USE imdb;

SHOW TABLES;
DESCRIBE movies;

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SELECT * FROM movies;

# more data transfer

#result-set: a set of rows that form the result of a query along with column-names and meta-data.

SELECT name,year FROM movies;

SELECT rankscore,name FROM movies;

#row order same as the one in the table

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LIMIT:

SELECT name,rankscore FROM movies LIMIT 20;

SELECT name,rankscore FROM movies LIMIT 20 OFFSET 40;

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ORDER BY:

# list recent movies first

SELECT name,rankscore,year FROM movies ORDER BY year DESC LIMIT 10;

# default:ASC

SELECT name,rankscore,year FROM movies ORDER BY year LIMIT 10;

# the output row order maynot be same as the one in the table due to query optimzier and internal data-
structres/indices.

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DISTINCT:

# list all genres of

SELECT DISTINCT genre FROM movies_genres;

# multiple-column DISTINCT
SELECT DISTINCT first_name, last_name FROM directors;

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WHERE:

# list all movies with rankscore>9

SELECT name,year,rankscore FROM movies WHERE rankscore>9 ;

SELECT name,year,rankscore FROM movies WHERE rankscore>9 ORDER BY rankscore DESC LIMIT 20;

# Condition's outputs: TRUE, FALSE, NULL

# Comparison Operators: = , <> or != , < , <= , >, >=

SELECT * FROM movies_genres WHERE genre = 'Comedy';
SELECT * FROM movies_genres WHERE genre <> 'Horror';

NULL => doesnot-exist/unknown/missing

# "=" doesnot work with NULL, will give you an empty result-set.
SELECT name,year,rankscore FROM movies WHERE rankscore = NULL;

SELECT name,year,rankscore FROM movies WHERE rankscore IS NULL LIMIT 20;

SELECT name,year,rankscore FROM movies WHERE rankscore IS NOT NULL LIMIT 20;

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# LOGICAL OPERATORS: AND, OR, NOT, ALL, ANY, BETWEEN, EXISTS, IN, LIKE, SOME

# website search filters

SELECT name,year,rankscore FROM movies WHERE rankscore>9 AND year>2000;

SELECT name,year,rankscore FROM movies WHERE NOT year<=2000 LIMIT 20;

SELECT name,year,rankscore FROM movies WHERE rankscore>9 OR year>2007;

# will discsuss about ANY and ALL when we discuss sub-queries

SELECT name,year,rankscore FROM movies WHERE year BETWEEN 1999 AND 2000;
#inclusive: year>=1999 and year<=2000
SELECT name,year,rankscore FROM movies WHERE year BETWEEN 2000 AND 1999;
#lowvalue <= highvalue else you will get an empty result set

SELECT director_id, genre FROM directors_genres WHERE genre IN ('Comedy','Horror');

# same as genre='Comedy' OR genre='Horror'

SELECT name,year,rankscore FROM movies WHERE name LIKE 'Tis%';

# % => wildcard character to imply zero or more characters

SELECT first_name, last_name FROM actors WHERE first_name LIKE '%es';

# first name ending in 'es'

SELECT first_name, last_name FROM actors WHERE first_name LIKE '%es%';

#first name contains 'es'

SELECT first_name, last_name FROM actors WHERE first_name LIKE 'Agn_s';

# '_' implies exactly one character.

# If we want to macth % or _, we should use the backslash as the escape character: \% and \_

SELECT first_name, last_name FROM actors WHERE first_name LIKE 'L%' AND first_name NOT LIKE 'Li%';

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Aggregate functions: Computes a single value on a set of rows and returns the aggreagate

COUNT, MIN, MAX, SUM, AVG

SELECT MIN(year) FROM movies;

SELECT MAX(year) FROM movies;

SELECT COUNT(*) FROM movies;

SELECT COUNT(*) FROM movies where year>2000;

SELECT COUNT(year) FROM movies;

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GROUP-BY

# find number of movies released per year

SELECT year, COUNT(year) FROM movies GROUP BY year;

SELECT year, COUNT(year) FROM movies GROUP BY year ORDER BY year;

SELECT year, COUNT(year) year_count FROM movies GROUP BY year ORDER BY year_count;
# year_count is an alias.
# often used with COUNT, MIN, MAX or SUM.
# if grouping columns contain NULL values, all null values are grouped together.

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HAVING:

# Print years which have >1000 movies in our DB [Data Scientist for Analysis]

SELECT year, COUNT(year) year_count FROM movies GROUP BY year HAVING year_count>1000;
# specify a condition on groups using HAVING.

Order of execution:
1. GROUP BY to create groups
2. apply the AGGREGATE FUNCTION
3. Apply HAVING condition.

