Unit I: Modern History of India with specific reference to Tamil Nadu (40 marks)

Advent of Europeans: The Portuguese, the Dutch, the English, the Danish and the French;

Expansion of British rule: Carnatic Wars;

Early uprisings against British Rule: Revolt of Poligars, South Indian Rebellion, Vellore
Mutiny,

Indian National Movements - Moderates, Extremists and Terrorist Movements –

Gandhian Era

Early stage of Freedom movement in Tamil Nadu – First voice for freedom struggle from
Tamil Nadu – Protests by Pulithevar, Veerapandya Kattabomman, Dheeran
Chinnamalai, Velunachiar, Kuyili and others;

Role of Tamil Nadu in freedom struggle – V.O.Chidambaram, Bharathiyar, V.V.

Subramanian, Vanchinathan, Subramania Siva, T.S.S Rajan, Rajaji, Sathyamoorthy,
Kamaraj, Rukmani Lakshmi Pathi, Ambujammal and others;

Types of freedom struggle – Sacrifices – Magazines – Literature – Plays/Drama – Songs –

Films etc.;
Contribution of women in the freedom struggle and social work: Dr Muthulakshmi
Ammaiyar, Muvalur Ramamirtham, Cuddalore Anjalai Ammal, Thillaiyadi
Valliammai, and others;

Impact of British Rule: Christian Missionaries, Development of Education, Judiciary,

Local Self Governance System, Police, Transport and Communication - Disappearance
of Indigenous Industries - Spread of Western Culture;

Origin and Growth of “Social – Justice” ideology, Socio- Religious Movements,

Political Parties and Achievements
Unit II: Tamil Society – Culture and Heritage (30 marks)
Ancient Tamil Society – Archeological excavation evidence – Arikamedu,
Adichanallur, Keezhadi – Sangam Literature – Classical Tamil;
Thirukkural - Guidance for way of life to human elevation - Guidelines given by
Thirukkural in the field of administration, judiciary and day to day life - Philosophical
thoughts laid down by Thirukkural for betterment and integration of the whole of
humanity;
Sociopolitical movements of 19th and 20th centuries, Vallalar’s Samarasa Sutha
Sanmarga Satya Sangam
Origin and development of Justice Party – Impact of Rationalism Movement, Self-
Respect Movement, History and Development of Dravidian Movement, Tani Tamil
Iyakkam (Pure Tamil Movement) –
Tamil Society Reforms personalities – Thanthai Periyar, Arignar Anna, and other
scholars;
Arts – Cultural conventions of Tamilians – Ancient cultural knowledge of Tamilians –
Conventional thoughts of Tamilians;
Cultural Elements: Tamil Nadu State Government Symbols - Experts in Cultural Fields -
Folk Dances, Folk Music, Folk Drama, and World Tamil Conferences.

Unit III: Social Issues in India with specific reference to Tamil Nadu (50 marks)
Population Explosion: Fertility – Mortality – Migration – Morbidity – Census 2011 -
Population control programmes – National Population Policy 2000 – Family planning
and its achievements;

Health Care: Poor sanitation – Rural and Urban disparities – Poor infrastructure –
Insufficient health care delivery – Role of Panchayat Raj and Urban Development
Agencies – Health policy in India – Health care programmes in India;

Child Labour and Child Abuse: Child Education – School Dropouts – Gender disparities –
Initiatives to eliminate Child Labour in India – Media and enhanced vulnerability –
Laws to protect child abuse and welfare schemes;

Women Empowerment: Domestic violence – Dowry problems – Sexual assault – Eve

teasing – Kidnapping – Laws and awareness programmes – Role of Government and
NGOs in women empowerment – Welfare schemes
Marginalised Groups: Problems – Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes – Elderly –
People with disability – Transgender - Religious minorities – Central and State
Government welfare programmes to marginalised groups.

Social Changes: Urbanization - Modernization – Globalization – Policy, Planning and

Programmes in India – Impact of Violence on Society – Religious Violence – Terrorism
and Communal Violence – Causes and Remedies; Current Affairs.

