Module 2

Sinusoidal Voltage and

Current

Engr. Gerard Ang

School of EECE
 Impedance Function
1. Impedance (Z) – it is the total opposition a circuit
presents to an alternating current.

𝐕
𝐕 Where:
𝐙=
𝐙= 𝐈 |Z| = magnitude of the impedance in 
𝐈 θ = phase difference between voltage and current
R = resistance of the circuit in 
X = reactance of the circuit in 

𝐙=
𝐙=||𝐙𝐙||∠±𝛉
∠±𝛉 Use: +θ  if current lags voltage
-θ  if current leads
voltage

𝐙=𝐑±
𝐙=𝐑±𝐣𝐗𝐣𝐗
+jX  if the circuit is inductive
-jX  if the circuit is capacitive
 Impedance Function

𝟐𝟐 𝟐𝟐
X
Z ||𝐙𝐙||==√𝐑𝐑 +𝐗
+𝐗
R θ 𝐗
𝐗
Impedance Triangle
𝛉=𝐭𝐚𝐧
𝛉=𝐭𝐚𝐧
−𝟏
−𝟏
( )
𝐑
𝐑
2

Impedance Function
R
e
a
c
t
a
n
c
e
𝐗𝐗𝐋𝐋=𝟐𝛑𝐟𝐋
=𝟐𝛑𝐟𝐋 Where:
L= inductance of the coil in Henry
(
X
)
– 𝟏𝟏 Where:
t 𝐗
𝐗𝐂𝐂=
=𝟐 𝛑 𝐟𝐂 C = capacitance in farad
𝟐 𝛑 𝐟𝐂
s
Behavior of Resistance, Inductance
and Capacitance in AC Circuits
1. Pure Resistance Circuit
R
𝐯=𝐕
𝐯=𝐕𝐦𝐦𝐬𝐢𝐧𝛚𝐭
𝐬𝐢𝐧𝛚𝐭𝐯𝐨𝐥𝐭𝐬
𝐯𝐨𝐥𝐭𝐬 𝐢=𝐈
𝐢=𝐈𝐦𝐦𝐬𝐢𝐧𝛚𝐭𝐚𝐦𝐩𝐬
𝐬𝐢𝐧𝛚𝐭𝐚𝐦𝐩𝐬
i
v
𝐕𝐕𝐦 𝐈𝐈𝐦 𝐕𝐕𝐦 𝐈𝐈𝐦
𝐩=
𝐩= 𝟐 −− 𝟐 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝟐
𝐦 𝐦 𝐦 𝐦
𝐜𝐨𝐬𝟐𝛚𝛚𝐭𝐭𝐰𝐚𝐭𝐭𝐬
𝐰𝐚𝐭𝐭𝐬
𝟐 𝟐

v 𝐕𝐕𝐦 𝐈𝐈𝐦
𝐏𝐏𝐚𝐯𝐞== 𝐦 𝐦𝐰𝐚𝐭𝐭𝐬
Vm i 𝐚𝐯𝐞 𝟐𝟐 𝐰𝐚𝐭𝐭𝐬
Im

ωt For
For aa purely
purely resistive
resistive load,
load, the
the
current
current is
is in
in phase
phase with
with the
the
0
voltage.
voltage.
Behavior of Resistance, Inductance
and Capacitance in AC Circuits
2. Pure Inductive Circuit
L
𝐯=𝐕
𝐯=𝐕𝐦𝐦𝐬𝐢𝐧𝛚𝐭
𝐬𝐢𝐧𝛚𝐭𝐯𝐨𝐥𝐭𝐬
𝐯𝐨𝐥𝐭𝐬 𝐢=𝐈
𝐢=𝐈𝐦𝐦𝐬𝐢𝐧(𝛚𝐭−𝟗𝟎°)𝐚𝐦𝐩𝐬
𝐬𝐢𝐧(𝛚𝐭−𝟗𝟎°)𝐚𝐦𝐩𝐬
i
𝐕𝐕𝐦 𝐈𝐈𝐦
v
𝐩=−
𝐩=− 𝟐 𝐬𝐢𝐧
𝐦 𝐦
𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟐𝟐𝛚𝐭
𝛚𝐭𝐰𝐚𝐭𝐭𝐬
𝐰𝐚𝐭𝐭𝐬 𝐏𝐏𝐚𝐯𝐞𝐚𝐯𝐞=𝟎
=𝟎𝐰𝐚𝐭𝐭𝐬
𝐰𝐚𝐭𝐭𝐬
𝟐

