer networks that use the
standard Internet protocol suite (TCP/ IP) to serve billions of users worldwide. It is a
network of networks that consists of millions of private, public, academic,
business, and government networks, of local to global scope, that are linked by a broad
array of electronic, wireless and optical networking technologies.

What do we use the internet for?

Internet has been the most useful technology of the modern times which helps us not
only in our daily lives, but also our personal and professional lives developments. The
internet helps us achieve this in several different ways.
For the students and educational purposes the internet is widely used to gather
information so as to do the research or add to the knowledge of various subjects. Even
the business professionals and the professionals like doctors, access the internet to filter
the necessary information for their use. The internet is therefore the largest encyclopedia
for everyone, in all age categories. The internet has served to be more useful in
maintaining contacts with friends and relatives who live abroad permanently.

Advantages of Internet:
• E-mail: Email is now an essential communication tools in business. With e-mail
you can send and receive instant electronic messages, which works like writing letters.
Your messages are delivered instantly to people anywhere in the world, unlike
traditional mail that takes a lot of time. Email is free, fast and very cheap when compared
to telephone, fax and postal services.
• 24 hours a day - 7 days a week: Internet is available, 24x7 days for usage.
• Information: Information is probably the biggest advantage internet is offering.
There is a huge amount of information available on the internet for just about every
subject, ranging from government law and services, trade fairs and conferences, market
information, new ideas and technical support. You can almost find any type of data on
almost any kind of subject that you are looking for by using search engines like google,
yahoo, msn, etc.
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• Online Chat: You can access many ‘chat rooms’ on the web that can be used to
meet new people, make new friends, as well as to stay in touch with old friends. You
can chat in MSN and yahoo websites.
• Services: Many services are provided on the internet like net banking, job
searching, purchasing t ickets, hotel reservations, guidance services on array of topics
engulfing every aspect of life.
• Communities: Communities of all types have sprung up on the internet. Its a great
way to meet up with people of similar interest and discuss common issues.
• E-commerce: Along with getting information on the Internet, you can also shop
online. There are many online stores and sites that can be used to look for products as
well as buy them using your credit card. You do not need to leave your house and can
do all your shopping from the convenience of your home. It has got a real amazing and
wide range of products from household needs, electronics to entertainment.
• Entertainment: Internet provides facility to access wide range of Audio/ Video
songs, plays films. Many of which can be downloaded. One such popular website is
YouTube.
• Software Downloads: You can f r eely down load innumerable, softwares like
utilities, games, music, videos, movies, etc from the Internet.

Limitations of Internet
• Theft of Personal information: Electronic messages sent over the Internet
can be easily snooped and tracked, revealing who is talking to whom and what they are
talking about. If you use the Internet, your personal information such as your name,
address, credit card, bank details and other information can be accessed by unauthorized
persons. If you use a credit card or internet banking for online shopping, then your details
can also be ‘stolen’.
• Negative effects on family communication: It is generally observed that
due to more time spent on Internet, there is
a decrease in communication and feeling of togetherness among the family members.
• Internet addiction: There is some controversy over whether it is possible to
actually be addicted to the Internet or not. Some researchers, claim that it is simply
people trying to escape their problems in an online world.
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• Children using the Internet has become a big concern. Most parents do not
realize the dangers involved when their children log onto the Internet. When children
talk to others online, they do not realize they could actually be talking to a harmful
person. Moreover, pornography is also a very serious issue concerning the Internet,
especially when it com es to youn g children. Ther e are thousands of pornographic sites
on the Internet that can be easily found and can be a detriment to letting children use the
Internet.
• Virus threat: Today, not only are humans getting viruses, but computers are also.
Computers are mainly getting these viruses from the Internet. Virus is is a program
which disrupts the normal functioning of your computer systems. Computers attached
to internet are more prone to virus attacks and they can end up into crashing your whole
hard disk.
• Spamming: It is often viewed as the act of sending unsolicited email. This
multiple or vast emailing is often compared to mass junk mailings. It needlessly obstruct
the entire system. Most spam is commercial advertising, often for dubious products, get-
rich-quick schemes, or quasi-legal services. Spam costs the sender very little to send —
most of the costs are paid for by the recipient or the carriers rather than by the sender
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1.7: Internet security

What is internet security?