Unit IV: Science and Technology in Development (40 marks)

Robotics and Applications;
Atomic and Nuclear Physics – Applications of nuclear energy;
Diodes and Transistors and their Applications;
Broadcasting Technology;
Electrochemical cells - Types of electrodes – Batteries - Lithium-ion Battery;
Fuels: Gaseous fuels – LPG, Natural gas and water gas;
Polymers: Thermoplastics and Thermosetting plastics, PVC, PET, Nylon 66, Teflon;
Medicinal Chemistry: Analgesics - Paracetamol and Aspirin, Antibiotics - Penicillin and
Chloromycetin;
Biotechnology: Applications of Biotechnology – Plant Genetic Engineering – concepts -
transgenic plants, edible vaccines, Terminator Gene technology, BT Cotton, Golden
rice, Flavr Savr tomato, Social and ecological impact of genetically modified crops -
Biotechnological methods for crop improvement - Application of plant tissue culture in
Forestry, Horticulture - Recombinant DNA Technology – DNA cloning - DNA
fingerprinting – applications of PCR and ELISA in disease diagnosis – hybridoma
techniques in the production of Mono Clonal Antibodies (MCA) – Animal cell culture
techniques – stem cells and its applications;
Applications of GIS;
Nanotechnology – Fundamentals – Applications - Nano Fertilizer, Nano Pesticides,
Green Nanotechnology and Nano-farming;
Advanced reproductive techniques: In-Vitro Fertilisation (IVF) – Intra–Uterine
Insemination (IUI) – Intra Cytoplasmic Sperm Injection (ICSI) – Gamete Intra-Fallopian
Transfer (GIFT) – cryopreservation of sperm;
Components of Computer – Computer Organization and Architecture – System Software
and Application Software – Data Communication Networks – Cryptography –
Computer Graphics and Multimedia – Mobile Computing and Communication – Web
Technology and applications – E-Commerce – Cloud Computing Architecture – IOT –
Artificial Intelligence Applications – Machine learning - Cyber Security – Biometrics –
Blockchain Technology; Current Affairs.

Unit V: Constitution, Polity and Governance in India with specific reference to

Tamil Nadu (60 marks)
Constitution of India: Preamble and Philosophical features – Salient features and Sources
– Union, States and Union Territories - Citizenship - Fundamental Rights, Fundamental
Duties, Directive Principles of State Policy;

Union Executive: President, Vice-President, Prime Minister and Council of Ministers –

Cabinet – Parliament (Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha) – Parliament Committees – Major
Constitutional Amendments;

State Government: Chief Minister and Council of Ministers – Tamil Nadu Legislative
Assembly: Structure, Powers and Functions; Local Governments: Three-tier system -
73rd and 74th Constitutional Amendments - Tamil Nadu Panchayat Act 1994 – Grama
Sabha – Working of PRIs in Tamil Nadu – District Collector’s role in Development
Administration;

Dynamics of Indian Federalism: Centre-State relations: Administrative, Legislative,

Financial – Issues and Challenges; Judiciary in India: Supreme Court, High Courts,
District Courts – Subordinate Courts (Structure and Functions) – Judicial Review -
Judicial Activism – Public Interest Litigation;

Electoral System in India – Election Commission (Constitutional Provisions,

Composition, powers and functions);
Party system in India: Regional and National political parties in India and Tamil Nadu;

Integrity in Indian Polity: Corruption in Politics – Anti-Corruption measures: Lokpal

and Lok Ayukta – Central Vigilance Commission, Comptroller and Auditor General of
India - Central Bureau of Investigation - Enforcement Directorate - Right to
Information – Right to Services – Consumers’ Rights – Consumer Protection Act 2019 –
Human Rights Act 1993 – National Human Rights Commission, State Human Rights
Commission - Social Audit – Citizen’s Charter;
Political parties in Tamil Nadu: Regional and National Parties – Welfare schemes and
measures of successive Governments in Tamil Nadu after 1947 – Reservation and
Language policy in Tamil Nadu – Impact of welfare schemes and measures in the
socio-economic development of Tamil Nadu;

Education and Health Administrative Structure in Tamil Nadu: Evolution – Achievements

of Tamil Nadu in various fields: Education, Health, Industrial, Information
Technology, Agriculture, Women and Marginalised Groups;
E-governance and Mobile governance initiatives in Tamil Nadu – Public Service
Delivery through e-governance. TNeGA – eService Centres;
Problems in Public Service delivery in Tamil Nadu; Current Affairs.