v
i For
Vm For aa purely
purely inductive
inductive load,
load,
the
the current
current lags
lags the
the voltage
voltage
Im
by
by an
an angle
angle of
of 90
90
ωt
0 90°
 Behavior of Resistance, Inductance
and Capacitance in AC Circuits
3. Pure Capacitive Circuit
C
𝐯=𝐕
𝐯=𝐕𝐦𝐦𝐬𝐢𝐧𝛚𝐭
𝐬𝐢𝐧𝛚𝐭𝐯𝐨𝐥𝐭𝐬
𝐯𝐨𝐥𝐭𝐬 𝐢=𝐈
𝐢=𝐈𝐦𝐦𝐬𝐢𝐧(𝛚𝐭+𝟗𝟎°)𝐚𝐦𝐩𝐬
𝐬𝐢𝐧(𝛚𝐭+𝟗𝟎°)𝐚𝐦𝐩𝐬
i
v 𝐕𝐕𝐦 𝐈𝐈𝐦
𝐩=
𝐩= 𝟐 𝐬𝐢𝐧
𝐦 𝐦
𝟐
𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟐𝛚
𝟐𝛚𝐭𝐭𝐰𝐚𝐭𝐭𝐬
𝐰𝐚𝐭𝐭𝐬 𝐏𝐏𝐚𝐯𝐞𝐚𝐯𝐞=𝟎
=𝟎𝐰𝐚𝐭𝐭𝐬
𝐰𝐚𝐭𝐭𝐬
v
For
For aa purely
purely capacitive
capacitive
Vm load,
Im load, the
the current
current leads
leads the
the
i voltage
voltage by
by an
an angle
angle of
of 90
90
ωt
90° 0
 Behavior of Resistance, Inductance
and Capacitance in AC Circuits
4. Series R-L Circuit v
i
R L Vm
Im
VR VL
V 0 ωt

𝐯=𝐕
𝐯=𝐕𝐦𝐦𝐬𝐢𝐧𝛚𝐭
𝐬𝐢𝐧𝛚𝐭𝐯𝐨𝐥𝐭𝐬
𝐯𝐨𝐥𝐭𝐬
For
For aa series
series R-L
R-L circuit,
circuit, the
the
𝐢=𝐈
𝐢=𝐈𝐦𝐦𝐬𝐢𝐧(𝛚𝐭−𝛉)𝐚𝐦𝐩𝐬
𝐬𝐢𝐧(𝛚𝐭−𝛉)𝐚𝐦𝐩𝐬 current
current lags
lags the
the voltage
voltage by by
an
an angle
angle of
of θ.
θ.
 Behavior of Resistance, Inductance
and Capacitance in AC Circuits
Series R-L Circuit (cont…)

𝟐𝟐 𝟐𝟐
Z ||𝐙𝐙||==√√𝐑𝐑 +𝐗
+𝐗𝐋𝐋
XL
𝐗𝐗𝐋
R θ 𝛉=𝐭𝐚𝐧
𝛉=𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝐑
−𝟏

𝐑
𝐋
−𝟏
(( ))
Impedance Triangle
 Behavior of Resistance, Inductance
and Capacitance in AC Circuits
5. Series R-C Circuit
v

R C Vm i
Im

v i ωt
0
θ

𝐯=𝐕
𝐯=𝐕𝐦𝐦𝐬𝐢𝐧𝛚𝐭
𝐬𝐢𝐧𝛚𝐭𝐯𝐨𝐥𝐭𝐬
𝐯𝐨𝐥𝐭𝐬
For
For aa series
series R-C
R-C circuit,
circuit, the
the
𝐢=𝐈
𝐢=𝐈𝐦𝐦𝐬𝐢𝐧(𝛚 𝐭+𝛉)𝐚𝐦𝐩𝐬
𝐬𝐢𝐧(𝛚𝐭+𝛉)𝐚𝐦𝐩𝐬 current
current leads
leads the
the voltage
voltage by by
an
an angle
angle ofof θ.
θ.
 Behavior of Resistance, Inductance
and Capacitance in AC Circuits
Series R-C Circuit (cont…)