Internet security consists of a range of security tactics for protecting activities and
transactions conducted online over the internet. These tactics are meant to safeguard
users from threats such as hacking into computer systems, email addresses, or websites;
malicious software that can infect and inherently damage systems; and identity theft by
hackers who steal personal data such as bank account information and credit card
numbers. Internet security is a specific aspect of broader concepts such as cybersecurity
and computer security, being focused on the specific threats and vulnerabilities of online
access and use of the internet.

Types of internet security threats

While the web presents users with lots of information and services, it also includes
several risks. Cyberattacks are only increasing in sophistication and volume, with many
cybercriminals using a combination of different types of attacks to accomplish a single
goal. Though the list of potential threats is extensive, here are some of the most common
internet security threats:

- Malware: Short for "malicious software," malware comes in several forms,

including computer viruses, worms, Trojans, and dishonest spyware.
- Computer worm: A computer worm is a software program that copies itself from
one computer to the next. It does not require human interaction to create these
copies and can spread rapidly and in great volume.
- Spam: Spam refers to unwanted messages in your email inbox. In some cases,
spam can simply include junk mail that advertises goods or services you aren't
interested in. These are usually considered harmless, but some can include links
that will install malicious software on your computer if they're clicked on.
- Phishing: Phishing scams are created by cybercriminals attempting to solicit
private or sensitive information. They can pose as your bank or web service and
lure you into clicking links to verify details like account information or
passwords.
- Botnet: A botnet is a network of private computers that have been compromised.
Infected with malicious software, these computers are controlled by a single user
and are often prompted to engage in nefarious activities, such as sending spam
messages or denial-of-service (DoS) attacks.
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Choosing the right internet security tactics

Internet security requires a combination of several products and technologies to properly
safeguard data. It's important to consider several types of internet security strategies
when taking proper measures to help keep your network secure. These tactics can
include:
• Browser selection: Each browser has its own security measures in place, but
some can have serious flaws that allow hackers and cybercriminals to exploit and invade.
Ensure that you're using a secure browser to reduce the risk of compromising your
computer or network.

• Multi-factor authentication (MFA): MFA is a method of controlling computer

access by requiring several separate pieces of evidence to an authentication mechanism.
Websites and email accounts can be made more secure by requiring at least two factors
of authentication by a user.

• Email security: Email creates a wave of opportunity for viruses, worms, Trojans,
and other unwanted programs. Establishing a multi-layered and comprehensive email
security strategy will help significantly reduce exposure to emerging threats. Email
messages can also be protected by using cryptography, such as signing an email,
encrypting the body of an email message, and encrypting the communication between
mail servers.

• Firewalls: Firewalls act as filters that protect devices by allowing or denying

access to a network. By applying a specific set of rules to identify if something is safe
or harmful, firewalls can prevent sensitive information from being stolen and keep
malevolent code from being embedded onto networks.
Internet security solutions

There are several internet security products and solutions available to help keep your
internet usage secure. These include:
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• Antivirus software products, which protect devices from attacks by detecting

and eliminating viruses.
• Password managers, which help store and organize passwords through
encryption.
• Endpoint security suites, which include a more comprehensive internet security
approach with firewalls, antivirus, anti-spyware, and more.
Choosing the right package of products is important for securing your data across the
internet. Bringing together web filtering, content inspection, antivirus, zero-day anti-
malware, SSL inspection, data loss prevention, and broad integration, our portfolio
delivers a comprehensive web security solution available on-premises, as a cloud
service, or as a hybrid of both.
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UNIT 2: PRACTICE
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