Unit VI: Geography of India, Environment, Biodiversity and Disaster Management

in India with specific reference to Tamil Nadu (40 marks)
Geographical Location – Physical units – River system – Climate – Soil – Natural
vegetation – Agriculture crops – Livestock – Fisheries;
Irrigation – Multipurpose Projects;

Minerals: iron ore, manganese, copper, bauxite, gold, silver, mica, coal, petroleum and
natural Gas;

Energy Resources: hydel, thermal, nuclear, wind, tidal and solar;

Industries: textile, jute, sugar, cement, iron and steel, automobile and shipbuilding;
Transport: road, railway, water and air;

Environment - Global and national environmental issues – pollution - air, water, soil,
thermal, radioactive, noise, electronic and solid wastes - Management of municipal
solid wastes and bio-medical wastes;

Biodiversity and Conservation: Definition, types - genetic, species and ecosystem

diversity - values - threats to biodiversity - habitat destruction, invasive species and
anthropogenic activities - climatic change and wildfire;
Causes and consequences of species extinction;

Biodiversity conservation: in-situ and ex-situ;

Biodiversity conservation strategies: international environmental governance -

Biodiversity Act (BDA), International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN),
Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species (CITES), and World Wide
Fund for Nature (WWF);

Biodiversity hotspots of India;

Sustainable development – Sustainable development goals and targets - Clean and Green
energy - Paris Agreement and COP28;

Disaster Management: Overview of disasters - definitions and types;

Introduction to disaster risk management framework;
Natural calamities - Anthropogenic disasters - global warming and climate change,
industrial accidents;

Climate change governance - mitigations and adaptations;

Role of space technology in disaster management, National action plan for climate
change - Tamil Nadu State Disaster Management Authority – Tamil Nadu Disaster
Management Plan – Role of NGO and Civil society organisation in disaster
management and mitigation in Tamil Nadu; Current Affairs

Unit VII: Indian Economy with specific reference to Tamil Nadu (40 marks)

Nature of Indian Economy: An assessment – Structure of Indian Economy –

New Economic Policy: Rationale – Components – Privatisation, Deregulation, Trade

Liberalisation.
Indian Economy since 1991 Reforms (Overview only) –
Sources of Revenue: Revenue Receipts – Capital Receipts – Revenue Expenditure –
Capital Expenditure;

Reserve Bank of India: Functions, Monetary Policy – Components - Fiscal Policy: Fiscal
reforms – Fiscal Responsibility and Budgetary Management (FRBM) Act - Finance
Commission: Revenue sharing between Union and State Governments –
Recommendations of recent Finance Commission;

Agricultural and Rural Development: Land Reforms – Rural Credit, Modern Farming
Technics and Marketing - e-NAM (electronic – National Agricultural Marketing) –
Price Policy – M.S. Swaminathan Commission’s Recommendations - Subsidies –
Commercialisation and Diversification of Agriculture – Rural Development
Programmes – Poverty Alleviation Programmes – National Rural Employment
Guarantee Scheme (NREGS);

Labour: Employment – Types – Sectoral Distribution – Labour Welfare Measures –

Recent Indian Employment Report of International Labour Organisation (ILO)
(Overview only);

Poverty and Human Development: Estimates of Inequality and Poverty alleviation

measures – Human Development Index (HDI), Gender Development Index (GDI),
Gender Empowerment Measure (GEM) and Happiness Index (HI); Foreign trade:
Composition, Direction and Organisation of Trade – Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) -
Balance of Trade – Balance of Payment – External Debt; Current Affairs