θ R 𝟐𝟐 𝟐𝟐
||𝐙𝐙||==√√𝐑𝐑 +𝐗𝐂
+𝐗 𝐂
XC
Z 𝐗𝐗𝐂
𝛉=𝐭𝐚𝐧
𝛉=𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝐑
−𝟏

𝐑
𝐂
−𝟏
(( ))
Impedance Triangle
Behavior of Resistance, Inductance
and Capacitance in AC Circuits
6. Series R-L-C Circuit

R L C
𝐯=𝐕
𝐯=𝐕𝐦𝐦𝐬𝐢𝐧𝛚𝐭
𝐬𝐢𝐧𝛚𝐭𝐯𝐨𝐥𝐭𝐬
𝐯𝐨𝐥𝐭𝐬
i
𝐢=𝐈
𝐢=𝐈𝐦𝐦𝐬𝐢𝐧(𝛚𝐭±𝛉)𝐚𝐦𝐩𝐬
𝐬𝐢𝐧(𝛚 𝐭±𝛉)𝐚𝐦𝐩𝐬
Behavior of Resistance, Inductance
and Capacitance in AC Circuits
Series R-L-C Circuit (cont…)

Z ||𝐙𝐙||==√√𝐑𝐑𝟐𝟐+(𝐗 −𝐗
𝟐𝟐
+(𝐗𝐋𝐋 −𝐗𝐂𝐂)
)
XL - XC
θ R
𝐗𝐗𝐋 −−𝐗𝐗𝐂

Impedance Triangle
𝛉=𝐭𝐚𝐧
𝛉=𝐭𝐚𝐧
𝐋−𝟏
𝐑𝐑
−𝟏
((𝐂
))
For
For aa series
series R-L-C,
R-L-C,
 IfIf XXLL >> XXCC then
 then current
current lags
lags thethe voltage
voltage by
by an
an angle
angle of of θθ (θ
(θ is
is positive).
positive).
 IfIf XXCC >> XXLL then
 then current
current leads
leads thethe voltage
voltage by
by an
an angle
angle of of θθ (θ
(θ is
is negative).
negative).
 IfIf XXLL== XXCC then
 then current
current is
is in
in phase
phase with
with voltage
voltage (θ
(θ is
is zero).
zero).
 Sample Problems
1. In a particular R-L series circuit a voltage of 10 V at 50
Hz produces a current of 700 mA while the same
voltage at 75 Hz produces 500 mA. What are the
values of R and L in the circuit?
2. A series circuit consists of a resistance of 6 Ω and an
inductive reactance of 8 Ω. A potential difference of
141.4 V (r.m.s.) is applied to it. At a certain instant the
applied voltage is +100 V and is increasing. Calculate
at this instant, (a) the current, (b) the voltage drop
across the resistance, and (c) voltage drop across the
inductive reactance.
 Sample Problems
3. A 60-Hz sinusoidal voltage v = 141 sin ωt is applied to
a series R-L circuit. The values of the resistance and
the inductance are 3 Ω and 0.0106 H respectively.
a. Compute the r.m.s. value of the current and its
phase angle with respect to the voltage.
b. Write the expression for the instantaneous current
in the circuit.
c. Compute the r.m.s. value and the phase of the
voltages appearing across the resistance and the
inductance.
 Sample Problems
4. A two-element series circuit is connected across an
a.c. source. Determine the parameters of the circuit if
the voltage and current in the circuit are given as

5. Transform the currents to the time domain:

(a) 6 – j8
(b) -6 + j8
(c) –j5
 Sample Problems
6. A 240-V, 50-Hz series R-C circuit takes an r.m.s current of
20 A. The maximum value of the current occurs 1/900
second before the maximum value of voltage. Calculate the
parameters of the circuit.
7. A voltage e(t) = 100 sin 314t volts is applied to a series
circuit consisting of a 10 ohm resistance, 0.0318 Henry
inductance and a capacitance of 63.6 μF. Calculate (a)
expression for i(t) and (b) phase angle between voltage
and current.
8. A resistance R, an inductance L = 0.01 H and a
capacitance C are connected in series. When a voltage v =
400 cos (3000t - 10°) volts is applied to the series
combination, the current flowing is 10 cos (3000t – 55°)
amperes. Find R and C.