# often used along with GROUP BY. Not Mandatory.

SELECT name, year FROM movies HAVING year>2000;

# HAVING without GROUP BY is same as WHERE

SELECT year, COUNT(year) year_count FROM movies WHERE rankscore>9 GROUP BY year HAVING
year_count>20;

# HAVING vs WHERE
## WHERE is applied on individual rows while HAVING is applied on groups.
## HAVING is applied after grouping while WHERE is used before grouping.
****************************************************************************************************

JOINs:

#combine data in multiple tables

# For each movie, print name and the genres

SELECT m.name, g.genre from movies m JOIN movies_genres g ON m.id=g.movie_id LIMIT 20;

# table aliases: m and g

# natural join: a join where we have the same column-names across two tables.
#T1: C1, C2
#T2: C1, C3, C4

SELECT * FROM T1 JOIN T2;

SELECT * FROM T1 JOIN T2 USING (C1);

# returns C1,C2,C3,C4
# no need to use the keyword "ON"

# Inner join (default) vs left outer vs right outer vs full-outer join.

T1: C1, C2, C3

SELECT m.name, g.genre from movies m LEFT JOIN movies_genres g ON m.id=g.movie_id LIMIT 20;
#LEFT JOIN or LEFT OUTER JOIN
#RIGHT JOIN or RIGHT OUTER JOIN
#FULL JOIN or FULL OUTER JOIN
#JOIN or INNER JOIN

# NULL for missing counterpart rows.

# 3-way joins and k-way joins

SELECT a.first_name, a.last_name FROM actors a JOIN roles r ON a.id=r.actor_id JOIN movies m on
m.id=r.movie_id AND m.name='Officer 444';

#Practical note about joins: Joins can be expensive computationally when we have large tables.

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Sub-Queries or Nested Queries or Inner Queries

# List all actors in the movie Schindler's List

#https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0108052/fullcredits/?ref_=tt_ov_st_sm

SELECT first_name, last_name from actors WHERE id IN

( SELECT actor_id from roles WHERE movie_id IN
(SELECT id FROM movies where name='Schindler's List)
);

# Syntax:
SELECT column_name [, column_name ]
FROM table1 [, table2 ]
WHERE column_name OPERATOR
(SELECT column_name [, column_name ]
 FROM table1 [, table2 ]
[WHERE])

# first the innner query is executed and then the outer query is executed using the output values in the inner
query

# IN, NOT IN, EXISTS, NOT EXISTS, ANY, ALL, Comparison operators

#EXISTS returns true if the subquery returns one or more records or NULL
# ANY operator returns TRUE if any of the subquery values meet the condition.
# ALL operator returns TRUE if all of the subquery values meet the condition.

SELECT * FROM movies where rankscore >= ALL (SELECT MAX(rankscore) from movies);
# get all movies whose rankscore is same as the maximum rankscore.

# e.g: rankscore <> ALL(...)

# https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Correlated_subquery

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Data Manupulation Language: SELECT, INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE

INSERT INTO movies(id, name, year, rankscore) VALUES (412321, 'Thor', 2011, 7);

INSERT INTO movies(id, name, year, rankscore) VALUES (412321, 'Thor', 2011, 7), (412322, 'Iron Man',
2008, 7.9), (412323, 'Iron Man 2', 2010, 7);

# INSERT FROM one table to annother using nnested sub query:

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insert_(SQL)#Copying_rows_from_other_tables
****************************************************************************************************

# UPDATE Command
UPDATE <TableName> SET col1=val1, col2=val2 WHERE condition

UPDATE movies SET rankscore=9 where id=412321;

# Update multiple rows also.

# Can be used along with Sub-queries.

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#DELETE

DELETE FROM movies WHERE id=412321;

# Remove all rows: TRUNCATE TABLE TableName;

# Same as selete without a WHERE Clause.

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Data Definition Language

CREATE TABLE language ( id INT PRIMARY, lang VARCHAR(50) NOT NULL);

# Datatypes: https://www.journaldev.com/16774/sql-data-types

# Constraints: https://www.w3schools.com/sql/sql_constraints.asp

NOT NULL - Ensures that a column cannot have a NULL value

UNIQUE - Ensures that all values in a column are different
PRIMARY KEY - A combination of a NOT NULL and UNIQUE. Uniquely identifies each row in a table
FOREIGN KEY - Uniquely identifies a row/record in another table
CHECK - Ensures that all values in a column satisfies a specific condition
DEFAULT - Sets a default value for a column when no value is specified
INDEX - Used to create and retrieve data from the database very quickly

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ALTER: ADD, MODIFY, DROP

ALTER TABLE language ADD country VARCHAR(50);

ALTER TABLE language MODIFY country VARCHAR(60);

ALTER TABLE langauge DROP country;

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# Removes both the table and all of the data permanently.

DROP TABLE Tablename;

DROP TABLE TableName IF EXISTS;

#https://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/8.0/en/drop-table.html

TRUNCATE TABLE TableName;

# as discussed earlier same as DELETE FROM TableName;

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Data Control Language for DB Admins.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_control_language
https://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/8.0/en/grant.html
https://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/8.0/en/revoke.html